AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
ClathrinClathrin Heavy ChainsClathrin Light ChainsMonomeric Clathrin Assembly ProteinsClathrin-Coated VesiclesCoated Pits, Cell-MembraneAdaptor Protein Complex 2Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular TransportEndocytosisAdaptor Protein Complex alpha SubunitsAdaptor Protein Complex 1Coated VesiclesAuxilinsEndosomestrans-Golgi NetworkAdaptor Protein Complex beta SubunitsHSC70 Heat-Shock ProteinsDynaminsAdaptor Protein Complex mu SubunitsAdaptor Protein Complex gamma SubunitsAdaptor Protein Complex 3Protein TransportVesicular Transport ProteinsProtein BindingTransferrinCattleGolgi ApparatusADP-Ribosylation FactorsMembrane ProteinsFreeze EtchingCell MembraneDynamin IMolecular Sequence DataArrestinsMicroscopy, FluorescenceAmino Acid SequenceHeLa CellsTransport VesiclesNerve Tissue ProteinsPhosphoproteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsAdaptor Protein Complex sigma SubunitsCarrier ProteinsAdaptor Protein Complex delta SubunitsMicroscopy, ElectronAmino Acid MotifsTranscription Factor AP-2Macromolecular SubstancesHSP70 Heat-Shock ProteinsProtein Structure, TertiaryCaveolaeCell LineADP-Ribosylation Factor 1Binding SitesGreen Fluorescent ProteinsCOS Cells
Clathrin
The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.
Clathrin Heavy Chains
The heavy chain subunits of clathrin.
Clathrin Light Chains
The light chain subunits of clathrin.
Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins
A subclass of clathrin assembly proteins that occur as monomers.
Clathrin-Coated Vesicles
Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES.
Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane
Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES.
Adaptor Protein Complex 2
An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE.
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.
Endocytosis
Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.
Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits
A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2.
Adaptor Protein Complex 1
A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK.
Coated Vesicles
Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS.
Auxilins
A family of proteins that play a role as cofactors in the process of CLATHRIN recycling in cells.
Endosomes
Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.
trans-Golgi Network
A network of membrane compartments, located at the cytoplasmic side of the GOLGI APPARATUS, where proteins and lipids are sorted for transport to various locations in the cell or cell membrane.
Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits
A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kDa in size.
HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins
A constitutively expressed subfamily of the HSP70 heat-shock proteins. They preferentially bind and release hydrophobic peptides by an ATP-dependent process and are involved in post-translational PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION.
Dynamins
A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.50.
Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits
A family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 KDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3 and ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 4.
Adaptor Protein Complex gamma Subunits
A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 90 KDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 1.
Adaptor Protein Complex 3
An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments.
Protein Transport
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Vesicular Transport Proteins
A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Transferrin
An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.
Cattle
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
ADP-Ribosylation Factors
MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47
Membrane Proteins
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Freeze Etching
A replica technique in which cells are frozen to a very low temperature and cracked with a knife blade to expose the interior surfaces of the cells or cell membranes. The cracked cell surfaces are then freeze-dried to expose their constituents. The surfaces are now ready for shadowing to be viewed using an electron microscope. This method differs from freeze-fracturing in that no cryoprotectant is used and, thus, allows for the sublimation of water during the freeze-drying process to etch the surfaces.
Cell Membrane
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Dynamin I
A subtype of dynamin found primarily in the NEURONS of the brain.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Arrestins
Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
HeLa Cells
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Transport Vesicles
Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Phosphoproteins
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Adaptor Protein Complex sigma Subunits
A family of small adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 19 KDa in size.
Carrier Proteins
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Adaptor Protein Complex delta Subunits
A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 130-kDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3.
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Amino Acid Motifs
Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.
Transcription Factor AP-2
A family of DNA binding proteins that regulate expression of a variety of GENES during CELL DIFFERENTIATION and APOPTOSIS. Family members contain a highly conserved carboxy-terminal basic HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF involved in dimerization and sequence-specific DNA binding.
Macromolecular Substances
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins
A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. These proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Caveolae
Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of CAVEOLINS.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1
ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 is involved in regulating intracellular transport by modulating the interaction of coat proteins with organelle membranes in the early secretory pathway. It is a component of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Arrestin function in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis requires phosphoinositide binding. (1/1930)

Internalization of agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors is mediated by non-visual arrestins, which also bind to clathrin and are therefore thought to act as adaptors in the endocytosis process. Phosphoinositides have been implicated in the regulation of intracellular receptor trafficking, and are known to bind to other coat components including AP-2, AP180 and COPI coatomer. Given these observations, we explored the possibility that phosphoinositides play a role in arrestin's function as an adaptor. High-affinity binding sites for phosphoinositides in beta-arrestin (arrestin2) and arrestin3 (beta-arrestin2) were identified, and dissimilar effects of phosphoinositide and inositol phosphate on arrestin interactions with clathrin and receptor were characterized. Alteration of three basic residues in arrestin3 abolished phosphoinositide binding with complete retention of clathrin and receptor binding. Unlike native protein, upon agonist activation, this mutant arrestin3 expressed in COS1 cells neither supported beta2-adrenergic receptor internalization nor did it concentrate in coated pits, although it was recruited to the plasma membrane. These findings indicate that phosphoinositide binding plays a critical regulatory role in delivery of the receptor-arrestin complex to coated pits, perhaps by providing, with activated receptor, a multi-point attachment of arrestin to the plasma membrane.  (+info)

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent and Ehrlichia chaffeensis reside in different cytoplasmic compartments in HL-60 cells. (2/1930)

The human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent resides and multiplies exclusively in cytoplasmic vacuoles of granulocytes. Double immunofluorescence labeling was used to characterize the nature of the HGE agent replicative inclusions and to compare them with inclusions containing the human monocytic ehrlichia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, in HL-60 cells. Although both Ehrlichia spp. can coinfect HL-60 cells, they resided in separate inclusions. Inclusions of both Ehrlichia spp. were not labeled with either anti-lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 or anti-CD63. Accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive granules were seen around HGE agent inclusions but not around E. chaffeensis inclusions. 3-(2, 4-Dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine and acridine orange were not localized to either inclusion type. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase was not colocalized with HGE agent inclusions but was weakly colocalized with E. chaffeensis inclusions. E. chaffeensis inclusions were labeled with the transferrin receptor, early endosomal antigen 1, and rab5, but HGE agent inclusions were not. Some HGE agent and E. chaffeensis inclusions colocalized with major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens. These two inclusions were not labeled for annexins I, II, IV, and VI; alpha-adaptin; clathrin heavy chain; or beta-coatomer protein. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 colocalized to both inclusions. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor was not colocalized with either inclusion type. Endogenously synthesized sphingomyelin, from C6-NBD-ceramide, was not incorporated into either inclusion type. Brefeldin A did not affect the growth of either Ehrlichia sp. in HL-60 cells. These results suggest that the HGE agent resides in inclusions which are neither early nor late endosomes and does not fuse with lysosomes or Golgi-derived vesicles, while E. chaffeensis resides in an early endosomal compartment which accumulates the transferrin receptor.  (+info)

Identification of a novel domain shared by putative components of the endocytic and cytoskeletal machinery. (3/1930)

We have identified a approximately 140 amino acid domain that is shared by a variety of proteins in budding and fission yeast, nematode, rat, mouse, frog, oat, and man. Typically, this domain is located within 20 residues of the N-terminus of the various proteins. The percent identity among the domains in the 12 proteins ranges from 42 to 93%, with 16 absolutely conserved residues: N-x(11-13)-V-x2-A-T-x(34-36)-R-x(7-8)-W-R-x3-K-x12-G-x-E-x15 -L-x11-12-D-x-G-R-x11-D-x7-R. Even though these proteins share little beyond their segment of homology, data are emerging that several of the proteins are involved in endocytosis and or regulation of cytoskeletal organization. We have named this protein segment the ENTH domain, for Epsin N-terminal Homology domain, and hypothesize that it is a candidate for binding specific ligands and/or enzymatic activity in the cell.  (+info)

The EH and SH3 domain Ese proteins regulate endocytosis by linking to dynamin and Eps15. (4/1930)

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a multistep process which requires interaction between a number of conserved proteins. We have cloned two mammalian genes which code for a number of endocytic adaptor proteins. Two of these proteins, termed Ese1 and Ese2, contain two N-terminal EH domains, a central coiled-coil domain and five C-terminal SH3 domains. Ese1 is constitutively associated with Eps15 proteins to form a complex with at least 14 protein-protein interaction surfaces. Yeast two-hybrid assays have revealed that Ese1 EH and SH3 domains bind epsin family proteins and dynamin, respectively. Overexpression of Ese1 is sufficient to block clathrin-mediated endocytosis in cultured cells, presumably through disruption of higher order protein complexes, which are assembled on the endogenous Ese1-Eps15 scaffold. The Ese1-Eps15 scaffold therefore links dynamin, epsin and other endocytic pathway components.  (+info)

AP-4, a novel protein complex related to clathrin adaptors. (5/1930)

Here we report the identification and characterization of AP-4, a novel protein complex related to the heterotetrameric AP-1, AP-2, and AP-3 adaptors that mediate protein sorting in the endocytic and late secretory pathways. The key to the identification of this complex was the cloning and sequencing of two widely expressed, mammalian cDNAs encoding new homologs of the adaptor beta and sigma subunits named beta4 and sigma4, respectively. An antibody to beta4 recognized in human cells an approximately 83-kDa polypeptide that exists in both soluble and membrane-associated forms. Gel filtration, sedimentation velocity, and immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that beta4 is a component of a multisubunit complex (AP-4) that also contains the sigma4 polypeptide and two additional adaptor subunit homologs named mu4 (mu-ARP2) and epsilon. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that AP-4 is associated with the trans-Golgi network or an adjacent structure and that this association is sensitive to the drug brefeldin A. We propose that, like the related AP-1, AP-2, and AP-3 complexes, AP-4 plays a role in signal-mediated trafficking of integral membrane proteins in mammalian cells.  (+info)

A modulatory role for clathrin light chain phosphorylation in Golgi membrane protein localization during vegetative growth and during the mating response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (6/1930)

The role of clathrin light chain phosphorylation in regulating clathrin function has been examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The phosphorylation state of yeast clathrin light chain (Clc1p) in vivo was monitored by [32P]phosphate labeling and immunoprecipitation. Clc1p was phosphorylated in growing cells and also hyperphosphorylated upon activation of the mating response signal transduction pathway. Mating pheromone-stimulated hyperphosphorylation of Clc1p was dependent on the mating response signal transduction pathway MAP kinase Fus3p. Both basal and stimulated phosphorylation occurred exclusively on serines. Mutagenesis of Clc1p was used to map major phosphorylation sites to serines 52 and 112, but conversion of all 14 serines in Clc1p to alanines [S(all)A] was necessary to eliminate phosphorylation. Cells expressing the S(all)A mutant Clc1p displayed no defects in Clc1p binding to clathrin heavy chain, clathrin trimer stability, sorting of a soluble vacuolar protein, or receptor-mediated endocytosis of mating pheromone. However, the trans-Golgi network membrane protein Kex2p was not optimally localized in mutant cells. Furthermore, pheromone treatment exacerbated the Kex2p localization defect and caused a corresponding defect in Kex2p-mediated maturation of the alpha-factor precursor. The results reveal a novel requirement for clathrin during the mating response and suggest that phosphorylation of the light chain subunit modulates the activity of clathrin at the trans-Golgi network.  (+info)

Enhancement of endocytosis due to aminophospholipid transport across the plasma membrane of living cells. (7/1930)

Formation of intracellular vesicles is initiated by membrane budding. Here we test the hypothesis that the plasma membrane surface area asymmetry could be a driving force for vesicle formation during endocytosis. The inner layer phospholipid number was therefore increased by adding exogenous aminophospholipids to living cells, which were then translocated from the outer to the inner layer of the membrane by the ubiquitous flippase. Addition of either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine led to an enhancement of endocytosis, showing that the observed acceleration does not depend on the lipid polar head group. Conversely, a closely related aminophospholipid that is not recognized by the flippase, lyso-alpha-phosphatidylserine, inhibited endocytosis, and similar results were obtained with a cholesterol derivative that also remains in the plasma membrane outer layer. Thus an increase of lipid concentration in the inner layer enhanced internalization, whereas an increase of the lipid concentration in the outer layer inhibited internalization. These experiments suggest that transient asymmetries in lipid concentration might contribute to the formation of endocytic vesicles.  (+info)

Entry of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus into porcine alveolar macrophages via receptor-mediated endocytosis. (8/1930)

Porcine alveolar macrophages (AMphi) are the dominant cell type that supports the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in vivo and in vitro. In order to determine the characteristics of the virus-receptor interaction, the attachment of PRRSV to cells was examined by using biotinylated virus in a series of flow cytometric assays. PRRSV bound specifically to AMphi in a dose-dependent manner. Binding of PRRSV to AMphi increased gradually and reached a maximum within 60 min at 4 degrees C. By confocal microscopy, it was shown that different degrees of PRRSV binding exist and that entry is by endocytosis. Virus uptake in vesicles is a clathrin-dependent process, as it was blocked by the addition of cytochalasin D and co-localization of PRRSV and clathrin was found. Furthermore, by the use of two weak bases, NH4Cl and chloroquine, it was demonstrated that PRRSV uses a low pH-dependent entry pathway. In the presence of these reagents, input virions accumulated in large vacuoles, indicating that uncoating was prevented. These results indicate that PRRSV entry into AMphi involves attachment to a specific virus receptor(s) followed by a process of endocytosis, by which virions are taken into the cell within vesicles by a clathrin-dependent pathway. A subsequent drop in pH is required for proper virus replication.  (+info)

ClathrinClathrin
... is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by ... A second clathrin heavy chain gene, on chromosome 22, is expressed in muscle. Clathrin heavy chain is often described as a leg ... During mitosis, clathrin binds to the spindle apparatus, in complex with two other proteins: TACC3 and ch-TOG/CKAP5. Clathrin ... The clathrin triskelion is composed of three clathrin heavy chains interacting at their C-termini, each ~190 kDa heavy chain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin
Clathrin-independent carrierClathrin-independent carrier
... s (CLICs) are prevalent tubulovesicular membranes responsible for non-clathrin mediated endocytic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin-independent_carrier
Clathrin adaptor proteinClathrin adaptor protein
Clathrin coats contain both clathrin (acts as a scaffold) and adaptor complexes that link clathrin to receptors in coated ... Clathrin adaptor proteins, also known as adaptins, are vesicular transport adaptor proteins associated with clathrin. These ... Adaptins recognise and bind to clathrin through their hinge region (clathrin box), and recruit accessory proteins that modulate ... One function of clathrin and AP2 complex-mediated endocytosis is to regulate the number of GABAA receptors available at the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin_adaptor_protein
Adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 1Adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 1
... interactions with clathrin, and the impact of overexpression on clathrin-mediated traffic". Mol. Biol. Cell. 10 (8): 2687-702. ... Goodman OB, Keen JH (1995). "The alpha chain of the AP-2 adaptor is a clathrin binding subunit". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (40): 23768 ... Kirchhausen T (2000). "Clathrin". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69: 699-727. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.699. PMID 10966473. ... This gene encodes the alpha 1 adaptin subunit of the adaptor protein 2 (AP2 adaptors) complex found in clathrin coated vesicles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptor-related_protein_complex_2,_alpha_1
AP2B1AP2B1
"Chromosome localization of human genes for clathrin adaptor polypeptides AP2 beta and AP50 and the clathrin-binding protein, ... Kalthoff C, Groos S, Kohl R, Mahrhold S, Ungewickell EJ (Nov 2002). "Clint: a novel clathrin-binding ENTH-domain protein at the ... Gallusser A, Kirchhausen T (Dec 1993). "The beta 1 and beta 2 subunits of the AP complexes are the clathrin coat assembly ... Kirchhausen T (2000). "Clathrin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 69: 699-727. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.699. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2B1
AP1B1AP1B1
Kirchhausen T (2000). "Clathrin". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69: 699-727. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.699. PMID 10966473. Geyer M ... 1999). "A dileucine motif in HIV-1 Nef acts as an internalization signal for CD4 downregulation and binds the AP-1 clathrin ... 1999). "A dileucine motif in HIV-1 Nef is essential for sorting into clathrin-coated pits and for downregulation of CD4". Curr ... Doray B, Kornfeld S (2001). "Gamma subunit of the AP-1 adaptor complex binds clathrin: implications for cooperative binding in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1B1
AP1S1AP1S1
The protein encoded by this gene is part of the clathrin coat assembly complex which links clathrin to receptors in coated ... Kirchhausen T (2000). "Clathrin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 69: 699-727. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.699. PMID ... Fölsch H, Ohno H, Bonifacino JS, Mellman I (Oct 1999). "A novel clathrin adaptor complex mediates basolateral targeting in ... Fölsch H, Ohno H, Bonifacino JS, Mellman I (Oct 1999). "A novel clathrin adaptor complex mediates basolateral targeting in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1S1
AP2A2AP2A2
"Tandem arrangement of the clathrin and AP-2 binding domains in amphiphysin 1 and disruption of clathrin coat function by ... Kirchhausen T (2000). "Clathrin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 69: 699-727. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.699. PMID ... "Crystal structure of the alpha appendage of AP-2 reveals a recruitment platform for clathrin-coat assembly". Proceedings of the ... "Association and colocalization of Eps15 with adaptor protein-2 and clathrin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 136 (4): 811-21. doi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2A2
AP1S2AP1S2
Kirchhausen T (2000). "Clathrin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 69: 699-727. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.699. PMID ... "A dileucine motif in HIV-1 Nef acts as an internalization signal for CD4 downregulation and binds the AP-1 clathrin adaptor". ... "A dileucine motif in HIV-1 Nef is essential for sorting into clathrin-coated pits and for downregulation of CD4". Current ... where it mediates both the recruitment of clathrin to the membrane and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1S2
Receptor-mediated endocytosisReceptor-mediated endocytosis
Invagination of the plasma membrane then occurs, forming a clathrin-coated pit. Other receptors can nucleate a clathrin-coated ... forming a clathrin-coated vesicle that then uncoats of clathrin and typically fuses to a sorting endosome. Once fused, the ... clathrin-mediated endocytosis remains the best studied. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of many receptor types begins with the ... This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes via clathrin-mediated ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor-mediated_endocytosis
AP1M2AP1M2
Fölsch H, Pypaert M, Schu P, Mellman I (Feb 2001). "Distribution and function of AP-1 clathrin adaptor complexes in polarized ... Korolchuk VI, Banting G (Jun 2002). "CK2 and GAK/auxilin2 are major protein kinases in clathrin-coated vesicles". Traffic. 3 (6 ... Fölsch H, Ohno H, Bonifacino JS, Mellman I (Oct 1999). "A novel clathrin adaptor complex mediates basolateral targeting in ... Hirst J, Robinson MS (Aug 1998). "Clathrin and adaptors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1404 ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1M2
Arrestin beta 1Arrestin beta 1
ter Haar E, Musacchio A, Harrison SC, Kirchhausen T (November 1998). "Atomic structure of clathrin: a beta propeller terminal ... Goodman OB, Krupnick JG, Gurevich VV, Benovic JL, Keen JH (June 1997). "Arrestin/clathrin interaction. Localization of the ... Lin FT, Krueger KM, Kendall HE, Daaka Y, Fredericks ZL, Pitcher JA, Lefkowitz RJ (December 1997). "Clathrin-mediated ... to play a role as a scaffold that binds intermediates and may direct G-protein signaling by connecting receptors to clathrin- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin_beta_1
Unconventional myosin-VIUnconventional myosin-VI
October 2019). "Clathrin light chain A drives selective myosin VI recruitment to clathrin-coated pits under membrane tension". ... "Myosin VI isoform localized to clathrin-coated vesicles with a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis". The EMBO Journal. 20 (14 ... Myosin-VI's Met-Ile-Sec bonding interactions are limited to the myosin-VI long isoform but interact with clathrin in ... MYO6 has been shown to interact with GIPC1, DAB2., ubiquitin, and clathrin. Myosin VI, being a motor protein, focuses its ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_myosin-VI
Mark BretscherMark Bretscher
Clathrin coated pits in the plasma membrane bud a segment of the surface into the cell; this membrane is processed through ... Pearse, BM (1987). "Clathrin and coated vesicles". EMBO J. 6 (9): 2507-2512. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02536.x. PMC 553666 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bretscher
RicinRicin
The holotoxin can be taken up by clathrin-coated pits, as well as by clathrin-independent pathways including caveolae and ... Nichols BJ, Lippincott-Schwartz J (October 2001). "Endocytosis without clathrin coats". Trends Cell Biol. 11 (10): 406-412. doi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin
Barbara PearseBarbara Pearse
P2 and clathrin by AP180 in the nucleation of clathrin lattices on membranes". Science. 291 (5506): 1051-5. Bibcode:2001Sci... ... Pearse, B. M. F.; Robinson, M. S. (1990). "Clathrin, Adaptors, and Sorting". Annual Review of Cell Biology. 6: 151-171. doi: ... Pearse first purified coated vesicles; she also discovered the clathrin coat molecule in 1975. Coated pits and vesicles were ... Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required) Pearse, B. M. (1987). "Clathrin and coated ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Pearse
AP2S1AP2S1
Winterpacht A, Endele S, Enklaar T, Fuhry M, Zabel B (Mar 1997). "Human CLAPS2 encoding AP17, a small chain of the clathrin- ... Byland R, Vance PJ, Hoxie JA, Marsh M (2007). "A Conserved Dileucine Motif Mediates Clathrin and AP-2-dependent Endocytosis of ... One of two major clathrin-associated adaptor complexes, AP-2, is a heterotetramer which is associated with the plasma membrane ... "Entrez Gene: AP2S1 adaptor-related protein complex 2, sigma 1 subunit". Pearse BM, Smith CJ, Owen DJ (2000). "Clathrin coat ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2S1
Endothelial cell tropismEndothelial cell tropism
One method of viral uptake is through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The cell surface receptors provide a binding pocket ... McMahon, Harvey T.; Boucrot, Emmanuel (August 2011). "Molecular mechanism and physiological functions of clathrin-mediated ... Kaksonen, Marko; Roux, Aurélien (May 2018). "Mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cell_tropism
Active zoneActive zone
5) In the periactive zone the membrane proteins are sequestered and are endocytosed forming a clathrin coated vesicle. (6) The ... Jung Nadja; Haucke Volker (2007). "Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis at Synapses". Traffic. 8 (9): 1129-1136. doi:10.1111/j.1600- ... 2010). "Intersectin 1 forms complexes with SGIP1 and Reps1 in clathrin-coated pits". Biochemical and Biophysical Research ... clathrin and endophilin. In Drosophila the intersectin homolog, Dap160, is located in the periactive zone of the neuromuscular ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_zone
Vesicular transport proteinVesicular transport protein
Examples include: Archain ARFs Clathrin Caveolin Dynamin and related proteins, such as the EHD protein family Rab proteins ... cis-Golgi Clathrin : trans-Golgi ----> Lysosomes, Plasma membrane ----> Endosomes (receptor-mediated endocytosis) Membrane ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_transport_protein
CytosisCytosis
The clathrin-coated pit invaginates into the cytosol and forms a clathrin-coated vesicle. The clathrin proteins will then ... The particles are absorbed through the use of clathrin-coated pits. These clathrin-coated pits are short lived and serve only ... Proteins in the clathrin coat on the plasma membrane have propensity to bind and trap macromolecules or ligands. However, it is ... Clathrin Hydrolase Lysosome Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M.M. 1991. Glossary of Genetics. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosis
AMPA receptorAMPA receptor
Once the clathrin coat detaches, other proteins can interact directly with the AMPARs using PDZ carboxyl tail domains; for ... The complex, consisting of a clathrin-coated pit underneath a section of AMPAR-containing plasma membrane and interacting ... Long-term depression enacts mechanisms to decrease AMPA receptor density in selected dendritic spines, dependent on clathrin ... Interactions from calcineurin activate dynamin GTPase activity, allowing the clathrin pit to excise itself from the cell ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPA_receptor
AP2 adaptor complexAP2 adaptor complex
These AP2 aggregates interact with individual clathrin proteins by their β-active sites, orienting them into the clathrin " ... of the clathrin trimer. AP2 facilitates the assembly of clathrin lattices when endocytosis needs to occur, by aggregating ... The presence of clathrins have been found to induce binding to cargo, and similarly, presence of cargo appears to induce ... The "open" conformation is the active state of the complex, as the "pits" or active binding sites for clathrins and the cargo ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2_adaptor_complex
CLINT1CLINT1
The CLINT1 protein binds to the terminal domain of the clathrin heavy chain and stimulates clathrin cage vesicle assembly. ... Clathrin interactor 1 (CLINT1), also known as EPSIN4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CLINT1 gene. ... "Entrez Gene: CLINT1 clathrin interactor 1". Wasiak S, Legendre-Guillemin V, Puertollano R, Blondeau F, Girard M, de Heuvel E, ... Clathrin coated vesicles enable neurotransmitter receptors and other proteins to be endocytosed or taken up across neuronal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLINT1
AP1M1AP1M1
The protein encoded by this gene is the medium chain of the trans-Golgi network clathrin-associated protein complex AP-1. The ... This complex is located at the Golgi vesicle and links clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. These vesicles are involved in ... Foti M, Mangasarian A, Piguet V, Lew DP, Krause KH, Trono D, Carpentier JL (Oct 1997). "Nef-mediated clathrin-coated pit ... Fölsch H, Ohno H, Bonifacino JS, Mellman I (Oct 1999). "A novel clathrin adaptor complex mediates basolateral targeting in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1M1
ANTH domainANTH domain
February 2001). "Simultaneous binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and clathrin by AP180 in the nucleation of clathrin lattices on ... HIP1; HIP1R; PICALM; SNAP91; "Clathrin and its interactions with AP180". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. de Camilli P ... The domain is involved in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding and is a universal adaptor for nucleation of clathrin ... endocytotic accessory protein that has been implicated in the formation of clathrin-coated pits. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANTH_domain
Vesicular transport adaptor proteinVesicular transport adaptor protein
"Dynamics of intracellular clathrin/AP1- and clathrin/AP3-containing carriers". Cell Reports. 2 (5): 1111-9. doi:10.1016/j. ... The involvement of the heterotetramer of COPI is similar to that of the AP/clathrin situation, but the coat of COPI is not ... Cocucci E, Aguet F, Boulant S, Kirchhausen T (August 2012). "The first five seconds in the life of a clathrin-coated pit". Cell ... AP-5 is associated with 2 proteins, SPG11 and SPG15, which have some structural similarity to clathrin, and may form the coat ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_transport_adaptor_protein
HGS (gene)HGS (gene)
Raiborg C, Bache KG, Mehlum A, Stang E, Stenmark H (2001). "Hrs recruits clathrin to early endosomes". EMBO J. 20 (17): 5008-21 ... "Hrs recruits clathrin to early endosomes". EMBO J. 20 (17): 5008-21. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.17.5008. PMC 125612. PMID 11532964. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGS_(gene)
MuniscinsMuniscins
Cocucci E, Aguet F, Boulant S, Kirchhausen T (2012). "The first five seconds in the life of a clathrin-coated pit". Cell. 150 ( ... Henne WM, Boucrot E, Meinecke M, Evergren E, Vallis Y, Mittal R, McMahon HT (2010). "FCHo proteins are nucleators of clathrin- ... The muniscin protein family was initially defined in 2009 as proteins having 2 homologous domains that are involved in clathrin ... Robinson MS (2015). "Forty Years of Clathrin-coated Vesicles". Traffic. 16 (12): 1210-38. doi:10.1111/tra.12335. PMID 26403691 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muniscins
Hepatitis C virusHepatitis C virus
This process is aided by clathrin proteins. Once inside an early endosome, the endosome and the viral envelope fuse and the RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus
588c) Self-Assembly of Clathrin Protein 3D Structures | AIChE588c) Self-Assembly of Clathrin Protein 3D Structures | AIChE
... on the kinetics and morphology of clathrin self-assembly and to discover potential new nanostructures that clathrin may form. ... Clathrin is a ~630 kDa protein that resembles a three-legged pinwheel, i.e., a triskelion, with each leg having an extended ... In vitro, clathrin self-assembles in the absence of lipid membranes or adaptor proteins to form a variety of three-dimensional ... In vivo, clathrin helps in transportation of extracellular components across the cell membrane with the help of adaptor ...
https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2012/proceeding/paper/588c-self-assembly-clathrin-protein-3d-structures
clathrin heavy chain 1 [Rattus norvegicus] - Protein - NCBIclathrin heavy chain 1 [Rattus norvegicus] - Protein - NCBI
A role for clathrin in reassembly of the Golgi apparatus. [Mol Biol Cell. 2007] A role for clathrin in reassembly of the Golgi ... Presynaptic clathrin levels are a limiting factor for synaptic transmission. [J Neurosci. 2014] Presynaptic clathrin levels are ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the dominant mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses. [Neuron. 2006] Clathrin- ... clathrin heavy chain 1 [Rattus norvegicus] clathrin heavy chain 1 [Rattus norvegicus]. gi,1937369336,ref,NP_062172.2, ...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_062172
SCOP 1.65: Protein: Mu2 adaptin (clathrin coat assembly protein AP50)SCOP 1.65: Protein: Mu2 adaptin (clathrin coat assembly protein AP50)
Clathrin coat assembly domain. Timeline for Protein Mu2 adaptin (clathrin coat assembly protein AP50) from d.110.4.2: Clathrin ... clathrin coat assembly protein AP50) from d.110.6.1: Clathrin coat assembly domain. *Protein Mu2 adaptin (clathrin coat ... Protein Mu2 adaptin (clathrin coat assembly protein AP50) from d.110.4.2: Clathrin coat assembly domain appears in SCOP 1.67. * ... Protein Mu2 adaptin (clathrin coat assembly protein AP50) from d.110.4.2: Clathrin coat assembly domain appears in the current ...
https://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=75522&ver=1.65
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis cooperates with bulk endocytosis to generate vesicles - PubMedClathrin-mediated endocytosis cooperates with bulk endocytosis to generate vesicles - PubMed
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the most prominent endocytic mode, is thought to be generated primarily from relatively flat ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis cooperates with bulk endocytosis to generate vesicles Gianvito Arpino 1 , Agila Somasundaram 2 , ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis cooperates with bulk endocytosis to generate vesicles Gianvito Arpino et al. iScience. 2022. . ... Clathrin coated pits, plaques and adhesion. Lampe M, Vassilopoulos S, Merrifield C. Lampe M, et al. J Struct Biol. 2016 Oct;196 ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35198874/
clathrinclathrin
Tagged as: artemisinin, clathrin, endocytosis, hemoglobin, kelch13, malaria, parasite, parasite food vacuole, parasitism, ... Tagged as: apicomplexa, clathrin, endosome, microneme, parasite, parasitism, parasitophorus vacuole, rab protein, rhoptry, ... Daniel and Vincent solve the case of the Woman With Anal Area Discomfort, and discuss the multiple functions of a clathrin ...
https://www.microbe.tv/twip/tag/clathrin/
Clathrin structure characterized with monoclonal antibodies. II. Identification of in vivo forms of clathrin.Clathrin structure characterized with monoclonal antibodies. II. Identification of in vivo forms of clathrin.
Incorporation of clathrin LCa light chain and heavy chain into coated vesicles was coordinate and increased up to 4 h after ... Immunoprecipitation with anti-clathrin monoclonal antibodies was carried out after fractionation of continuously radiolabeled ... These experiments indicated that the triskelion form of clathrin that has been isolated from coated vesicles in vitro also ... There was also little apparent degradation of clathrin found in coated vesicles for up to 22 h after biosynthesis. ...
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3498z3m6
ZFIN GO: Cellular Component: clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicleZFIN GO: Cellular Component: clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle
A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network. ...
https://www.zfin.org/action/ontology/term-detail/GO:0030130
Endophilin-A3 and Galectin-8 control the clathrin-independent endocytosis of CD166 - Inserm - Institut national de la santé et...
In this study, we find that the tumor marker CD166/ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a clathrin-independent ... our data reveal the existence of a previously uncharacterized clathrin-independent endocytic modality, that modulates the ... While several clathrin-independent endocytic processes have been described so far, their biological relevance often remains ... While several clathrin-independent endocytic processes have been described so far, their biological relevance often remains ...
https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-02619135
clathrin - NIH Director's Blog
clathrin. Cool Videos: Pushing the Limits of Live-Cell Microscopy Posted on October 15th, 2015. by Dr. Francis Collins ... Tags: actin, cell biology, clathrin, cytoskeleton, imaging, light microscopy, microscopy, Nobel Prize, SIM, SIM technology, ... slowly pulling clathrin-coated pits (green), which are basket-like structures containing molecular cargo, away from the cells ...
https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/clathrin/
Medical Arts - Lattice Formation of Clathrin
Dozens of proteins capture, polymerize and reshape the clathrin lattice during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Six key ... Endocytic proteins are partitioned at the edge of the clathrin lattice in mammalian cells.. Nat Cell Biol. 2017 April;19(4):352 ... src="/mab/_catalogs/masterpage/MAB_template/images/breadscrumbDivider.png" /> Lattice Formation of Clathrin ... supports the finding that endocytic proteins distribute into distinct spatial zones in relation to the edge of the clathrin ...
https://ors.od.nih.gov/mab/Work/Pages/Clathrin-Lattice-Form.aspx
Using in-gel digestion and an Orbitrap mass spectrometer to analyze the proteome of clathrin-coated vesicles - Research Portal ...
Cell Fractionation, Clathrin-Coated Vesicles, Gels, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mass Spectrometry, Proteolysis, Proteome, Trypsin, ... Using in-gel digestion and an Orbitrap mass spectrometer to analyze the proteome of clathrin-coated vesicles. Research output: ... The characterization of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), including the effects of genetic or biochemical manipulations on their ...
https://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/using-ingel-digestion-and-an-orbitrap-mass-spectrometer-to-analyze-the-proteome-of-clathrincoated-vesicles
Auxilin, a newly identified clathrin-associated protein in coated vesicles from bovine brain. | Journal of Cell Biology |...Auxilin, a newly identified clathrin-associated protein in coated vesicles from bovine brain. | Journal of Cell Biology |...
We have identified a new coat protein in clathrin-coated vesicles from bovine brain by urea-SDS gel electrophoresis. The ... The purified protein binds to clathrin triskelia and thereby promotes clathrin assembly into regular 50-100-nm cages. We ... Auxilin, a newly identified clathrin-associated protein in coated vesicles from bovine brain. S Ahle, S Ahle ... S Ahle, E Ungewickell; Auxilin, a newly identified clathrin-associated protein in coated vesicles from bovine brain.. J Cell ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/111/1/19/13894/Auxilin-a-newly-identified-clathrin-associated
COP35, a cholangiocarcinoma-binding oligopeptide, interacts with the clathrin heavy chain accompanied by GRP78 -ORCACOP35, a cholangiocarcinoma-binding oligopeptide, interacts with the clathrin heavy chain accompanied by GRP78 -ORCA
Utilizing pull-down assay and liquid chromatography, we identify the clathrin heavy chain accompanied by GRP78/BiP as a COP35- ... COP35, a cholangiocarcinoma-binding oligopeptide, interacts with the clathrin heavy chain accompanied by GRP78. Molecular ... COP35, a cholangiocarcinoma-binding oligopeptide, interacts with the clathrin heavy chain accompanied by GRP78 ...
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/43277/
Two Synaptojanin 1 Isoforms Are Recruited To Clathrin-Coated Pits At Different Stages • MatTek Life SciencesTwo Synaptojanin 1 Isoforms Are Recruited To Clathrin-Coated Pits At Different Stages • MatTek Life Sciences
Two Synaptojanin 1 Isoforms Are Recruited To Clathrin-Coated Pits At Different Stages. ...
https://www.mattek.com/reference_library/two-synaptojanin-1-isoforms-are-recruited-to-clathrin-coated-pits-at-different-stages/
Trimerisation is important for the function of clathrin at the mitotic spindle | Journal of Cell Science | The Company of...Trimerisation is important for the function of clathrin at the mitotic spindle | Journal of Cell Science | The Company of...
Clathrin is a triskelion consisting of three heavy chains each with an associated light chain. During mitosis, clathrin ... Clathrin may recruit another protein to the spindle that can mediate fibre stability. In this scheme, trimeric clathrin ... Recognition sites for clathrin-associated proteins AP-2 and AP-3 on clathrin triskelia. J. Biol. Chem. ... Overview of the organisation of clathrin and of the constructs used in this study. (A) Model of a clathrin triskelion proposed ...
https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/119/19/4071/29132/Trimerisation-is-important-for-the-function-of
Characterization of the hepatic insulin receptor undergoing internalization through clathrin-coated vesicles and endosomes<...Characterization of the hepatic insulin receptor undergoing internalization through clathrin-coated vesicles and endosomes<...
Administration of insulin to rats caused a transient increase in the amount of hepatic insulin receptor present in clathrin- ... keywords = "Clathrin-coated vesicle, Endosome, Insulin receptor, Internalization, Protein phosphorylation, Rat liver", ... Dive into the research topics of Characterization of the hepatic insulin receptor undergoing internalization through clathrin- ... Characterization of the hepatic insulin receptor undergoing internalization through clathrin-coated vesicles and endosomes. In ...
https://portalrecerca.uab.cat/en/publications/characterization-of-the-hepatic-insulin-receptor-undergoing-inter-2
Snap-shots of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. - Immunology
Clathrin-coated vesicles were first observed by electron microscopy in the early 1960s. In subsequent years, many of the ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is one of the major entry routes into a eukaryotic cell. It is driven by protein components that ... Animals, Clathrin, Clathrin-Coated Vesicles, Endocytosis, Fluorescent Dyes, Lipid Metabolism, Lipids, Models, Biological ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is one of the major entry routes into a eukaryotic cell. It is driven by protein components that ...
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/196862
The molecular associations in clathrin-coated pit regulate ß-arrestin-mediated MAPK signaling downstream of µ-opioid receptor. ...The molecular associations in clathrin-coated pit regulate ß-arrestin-mediated MAPK signaling downstream of µ-opioid receptor. ...
Instead, the molecular association with ß2-adaptin and clathrin heavy chain in the formation of clathrin-coated pits is ... Clathrin-coated pit; G protein; G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR); Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); ß-arrestin ... The molecular associations in clathrin-coated pit regulate ß-arrestin-mediated MAPK signaling downstream of µ-opioid receptor. ... The molecular associations in clathrin-coated pit regulate ß-arrestin-mediated MAPK signal ...
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/resource/pt/mdl-36502633
ORAI channels are critical for receptor-mediated endocytosis of albumin | Nature CommunicationsORAI channels are critical for receptor-mediated endocytosis of albumin | Nature Communications
... which determines clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of protein reabsorption and ... STIM1/ORAI1 colocalizes with clathrin, but not with caveolin, at the apical membrane of PTECs, ... Endocytosis of STIM1-ORAI1 is mediated by clathrin pathway. Clathrin and caveolin are two key mediators for protein ... STIM1/ORAI1 colocalizes with clathrin, but not with caveolin, at the apical membrane of PTECs, which determines clathrin- ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02094-y?error=cookies_not_supported
Molecular and Cellular Imaging | NHLBI, NIHMolecular and Cellular Imaging | NHLBI, NIH
The primary retrieval mechanism in eukaryotic cells is clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). In CME, dozens of proteins capture ... Membrane bending occurs at all stages of clathrin-coat assembly and defines endocytic dynamics. ... Endocytic proteins are partitioned at the edge of the clathrin lattice in mammalian cells. ... The structure and spontaneous curvature of clathrin lattices at the plasma membrane. ...
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/node/80364
Caenorhabditis elegans auxilin: A J-domain protein essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in vivo<...Caenorhabditis elegans auxilin: A J-domain protein essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in vivo<...
The budding of clathrin-coated vesicles is essential for protein transport. After budding, clathrin must be uncoated before the ... N2 - The budding of clathrin-coated vesicles is essential for protein transport. After budding, clathrin must be uncoated ... AB - The budding of clathrin-coated vesicles is essential for protein transport. After budding, clathrin must be uncoated ... abstract = "The budding of clathrin-coated vesicles is essential for protein transport. After budding, clathrin must be ...
https://www.researchwithrutgers.com/en/publications/caenorhabditis-elegans-auxilin-a-j-domain-protein-essential-for-c
Whats New for 2001 MeSH. NLM Technical Bulletin. Nov-Dec 2000What's New for 2001 MeSH. NLM Technical Bulletin. Nov-Dec 2000
Clathrin-Coated Vesicles. COP-Coated Vesicles. Secretory Vesicles. trans-Golgi Network. 4. Vaccine Additions ...
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd00/nd00_mesh.html
AbMiner - Antibody Detail | Genomics and Pharmacology FacilityAbMiner - Antibody Detail | Genomics and Pharmacology Facility
Antibody Details for Clathrin Heavy Chain. WBI Title. Validation Status. Band Result. Date. Dilution. ...
https://discover.nci.nih.gov/abminer/antibodyDetail.do?antibodyId=588
Ackr3 atypical chemokine receptor 3 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBIAckr3 atypical chemokine receptor 3 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI
located_in clathrin-coated pit ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology. more info ... Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including cell surface; clathrin-coated pit; and endosome. Predicted to ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12778
Food Safety Research Projects Database Search | National Agricultural LibraryFood Safety Research Projects Database Search | National Agricultural Library
Roles of Epsin1-dependent clathrin-coat in plant immunity against bacteria *. * Investigators ...
https://www.nal.usda.gov/research-tools/food-safety-research-projects/search?f%5B0%5D=category%3A13
Table - Difficulties in Differentiating Coronaviruses from Subcellular Structures in Human Tissues by Electron Microscopy -...
CCV, clathrin or coatomer coated vesicles; MVB, multivesicular body; NA, not applicable; RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum. ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/4/20-4337-t1
Integrin-beta3 clusters recruit clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery in the absence of traction force<...Integrin-beta3 clusters recruit clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery in the absence of traction force<...
The clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery combines with Dab2 to facilitate the endocytosis of RGD-integrin-beta3 clusters. From ... The clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery combines with Dab2 to facilitate the endocytosis of RGD-integrin-beta3 clusters. From ... The clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery combines with Dab2 to facilitate the endocytosis of RGD-integrin-beta3 clusters. From ... The clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery combines with Dab2 to facilitate the endocytosis of RGD-integrin-beta3 clusters. From ...
https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/integrin-beta3-clusters-recruit-clathrin-mediated-endocytic-machi
Adaptor protein 1-dependent clathrin coat assembly on synthetic liposomes and golgi membranes<...Adaptor protein 1-dependent clathrin coat assembly on synthetic liposomes and golgi membranes<...
Zhu, Y. ; Drake, M. T. ; Kornfeld, S. / Adaptor protein 1-dependent clathrin coat assembly on synthetic liposomes and golgi ... Zhu, Y., Drake, M. T., & Kornfeld, S. (2001). Adaptor protein 1-dependent clathrin coat assembly on synthetic liposomes and ... Zhu, Y, Drake, MT & Kornfeld, S 2001, Adaptor protein 1-dependent clathrin coat assembly on synthetic liposomes and golgi ... Adaptor protein 1-dependent clathrin coat assembly on synthetic liposomes and golgi membranes. / Zhu, Y.; Drake, M. T.; ...
https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/adaptor-protein-1-dependent-clathrin-coat-assembly-on-synthetic-l
Interferometric Photoactivated Localization Microscope (IPALM) | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringInterferometric Photoactivated Localization Microscope (IPALM) | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
IPALM combines photoactivated localization microscopy with single-photon, simultaneous multiphase interferometry providing
https://www.nibib.nih.gov/labs-at-nibib/interferometric-photoactivated-localization-microscope-ipalm
Publications - Yihong Ye, Ph.D. - NIDDKPublications - Yihong Ye, Ph.D. - NIDDK
AAGAB Controls AP2 Adaptor Assembly in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis.. Gulbranson DR, Crisman L, Lee M, Ouyang Y, Menasche BL, ...
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/staff-directory/biography/ye-yihong/publications
EndocytosisVesiclesVesicleVitroEdge of the clathrinEndocyticTriskelionMammalian cellsVivoAdaptor complexesPlasma membraneMembranesTriskeliaCoat assemblyContaining molecularAssemblyDepletionStructuresFormationHeavy chainRegulateGolgiCargoStructuralStabilityDynamicsPromotesMechanismsCellCellsControlsStructureRoleViewResults
Endocytosis26
  • In vivo , clathrin helps in transportation of extracellular components across the cell membrane with the help of adaptor proteins through receptor mediated endocytosis by forming enclosed polyhedral cages. (aiche.org)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the dominant mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses. (nih.gov)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the most prominent endocytic mode, is thought to be generated primarily from relatively flat patches of the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
  • By employing conventional and platinum replica electron microscopy and super-resolution STED microscopy in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells, we found that large Ω-shaped or dome-shaped plasma membrane invaginations, previously thought of as the precursor of bulk endocytosis, are primary sites for clathrin-coated pit generation after depolarization. (nih.gov)
  • Dozens of proteins capture, polymerize and reshape the clathrin lattice during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). (nih.gov)
  • Snap-shots of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is one of the major entry routes into a eukaryotic cell. (ox.ac.uk)
  • STIM1/ORAI1 colocalizes with clathrin, but not with caveolin, at the apical membrane of PTECs, which determines clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (nature.com)
  • The primary retrieval mechanism in eukaryotic cells is clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). (nih.gov)
  • We conclude that auxilin is required for in vivo clathrin-mediated endocytosis and development in C. elegans. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • The clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery combines with Dab2 to facilitate the endocytosis of RGD-integrin-beta3 clusters. (utmb.edu)
  • From these observations, we propose that loss of traction force on ligand-bound integrin-beta3 causes recruitment of Dab2/clathrin, resulting in endocytosis of integrins. (utmb.edu)
  • AAGAB Controls AP2 Adaptor Assembly in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Antagonistic regulation controls clathrin-mediated endocytosis: AP2 adaptor facilitation vs restraint from clathrin light chains. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by hierarchical allosteric activation of AP2. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Capturing the mechanics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Regulation of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Imaging vesicle formation dynamics supports the flexible model of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • 18. AAGAB Controls AP2 Adaptor Assembly in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • These pharmaceuticals inhibited clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated endocytosis and actin- dependent pinocytosis/phagocytosis respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Synaptojanin 2 (SYNJ2) is a phosphatidylinositol (PI) phosphatase that controls two distinct functions, clathrin-mediated endocytosis and tumor cell invadopodia formation and invasion. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we identify a number of novel SYNJ2 binding partners, several of which have previously been shown to be necessary for invadopodia formation or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • Cellular uptake of unconjugated TAT peptide involves clathrin-dependent endocytosis and heparan sulfate receptors. (nih.gov)
  • Both types of QDs were internalized via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the primary mechanism human cells use to internalize receptors, nutrients, hormones, and other cargo at the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
  • Using our CLEM method, we studied 19 key proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (nih.gov)
Vesicles13
  • Incorporation of clathrin LCa light chain and heavy chain into coated vesicles was coordinate and increased up to 4 h after biosynthesis. (escholarship.org)
  • There was also little apparent degradation of clathrin found in coated vesicles for up to 22 h after biosynthesis. (escholarship.org)
  • These experiments indicated that the triskelion form of clathrin that has been isolated from coated vesicles in vitro also exists in vivo. (escholarship.org)
  • The characterization of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), including the effects of genetic or biochemical manipulations on their composition, can be studied by mass spectrometry analysis of HeLa cell fractions enriched for CCVs. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Auxilin, a newly identified clathrin-associated protein in coated vesicles from bovine brain. (rupress.org)
  • We have identified a new coat protein in clathrin-coated vesicles from bovine brain by urea-SDS gel electrophoresis. (rupress.org)
  • If auxilin and AP 180 are indeed both confined to neuronal cells, as the immunochemical evidence suggests, it might be inferred that both serve to adapt clathrin-coated vesicles to an as yet undisclosed function unique to this cell type. (rupress.org)
  • abstract = "Administration of insulin to rats caused a transient increase in the amount of hepatic insulin receptor present in clathrin-coated vesicles and endosomes. (uab.cat)
  • Clathrin-coated vesicles were first observed by electron microscopy in the early 1960s. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The budding of clathrin-coated vesicles is essential for protein transport. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • After budding, clathrin must be uncoated before the vesicles can fuse with other membranous structures. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • In vitro, the molecular chaperone Hsc70 uncoats clathrin-coated vesicles in an ATP-dependent process that requires a specific J-domain protein such as auxilin. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • 1. Architecture of the AP2/clathrin coat on the membranes of clathrin-coated vesicles. (nih.gov)
Vesicle3
  • 4. Multi-modal adaptor-clathrin contacts drive coated vesicle assembly. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Temporal Ordering in Endocytic Clathrin-Coated Vesicle Formation via AP2 Phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling by complex formation between intersectin 1 and the clathrin adaptor complex AP2. (nih.gov)
Vitro2
  • In vitro , clathrin self-assembles in the absence of lipid membranes or adaptor proteins to form a variety of three-dimensional shapes like tetrahedra, cubes and spheres. (aiche.org)
  • 19. In vivo andin vitro studies of adaptor-clathrin interaction. (nih.gov)
Edge of the clathrin3
  • The illustration supports the finding that endocytic proteins distribute into distinct spatial zones in relation to the edge of the clathrin lattice. (nih.gov)
  • Endocytic proteins are partitioned at the edge of the clathrin lattice in mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
  • inside, outside, and at the edge of the clathrin coat in human cells. (nih.gov)
Endocytic2
  • While several clathrin-independent endocytic processes have been described so far, their biological relevance often remains elusive, especially in pathophysiological contexts such as cancer. (inserm.fr)
  • 14. Structural basis of an endocytic checkpoint that primes the AP2 clathrin adaptor for cargo internalization. (nih.gov)
Triskelion3
  • Clathrin is a ~630 kDa protein that resembles a three-legged pinwheel, i.e., a triskelion, with each leg having an extended length of ~50 nm and width of ~ 3 nm. (aiche.org)
  • Over time, the mechanical strain within the aggregate is resolved by reorganization of clathrin triskelion into discrete cage structures. (aiche.org)
  • Clathrin is a triskelion consisting of three heavy chains each with an associated light chain. (biologists.com)
Mammalian cells1
Vivo2
  • Identification of in vivo forms of clathrin. (escholarship.org)
  • 12. In vivo phosphorylation of adaptors regulates their interaction with clathrin. (nih.gov)
Adaptor complexes2
  • Since the structural organization of auxilin does not resemble that of the ubiquitous heterotetrameric HA1 and HA2 adaptor complexes, that are believed to connect clathrin to receptors, it is unlikely that it functions as an adaptor. (rupress.org)
  • 5. Conformational regulation of AP1 and AP2 clathrin adaptor complexes. (nih.gov)
Plasma membrane1
  • The structure and spontaneous curvature of clathrin lattices at the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
Membranes2
  • Clathrin-coated pits are more densely packed at invaginations rather than flat membranes, suggesting that invaginations are preferred sites for clathrin-coated pit formation, likely because their positive curvature facilitates coated-pit formation. (nih.gov)
  • Zhu, Y, Drake, MT & Kornfeld, S 2001, Adaptor protein 1-dependent clathrin coat assembly on synthetic liposomes and golgi membranes . (wustl.edu)
Triskelia2
  • The purified protein binds to clathrin triskelia and thereby promotes clathrin assembly into regular 50-100-nm cages. (rupress.org)
  • we showed that normal mitosis could be rescued by full-length clathrin triskelia and not by the N-terminal domain alone, but this did not allow us to distinguish between these two models. (biologists.com)
Coat assembly1
  • 6. Novel binding sites on clathrin and adaptors regulate distinct aspects of coat assembly. (nih.gov)
Containing molecular1
  • Specifically, this video shows actin fibers (orange-red), which are key components of the cell's cytoskeleton, slowly pulling clathrin-coated pits (green), which are basket-like structures containing molecular cargo, away from the cell's external membrane and deeper within the cell. (nih.gov)
Assembly6
  • Here we use Cryo Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryo-TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to explore the influence of solvent conditions (pH and ionic strength) on the kinetics and morphology of clathrin self-assembly and to discover potential new nanostructures that clathrin may form. (aiche.org)
  • Our results demonstrate that clathrin has strikingly different assembly kinetics at pH 5 (below the isoelectric point) versus pH 6 (above the isoelectric point). (aiche.org)
  • This corroborates DLS data that indicate clathrin self-assembly is a function of both pH and time, with large length-scale structural rearrangements occuring over long time-scales ( i.e., days). (aiche.org)
  • The stability of clathrin cages at pH 6 and the transformation of cages at pH 5 lend new insight into the role of kosmotropic and chaotropic interactions in mediating protein self-assembly via electrostatic interactions. (aiche.org)
  • 7. Reconstituting and Purifying Assembly Intermediates of Clathrin Adaptors AP1 and AP2. (nih.gov)
  • The ATG5 interactome links clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking with the autophagosome assembly machinery. (nih.gov)
Depletion1
  • Mutants designed to abolish trimerisation were unable to rescue the mitotic defects caused by depletion of endogenous clathrin. (biologists.com)
Structures1
  • Due to molecular recognition interactions between legs and the non-planar geometry of the basic building block, clathrin self-assembles to form 3D assemblies resembling fullerene structures. (aiche.org)
Formation2
  • Daniel and Vincent solve the case of the Woman With Anal Area Discomfort, and discuss the multiple functions of a clathrin adapter protein in formation of rhoptry and microneme secretory organelles of Toxoplasma gondii. (microbe.tv)
  • Instead, the molecular association with ß2-adaptin and clathrin heavy chain in the formation of clathrin -coated pits is essential for ß- arrestin to activate MAPK signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Heavy chain4
  • Immunoprecipitates obtained after pulse-chase labeling demonstrated that after biosynthesis the LCa light chain of clathrin could be found either complexed to heavy chain or in a free pool (not associated with heavy chain) which decreased steadily over time. (escholarship.org)
  • Utilizing pull-down assay and liquid chromatography, we identify the clathrin heavy chain accompanied by GRP78/BiP as a COP35-binding partner. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Here, we have tested this hypothesis by replacing endogenous clathrin heavy chain in human cells with a panel of clathrin constructs. (biologists.com)
  • A single CHC molecule consists of an N-terminal seven-bladed β-propeller, a linker region, eight clathrin heavy chain repeat (CHCR0-7) segments, a proximal hairpin, a tripod region that is thought to be responsible for trimerisation, and a variable C-terminal segment (residues 1631-1675). (biologists.com)
Regulate1
  • The molecular associations in clathrin-coated pit regulate ß-arrestin-mediated MAPK signaling downstream of µ-opioid receptor. (bvsalud.org)
Golgi1
  • A role for clathrin in reassembly of the Golgi apparatus. (nih.gov)
Cargo1
  • In this study, we find that the tumor marker CD166/ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a clathrin-independent cargo. (inserm.fr)
Structural2
  • Six key observed structural phenomena of clathrin-associated proteins are hypothesized to be occurring during different stages of pit development. (nih.gov)
  • These results indicate that the key structural features of clathrin that are necessary for its function in mitosis are a trimeric molecule with a spindle interaction domain at each end, supporting the bridge hypothesis for clathrin function in mitosis. (biologists.com)
Stability2
  • During mitosis, clathrin contributes to kinetochore fibre stability. (biologists.com)
  • As the N-terminal domain at the foot of each leg can bind to the mitotic spindle, we proposed previously a `bridge hypothesis' wherein clathrin acts as a brace between two or three microtubules within a kinetochore fibre to increase fibre stability. (biologists.com)
Dynamics1
  • In addition, most of these worms arrest during larval development, exhibit defective distribution of GFP-clathrin in many cell types, and show a marked change in clathrin dynamics, as determined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). (researchwithrutgers.com)
Promotes1
  • The modular adaptor protein autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH) promotes low density lipoprotein receptor clustering into clathrin-coated pits. (medlineplus.gov)
Mechanisms1
  • The underlying mechanisms that enable clathrin to self-assemble into such a diversity of nanostructures is not well understood. (aiche.org)
Cell1
  • Immunoprecipitation with anti-clathrin monoclonal antibodies was carried out after fractionation of continuously radiolabeled cell lysates using two different sizing columns. (escholarship.org)
Cells1
  • Clathrin was isolated from detergent-solubilized, biosynthetically radiolabeled cells by immunoprecipitation with anti-clathrin monoclonal antibodies. (escholarship.org)
Controls1
  • AP2 controls clathrin polymerization with a membrane-activated switch. (nih.gov)
Structure1
Role1
  • First, during interphase, clathrin plays a key role in membrane trafficking ( Kirchhausen, 2000 ). (biologists.com)
View1
  • An alternative view is that clathrin does not act as a bridge, but as a lattice or matrix that can support spindle fibres. (biologists.com)
Results1
  • Current efforts are underway to construct a phase diagram of clathrin nanostructures and to compare our experimental results with computational predictions that consider the strength of leg-leg interactions and the elasticity of individual legs. (aiche.org)