Claviceps
Ergot Alkaloids
Lysergic Acid
Ergotamine
Secale cereale
Ergotism
Ascomycota
Carbon assimilation by Claviceps purpurea growing as a parasite. (1/48)
Carbon assimilation by Claviceps purpurea, growing as a parasite on cereals, has been investigated by supplying the host plant with 14CO2 in a closed system. The presence of the pathogen induced the plant to exude photosynthate which contained high levels of sucrose. During the period of 14CO2 supply, 14C was incorporated into the sucrose and so the path of carbon into the parasite could be traced. Hexoses, derived by the action of the fungal sucrase on sucrose, were assimilated by the pathogen and largely converted into polyols - mainly mannitol and, to a lesser extent, trehalose. The rate of carbohydrate metabolism decreased with maturation of the ergot, and also showed qualitative differences between the basal and apical regions of the ergot which were probably a function of nutrient supply. (+info)Identification and characterization of a tri-partite hydrophobin from Claviceps fusiformis. A novel type of class II hydrophobin. (2/48)
A new type of hydrophobin is encoded by an abundant mRNA of Claviceps fusiformis. The predicted amino-acid sequence of the protein, dubbed CFTH1, shows a putative signal sequence for secretion, followed by three class II hydrophobin domains each preceded by glycine/asparagine rich regions. SDS/PAGE analysis of 60% ethanol extractions of C. fusiformis mycelia from shaken cultures showed CFTH1 at the 50-55-kDa position. N-terminal sequencing of both untreated mature CFTH1 and of a fragment obtained by trypsin digestion revealed that CFTH1 is not processed between the hydrophobin domains. Mass spectroscopy showed a mass of about 36 500 Da, which is about 1500 Da higher than the mass predicted from the constituent amino acids, indicating post-translational modification but not glycosylation. Purified CFTH1 self-assembled at hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces and, after assembly at a water/air interface, it was found to be highly surface active. Antibodies raised against CFTH1 localized the protein in a mucilageous coat surrounding submerged vegetative hyphae in liquid shaken culture and, as a discrete layer of about 10 nm thickness at the surface of aerial hyphae of standing cultures, suggesting a role in the formation of aerial hyphae. (+info)Chemoraces and habitat specialization of Claviceps purpurea populations. (3/48)
We studied genetic variability of 100 isolates of Claviceps purpurea by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), an EcoRI restriction site polymorphism in the 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the alkaloids produced, and conidial morphology. We identified three groups: (i) group G1 from fields and open meadows (57 isolates), (ii) group G2 from shady or wet habitats (41 isolates), and (iii) group G3 from Spartina anglica from salt marshes (2 isolates). The sclerotia of G1 isolates contained ergotamines and ergotoxines; G2 isolates produced ergosine and ergocristine along with small amounts of ergocryptine; and G3 isolates produced ergocristine and ergocryptine. The conidia of G1 isolates were 5 to 8 microm long, the conidia of G2 isolates were 7 to 10 microm long, and the conidia of G3 isolates were 10 to 12 microm long. Sclerotia of the G2 and G3 isolates floated on water. In the 5.8S rDNA analysis, an EcoRI site was found in G1 and G3 isolates but not in G2 isolates. The host preferences of the groups were not absolute, and there were host genera that were common to both G1 and G2; the presence of members of different groups in the same locality was rare. Without the use of RAPD or rDNA polymorphism, it was not possible to distinguish the three groups solely on the basis of phenotype, host, or habitat. In general, populations of C. purpurea are not host specialized, as previously assumed, but they are habitat specialized, and collecting strategies and toxin risk assessments should be changed to reflect this paradigm shift. (+info)Metabolism of the germinating sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea. (4/48)
The concentration of free amino acids, particularly alanine, altered as stromata developed on germinating sclerotia. Lipid reserves in the sclerotium provided the principal carbon and energy source, and the nutrients required for stomatal growth appeared to be provided by the sclerotial tissues immediately beneath the point of attachment of the stoma. Alkaloid did not disappear from the sclerotia during germination. Very high levels of polyol, particularly mannitol, were attained in the stromata as germination progressed; the synthesis of polyol was usually accompanied by that of soluble sugars, notably glucose. In an attempt to ascertain the role of mannitol in germination, the relationship between polyol and soluble sugars was investigated in excised stromata after their submergence in buffered media containing a variety of soluble carbohydrates. Mannitol was synthesized under these conditions by way of phosphorylated intermediates, and chiefly in the capitulum, after rapid, and probably passive, absorption of the exogenously supplied sugar. The tissues equilibrated rapidly with the supplied carbohydrate, whose concentration was maintained by further uptake whilst mannitol was being synthesized. The concentrations of assimilated glucose and synthesized mannitol tended toward the same value during incubation and the results suggested that the synthesis was compartmentalized within the stromata. Very little exogenously supplied mannitol was assimilated. (+info)The biotrophic, non-appressorium-forming grass pathogen Claviceps purpurea needs a Fus3/Pmk1 homologous mitogen-activated protein kinase for colonization of rye ovarian tissue. (5/48)
Claviceps purpurea is a common pathogen of a wide range of grasses and cereals that is able to establish a stable, balanced interaction with its host plant and is considered a biotroph. It does not form special penetration structures such as appressoria. To study the signaling processes involved in this special host-pathogen interaction, we have cloned a gene, cpmk1, encoding a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase that shows significant homology to Fus3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to pmk1 of Magnaporthe grisea. Using a gene-replacement approach, we isolated a Acpmk1 mutant and characterized it in detail. Loss of CPMK1 has no obvious effect on vegetative properties (such as growth rate, morphology, and conidia formation); however, infection tests on rye show that the mutant is unable to colonize rye tissue, i.e., it appears to be completely nonpathogenic. Complementation of the mutant with a wild-type copy of cpmk1 fully restores its pathogenicity, confirming that this MAP kinase is essential for infection of rye by C. purpurea. Transformation of the delta pmk1 mutant of M. grisea with a complete copy of cpmk1 (including the C. purpurea promoter) fully restored its ability to form appressoria and its pathogenicity on barley. Although both fungi drastically differ in their pathogenic strategies, this result indicates that the signal pathway involving CPMK1 is highly conserved. (+info)Thermoregulatory response of dairy cows fed ergotized barley during summer heat stress. (6/48)
Claviceps purpurea infects the seed heads of cereal grains and grasses and produces ergopeptine alkaloids that cause hyperthermia and agalactia in cattle during periods of heat stress. A field experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of ergopeptine alkaloids found in barley on thermal status of dairy cattle during periods of heat stress. Production end points were also measured to identify the effect of the change in thermal status. Contaminated barley screenings containing known levels of ergopeptine alkaloids were fed to lactating Holstein cattle (10 microg total ergopeptine alkaloids/kg BW/day) for 10 days during summer heat stress. Air temperature increased 14.4 C during the first 8 days of treatment and then declined the same during the last 2 days. Extreme daily values for rectal temperature and respiration rate, using averages of all animals, showed maximum increases of 2.3 C and 56.8 breaths/minute, respectively, during this period. Group afternoon milk production decreased 2 kg/day during the heat stress period, with no measurable change in feed intake. A greater level of hyperthermia occurred in cattle consuming the diet with ergopeptine alkaloids, with only marginal symptoms of ergot toxicosis reflected in feed intake and milk production. Therefore, the ergopeptine alkaloid dose used in this study represents a level for minimal induction of the ergot toxicity response. (+info)Physiological study of ergot: induction of alkaloid synthesis by tryptophan at the enzymatic level. (7/48)
The enhancement of ergot alkaloid production by tryptophan and its analogues in both normal and high-phosphate cultures is more directly related to increased dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) synthetase activity rather than to a lack of regulation of the tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes. Thiotryptophan [beta-(1-benzo-thien-3-yl)-alanine] is rather ineffective in the end product regulation of tryptophan biosynthesis, whereas tryptophan and 5-methyltryptophan are potent effectors. The presence of increased levels of DMAT synthetase in ergot cultures supplemented with tryptophan or thiotryptophan, and to a lesser extent with 5-methyltryptophan, suggests that the induction effect involves de novo synthesis of the enzyme. Thiotryptophan and tryptophan but not 5-methyltryptophan can overcome the block of alkaloid synthesis by inorganic phosphate. The results with thiotryptophan indicate that the phosphate effect cannot be explained merely on the basis of a block of tryptophan synthesis. (+info)Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. (8/48)
Molds are parasitic plants that are ubiquitous in livestock feedstuffs. Even though molds themselves reduce the quality of grains, their synthesis of chemical substances termed mycotoxins causes the greatest monetary loss to the animal industry. Five major mycotoxins that impair growth and reproductive efficiency in North America are aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, and ergot. Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Consumption of grains containing aflatoxins by swine affects reproduction indirectly by reducing feed intake and growth. In swine, aflatoxins impair liver and kidney function, delay blood clotting, increase susceptibility to bruising, and interfere with cellular humoral immune systems. Ruminants are comparatively resistant to aflatoxicosis, but presence of aflatoxins in milk of dairy cows is closely monitored for human safety. Depending on environmental conditions, Fusarium roseum can produce either zearalenone or deoxynivalenol. Days 7 to 10 postmating seem to be a critical period of gestation for zearalenone to exert its detrimental actions on early embryonic development. Presence of deoxynivalenol in swine feedstuffs decreases feed intake, causes feed refusal, and induces occasional vomiting. Several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus produce ochratoxin, a mycotoxin that causes necrosis of kidney tissue. Ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea on wheat can cause reproductive problems and are associated with lactational failure in swine. Various methods have been developed to remove mycotoxins from infected feedstuffs. Chemical analyses in laboratories as well as diagnostic kits suitable for use at the elevator or farm can be used successfully to identify which mycotoxins are present in suspect feedstuffs. (+info)'Claviceps' is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly known as ergots. These fungi infect the grasses and grains in the family Poaceae, which includes important crop plants such as wheat, rye, barley, and corn. The most well-known species in this genus is Claviceps purpurea, which causes a disease called ergotism in humans and animals that consume contaminated grains.
Ergotism is a serious condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, hallucinations, gangrene, and death. The fungus produces alkaloids that can affect the nervous system and blood vessels, leading to these symptoms. Historically, ergotism was a significant public health problem in Europe, where it was known as "St. Anthony's Fire" because of the burning sensations it caused in the limbs.
Today, ergotism is rare thanks to improved grain storage and monitoring practices. However, Claviceps species continue to be important in agriculture and medicine. Some of the alkaloids produced by these fungi have been used in pharmaceuticals to treat conditions such as migraines and Parkinson's disease.
Ergot alkaloids are a type of chemical compound that is produced naturally by certain fungi belonging to the genus Claviceps. These alkaloids are most famously known for being produced by the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea), which infects cereal grains such as rye and causes a condition known as ergotism in humans and animals that consume the contaminated grain.
Ergot alkaloids have a complex chemical structure and can have various effects on the human body. They are known to act as powerful vasoconstrictors, which means that they cause blood vessels to narrow and can increase blood pressure. Some ergot alkaloids also have psychoactive effects and have been used in the past for their hallucinogenic properties.
In modern medicine, certain ergot alkaloids are used in the treatment of various conditions, including migraines and Parkinson's disease. However, these compounds can be highly toxic if not used properly, and their use must be carefully monitored to avoid serious side effects.
Lysergic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a key component in the chemical structure of several psychedelic drugs, including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Medically, lysergic acid itself does not have any approved uses. However, I can provide you with a definition of LSD:
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) is a potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug, derived from lysergic acid, a compound found in the ergot fungus that grows on grains. LSD is typically consumed orally, often by placing it on absorbent paper, which is then dried and cut into small squares known as "blotters."
LSD is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States and in many other countries, indicating that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use, and a lack of safety under medical supervision. Its effects on perception, mood, and thought are highly unpredictable and can vary greatly among users and even between experiences had by the same user.
Ergotamine is a type of ergopeptine alkaloid, derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that parasitizes certain grains, particularly rye. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and has been used medically to prevent migraines and treat cluster headaches, as well as for other uses such as controlling postpartum hemorrhage and reducing symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.
Ergotamine works by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain and causing vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels, which can help to relieve migraine headaches. However, it can also cause serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, numbness or tingling in the extremities, and in rare cases, more severe reactions such as ergotism, a condition characterized by vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels leading to gangrene.
Ergotamine is usually taken orally, but can also be administered rectally or by inhalation. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and avoid taking excessive amounts, as this can increase the risk of serious side effects. Ergotamine should not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, and it may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ergotamine therapy.
"Secale cereale" is the scientific name for a type of grass that is more commonly known as rye or ergot. It is often used as a food grain and also in the production of certain medicines. However, it's worth noting that ergot, which is a fungus that infects rye and other grains, can produce harmful compounds that can cause serious health problems if ingested. Therefore, it's important to handle and consume rye grain properly to avoid any potential risks.
Ergotism is a condition that results from the consumption of ergot alkaloids, which are found in ergot fungus that infects grains such as rye. There are two types of ergotism: convulsive and gangrenous. Convulsive ergotism can cause seizures, muscle spasms, vomiting, and mental disturbances. Gangrenous ergotism, on the other hand, can lead to constriction of blood vessels, resulting in dry gangrene of the extremities, which can ultimately require amputation. Ergotism has been known since ancient times and was once a significant public health problem before modern agricultural practices were implemented.
'Cyperus' is a genus of plants in the family Cyperaceae, also known as the sedge family. These plants are typically found in wet or moist environments and are characterized by their triangular stems and narrow, grass-like leaves. Some common species of *Cyperus* include *C. alternifolius* (alternanthera), *C. papyrus* (paper reed), and *C. rotundus* (nutgrass). While some species of *Cyperus* have medicinal uses, there is no single medical definition for the genus as a whole.
Ascomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi, also known as sac fungi. This group includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as yeasts, mold species, and morel mushrooms. Ascomycetes are characterized by their reproductive structures called ascus, which contain typically eight haploid spores produced sexually through a process called ascogony. Some members of this phylum have significant ecological and economic importance, as they can be decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, or plant pathogens causing various diseases. Examples include the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea, and morel mushroom Morchella esculenta.
Ergolines are a group of ergot alkaloids that have been widely used in the development of various pharmaceutical drugs. These compounds are known for their ability to bind to and stimulate specific receptors in the brain, particularly dopamine receptors. As a result, they have been explored for their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, migraine, and depression.
However, ergolines can also have significant side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and changes in blood pressure. In addition, some ergot alkaloids have been associated with a rare but serious condition called ergotism, which is characterized by symptoms such as muscle spasms, vomiting, and gangrene. Therefore, the use of ergolines must be carefully monitored and managed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
Some specific examples of drugs that contain ergolines include:
* Dihydroergotamine (DHE): used for the treatment of migraine headaches
* Pergolide: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
* Cabergoline: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and certain types of hormonal disorders
It is important to note that while ergolines have shown promise in some therapeutic areas, they are not without their risks. As with any medication, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using any drug containing ergolines to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for an individual's specific needs.