Citrulline. Medical search

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE known for the edible fruit.

A urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and L-citrulline (CITRULLINE) from CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE and L-ornithine (ORNITHINE). Deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an X-linked trait. EC 2.1.3.3.

Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.

Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)

An enzyme of the urea cycle which splits argininosuccinate to fumarate plus arginine. Its absence leads to the metabolic disease ARGININOSUCCINIC ACIDURIA in man. EC 4.3.2.1.

A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ornithine (ORNITHINE) and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes HYPERARGININEMIA. EC 3.5.3.1.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

This amino acid is formed during the urea cycle from citrulline, aspartate and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinic acid synthetase.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. Absence or lack of this enzyme may cause CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE I DEFICIENCY DISEASE. EC 6.3.4.16.

A group of membrane transport proteins that transport biogenic amine derivatives of catechol across the PLASMA MEMBRANE. Catecholamine plasma membrane transporter proteins regulate neural transmission as well as catecholamine metabolism and recycling.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the mouth.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

Absorptive cells in the lining of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA. They are differentiated EPITHELIAL CELLS with apical MICROVILLI facing the intestinal lumen. Enterocytes are more abundant in the SMALL INTESTINE than in the LARGE INTESTINE. Their microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cell by 14- to 40 fold.

A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of AMINO ACIDS in URINE. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.

A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glutamate gamma-semialdehyde and an L-amino acid from L-ornithine and a 2-keto-acid. EC 2.6.1.13.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects.

Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.

Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.

A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A form of violent crowd behavior which expresses the emotional release of resentments and prejudices, usually relevant to grievances toward the social system.

The reporting of observed or suspected PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT or incompetence to appropriate authorities or to the public.

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.

Brief therapeutic approach which is ameliorative rather than curative of acute psychiatric emergencies. Used in contexts such as emergency rooms of psychiatric or general hospitals, or in the home or place of crisis occurrence, this treatment approach focuses on interpersonal and intrapsychic factors and environmental modification. (APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)

Electromagnetic waves with frequencies between about 3 kilohertz (very low frequency - VLF) and 300,000 megahertz (extremely high frequency - EHF). They are used in television and radio broadcasting, land and satellite communications systems, radionavigation, radiolocation, and DIATHERMY. The highest frequency radio waves are MICROWAVES.

Chemical substances which are employed during a riot in order to control or disperse the rioting parties.

L-Ascorbic acid potentiates nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells. (1/917)

Ascorbic acid has been shown to enhance impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with atherosclerosis by a mechanism that is thought to involve protection of nitric oxide (NO) from inactivation by free oxygen radicals. The present study in human endothelial cells from umbilical veins and coronary arteries investigates whether L-ascorbic acid additionally affects cellular NO synthesis. Endothelial cells were incubated for 24 h with 0.1-100 microM ascorbic acid and were subsequently stimulated for 15 min with ionomycin (2 microM) or thrombin (1 unit/ml) in the absence of extracellular ascorbate. Ascorbate pretreatment led to a 3-fold increase of the cellular production of NO measured as the formation of its co-product citrulline and as the accumulation of its effector molecule cGMP. The effect was saturated at 100 microM and followed a similar kinetics as seen for the uptake of ascorbate into the cells. The investigation of the precursor molecule L-gulonolactone and of different ascorbic acid derivatives suggests that the enediol structure of ascorbate is essential for its effect on NO synthesis. Ascorbic acid did not induce the expression of the NO synthase (NOS) protein nor enhance the uptake of the NOS substrate L-arginine into endothelial cells. The ascorbic acid effect was minimal when the citrulline formation was measured in cell lysates from ascorbate-pretreated cells in the presence of known cofactors for NOS activity. However, when the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin was omitted from the assay, a similar potentiating effect of ascorbate pretreatment as seen in intact cells was demonstrated, suggesting that ascorbic acid may either enhance the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin or increase its affinity for the endothelial NOS. Our data suggest that intracellular ascorbic acid enhances NO synthesis in endothelial cells and that this may explain, in part, the beneficial vascular effects of ascorbic acid. (+info)

Effect of ornithine and lactate on urea synthesis in isolated hepatocytes. (2/917)

1. In hepatocytes isolated from 24 h-starved rats, urea production from ammonia was stimulated by addition of lactate, in both the presence and the absence of ornithine. The relationship of lactate concentration to the rate of urea synthesis was hyperbolic. 2. Other glucose precursors also stimulated urea production to varying degrees, but none more than lactate. Added oleate and butyrate did not stimulate urea synthesis. 3. Citrulline accumulation was largely dependent on ornithine concentration. As ornithine was increased from 0 to 40 mM, the rate of citrulline accumulation increased hyperbolically, and was half-maximal when ornithine was 8-12 mM. 4. The rate of citrulline accumulation was independent of the presence of lactate, but with pyruvate the rate increased. 5. The rate of urea production continued to increase as ornithine was varied from 0 to 40 mM. 6. It was concluded that intermediates provided by both ornithine and lactate are limiting for urea production from ammonia in isolated liver cells. It was suggested that the stimulatory effect of lactate lies in increased availability of cytosolic aspartate for condensation with citrulline. (+info)

Hepatocyte gene therapy in a large animal: a neonatal bovine model of citrullinemia. (3/917)

The development of gene-replacement therapy for inborn errors of metabolism has been hindered by the limited number of suitable large-animal models of these diseases and by inadequate methods of assessing the efficacy of treatment. Such methods should provide sensitive detection of expression in vivo and should be unaffected by concurrent pharmacologic and dietary regimens. We present the results of studies in a neonatal bovine model of citrullinemia, an inborn error of urea-cycle metabolism characterized by deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase and consequent life-threatening hyperammonemia. Measurements of the flux of nitrogen from orally administered 15NH4 to [15N]urea were used to determine urea-cycle activity in vivo. In control animals, these isotopic measurements proved to be unaffected by pharmacologic treatments. Systemic administration of a first-generation E1-deleted adenoviral vector expressing human argininosuccinate synthetase resulted in transduction of hepatocytes and partial correction of the enzyme defect. The isotopic method showed significant restoration of urea synthesis. Moreover, the calves showed clinical improvement and normalization of plasma glutamine levels after treatment. The results show the clinical efficacy of treating a large-animal model of an inborn error of hepatocyte metabolism in conjunction with a method for sensitively measuring correction in vivo. These studies will be applicable to human trials of the treatment of this disorder and other related urea-cycle disorders. (+info)

Arginine biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: enzymes catalyzing the formation of ornithine and citrulline. (4/917)

Many of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated from patients require arginine for growth in a defined medium. As a basis for genetic studies of these Arg- strains, we examined two biosynthetic enzymes of Arg+ (nonrequiring) gonococci. Cell-free extracts contained (i) glutamate acetyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of L-ornithine from alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine, and (ii) ornithine transcaramylase, which catalyzes the reaction between L-ornithine and carbamyl phosphate, yielding L-citrulline. Arg- strains were unable to utilze alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine for growth lacked significant activity of glutamate acetyltransferase, and activity was gained by Arg+ clones derived by DNA-mediated transformation. Some of the Arg- patient isolates were unable to use either alpha-N-acetyl-L-ornithine or L-ornithine in place of arginine, and two separate steps of genetic transformation were required to yield Arg+ cells. Extracts of these doubly auxotrophic cells lacked glutamate acetyltransferase activity, but, unexpectedly, they displayed normal ornithine transcarbamylase activity. This finding illustrates the importance of identifying the products specified by arg loci during genetic studies of arginine auxotrophy. (+info)

Effects of ethanol on intraovarian nitric oxide production in the prepubertal rat. (5/917)

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to contribute to ovarian development and function. In non-ovarian tissues NO can be altered by ethanol (ETOH), a drug considered to be a gonadal toxin in men as well as male and female rats. The present study was undertaken to determine if some of the detrimental effects of chronic ETOH exposure on prepubertal ovarian function could be due to ETOH-induced alterations in the intraovarian NO system. Rats were implanted with intragastric cannulae on day 24 and began receiving control or ETOH diets on day 29. All rats were killed on day 34, determined to be in the late juvenile stage of development, and their ovaries and blood were collected. We analyzed the expression of the two constitutive forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), i.e. neuronal (n) NOS and endothelial (e) NOS, as well as the inducible (i) form of NOS protein in the ovaries of control and ETOH-treated rats by Western immunoblotting. Results demonstrate that eNOS protein increased markedly (P<0.02; 140 kDa) in ETOH-treated rats compared with controls. ETOH treatment did not alter the protein expression of nNOS (155 kDa) and only slightly increased that of iNOS (130 kDa). We also assessed NOS activity as determined by nitrite accumulation and by the conversion of L-[14C]arginine to L-[14C]citrulline. In this regard, the ETOH-treated animals showed an increase in ovarian nitrite generation (P<0.05), as well as an increase in ovarian citrulline formation (P<0.0001), when compared with control animals. Along with the above described ETOH-induced increases in ovarian eNOS and NO activity, the serum levels of estradiol were concomitantly suppressed (P<0.001) in the ETOH-treated rats. These results demonstrate for the first time the ETOH-induced changes in the prepubertal ovarian NO/NOS system, and suggest that these alterations contribute to the detrimental actions of the drug on prepubertal ovarian development and function. (+info)

Cholinergic and GABAergic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the guinea pig ileum. (6/917)

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was examined in intact longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations of the guinea pig ileum by determining the formation of [3H]citrulline during incubation with [3H]arginine. Spontaneous [3H]citrulline production after 30 min was 80-90 dpm/mg, which constituted approximately 1% of the tissue radioactivity. Electrical stimulation (10 Hz) led to a threefold increase in [3H]citrulline formation. Removal of calcium from the medium or addition of NG-nitro-L-arginine strongly inhibited both spontaneous and electrically induced production of [3H]citrulline. TTX reduced the electrically induced but not spontaneous [3H]citrulline formation. The electrically induced formation of [3H]citrulline was diminished by (+)-tubocurarine and mecamylamine and enhanced by scopolamine, which suggests that endogenous ACh inhibits, via muscarinic receptors, and stimulates, via nicotinic receptors, the NO synthesis in the myenteric plexus. The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol and GABA also reduced the electrically evoked formation of [3H]citrulline, whereas baclofen was without effect. Bicuculline antagonized the inhibitory effect of GABA. It is concluded that nitrergic myenteric neurons are equipped with GABAA receptors, which mediate inhibition of NO synthesis. (+info)

Nitric oxide production is reduced in patients with chronic renal failure. (7/917)

In patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Generally, atherosclerosis has been associated with a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). Experimental studies have indicated the presence of enhanced NO degradation by reactive oxygen species as well as decreased NO production as possible causes for this reduced NO bioavailability. So far, the question whether or not NO production is impaired in patients with CRF has never been investigated. Therefore, we measured whole body NO production in 7 patients with CRF, and in 7 matched healthy subjects. To assess the relative importance of a dysfunction of NO synthase (NOS), we compared the NO production of these patients to that of 2 other groups known to have endothelial dysfunction, ie, 7 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) who did not yet have signs of clinical cardiovascular disease (all nonsmokers), and 5 cigarette smokers. These groups were also compared with 7 nonsmoking, age-matched healthy subjects. Whole body NO production, determined as in vivo arginine-to-citrulline conversion, was assessed by giving an intravenous infusion of [15N2]-arginine as a substrate for NOS and measuring isotopic plasma enrichment of [15N]-citrulline by LC-MS. NO production in the CRF patients (0.13+/-0.02 micromol. kg-1. h-1) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than in the corresponding control group (0.23+/-0.09 micromol. kg-1. h-1). NO production also tended to be lower in the FH patients (0.16+/-0.04 micromol. kg-1. h-1), but the difference with the corresponding control group did not reach significance (0.22+/-0.06 micromol. kg-1. h-1). In the group of smokers, NO production was similar to that in nonsmokers (0. 22+/-0.09 micromol. kg-1. h-1). In conclusion, it is demonstrated for the first time that basal whole body NO production is reduced in patients with CRF. This finding implies that therapeutic interventions to endothelial dysfunction in these patients should be primarily directed toward improvement of NO production. The finding of only a tendency toward reduction of NO production in patients with FH and the absence of a reduction in cigarette smokers suggests that other mechanisms such as enhanced NO degradation may be involved in the decrease of NO bioavailability in these groups. (+info)

Lactate inhibits citrulline and arginine synthesis from proline in pig enterocytes. (8/917)

Hypocitrullinemia and hypoargininemia but hyperprolinemia are associated with elevated plasma concentration of lactate in infants. Because the small intestine may be a major organ for initiating proline catabolism via proline oxidase in the body and is the major source of circulating citrulline and arginine in neonates, we hypothesized that lactate is an inhibitor of intestinal synthesis of citrulline and arginine from proline. To test this hypothesis, jejunum was obtained from 14-day-old suckling pigs for preparation of enterocyte mitochondria and metabolic studies. Mitochondria were used for measuring proline oxidase activity in the presence of 0-10 mM L-lactate. For metabolic studies, enterocytes were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min in Krebs bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 mM D-glucose, 2 mM L-glutamine, 2 mM L-[U-14C]proline, and 0, 1, 5, or 10 mM L-lactate. Kinetics analysis revealed noncompetitive inhibition of intestinal proline oxidase by lactate (decreased maximal velocity and unaltered Michaelis constant). Lactate had no effect on either activities of other enzymes for arginine synthesis from proline or proline uptake by enterocytes but decreased the synthesis of ornithine, citrulline, and arginine from proline in a concentration-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that lactate decreased intestinal synthesis of citrulline and arginine from proline via an inhibition of proline oxidase and provide a biochemical basis for explaining hyperprolinemia, hypocitrullinemia, and hypoargininemia in infants with hyperlactacidemia. (+info)

... has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU,[3] USA[4] and Australia and New Zealand.[5] As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297. It is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity. Fumaric acid is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.[6] It is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used. As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips,[7] it is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes. The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found in 2014 that fumaric acid is "practically non-toxic" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E297

Ornithine and citrulline occur in the urea cycle, part of amino acid catabolism (see below). In addition to primary metabolism ... Curis, E.; Nicolis, I.; Moinard, C.; Osowska, S.; Zerrouk, N.; Bénazeth, S.; Cynober, L. (2005). "Almost all about citrulline ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids

The amino acid citrulline is produced in watermelon rind. Watermelon cubes Watermelons with dark green rind, India Watermelon ... PMID 16569049.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Rimando AM, Perkins-Veazie PM (2005). "Determination of citrulline in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon

Curis E, Nicolis I, Moinard C, Osowska S, Zerrouk N, Bénazeth S, Cynober L (November 2005). "Almost all about citrulline in ... ornithine and citrulline occur in the urea cycle, part of amino acid catabolism (see below). A rare exception to the dominance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

Citrulline level in blood is decreased. Mitochondrial studies or NARP mtDNA evaluation plays a role in genetic diagnosis which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathy,_ataxia,_and_retinitis_pigmentosa

The reactions of the urea cycle 1 L-ornithine 2 carbamoyl phosphate 3 L-citrulline 4 argininosuccinate 5 fumarate 6 L-arginine ... A condensation reaction occurs between the amino group of aspartate and the carbonyl group of citrulline to form ... Carbamoyl phosphate is converted to citrulline. With catalysis by ornithine transcarbamoylase, the carbamoyl phosphate group is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_cycle

It uses a valine-citrulline enzyme-cleavable linker. The linkage is stable in the bloodstream. The antibody binds to GPNMB on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glembatumumab_vedotin

Ornithine transcarbamylase Citrulline Urea Cycle Bhagavan, N. V.; Ha, Chung-Eun (2015-01-01), Bhagavan, N. V.; Ha, Chung-Eun ( ... to form citrulline. It is produced from bicarbonate, ammonia (derived from amino acids), and phosphate (from ATP). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate

L-citrulline + NH3 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-arginine and H2O, whereas its two products are L-citrulline ... RATNER S (1954). Urea synthesis and metabolism of arginine and citrulline. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subj. Biochem. Advances in ... Other names in common use include arginine dihydrolase, citrulline iminase, and L-arginine deiminase. This enzyme participates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine_deiminase

... the Carbamyl Donor in Enzymatic Citrulline Synthesis1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (3): 819-820. doi:10.1021/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Jones_(chemist)

Investigation for diagnosis of citrullinemia type l elevated citrulline . Type I citrullinemia is the most common form of the ... Specific investigation like decrease citrulline level , increase ammonium ion . These symptoms can be life-threatening, and are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrullinemia

Jones ME, Spector L, Lipmann F (1955). "Carbamyl phosphate, the carbamyl donor in enzymatic citrulline synthesis". J. Am. Chem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate_kinase

Then, the enzymes citrulline and argininosuccinate convert ornithine to arginine. There are two distinct lysine biosynthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis

Arginine and citrulline support the growth and reproduction of C. curtum. Parte, A.C. "Cryptobacterium". LPSN. Nakazawa F, Poco ... This bacterium is able to degrade arginine and produce substantial amounts of citrulline, ornithine and ammonia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobacterium_curtum

In the first step of the catalyzed reaction, citrulline attacks the α-phosphate of ATP to form citrulline adenylate, a reactive ... Additionally, attack by citrulline at the α-phosphate of ATP produces an equivalent of pyrophosphate, which can be hydrolyzed ... As a result, nitrogen (in the form of ammonia) and other byproducts of the urea cycle (such as citrulline) build up in the ... The transformation of citrulline into argininosuccinate is the rate-limiting step in arginine synthesis. The activity of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argininosuccinate_synthase

It is responsible for converting carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine into citrulline. OTC deficiency is inherited in an X-linked ... This biochemical phenotype (increased ammonia, low citrulline and increased orotic acid) is classic for OTC deficiency, but can ... while the product is citrulline. There are no common mutations that cause disease, however 10 - 15% of disease causing ... An individual with untreated OTC deficiency will show decreased citrulline and arginine concentrations (because the enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase_deficiency

Deimination converts the amino acid arginine to the amino acid citrulline. This conversion is done by calcium-dependent enzymes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncombable_hair_syndrome

Citrulline is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate by ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Arginine is then synthesized from ... citrulline in the urea cycle by the sequential action of the cytosolic enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine_and_proline_metabolism

... is one methylene group longer than citrulline, but similar in structure. The metabolite is generated from a ... Koshiishi I, Kobori Y, Imanari T: Determination of citrulline and homocitrulline by high-performance liquid chromatography with ... Different amounts of protein-bound citrulline and homocitrulline in foot joint tissues of a patient with anti-citrullinated ... low creatine excretion and effect of citrulline, arginine, or ornithine supplement. Pediatr Res. 1987 Sep;22(3):364-7. Evered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocitrulline

It has also been used to attach chemical payload (probes) to the amino acid citrulline and to peptides/proteins. Like some ... Bicker KL, Subramanian V, Chumanevich AA, Hofseth LJ, Thompson PR (2012). "Seeing citrulline: development of a phenylglyoxal- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylglyoxal

Other names in common use include citrulline ureidase, citrulline hydrolase, and L-citrulline 5-N-carbamoyldihydrolase. Hill DL ... In enzymology, a citrullinase (EC 3.5.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-citrulline + H2O ⇌ {\ ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-citrulline N5-carbamoyldihydrolase. ... displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } L-ornithine + CO2 + NH3 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-citrulline and H2O, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrullinase

Citrulline (sometimes as "watermelon extract") is used as an alternative or supplement to arginine, and is claimed to reduce ... Rhim HC, Kim SJ, Park J, Jang KM (December 2020). "Effect of citrulline on post-exercise rating of perceived exertion, muscle ... and Citrulline. In 2005, chemist Patrick Arnold formulated a pre-workout called Jack3d, which contained a new ingredient called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-workout

... enhances the function of citrulline as part of the nitric oxide cycle. It is a cofactor and acts on glutathione ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione

The urea cycle makes use of [[ornithineL-ornithine]], carbamoyl phosphate, and L-citrulline. The electron transport chain ... The second step facilitated by ornithine transcarbamylase converts carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine into citrulline. After ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix

Lysine, ornithine and citrulline all have an affinity for cyanophycin synthase (L-aspartate-adding) enzyme CphA. Wiefel, Bröker ... Wiefel L, Bröker A, Steinbüchel A (June 2011). "Synthesis of a citrulline-rich cyanophycin by use of Pseudomonas putida ATCC ... It was also determined that insoluble CGP only exhibited minuscule concentrations of citrulline while soluble CGP was able to ... conducted an experiment demonstrating that citrulline-rich cyanophycin can be produced through the introduction of a citrulline ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanophycin

However, trypsin is unable to cleave after a citrulline residue which is neutral. A missed cleavage after a citrulline residue ... Citrulline is not one of the 20 standard amino acids encoded by DNA in the genetic code. Instead, it is the result of a post- ... Citrullination is distinct from the formation of the free amino acid citrulline as part of the urea cycle or as a byproduct of ... Citrulline residues can be chemically modified with butanedione or biotinylation prior to analysis, leading to a different mass ...

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Raptopoulou A, Sidiropoulos P, Katsouraki M, Boumpas DT (2007). "Anti-citrulline antibodies in the diagnosis and prognosis of ... arginine amino acid residues can be enzymatically converted into citrulline residues in proteins such as vimentin, by a process ...

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There is 45.44% of citrulline of free amino acids (amino acids in blood). Nelson Annandale depicted the operculum and radula of ...

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Schellekens GA, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, van de Putte LB, van Venrooij WJ (January 1998). "Citrulline is an essential ...

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Several proteins contain citrulline as a result of a posttranslational modification. These citrulline residues are generated by ... Citrulline is also produced as a byproduct of the enzymatic production of nitric oxide from the amino acid arginine, catalyzed ... Citrulline is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. It is also ... The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, from ...

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Nobel Prize recipient, Professor Louis Ignarro says that when the amino acids -- citrulline and... ... Citrulline can be obtained from supplements or from foods. ... Benefits of L-Arginine and L-Citrulline Citrulline Malate ... Soy is another food from which your body can obtain citrulline. The citrulline you acquire from such foods helps maintain your ... Citrulline is necessary for detoxifying the liver from ammonia, which is a waste product left over after oxidation in the body. ...

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L-citrulline and L-arginine supplementation retards the progression of high-cholesterol-diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. (webmd.com)
L-citrulline supplementation may reduce systolic blood pressure. (greenmedinfo.com)
A study recently published in the American College of Sports Medicine shows oral supplementation with L-Citrulline before exercise may help reduce gastrointestinal problems associated with physical strain by increasing L-Arginine levels - resulting in better NO production - that provide increased circulation to abdominal and intestinal areas. (prweb.com)
And a related study on rats and rabbits published in September in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications showed L-Citrulline plus L-Arginine supplementation caused a more rapid increase in plasma L-Arginine levels and marked enhancement of NO bioavailability, including plasma cGMP concentrations, than with dosage with the single amino acids. (prweb.com)
As proteins do not contain L-Citrulline, taking L-Citrulline is the sole way of direct supplementation of this unique amino acid to the body. (prweb.com)
2. Suzuki T, Morita M, Kobayashi Y, Kamimura A. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study. (aminoz.com.au)
The scientists were encourage to find no adverse effects from supplementation with L-Arginine and L-Citrulline in the dosages specified in the instruction. (verichipcorp.com)
All these factors let us resume that proper L-Arginine and L-Citrulline supplementation can manage and even treat penile endothelial dysfunction and help in dealing with ED. (verichipcorp.com)
Scientific studies have shown that supplementing Citrulline along with Arginine helps maintain nitrogen balance better than supplementation with Arginine alone. (fredmeyer.com)
In the scientific paper referenced in the first paragraph, 1 researchers investigated the effects of combining 1 g of citrulline and 1 g of arginine as oral supplementation on plasma arginine levels in healthy male rats. (life-enhancement.com)
Oral citrulline plus arginine supplementation more efficiently increased plasma arginine levels than 2 g of citrulline or 2 g of arginine, indicating that oral citrulline and arginine increase plasma arginine levels more effectively in humans when combined. (life-enhancement.com)
The aim of this work was to evaluate the long-term effect of citrulline supplementation on metabolism in aged rats without health problems. (life-enhancement.com)
In a paper just published, researchers investigated the effect of oral citrulline supplementation on cycling time for trial performance in healthy men. (life-enhancement.com)
When training hard, your immune system can be more easily compromised, but studies have found that supplementation with l-citrulline can give the immune system support and protection. (organicfacts.net)
There are no known allergic reactions to citrulline supplementation, although some people report stomach upset when an excessive amount is taken. (organicfacts.net)
Restoration of impaired nitric oxide production in MELAS syndrome with citrulline and arginine supplementation. (nih.gov)
Using stable isotope infusion techniques, we assessed arginine, citrulline, and NO metabolism in control subjects and subjects with MELAS syndrome before and after arginine or citrulline supplementation. (nih.gov)
Arginine and, to a greater extent, citrulline supplementation increased the de novo arginine synthesis rate, the plasma concentrations and flux of arginine and citrulline, and NO production. (nih.gov)
De novo arginine synthesis increased markedly with citrulline supplementation, explaining the superior efficacy of citrulline in increasing NO production. (nih.gov)
The improvement in NO production with arginine or citrulline supplementation supports their use in MELAS and suggests that citrulline may have a better therapeutic effect than arginine. (nih.gov)
L-citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans. (bodybuilding.com)
Our present findings suggest that citrulline supplementation would be very helpful for individuals performing high intensity exercise", the Japanese conclude. (ironmagazine.com)
Effects of citrulline supplementation on fatigue and exercise performance in mice. (ironmagazine.com)
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of citrulline supplementation on fatigue and performance during high-intensity exercise. (ironmagazine.com)
Citrulline supplementation significantly increased the swimming time until exhaustion. (ironmagazine.com)
Exercise-induced blood ammonia elevation was repressed by citrulline supplementation, and exercise-induced blood lactate increment in the citrulline-supplemented group was significantly lower than that in the non-supplemented group. (ironmagazine.com)
Citrulline supplementation may facilitate the detoxification of ammonia via the urea cycle and inhibit additional glycolysis. (ironmagazine.com)
Our findings suggest that citrulline supplementation may be useful for improving the exercise performance of athletes. (ironmagazine.com)
The excess citrulline from supplementation is thought to put the urea cycle into overdrive, sucking up the ammonia (made of three nitrogen molecules) produced by working muscles before it can produce fatigue. (bodybuilding.com)
Another group of researchers from Spain took a closer look at how citrulline supplementation worked during exercise, and they came to some conclusions that fans of other ergogenic aids will find valuable. (bodybuilding.com)
Citrulline Malate is highly synergistic with Arginine, Beta-Alanine and Creatine supplementation. (a1supplements.com)
In a new study published in Urology, researchers set out to test the efficacy and safety of oral citrulline supplementation in improving erection hardness in patients with mild ED. 2 Penile erection hardness has been determined to be one of the key factors for successful sexual intercourse, as well as an important index in the diagnosis and treatment of ED. (life-enhancement.com)
Thus, citrulline appears to escape any significant level of presystemic metabolism, and oral supplementation with citrulline consequently behaves directly as a donor for the arginine/NO pathway which leads to penile erection. (life-enhancement.com)
New findings using data from rat subjects also associate citrulline supplementation with reduced sensitivity to cold by increasing blood flow to the skin. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
A short-term citrulline supplementation could functionally improve atrial stiffness in humans by increasing vascular relaxation and increasing blood flow to the body. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
Athletes and bodybuilders interested in physical performance may want to consider L-citrulline DL-malate supplementation. (purebulk.com)
Citrulline Malate supplementation is ideal for individuals with a goal of incresing endogenous Nitric Oxide levels. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
This investigation sought to assess whether acute supplementation with 8 g of citrulline malate (CM) (1.11: 1 ratio) would improve anaerobic performance. (springer.com)
l -citrulline (CIT) can be converted to l -arginine to generate NO. We examined whether maternal CIT supplementation can prevent l -NAME-induced programmed hypertension. (bioone.org)
The supplementation of L - Citrulline can improve erectile dysfunction in men. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Another way to say this is … when you provide the body with enough nitric oxide via L-citrulline supplementation, you can literally cure the cause of erectile dysfunction! (smart-publications.com)
So while Viagra and the other PDE5- inhibitors are a viable option for some men in the short term, a program of daily L-citrulline supplementation makes a lot more sense. (smart-publications.com)

According to Ray Sahelian, M.D., of Los Angeles, California, the hype over citrulline as a sex enhancer originated in July 2008.That's when a Texas A&M researcher was quoted in the media comparing watermelon to the erectile dysfunction medicine Viagra, saying that the citrulline in watermelon, once converted to arginine, boosts nitric oxide levels and relaxes blood vessels, which is comparable to Viagra's effect. (livestrong.com)
Elevated plasma citrulline and arginine due to consumption of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon). (webmd.com)
Citrulline is an amino acid found in foods, such as watermelon. (livestrong.com)
One of the richest sources of citrulline is watermelon and it is found in both the fruit and the rind. (livestrong.com)
In addition to the positive effects of its natural citrulline content on arterial function and blood pressure, watermelon is full of vitamins A, B-6 and C, plus potassium, fiber and the antioxidant, lycopene. (livestrong.com)
A single fashion watermelon juice enriched in l-citrulline dose diminished muscle soreness perception from 24 to 72 h after a marathon race. (greenmedinfo.com)
Consumption of watermelon juice enriched in I-citrulline and pomegranate ellagitannins enhanced metabolism during physical exercise. (greenmedinfo.com)
Citrulline is found in watermelon rinds. (ralphs.com)
K Akashi C Miyake A Yokota (2001) ArticleTitle Citrulline, a novel compatible solute in drought-tolerant wild watermelon leaves, is an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger. (springer.com)
A ging is strongly associated with serious metabolic disturbances, and L-citrulline (hereafter citrulline)-an amino acid found in watermelon (the Latin term is citrullus )-may constrain these disorders. (life-enhancement.com)
The main dietary source of citrulline is watermelon ( Citrullus vulgaris ), while malic acid is common to apples ( Malus pumila ) and grapes ( Vitis vinifera ). (springer.com)
Scientists found that watermelon contains high amounts of several immune boosting antioxidants which include amino acid Citrulline and lycopene. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
In the watermelon juice also contains citrulline . (benadorassociates.com)
The rind of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) is a good natural source of citrulline. (academic.ru)

Citrulline is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The amino acid L-Citrulline is a substrate in the cycle that includes L-arginine and L-ornithine. (jarrow.com)
Free citrulline metabolism involves three key enzymes: NO synthase (NOS) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) which produce citrulline, and argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) that converts it into argininosuccinate. (springer.com)
One of these is a pathway that produces NO, and in that reaction, arginine is again converted to citrulline but by an entirely different mechanism that does not involve ornithine. (life-enhancement.com)
Citrulline Malate is composed of the amino acid Citruline (which is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine) and Malate (a tricarboxycylic acid cycle intermediate that is involved in producing aerobic energy within the mitochondria). (nutraplanet.com)
While supplementing your body with L-Citrulline, it increases ornithine and arginine plasma content. (bestpricenutrition.com)
Because bodybuilding requires higher than average protein intake, there is always the risk that bodybuilders may not get enough of the right type of amino acids (i.e. arginine, citrulline, ornithine) in their diet to support the urea cycle and ammonia detoxification. (mrsupplement.com.au)
Endurance supplements which boost the production of nitrogen monoxide in the body are likely to contain amino acids like citrulline, arginine and ornithine. (ironmagazine.com)
Citrulline is an amino acid component of the urea cycle in the liver, along with ornithine and arginine. (ironmagazine.com)
Citrulline is an amino acid that is produced when the amino acid ornithine combines with carbamoyl phosphate. (bodybuilding.com)
In 1932, H.A. Krebs and K.Z. Henseleit noted that liver slices were capable of forming urea by a cyclic process in which the amino acid ornithine was first converted to citrulline and then to arginine. (springboard4health.com)
Then, ornithine is converted to citrulline, which is converted to argininosuccinate, which is converted to arginine, and that completes the cycle. (life-enhancement.com)
L-citrulline, like L-arginine and L-ornithine, is a metabolite in the urea cycle and is involved in liver detoxification and vasodilation pathways. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
It is produced in the urea cycle when carbamoyl phosphate is converted to citrulline in the ornithine carbamoyltransferase reaction. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
When endogenous supplies of ornithine carbamoyltransferase are insufficient, supplemental L-citrulline has been shown to support ammonia incorporation and liver detoxification of ammonia. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
Ornithine is synthesized from Arginine and is a precursor of citrulline proline and glutamic acid. (benadorassociates.com)
Cardiovascular Health Pharmaceutical Grade (USP) Promotes Nitric Oxide Production Supports Vascular Blood Flow Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that is an important intermediate in the urea cycle, functioning along with Arginine and Ornithine to rid the body of ammonia, a byproduct of protein metabolism. (totaldiscountvitamins.com)
citrulline - n. an amino acid that is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine. (academic.ru)

Citrulline also plays a role in a physiological process called "the urea cycle," in which toxic ammonia is converted to urea. (empowher.com)
Activity of citrulline malate on acid-base balance and blood ammonia and amino acid levels. (empowher.com)
Citrulline also helps reduce lactic acid and ammonia in your muscle tissues. (livestrong.com)
Citrulline is necessary for detoxifying the liver from ammonia, which is a waste product left over after oxidation in the body. (livestrong.com)
L-Citrulline supports nitric oxide production, which is important for blood pressure regulation, immune function, healing, as well as helping the liver detoxify ammonia. (jarrow.com)
Citrulline also helps remove ammonia, a protein by-product and promotes cardiovascular health. (illpumpyouup.com)
Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that is an important intermediate in the urea cycle, functioning along with other amino acids to rid the body of ammonia, a byproduct of protein metabolism. (kroger.com)
It is Citrulline Malate that can power ATP production, as well as reduce lactic acid and ammonia build-up, thereby enabling athletes to work longer and harder without fatigue (as well as recover quicker). (nutraplanet.com)
The other major benefit of supplemental citrulline is its role in ammonia detoxification. (mrsupplement.com.au)
L-Citrulline is also expected to relieve muscle fatigue through ammonia elimination. (kyowa-usa.com)
L-Citrulline helps the body rid itself of ammonia, a by-product of exercise. (puritan.com)
Citrulline also keeps you going strong by helping your body eliminate ammonia. (bodybuilding.com)
After the exhaustion test the mice in the citrulline group had less ammonia in their blood, but also less lactic acid. (ironmagazine.com)
By accelerating ammonia clearance, supplemental citrulline postpones the inevitable decrease in muscle pH that happens during intense exertion. (bodybuilding.com)
In addition to supporting NO production, citrulline also helps rid the body of ammonia, a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism. (nutritionexpress.com)
Citrulline is necessary for the elimination of ammonia, a toxic by-product of exertion, thereby supporting the body's natural recovery processes after exercise. (vitanetonline.com)
Arginine and Citrulline are key players in the urea cycle, where they are converted to urea to facilitate detoxification of ammonia. (tasmanhealth.co.nz)
In addition, research shows that increased levels of citrulline malate help to speed up the removal of excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
Using citrulline malate prior to a workout can keep ammonia levels to a minimum, so that you're less at risk for feeling sore and achy the day after your workout. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
l-Citrulline supports the healthy metabolic processing of ammonia, helping the muscles recover from fatigue. (vitanetonline.com)
L-Citrulline also helps detoxify the liver through its role in converting ammonia into urea. (vitanetonline.com)
L-Citrulline helps the body rid itself of ammonia, a by-product of intense exercise. (citymarket.com)
Citrulline amino acid is also used for the detoxification of ammonia. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
The main function of Citrulline is to convert toxic ammonia into a less toxic form which is known as urea. (consumerhealthdigest.com)

L-citrulline was shipped as a powder to pharmacies or hospitals where it could be compounded into tablets, capsules or liquids. (drugwatch.com)
I have my own set of food scales and so a few months ago I ordered the following from BPN: Optimum Nutrition Creatine Powder 2000 grams, Now Foods Beta Alanine Powder 500 Grams, Nutrakey Citrulline Malate 200 Grams. (bestpricenutrition.com)
imo High Volume or Bulk L-Citrulline Powder. (anabolicminds.com)
Usually just use SNS Citrulline Malate powder or Nurakey L-Citrulline and toss either in my pre-workout. (anabolicminds.com)
This Citrulline Malate powder can support energy production to help you push your workout further than ever. (vitaminworld.com)
Rated 5 out of 5 by GymAdict from Extraordinary Product BCAA+ Citrulline Malate Powder has been part of my nutrition for the last 2 years. (vitaminworld.com)
and BCAA+Citrulline Malate Powder has me performing as when I was in my 30s. (vitaminworld.com)
VitaSprings does not imply any medical claims from the customer reviews on this L-Citrulline Pure Powder product on this website. (vitasprings.com)
Write a Review on this L-Citrulline Pure Powder product and share your experience or opinion with other customers. (vitasprings.com)
Buy L-Citrulline Pure Powder from NOW Foods at VitaSprings, and we guarantee you a safe, secure online shopping experience! (vitasprings.com)
Gen-Tec Nutraceuticals source, blend and package 100% pure pharmaceutical grade Citrulline Malate powder. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
Allergy Research Group L-Citrulline Powder 100g (3.5 oz. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
Allergy Research Group L-Citrulline Powder 100g (3.5 oz.) is an amino acid involved in the urea cycle. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
Product Details: Product Name : Natural L- Citrulline Powder With High Quality Brand Name : Forest Like Appearance : White crystals powder Mesh Size : 80. (benadorassociates.com)

Citrulline has long been administered in the treatment of inherited urea cycle disorders, and recent studies suggest that citrulline may be used to control the production of NO. Recently, citrulline was demonstrated as a potentially useful marker of short bowel function in a wide range of pathologies. (springer.com)
Citrulline is an amino acid that plays a key role in circulatory health and energy metabolism and is one of the three amino acids involved in the urea cycle. (organicfacts.net)
The amino acid L-citrulline is critical for treating people with urea cycle disorder - a rare genetic condition. (drugwatch.com)
Citrulline can help support urea cycle function and thus relieve any additional stress on the liver resulting from high protein intake in a typical bodybuilder's diet. (mrsupplement.com.au)
L-Citrulline also plays a role in the urea cycle, where it helps reduce the amount of lactic acid build-up you experience during your workouts. (anabolicminds.com)
L-citrulline DL-malate 2:1 combines two parts L-citrulline, a non-essential amino acid active in the urea cycle with one part DL-malic acid, a racemic mixture of dicarboxylic acids which help to support energy production. (purebulk.com)
L-citrulline is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows the body to dispose of excess nitrogen. (purebulk.com)
CAS 54940-97-5) is a mixture of citrulline, which is involved in the urea cycle, and malate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediate. (bmj.com)

In the last couple of years, you may have noticed more and more pre-workout supplements featuring the amino acid L-citrulline or its common derivative L-citrulline-malate. (mrsupplement.com.au)
If you take the amino acid L-citrulline [structural formula shown below] in combination with intensive exertion you can postpone the moment of exhaustion. (ironmagazine.com)
Citrulline malate (CM) is an organic salt made up of the non-essential amino acid L- citrulline and L- malic acid, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. (springer.com)
Citrulline Malate is a combination of the amino acid L-Citrulline and Malic Acid. (tasmanhealth.co.nz)
Kyowa Hakko USA, Inc., announced it has completed GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) self-affirmation for the amino acid L-Citrulline for use at levels of 275 mg per serving in various food products, such as beverages and beverages bases, grain products and pastas, and milk products. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
We are extremely proud to announce GRAS for our amino acid L-Citrulline, and look forward to working with manufactures to incorporate it into foods and beverages," said Dr. Toshikazu Kamiya, President & CEO of Kyowa Hakko USA. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
Powerful Amino Acid L-Citrulline Proven to Naturally Restore Erectile Function! (smart-publications.com)
If you are a man who wants to ensure you can rise to the occasion and maintain an erection, then you need start taking the powerful amino acid L-citrulline. (smart-publications.com)

So I've been researching quite a bit lately regarding citrulline malate and its effectiveness. (elitefitness.com)

Arginine & Citrulline by NOW is a superior quality product that provides 1 gram of Arginine and 500mg of Citrulline per two fast absorbing capsules. (illpumpyouup.com)
For a limited time, buy 1 Signature Citrulline , 100 Servings & get 1 Signature Green Tea , 100 Capsules FREE ! (bodybuilding.com)

The amino acid arginine is perhaps best known as a biochemical precursor to nitric oxide (NO). Similarly, citrulline acts as an arginine precursor for NO synthesis 1 and plays an important part in NO metabolism and regulation. (acupuncturetoday.com)
L-Citrulline is an amino acid that plays an important role in nitric oxide metabolism and regulation. (prweb.com)
Citrulline metabolism in mammals is divided into two fields: free citrulline and citrullinated proteins. (springer.com)
Arginine and Citrulline are two amino acids that are integral to protein metabolism and utilization, as well as to the maintenance of muscle tissue. (fredmeyer.com)
NOW Arginine & Citrulline promotes nitric oxide production, supports the metabolism of protein and promotes a positive anabolic environment. (illpumpyouup.com)
The amino acids Arginine and Citrulline are crucial to the metabolism and utilization of protein in the body, as well, they promote a state of positive nitrogen balance - the state your body must be in for muscle growth to occur - and they stimulate nitric oxide, which means increased pumps and enhanced nutrient delivery. (illpumpyouup.com)
Citrulline does not have any direct role in fat metabolism so there is no basis to make any claims for fat loss associated with supplemental citrulline. (mrsupplement.com.au)
Theoretically, citrulline may positively affect fat metabolism by increasing nitric oxide, but this remains to be studied. (mrsupplement.com.au)
The objective of the present study was to investigate whole-body in vivo arginine and citrulline metabolism and NO synthesis rates, and their relationship to protein breakdown in patients with sepsis or septic shock and in healthy volunteers. (portlandpress.com)
The amino acids arginine and citrulline play an integral role in the body's metabolism and utilization of protein and are essential for the maintenance of muscle tissue. (vitanetonline.com)
Arginine & Citrulline combines two powerful amino acids involved in the metabolism and use of protein in the body. (tasmanhealth.co.nz)
Protocol for Life Balance Arginine & Citrulline are two amino acids that are integral to protein metabolism and utilization, as well as to the maintenance of muscle tissue and nitric oxide production. (ovitaminpro.com)

A typical dose of citrulline is 6-18 grams daily. (empowher.com)
Vasophil was formulated to contain 3 grams of free-form arginine and 3 grams of free-form citrulline in convenient drink mix packets. (acupuncturetoday.com)
If you are taking citrulline malate, do not consume more than 6-8 grams per day. (organicfacts.net)

Citrulline malate may be able to increase performance and support nitric oxide production so it is best taken just before or during a workout. (aminoz.com.au)

Some of the proposed uses of citrulline supplements are based on raising levels of arginine. (empowher.com)
There is little scientific support for any use of citrulline supplements. (empowher.com)
It is claimed by some that citrulline supplements are actually more effective at raising arginine levels than arginine supplements. (empowher.com)
Citrulline supplements are most often marketed to people who are trying to enhance athletic performance. (livestrong.com)
Scientific support for using citrulline supplements to improve sports performance is lacking because few studies exist, Bratman says. (livestrong.com)
Please join this discussion about citrulline malate within the Bodybuilding Supplements category. (elitefitness.com)
Citrulline can be obtained from supplements or from foods. (livestrong.com)
Unlike many other nitric oxide supplements that only contain arginine, Vasophil contains both arginine and citrulline to support healthy cardiovascular function, vasodilation, and blood flow. (acupuncturetoday.com)
I like trying supplements backed by research and I know citrulline malate is one of those supplements. (anabolicminds.com)
Get the details in the Citrulline section of the L-Arginine Supplements Review. (consumerlab.com)
Some people prefer to take citrulline supplements, rather than arginine supplements, because the former will maintain arginine plasma levels for a longer time, rather than delivering a single spike in those levels. (organicfacts.net)
The authors felt it was too soon to recommend citulline supplements but that a diet rich in citrulline containing foods might contribute to the prevention of hypertension. (verywellhealth.com)
Along the way, citrulline has become a nearly obligatory ingredient in pre-workout supplements or any product that promises bigger muscle pumps during workouts. (bodybuilding.com)
In supplemental form, it is bound to citrulline and other various other supplements to give them stability in the body. (bodybuilding.com)
Sportsfuel offers pre-workout supplements and standalone citrulline malate supplements to meet your needs. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
In such cases, a person has to take Citrulline rich foods or supplements to keep the levels in balance. (consumerhealthdigest.com)

Citrulline Malate does exhibit considerable synergy with Creatine and Beta-Alanine. (anabolicminds.com)
Complete all-in-one formula for endurance and strength with clinically dosed Citrulline, Agmaine, Creatine, and Beta Alanine. (amazon.com)
My recipe was: 5g Creatine, 3g Beta Alanine, and about 6g Citrulline with 200mg of Caffeine, but your requirements may vary (check examine.com for recommended amounts). (bestpricenutrition.com)

Primaforce Citrulline Malate, lab tested for potency and purity, has been clinically shown to support increased performance and lean mass gains, support increased blood flow and amino acid delivery to skeletal muscle, leading to increased protein synthesis (muscle growth), enhance ATP production and support cell volumization, and is a potent precursor to arginine. (iherb.com)
Citrulline Malate also enhances ATP production, supports cell volumization and is a potent precursor to arginine. (netrition.com)
L-Arginine is an amino acid critical to the production of NO. L-Citrulline is a major precursor to L-Arginine and has been shown in other studies to increase L-Arginine levels, and thus improve NO production. (prweb.com)
Citrulline is an amino acid present in the body and a potent endogenous precursor of L-arginine (hereafter arginine), which is a substrate for NO synthase (see Fig. 1). (life-enhancement.com)
NOW Foods L-Citrulline is a precursor of Arginine and provides a readily available source material for Arginine production that can be used for Nitric Oxide elevation. (illpumpyouup.com)
Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that's an Arginine precursor. (illpumpyouup.com)
Citrulline is a precursor to arginine and is involved in the formation of urea in the liver. (springboard4health.com)
Citrulline is a precursor of arginine. (springboard4health.com)
Citrulline is a precursor of arginine, which can be used for the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO plays a fundamental role in vascular function and blood flow. (nutritionexpress.com)
It stacks Arginine HCI & Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate with Citrulline, a precursor to Nitric Oxide (NO) production. (webnewswire.com)

L-citrulline might help increase the supply of ingredients the body needs to making certain proteins. (webmd.com)
For more information, visit https://kyowaquality.com/ingredients/l-citrulline . (prweb.com)
A non-essential amino acid, citrulline malate has become one of the most popular pre-workout supplement ingredients in the industry. (aminoz.com.au)
1,2]* Feel good about the fact that Signature Citrulline contains no filler and no other ingredients - just 100% pure Citrulline. (bodybuilding.com)
We have combined the two best NO forms with Citrulline to provide the ultimate, synergistic blend of the three key Nitric Oxide ingredients to ensure you are getting ALL that Arginine can offer! (webnewswire.com)

That's because arginine is captured and metabolized by your liver whereas citrulline passes freely to your kidneys where it gets converted to arginine, Osowska says. (livestrong.com)
When citrulline is converted to arginine, it also releases nitric oxide, helping to treat this disease. (organicfacts.net)
In addition, excess citrulline is converted to arginine, helping to sustain arginine and NO levels better than arginine alone. (vitanetonline.com)
When Citrulline enters the vascular endothelium, kidney or other tissues it is converted to arginine which helps in raising tissue and plasma levels of arginine as well as enhancing nitric oxide. (consumerhealthdigest.com)

Primaforce Citrulline Malate at Netrition.com. (netrition.com)
Primaforce Citrulline Malate is lab tested for potency and purity. (netrition.com)

Several proteins contain citrulline as a result of a posttranslational modification . (wikipedia.org)
Proteins that normally contain citrulline residues include myelin basic protein (MBP), filaggrin , and several histone proteins, whereas other proteins, such as fibrin and vimentin are susceptible to citrullination during cell death and tissue inflammation . (wikipedia.org)
Research suggests that in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis , proteins may be changed to citrulline as part of the process that leads to inflammation of the rheumatoid joint. (medicinenet.com)
L-citrulline is classified as a non-essential a-amino acid and as such is not traditionally incorporated into proteins or nutritional/infant products. (mrsupplement.com.au)
The NO donor arginine is a semiessential amino acid present in dietary proteins and produced in the body from citrulline, another semiessential amino acid. (life-enhancement.com)
Citrulline is a classified nonessential amino acid that is neither a component of any major proteins or enzymes. (musclefeast.com)
Citrulline, aspartic acid, citric acid, and magnesium work synergistically to remove excessive nitrogen build-up, and aid in the digestion, absorption, and metabolic processes of specific proteins. (musclefeast.com)
Although citrulline is not coded for by DNA directly, several proteins are known to contain citrulline as a result of a posttranslational modification . (academic.ru)
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis often have detectable antibodies against proteins containing citrulline. (academic.ru)
Although the origin of this immune response is not known, detection of antibodies reactive with citrulline ( anti-citrullinated protein antibodies ) containing proteins or peptides is now becoming an important help in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis . (academic.ru)
citrulline - (= 2 amino 5 ureiodovaleric acid) An a amino acid not found in proteins. (academic.ru)

Each sachet of EnerFlex Forte 2.0 includes 750mg of Kyowa Quality® L-Citrulline and 250mg of L-Arginine. (prweb.com)

L-Citrulline plays an important role in vascular function and blood flow, plus supports detoxification pathways. (illpumpyouup.com)
Citrulline therefore, not only supports detoxification pathways, but also supports NO production and a healthy cardiovascular system. (vitasprings.com)

L-citrulline is used for Alzheimer 's disease, dementia , fatigue , muscle weakness , sickle cell disease, erectile dysfunction , high blood pressure , and diabetes . (webmd.com)
L-citrulline might improve some symptoms in people with sickle cell disease. (webmd.com)
Citrulline and spirulina may have a therapeutic role in the management of sickle cell disease. (greenmedinfo.com)
The purpose of this study is to assess the maximum tolerated dose, safety and pharmacokinetics of an investigational drug, intravenous (IV) citrulline, in subjects in steady-state sickle cell disease. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Citrulline Peptides is our new superfood product that you can use to help with your lean muscle, less fat goals. (wdcdance.com)
Citrulline peptides represent product use in the year 2018, not 1988. (wdcdance.com)
This is a hydrolyzed protein similar to citrulline peptides. (wdcdance.com)
The idea is to use citrulline peptides for a better pump. (wdcdance.com)
I theorize that citrulline peptides will work better simply because I feel they are absorbed better. (wdcdance.com)

In this article, we are going to learn more about two natural substances - L-Arginine and L-Citrulline and their efficacy in erectile dysfunction treatment. (verichipcorp.com)
In a study of 24 participants from the age of 56 to 66, the use of L-citrulline was found to improve the erection score from 3 (mild erectile dysfunction) to 4 (normal erectile function) in 50% of the men who took it, as compared to improvement in 8.3% of the men who took a placebo. (verywellhealth.com)

Supposedly, citrulline enhances aerobic exercise capacity (relatively low-intensity exercise), while creatine enhances anaerobic exercise capacity (high-intensity exercise). (empowher.com)
When citrulline is sold as an athletic performance booster, it is billed as the aerobic compliment to the supplement creatine, which enhances high-intensity, or anaerobic, performance. (livestrong.com)
Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (greenmedinfo.com)
1. Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. (aminoz.com.au)
Citrulline malate enhances athletic anae. (anabolicminds.com)

Citrulline has been shown to relax blood vessels, improve blood flow and raise overall nitric oxide levels. (musclefeast.com)
Like arginine, Citrulline is also important in the widening of blood vessels, especially in the veins, large arteries as well as smaller arterioles. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
In recent studies, citrulline has been found to relax blood vessels. (academic.ru)

Product - L-Citrulline 500mg - Description: L-Citrulline is a crystalline free-form amino acid that encourages healthy blood flow by converting to L-arginine and then nitric oxide. (vitanetonline.com)

Citrulline isn't that bad for taste, but the malic acid in Cit Malate leaves the aftertaste in your mouth similarly to when you vomit. (elitefitness.com)
I'd prefer to take a larger dose of CM to get the benefits of both citrulline and malic acid. (anabolicminds.com)

However, while there have been numerous double-blind studies on creatine, available evidence on citrulline as a sports supplement is so scant that no conclusions whatsoever can be based on it. (empowher.com)
You'll also see citrulline sold as a sexual performance enhancer and as a supplement that's useful for its ability to combat issues related to heart disease, such as high blood pressure. (livestrong.com)
Using citrulline supplement may be necessary if you suffer from certain health conditions, but it is very important to understand the physical effects and the potential risks before use. (organicfacts.net)
If you're looking for citrulline in your health food or supplement store, it may be under the name citrulline malate, the chemical form of the supplement, rather than the pure amino acid. (organicfacts.net)
The main and only ingredient, L-Citrulline Malate, is an amino acid used as a sports performance and cardiovascular health supplement. (bestpricenutrition.com)
L-Arginine and L-Citrulline are two amino acids bundled into a single powerful supplement. (puritan.com)
Most supplement companies will sell L-Citrulline, which has been around for DECADES and nobody's going crazy for it if you know what I mean. (wdcdance.com)
Citrulline is a natural supplement that is considered a non-essential amino acid. (verywellhealth.com)
No modern pre-workout or pump-boosting supplement is complete without citrulline. (bodybuilding.com)
This basic idea of keeping your health in the top of your priority list has just entered into the trend, and we are glad to help you with this trend by providing you the Nitric Oxide Supplement containing Arginine and Citrulline. (webnewswire.com)
When you get an extra dose of citrulline malate due to the use of a supplement, a number of processes occur. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
Because citrulline malate can help to reduce fatigue and boost energy, using a supplement that contains the amino acid prior to hitting the gym can help you complete more reps without compromising your form. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
Many of the benefits of citrulline malate are due to the fact that it increases arginine in the body, leaving some fitness enthusiasts wondering why they can't simply take an arginine supplement. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
Scientific studies have actually shown that citrulline malate does a better job at increasing arginine levels than an actual arginine supplement, making it the more efficient way to boost energy supplies to the muscles. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
Citrulline in the form of citrulline malate is sold as a performance-enhancing athletic dietary supplement , which was shown to reduce muscle fatigue in a preliminary clinical trial. (academic.ru)

The appropriate dose of L-citrulline depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. (webmd.com)
A 2010 randomized double-blind study (the gold standard of research studies) involving 41 men, discovered that a single dose of citrulline malate (CM) resulted in a significant increase in the number of barbell bench presses (accounting for 52.92% more repetitions) and a 40% decrease in muscle soreness after exercise. (verywellhealth.com)
IV citrulline 20 mg/kg bolus with dose escalation of 10 mg/kg to target citrulline concentration of 100 µmol/L with a maximum dose of 60 mg/kg. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The suitable dose of Citrulline depends on various factors such as the health and age of the user. (consumerhealthdigest.com)

If you are extremely active (exercising 4+ days per week), you may want to take two 1,500 mg servings of citrulline malate. (aminoz.com.au)

L-Citrulline has been shown to reduce fatigue and improve endurance for both aerobic and anaerobic prolonged exercise. (bestpricenutrition.com)
however, that citrulline has emerged as a promising agent for boosting anaerobic and aerobic capacity. (mrsupplement.com.au)

Supplies 750 mg of l-citrulline per one-capsule serving. (ralphs.com)
For the price High Volume is very much worth it at 5g of L-Citrulline per serving(which is about the same as 10g of Citrulline Malate). (anabolicminds.com)

Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can manufacture it from other nutrients. (empowher.com)
The body manufactures citrulline from the essential amino acid glutamine. (empowher.com)
Some uses for citrulline are based on its ability to boost arginine levels in your body, says Steven Bratman, author of the "Collins Alternative Health Guide. (livestrong.com)
Supplementing with citrulline may be safer than supplementing with arginine when you need to raise levels of the latter in the body, notes S. Osowska, lead author for a study published in the gastroenterology journal, "Gut. (livestrong.com)
L-citrulline is a naturally occurring amino acid found in food, such as watermelons, and also made in the body. (webmd.com)
Soy is another food from which your body can obtain citrulline. (livestrong.com)
L-Citrulline is considered a nonessential amino acid, which means it's not necessary to ingest as the body can create it from other sources. (ralphs.com)
This unique formula features L-Citrulline, an amino acid that is readily converted to L-Arginine, which can then be converted into Nitric Oxide within the body. (walgreens.com)
Other research also shows a partnering of L-Citrulline and L-Arginine can have beneficial effects on the body. (prweb.com)
L-Citrulline is converted to L-Arginine in the body, leading to sustained increases in both L-Arginine and nitric oxide. (prweb.com)
The new research suggests citrulline may be a more effective way of elevating arginine levels and NO in the body. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
Citrulline is an amino acid that the body converts to arginine which, in turn, may help with blood flow. (consumerlab.com)
Citrulline treatment in male aged rats favorably modulates body composition and protects against lipid oxidation and, thus, emerges as an interesting candidate to help prevent the aging process. (life-enhancement.com)
2 A double-blind randomized study was used, employing 22 trained males (aged 20-49 and 25 kg/m 2 ≤ body mass index 2 ) who consumed 2.4 g/day of citrulline or placebo orally for 7 days. (life-enhancement.com)
Discovered more than a century ago, l-citrulline is considered a non-essential amino acid and is converted by the body into l- arginine (another amino acid) and nitric oxide . (organicfacts.net)
L-Citrulline functions in the body by being converted to L-arginine and then into nitric oxide. (anabolicminds.com)
In order to produce the majority of nitric oxide in the body arginine is needed in a reaction involving oxygen, a molecule called NADPH and the enzyme nitric oxide synthase to produce citrulline and nitric oxide. (mrsupplement.com.au)
This suggests that citrulline has the potential to help the body heal from intense training and avoid some of the symptoms that often get lumped under the label "overtraining. (bodybuilding.com)
This critical transformation, of citrulline to arginine, is fundamental for maintaining the homeostasis of certain toxicities within the body. (musclefeast.com)
Citrulline malate is an amino acid produced when your body gets rid of excess nitrogen. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
Studies have shown that taking citrulline malate may make the body more resistant to respiratory infections and other illnesses. (sportsfuel.co.nz)
l-Citrulline helps the body recover after workouts. (vitanetonline.com)
A quality amino acid manufacturer Kyowa Hakko came out with a combo of L-arginine and L-citrulline and showed that it increased nitric oxide bio availability in the body. (proteinfactory.com)
L-Citrulline is naturally made in the body. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Our body change L-Citrulline into another amino acid known as L-arginine and also to nitric oxide. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
L - Citrulline is used for body building, improving energy and for enhancing athletic performance. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Citrulline is observed as a nonessential amino acid which means that its production takes place in the body. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Citrulline is converted to the amino acid arginine in the body which further goes on to make nitric oxide. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
Eating vegetables that contain Citrulline allows the body to regulate the balance of nitrogen in the bloodstream to help the circulatory system bring more oxygen and blood to the body. (consumerhealthdigest.com)
L-Citrulline is converted to L-arginine in the body to support L-arginine and NO levels. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
3. L- Citrulline Malate is used for heart disease,body building. (pickjoomla.com)
In contrast to L-arginine, L-citrulline is not metabolized in the areas of the body where arginase likes to hang out (the intestines and liver). (smart-publications.com)
Other studies have confirmed that supplementing with L-citrulline can actually reverse blood vessel lining dysfunctions!4, 5These studies demonstrate that L-citrulline activates the pathway in the body through which L-arginine is used to produce first nitric oxide, then cCMP, and also another very important compound for restoring a man's ability to have an erection naturally called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). (smart-publications.com)

Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle. (empowher.com)
Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy pr. (anabolicminds.com)

The citrulline you acquire from such foods helps maintain your body's acid balance. (livestrong.com)
Liver is one of the few foods with a high level of citrulline. (livestrong.com)
What Foods Contain Arginine and Citrulline? (livestrong.com)
L-Citrulline is an amino acid that is found plant foods such as onions and garlic. (patientslikeme.com)

Preliminary research with oral L-citrulline has shown elevated plasma L-arginine concentration and augmented NO-dependent signaling. (nutraingredients-usa.com)

It is commonly sold in the form of citrulline malate. (empowher.com)
L-Citrulline is the natural form of citrulline. (bodybuilding.com)

A test for citrulline antibodies is most helpful in looking for the cause of previously undiagnosed inflammatory arthritis when the substance detected by the traditional blood test for rheumatoid arthritis , rheumatoid factor , is not present. (medicinenet.com)

Background: Previous studies have shown an antiasthenic effect of citrulline/malate (CM) but the mechanism of action at the muscular level remains unknown. (bmj.com)

Other fruit sources of citrulline are cucumbers and other melons. (livestrong.com)
What are The Common Sources of Citrulline? (consumerhealthdigest.com)

1,2 The only meaningful study reported thus far found that citrulline reduced rather than enhanced exercise capacity. (empowher.com)
The researchers found that citrulline reduced the time needed to complete a cycle ergometer exercise trial. (life-enhancement.com)

These citrulline residues are generated by a family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert arginine into citrulline in a process called citrullination or deimination. (wikipedia.org)
Arginine flux, citrulline flux and the rate of conversion of arginine into citrulline (an index of NO synthesis) were measured with intravenous infusions of [ 15 N 2 ]guanidino-arginine and [5,5- 2 H 2 ]citrulline. (portlandpress.com)

Some individuals possess a genetic defect which prevents proper conversion of citrulline to arginine. (springboard4health.com)
are useful for promoting the conversion of citrulline to arginine. (springboard4health.com)

C6H13N3O3 Molecular Weight: 175.19 CAS Number: 372-75-8 EINECS: 206-759-6 The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. (benadorassociates.com)

Endurance athletes have been supplementing with citrulline for just this reason for many years, and after a slew of promising studies in recent years, strength athletes are on board as well. (bodybuilding.com)
Citrulline Malate 2:1 - Muscular Endurance Enhancer! (a1supplements.com)
Citrulline Malate [2:1] improves training intensity, endurance and speed of recovery. (a1supplements.com)

The Citrulline Malate reduces muscle fatigue and muscle soreness, and boosts your nitric oxide levels allowing you to train heavy for longer. (bestpricenutrition.com)
Citrulline Malate: The Fatigue Fighter! (bodybuilding.com)
When it comes to the amino acid compound citrulline malate , all three of these athletes can see a single major appeal: delaying the onset of fatigue during intense training. (bodybuilding.com)
But is fatigue-fighting the only thing citrulline malate does? (bodybuilding.com)
Citrulline also may find new applications in the muscle building, fatigue relief and energy markets considering the link between NO production and athletic performance. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)

The tissue distribution of these enzymes distinguishes three "orthogonal" metabolic pathways for citrulline. (springer.com)

Nutrakey Citrulline Malate helps enhance pumps, improve nutrient delivery, and improves muscle performance. (bestpricenutrition.com)
In advanced disease, a history of nasal bleeding originates in the early third trimester of pregnancy, elevated serum calcium level rises rapidly, clouding of sensorium, spect imaging improves sensitivity plus citrulline viagra for rheumatoid factor or with blood. (goodbelly.com)

An ingredient with application in the areas of heart health and sports nutrition, L-Citrulline is preservative-free, allergen-free, and contains no artificial flavors or colors. (prweb.com)
Manufactured in the U.S. using a proprietary fermentation process, l-citrulline is an ultra-pure amino acid that carries the Kyowa Quality logo, ensuring you an ingredient backed by our commitment to the highest manufacturing standards. (prweb.com)
Recently, many companies have begun to focus their attention on citrulline over the traditional arginine as being a lead ingredient in their nitric oxide type pre-workout blends. (mrsupplement.com.au)
Citrulline: Know Everything About This Ingredient! (consumerhealthdigest.com)

Source Naturals L-Citrulline promotes the body's recovery after a workout. (swansonvitamins.com)

One of the most outstanding findings of the overall research conducted with L-Arginine and L-Citrulline is that L-Citrulline intake corrects the cause of ED, the PDE5 inhibitors (for example, popular Viagra, Levitra, Cialis) do not. (verichipcorp.com)

Nobel Prize recipient, Professor Louis Ignarro says that when the amino acids -- citrulline and arginine -- are combined, our body's cells are encouraged to produce a beneficial gas called nitric oxide. (livestrong.com)
Citrulline is also a by-product of the body's conversion of the amino acid arginine into nitric oxide (NO) . Excess citrulline, a number of studies have shown, increases the amount of arginine in the blood, leading to increased NO production. (bodybuilding.com)
The subjects who took the citrulline experienced reduced and delayed onset of the body's immunosuppressive mechanisms that are usually seen after intense exercise. (bodybuilding.com)

Almonds and walnuts contain citrulline. (livestrong.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms1

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs34

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations1

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Health Care1

Geographicals1

L-Ascorbic acid potentiates nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells. (1/917)

Effect of ornithine and lactate on urea synthesis in isolated hepatocytes. (2/917)

Hepatocyte gene therapy in a large animal: a neonatal bovine model of citrullinemia. (3/917)

Arginine biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: enzymes catalyzing the formation of ornithine and citrulline. (4/917)

Effects of ethanol on intraovarian nitric oxide production in the prepubertal rat. (5/917)

Cholinergic and GABAergic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the guinea pig ileum. (6/917)

Nitric oxide production is reduced in patients with chronic renal failure. (7/917)

Lactate inhibits citrulline and arginine synthesis from proline in pig enterocytes. (8/917)

Citrulline

Ornithine

Arginine

Citrullus

Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase

Hydrolases

Nitrogen Isotopes

Glutamine

Carbamyl Phosphate

Nitric Oxide Synthase

Citrullinemia

Argininosuccinate Lyase

Arginase

Proline

Ammonia

Argininosuccinic Acid

Nitric Oxide

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases

Urea

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)

Catecholamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

Mouth Abnormalities

Amino Acids

Short Bowel Syndrome

Glutamates

Mitochondria, Liver

Enterocytes

Amino Acids, Diamino

Renal Aminoacidurias

Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease

Carbon Isotopes

Biopterin

Nitrites

Phenylbutyrates

Orotic Acid

Acid-Base Equilibrium

Malates

Switzerland

Hyperammonemia

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Antibodies

Arthritis, Rheumatoid

Antibody Specificity

Antibodies, Viral

Antibodies, Bacterial

Riots

Whistleblowing

Public Health

Crisis Intervention

Radio Waves

Riot Control Agents, Chemical

L-Ascorbic acid potentiates nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells. (1/917)

Effect of ornithine and lactate on urea synthesis in isolated hepatocytes. (2/917)

Hepatocyte gene therapy in a large animal: a neonatal bovine model of citrullinemia. (3/917)

Arginine biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: enzymes catalyzing the formation of ornithine and citrulline. (4/917)

Effects of ethanol on intraovarian nitric oxide production in the prepubertal rat. (5/917)

Cholinergic and GABAergic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the guinea pig ileum. (6/917)

Nitric oxide production is reduced in patients with chronic renal failure. (7/917)

Lactate inhibits citrulline and arginine synthesis from proline in pig enterocytes. (8/917)

Citrulline correlations in short bowel syndrome-intestinal failure by patient stratification - Forskning - Region Hovedstaden

Renal arginine metabolism in fasted rats with subacute short bowel syndrome | Clinical Science

Defining Normal Citrulline Levels as a Diagnostic Tool for Screening of Gastrointestinal Disease in Premature Infants - Tabular...

Macrophages can convert citrulline into arginine | Biochemical Journal

Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced citrullination and arthritis, but not...

Plasma arginine and ornithine are the main citrulline precursors in mice infused with arginine-free diets<...

Iguratimod dose dependently inhibits the expression of citrullinated proteins and peptidylarginine deiminases 2 and 4 in...

L Arginine L Citrulline Pycnogenol Most Helpful | Schutzgemeinschaft

Export Data and Price of L Citrulline Malate | www.eximpulse.com

Expression of citrulline and homocitrulline residues in the lungs of non-smokers and smokers: implications for autoimmunity in...

Citrulline Supplementation Combined With Exercise: Effect on Muscle Function in Elderly People (CITEX Study) - Tabular View -...

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Preferential decrease of IgG4 anti-citrullinated protein antibodies during treatment with TNF blocking agents in patients with...

OP0019 Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies directly induce bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis | Annals of the Rheumatic...

Citrullinated proteins have increased immunogenicity and arthritogenicity and their presence in arthritic joints correlates...

The Devil in the Details: The Emerging Role of Anticitrulline Autoimmunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis | The Journal of Immunology

Very high levels of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are associated with HLA-DRB1*15 non-shared epitope allele in patients...