Ochratoxins
Patulin
4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.
Penicillium
Nephrosis
Isocoumarins
Food Industry
Heating
Food Contamination
Polyketide Synthases
Aspergillus
Food Microbiology
Dog Diseases
Ascomycota
Fermentation
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Molecular Structure
Leydig Cells
Testosterone
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Testis
Luteinizing Hormone
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Chorionic Gonadotropin
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
Leydig Cell Tumor
Gonadal interstitial or stromal cell neoplasm composed of only LEYDIG CELLS. These tumors may produce one or more of the steroid hormones such as ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS; and CORTICOSTEROIDS. Clinical symptoms include testicular swelling, GYNECOMASTIA, sexual precocity in children, or virilization (VIRILISM) in females.
Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Oxidative Stress
Reactive Oxygen Species
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
Azadirachta
Monascus
Limonins
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Deuterium
Protons
Isotopes
Isotope Labeling
Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. (1/45)
Results of examination of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins and ochratoxins were most frequently requested, usually on the basis of visible mouldiness. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 100 specimens at a level of 50 ppb in a sample of alfalfa brome hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in seven of 95 specimens comprising six samples of wheat at levels between 30 and 6000 ppb and one sample of hay at a level of 30 ppb. An overall detection rate of 4.2% involving significant levels of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occur in farm livestock or poultry more frequently than presently diagnosied. (+info)Medium-chain fatty acids affect citrinin production in the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber. (2/45)
During submerged culture in the presence of glucose and glutamate, the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber produces water-soluble red pigments together with citrinin, a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic and hepatoxic effects on animals. Analysis of the (13)C-pigment molecules from mycelia cultivated with [1-(13)C]-, [2-(13)C]-, or [1, 2-(13)C]acetate by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that the biosynthesis of the red pigments used both the polyketide pathway, to generate the chromophore structure, and the fatty acid synthesis pathway, to produce a medium-chain fatty acid (octanoic acid) which was then bound to the chromophore by a trans-esterification reaction. Hence, to enhance pigment production, we tried to short-circuit the de novo synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids by adding them to the culture broth. Of fatty acids with carbon chains ranging from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, only octanoic acid showed a 30 to 50% stimulation of red pigment production, by a mechanism which, in contrast to expectation, did not involve its direct trans-esterification on the chromophore backbone. However, the medium- and long-chain fatty acids tested were readily assimilated by the fungus, and in the case of fatty acids ranging from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, 30 to 40% of their initial amount transiently accumulated in the growth medium in the form of the corresponding methylketone 1 carbon unit shorter. Very interestingly, these fatty acids or their corresponding methylketones caused a strong reduction in, or even a complete inhibition of, citrinin production by M. ruber when they were added to the medium. Several data indicated that this effect could be due to the degradation of the newly synthesized citrinin (or an intermediate in the citrinin pathway) by hydrogen peroxide resulting from peroxisome proliferation induced by medium-chain fatty acids or methylketones. (+info)Mycotoxin-producing potential of mold flora of dried beans. (3/45)
To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by molds in dried beans, the mold flora of 114 samples was determined both before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Surface disinfection substantially reduced mold incidence, indicating that contamination was mainly on the surface. The flora, both before and after disinfection, was dominated by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, the toxicogenic species A ochracues, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. viridicatum, and species of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. The toxicogenic species Aspergillus flavis, A. versicolor, Penicillium Citrinum, P. expansum, P. islandicum, and P. urticae were encountered less frequently. Of 209 species of Aspergillus and Penicillium screened for mycotoxin production on sterile rice substrate, 114 produced one or more of the following mycotoxins: A. flavus, aflatoxins; A. ochraceus, ochratoxins; A. nidulans, A. unguis, and A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; P. cyclopium, penicillic acid; P. citrinum and P. viridicatum, citrinin; P. urticae, patulin and griseofulvin. Sterigmatocystin production by A. unguis is reported for the first time. (+info)The effects of aeration on glucose catabolism in Penicillium expansum. (4/45)
Polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis and quantitative enzyme assays showed that the pathways of glucose catabolism and secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum were dependent on the degree of aeration of the cultures. The isoenzyme patterns and specific activities of aldolase and succinate dehydrogenase indicated that glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle operated under conditions of both limited and efficient aeration (i.e. in cultures grown statically or on an orbital shaker). At high levels of aeration the growth rate was faster and synthesis of extracellular pectolytic enzymes was enhanced, whilst the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase showed that the pentose-phosphate shunt was important in glucose catabolism during the trophophase of growth. In contrast, under conditions of low aeration this latter pathway was virtually undetectable, growth was slower, pectolytic enzyme production low and large concentrations of secondary metabolites (6-methylsalicylic acid, patulin and citrinin) accumulated. (+info)A major decomposition product, citrinin H2, from citrinin on heating with moisture. (5/45)
Citrinin is one of the mycotoxins produced by Penicillium citrinum. We examined the decomposition products after heating citrinin in water at 140 degrees C and isolated a major product, citrinin H2 (3-(3,5-dihydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-2-formyloxy-butane). Citrinin H2 did not show significant cytotoxicity to HeLa cells up to a concentration of 200 microg/ml (% cytotoxicity: 39%) in 63 h of incubation, but citrinin showed severe toxicity at a concentration of 25 microg/ml (% cytotoxicity: 73%). HPLC analysis of citrinin after heating under various conditions indicates that citrinin H2 is mainly yielded from citrinin. (+info)Simple and sensitive determination of citrinin in Monascus by GC-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. (6/45)
A new method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of citrinin in Monascus by gas-chromatography-selected ion monitoring (SIM) mass spectrometry has been developed. GC separation of citrinin in Monascus extract was achieved without the need for chemical derivatization, and could be detected as a single peak when the SIM mode selected 5 prominent fragmentations (m/z of 220, 205, 177, 105 and 91). The quantitative detection limit for citrinin was approximately 1 ppb. Finally, the GC-separated analyte from Monascus extract, at a retention time of 10.89 min, was examined by the method of pattern recognition by comparison with a citrinin standard. The results show that the 2 compounds had a 94% similarity when the SIM mode was used. (+info)Mycotoxins. (7/45)
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. Because of their pharmacological activity, some mycotoxins or mycotoxin derivatives have found use as antibiotics, growth promotants, and other kinds of drugs; still others have been implicated as chemical warfare agents. This review focuses on the most important ones associated with human and veterinary diseases, including aflatoxin, citrinin, ergot akaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. (+info)Effect of citrinin and in association with aflatoxin B(1) on the infectivity and proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. (8/45)
Macrophages exposed to 10 mug/mL citrinin (CTR) or 0.01 mug CTR mixed with 0.04 mug aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for a period of 2 h at 37 masculine C, were infected with 10(6) Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites/muL. The parasites were treated with mycotoxins (2 h at 37 masculine C) before being added to the macrophage culture. The number of tachyzoites was quantified 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after infection. During the first 2 hours, 59% infectivity was observed in the control. After exposure to CTR or the mixture of toxins (CTR-AFB1), macrophages were infected with 77.5% and 75% of the inoculated tachyzoites, respectively. Similarly, 72.3% of the cells were infected when cultured together with previously treated parasites. The treatment with CTR-AFB1 gave rise to 2.9 times more tachyzoites than the control at 72 h. An increased number of parasites was recovered from macrophages exposed to CTR after 96 h, and to CTR-AFB1 after 72 h of culture; The number of tachyzoites recovered from the supernatant was 1.94 and 2.06 times higher, respectively, than in the control (5 x 10(5) +/- 0.054 /mL). (+info)
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Inhibition of Citrinin-Induced Apoptotic Biochemical Signaling in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells by Resveratrol
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Deleterious Effects of Mycotoxin Combinations Involving Ochratoxin A | HTML
OPUS 4 | Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry (EC-MS) as a versatile tool to simulate the biotransformation of citrinin - A...
Aspergillus alabamensis - Wikipedia
Role of the renin-angiotensin system in kidney development and programming of adult blood pressure | Clinical Science |...
Plus it
Monascus purpureus - NBRC 4478 - CHỦNG GIỐNG CHUẨN VI SINH VẬT
Publication : USDA ARS
Bioassay- guided fractionation and anti-fungal activity studies on pisonia grandis r
Computerized screening for novel producers of Monascus-like food pigments in Penicillium species.
Mycotoxicology - Wikipedia
Identification and expression of Pen c 2, a novel allergen from Penicillium citrinum | Biochemical Journal
Inulinase Production by Penicillium citrinum ESS in Submerged and Solid-State Cultures | Science Publications
H02-RED090 Higher Nature Red Sterol Complex* - Campus & Co Bristol
Global and Japan Monascus Pigment Market Insights, Forecast to 2026 : ReportsnReports
Asian Science Citation Index - Articles written by A.B.F. Leao
Directors Welcome | Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism (CTNA)
Plant growth promotion and Penicillium citrinum | BMC Microbiology | Full Text
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DIGITAL.CSIC: Identification and characterization of LysM effectors in Penicillium expansum
CTNNA1 Gene - GeneCards | CTNA1 Protein | CTNA1 Antibody
RCSB PDB
- 1KRF: STRUCTURE OF P. CITRINUM ALPHA 1,2-MANNOSIDASE REVEALS THE BASIS FOR DIFFERENCES IN SPECIFICITY OF...
researchopenworld.com
ChemIDplus - 53011-68-0 - JVDWOALSRIJPOP-KLLZUTDZSA-N - Ochratoxin TC - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource...
FarmVille Ugly Duckling Goals: Everything you need to know - AOL News
China 100% Natural Red Yeast Rice Extract: 0.4%-3% Lovastatin; 0.4%, 1.5% Monacolin K. - China Red Yeast Rice Extract, Monascus...
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Red Yeast Rice Information (Monascus purpureus) / Mevinolin
China Water Soluble Pure Red Yeast Rice Extract 5% Monacolin K - China Monacolin K, Red Yeast Rice Extract
China 5.0% Monacolin K From Red Yeast Rice Extract - China Monacolin K, Red Yeast Rice Extract
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Patulin accumulation in apples during storage by Penicillium expansum and Penicillium griseofulvum strains
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Red Yeast Rice 1200mg - 150 Vegetarian Capsules | 21st Century HealthCare, Inc.
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Effect of the cultivation mode on red pigments production from Monascus ruber - PubAg
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Natures Aid Red Yeast Rice - 90 x 600mg Vegicaps - UK Supplier
Natures Aid Red Yeast Rice - 90 x 600mg Vegicaps - UK Supplier
Ultrastructural alterations by transmission electronic | Open-i
Global Monascus Pigment Market Professional Survey Report 2018
Veratox for Ochratoxin Grain | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGEN
Veratox for Ochratoxin Grain | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGEN
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Tracking of pigment accumulation and secretion in extractive fermentation of Monascus anka GIM 3.592 | Microbial Cell Factories...
Red Yeast Rice, the Real Statin | Topics in Evidence-Based Pharmacy Practice | AccessPharmacy | McGraw-Hill Medical
Crystal structure of a triacylglycerol lipase from Penicillium expansum at 1.3 A determined by sulfur SAD. | Harvard Catalyst...
Macrophage-stimulating activity of exo-biopolymer from cultured rice bran with Monascus pilosus<...
Ebook Read Remember Recommend A Reading Journal For Book Lovers 2010
M&A Pharmachem Pulls Paracetamol Batches in UK for Possible Contamination | 2019-11-15 | FDAnews
A 90-d toxicity study of monascus-fermented products including high citrinin level | Meta
Guest Post: Purinas Beneful Poisoned My Dogs - The Dogington Post
Publikationen
Ochratoxin alpha | C11H9ClO5 - PubChem
Biomin.net - How to Reduce Mycotoxin-induced Vaccination Failure
Biomin.net - How to Reduce Mycotoxin-induced Vaccination Failure
Classification |
USDA PLANTS
Beagle Harrier Breed Information
Penicillium steckii
... is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces citrinin, tanzawaic acid E, tanzawaic acid F ... Jabbar, A.; Rahim, A. (1962). "Citrinin from Penicillium steckii zaleski". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 51 (6): 595-596 ...
Penicillium westlingii
... produces citrinin and sterol. MycoBank Straininfo of Penicillium westlingii John I. Pitt (1979). The ...
Penicillium hetheringtonii
... produces citrinin and quinolactacin. MycoBank UniProt Houbraken, J. A. M. P.; Frisvad, J. C.; Samson ...
Penicillium citrinum
doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85144-G. Rodig, O. R.; Ellis, L. C.; Glover, I. T. (1966). "The Biosynthesis of Citrinin in ... Roberts, W. T.; Mora, E. C. (1978). "Toxicity of Penicillium citrinum AUA-532 Contaminated Corn and Citrinin in Broiler Chicks ... Barber, J.; Carter, R. H.; Garson, M. J.; Staunton, J. (1981). "The biosynthesis of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum". Journal ... Some metabolites of Penicillium citrinum related to citrinin". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic: 85. doi:10.1039/ ...
Penicillium expansum
The fungus can also produce the mycotoxin citrinin. Penicillium expansum has a wide host range, causing similar symptoms on ...
Endosulfan
Singh ND; Sharma AK; Dwivedi P; Patil RD; Kumar M (2007). "Citrinin and endosulfan induced teratogenic effects in Wistar rats ...
Mycotoxicology
Citrinin: Citrinin was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum prior to World War II; subsequently, it was identified in over ... Production of citrinin by various species of Monascus. Biotechnol. Lett. 17:291-294. Blout, W. P. 1961. Turkey "X" disease. ... On the production and chemical constitution of a new yellow colouring matter, citrinin, produced from glucose by Penicillium ... citrinin has also been isolated from Monascus ruber and Monascus purpureus, industrial species used to produce red pigments. ...
Aspergillus flavipes
It has been reported to produce sterigmatocystin, citrinin, and lovastatin. A. flavipes has been cultivated on both Czapek ...
Aspergillus ochraceus
Ostry, V; Malir, F; Ruprich, J (Sep 17, 2013). "Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin". Toxins. ... and citrinin. It also produces the dihydroisocoumarin mellein. It is a filamentous fungus in nature and has characteristic ... and citrinin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits". Toxicol Ind Health. 30 (1): 90-8. doi:10.1177/0748233712452598. PMID 22773436 ...
Aspergillus carneus
The fungus produces citrinin and 5 unique depsipeptides, Aspergillicins A-E. The fungus was originally isolated by van Tieghem ... The isolation of citrinin, dihydrocitrinone and sclerin from aspergilus carneus". Lloydia. 40 (3): 301-302. ISSN 0024-5461. ... Sclerin, a compound which stimulates plant growth, and dihydrocitrinone, a metabolite of citrinin, have also been isolated from ... A. carneus is known to produce citrinin, a secondary metabolite and mycotoxin characterized by its hepatotoxicity, ...
Aspergillus niveus
It has been reported to produce aszonalenine, butyrolactones, citrinin, and gregatins. A. niveus has been cultivated on both ...
Yellowed rice
Citrinin does, however, have deleterious effects on the kidneys and is thought to be one of the culprits involved in the Balkan ... The lack of regulation of citrinin may also be due to the fact that while studies have shown that it does act as a nephrotoxic ... Due to the high rates of citrinin found in rice, it was recommended to the Japanese government by the National Institute of ... There is no current worldwide legislation or guidelines on how much citrinin is allowed to be in grains due to its instability ...
Aspergillus neoindicus
It has been reported to produce citrinin, naphthalic anhydride, and atrovenetins. A. neoindicus has been cultivated on both ...
Aspergillus allahabadii
It has been reported to produce asperphenamate, atrovenetins, butyrolactones, citrinin, and gregatins. A. allahabadii has been ...
Penicillium implicatum
... produces Citrinin MycoBank Straininfo of Penicillium implicatum UniProt Labuda, R.; Hudec, K.; Piecková ...
Wallemia sebi
The toxicity level is comparable with mycotoxins like penicillic acid and citrinin. However, the toxic metabolite only applies ...
Penicillium viridicatum
... is a psychrophilic species of fungus in the genus , penicillic acid and citrinin. Penicillium ... Patterson, Margaret F.; Damoglou, Anthony P. (1987). "Conversion of the mycotoxin citrinin into dihydrocitrinone and ochratoxin ...
Red yeast rice
Some commercial supplements have been found to contain high levels of the toxin citrinin. As commercial products will have ...
Penicillium corylophilum
Dos Santos, C. M.; Da Costa, G. L.; Figueroa-Villar, J. D. (2012). "Identification of citrinin as the defence metabolite of ... Penicillium corylophilum produces the alkaloid epoxyagroclavine and citrinin and is a pathogen to mosquitoes. List of ...
Penicillium velutinum
... is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces citrinin. Penicillium velutinum ...
Penicillium gorlenkoanum
... is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces citrinin, costaclavine and epicostaclavine. ...
Aspergillus floccosus
It has been reported to produce aszonalenin, butyrolactones, citrinin, a decaturin, dihydrocitrinone, an isocoumarin, and ...
Mold
... citrinin, and patulin. These toxic properties may be used for the benefit of humans when the toxicity is directed against other ...
Penicillium jensenii
... is an anamorph species of the genus of Penicillium which produces citrinin, griseofulvin and fumagillin. ...
Mycotoxin
Citrinin is a toxin that was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum, but has been identified in over a dozen species of ... Citrinin can also act synergistically with Ochratoxin A to depress RNA synthesis in murine kidneys. Ergot Alkaloids are ... Jeswal P, Kumar D (2015). "Mycobiota and Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Citrinin in Indian Spices Confirmed ... Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, ...
Penicillium verrucosum
Experimental results showed that the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and citrinin are produced by P. verrucosum but not by P. ... citrinin, penicillic acid, ergosterol, ergosteryl palmitate, meso-erythritol, mannitol, viridicatic acid, viridicatol, ...
Penicillium decaturense
... produces citrinin, 15-Deoxyoxalicine B, decaturins A and decaturins A List of Penicillium species ...
Aspergillus candidus
... secretes cytotoxic metabolites like terphenyl compounds and terprenins, as well as citrinin and ...
Aspergillus terreus
... produces a number of secondary metabolites and mycotoxins, including territrem A, citreoviridin, citrinin, ...
Penicillium herquei
... citrinin and duclauxin,. Robinson, N.; Wood, K.; Hylands, P. J.; Gibson, T. M.; Weedon, C. J.; Covill, N. (1992). "Blue ...
Citrinin - Wikipedia
Citrinin is mainly found in stored grains, but sometimes also in fruits and other plant products. Citrinin was one of the many ... Citrinin has a molecular weight of 250.25 g/mol. It forms disordered yellow crystals which melt at 175 °C. Citrinin is a planar ... Citrinin causes a disruption of the renal function in rats, which shows that there is an accumulation of the citrinin in kidney ... Citrinin H2, a formylated derivative of phenol A, is less toxic than citrinin. Phenol A seems to be produced mainly under ...
Citrinin biosynthesis transcriptional activator mrl3 (A0A162J452) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.
Distribution and Metabolism of Citrinin: A Review | SpringerLink
Citrinin was first isolated by Hetherington and Raistrick in 1931 from a culture filtrate of Penicillium Thom. Other species of ... Wang, Y., Ting, H.S., and Mann, W. (1950). Metabolism of citrinin. I. Determination of free citrinin in blood. Clin. J. Physiol ... Wang, Y. and Ting, H.S. (1951). Metabolism of citrinin. II. Adsorption, retention and excretion of citrinin. Chem. Abstr. 45, ... Citrinin was first isolated by Hetherington and Raistrick in 1931 from a culture filtrate of Penicillium Thom. Other species of ...
Generation of occurrence data on citrinin in food | Autorité
What is Citrinin?
Citrinin produces necrosis of the distal tubule epithelium in the kidney and is a pH dependent tautomer. As citrinin it is ... What is Citrinin?. Fecha: 2016-04-06 Autor: John L. Richard in: Guide to Mycotoxins - featuring Mycotoxin Risk Management in ... Citrinin has been isolated from its natural occurrence in cereal grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rice and corn. Probably ... Toxicity concerns for citrinin appear to be aimed toward poultry with the effects primarily on the kidney of these species. ...
Citrinin reduces testosterone secretion by inducing apoptosis in rat Leydig cells. | Sigma-Aldrich
Citrinin reduces testosterone secretion by inducing apoptosis in rat Leydig cells.. [Shuqiang Liu, Dan Wang, Junwen Zhang, ... Citrinin, from Penicillium citrinum, ≥98% (HPLC) C13H14O5 ... A previous study has shown that CTN (Citrinin) inhibits mouse ... Citrinin solution, 100 μg/mL in acetonitrile, analytical standard C13H14O5 ... The results showed that citrinin at 50 and 100μM significantly suppressed testosterone secretion by human chorionic ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Inhibition of Citrinin-Induced Apoptotic Biochemical Signaling in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells by Resveratrol
The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), a natural contaminant in foodstuffs and animal feeds, exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on ... Inhibition of Citrinin-Induced Apoptotic Biochemical Signaling in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells by Resveratrol. Chia-Chi Chen. ... "Inhibition of Citrinin-Induced Apoptotic Biochemical Signaling in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells by Resveratrol." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10 ... The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), a natural contaminant in foodstuffs and animal feeds, exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Inhibition of Citrinin Production in Penicillium citrinum Cultures by Neem [Azadirachta indica A. Juss ...
Citrinin production in fungal mycelia grown for 21 days in culture media containing 3.12 mg/mL of the aqueous extract of neem ... on growth and citrinin production in three isolates of Penicillium citrinum was investigated under laboratory conditions. ... Keywords: Penicillium citrinum; citrinin inhibition; Azadirachta indica; neem Penicillium citrinum; citrinin inhibition; ... Citrinin production in fungal mycelia grown for 21 days in culture media containing 3.12 mg/mL of the aqueous extract of neem ...
Citrinin | Profiles RNS
"Citrinin" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Citrinin" by people in this website by year, and whether " ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Citrinin" by people in Profiles. ...
Citrinin-generated reactive oxygen species cause cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway...
... citrinin (CTN), is a contaminant of various food and feed materials. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated ... The mycotoxin, citrinin (CTN), is a contaminant of various food and feed materials. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have ... Citrinin-generated reactive oxygen species cause cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway ...
Isotope effects on chemical shifts in tautomeric systems with double proton transfer: Citrinin<...
Hansen PE, Langgård M, Bolvig S. Isotope effects on chemical shifts in tautomeric systems with double proton transfer: Citrinin ... Isotope effects on chemical shifts in tautomeric systems with double proton transfer : Citrinin. I: Polish Journal of Chemistry ... Isotope effects on chemical shifts in tautomeric systems with double proton transfer : Citrinin. / Hansen, Poul Erik; Langgård ... title = "Isotope effects on chemical shifts in tautomeric systems with double proton transfer: Citrinin", ...
Citrinin | Antimycin | CAS 518-75-2 | Mycotoxin Antibiotic | AG Sci
Identification and In Vivo Functional Analysis by Gene Disruption of ctnA, an Activator Gene Involved in Citrinin Biosynthesis...
Biosynthetic pathway of citrinin in the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber as revealed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Appl. ... The mycotoxin citrinin (CT) was first isolated as a secondary metabolite from Penicillium citrinum (12) and was subsequently ... Medium-chain fatty acids affect citrinin production in the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.66:1120- ... Production of citrinin by various species of Monascus. Biotechnol. Lett.17:291-294. ...
LC-MS/MS methodology for simultaneous determination of patulin and citrinin in urine and plasma applied to a pilot study in...
S. Ouhibi et al., "LC-MS/MS methodology for simultaneous determination of patulin and citrinin in urine and plasma applied to a ... LC-MS/MS methodology for simultaneous determination of patulin and citrinin in urine and plasma applied to a pilot study in ... "LC-MS/MS Methodology for Simultaneous Determination of Patulin and Citrinin in Urine and Plasma Applied to a Pilot Study in ... "LC-MS/MS Methodology for Simultaneous Determination of Patulin and Citrinin in Urine and Plasma Applied to a Pilot Study in ...
Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. II. Effect on respiration, enzyme activities, and membrane potential...
Citrinin (1.0 mM) inhibited some enzymes linked to the respiratory chain, namely NADH oxidase and NADH cytochrome c reductase ... The results suggest that citrinin promotes a partial dissipation of the transmembrane potential, different from that resulting ... The mycotoxin citrinin, depressed the phosphorylation efficiency of liver mitochondria as deduced from a decrease of ... Citrinin , amycotoxin fromPenicillium citrinum , plays a role in inducingmotilityofPaenibacilluspolymyxa. Soo-Young Park, Rumi ...
Citrinin | Meta
Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rat. I. Toxicology and pathology. Oct 1, 1978·Food and Cosmetics Toxicology·W H JordanG A Sansing ... Evaluation of citrinin-induced toxic effects on mouse Sertoli cells. May 30, 2019·Drug and Chemical Toxicology·Yasemin Aydin ... Avian diuretic response to renal portal infusions of the mycotoxin citrinin. Aug 1, 1987·Poultry Science·R P Glahn, R F Wideman ... Effects of prenatal administration of citrinin and viriditoxin to mice. Jun 1, 1976·Food and Cosmetics Toxicology·R D HoodJ G ...
RIDASCREEN®FAST Citrinin (en) - Food & Feed Analysis
RIDASCREEN®FAST Citrinin assay is a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of citrinin in cereals ... RIDASCREEN®FAST Citrinin assay is a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of citrinin in cereals ... Immunoaffinity columns for use in conjunction with an HPLC or LC-MS/MS for detection of citrinin in a wide range of commodities ... RIDASCREEN®FAST Citrinin2012-06-132018-02-13https://food.r-biopharm.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/logo_rgb.pngFood & Feed ...
citrinin | Definition of citrinin in English by Oxford Dictionaries
October 2018 Stakeholder update on rapidly developing policy on food contaminants | Food Standards Agency
Publikationen | Europäische Behörde für Lebensmittelsicherheit
EFSA Journal | Page 5 | European Food Safety Authority
Mycotoxin List | Mold-Help.org - The world's largest TOXIC MOLD web site
Citrinin. Citrinin is a nephrotoxin produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species. Renal damage, vasodilatation, and ... Citrinin. Aspergillus carneus, A. terreus, Penicillium citrinum, P. hirsutum, P. verrucosum. Citreoviridin. Aspergillus terreus ... Urinary system, nephrotoxicity, e. g. ochratoxin, citrinin.. *Reproductive system; infertility, changes in reproductive cycles ...
China black rice extract wholesale 🇨🇳 - Alibaba
A 90-d toxicity study of monascus-fermented products including high citrinin level | Meta
... nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic citrinin, causes the concerns for safety. Various citrinin concentrations (1, 2, 10, 20, and 200 ... Characterization of monascidin A from Monascus as citrinin. Oct 1, 1995·International Journal of Food Microbiology·P J BlancG ... Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit. Aug 1, 1983·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the ... Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. I. Effects on respiration, enzyme activities and membrane potential ...
EUR-Lex - 02006R1881-20200701 - EN - EUR-Lex
EUR-Lex - 02006R1881-20140701 - EN - EUR-Lex
49 ) The maximum level is to be reviewed before 1 January 2016 in the light of information on exposure to citrinin from other ... 1) The maximum level is to be reviewed before 1 January 2016 in the light of information on exposure to citrinin from other ... foodstuffs and updated information on the toxicity of citrinin in particular as regards carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. ... foodstuffs and updated information on the toxicity of citrinin in particular as regards carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. ...
The Chemistry of Mycotoxins | SpringerLink
Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, 3rd Edition | Chemical and Environmental Health and Safety | Chemistry |...
View mycotoxin regulations details for various commodities
Category:Carboxylic acids - Wikimedia Commons
ácido carboxílico (es); Карбон қышқылдары (kk-kz); Asid karboksilik (ms); كاربون قىشقىلدارى (kk-cn); Карбоксилна киселина (bg); کاربوکسلک تیزاب (pnb); 羧酸 (zh-hk); Karboxylová kyselina (sk); карбонові кислоти (uk); 羧酸 (zh-hant); 羧酸 (zh-cn); 카복실산 (ko); Carboxylsýra (fo); karboksilata acido (eo); Карбоксилна киселина (mk); Karboksilne kiseline (bs); কার্বক্সিলিক অ্যাসিড (bn); acide carboxylique (fr); Karboksilne kiseline (hr); axit cacboxylic (vi); كاربون قىشقىلدارى (kk-arab); Karbon qışqıldarı (kk-latn); Karboksielsuur (af); карбоксилна киселина (sr); 羧酸 (zh-sg); Карбон қышқылдары (kk-cyrl); karboksylsyre (nn); karboksylsyre (nb); Asam karboksilat (su); 羧酸 (lzh); ترشی کاربۆکسیلی (ckb); carboxylic acid (en); حمض كربوكسيلي (ar); 羧酸 (yue); ...
MycotoxinsMycotoxin citrininPenicilliumYeast ricePatulin and citrininToxicityMonascusAflatoxinsProduce citrininMycotoxicosis in beagle dogsOchratoxin A and citrininAflatoxinZearalenoneLevels of citrininPresence of citrininNephrotoxicHigh citrininCerealsBiosynthesisToxinsAntibacterial activityBroiler chickenFermentationOccurrenceLiquid chromatographyFungiMetaboliteRenalToxinKidneyMitochondrialTissuesInhibitsBiotransformation1946ApoptosisFoodstuffsDihydrocitrinoneCrystallineGrainsDecreasesDietaryBarleyDysfunctionDerivative
Mycotoxins9
- Citrinin was one of the many mycotoxins which were discovered by H. Raistrick and A.C. Hetherington in the 1930s. (wikipedia.org)
- While maximum levels for various mycotoxins were set for a number of food and feed products, the occurrence of citrinin is not regulated yet under these or other regulations within the European Union. (wikipedia.org)
- Citrinin often occurs together with other mycotoxins like ochratoxin A or aflatoxin B1, because they are produced by the same fungi species. (wikipedia.org)
- Regarding its relative toxicity, citrinin appears to be considerably less toxic to poultry than oosporein or ochratoxin A, two other important nephrotoxic mycotoxins. (romerlabs.com)
- Citrinin, a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, has been of growing importance also for the 'International Agency for Research on Cancer', ever since its presumable role in the occurrence of Balcan endemic nephropathy (BEN) was discussed at the congress on 'Mycotoxins, Endemic Nepthropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours' held in Lyon in June 1991 (12). (meta.org)
- The obtained LC-MS/MS data confirmed the production of Dihydrocitrinone by all of the three tested oxidation systems and demonstrates the potential of EC-MS for the successful prediction of the main phase I metabolic reactions of mycotoxins, since Dihydrocitrinone is the mainly formed metabolite by humans after intake of Citrinin. (kobv.de)
- In the present study, we screened for novel producers of Monascus-like pigments from ascomycetous filamentous fungi belonging to Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium that are not reported to produce citrinin or any other known mycotoxins. (biomedsearch.com)
- Only a limited number of surveys showed that OTA co-occurs in food with mycotoxins (citrinin-CIT, penicilic acid, fumonisin B 1 -FB 1 , aflatoxins-AF) which exert nephrotoxic, carcinogenic or carcinogen-promoting activity. (mdpi.com)
- Although the sophisticated fermentation process used by our supplier results in a very low amount of citrinin being produced as a by-product, because mycotoxins can cause inflammation and other adverse effects in the body, we provide our practitioner-customers and their patients with the assurance that Thorne's two red yeast rice products contain only a minimal, yet acceptable amount of citrinin. (thorne.com)
Mycotoxin citrinin8
- The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), a natural contaminant in foodstuffs and animal feeds, exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on various mammalian cells. (mdpi.com)
- The mycotoxin, citrinin (CTN), is a contaminant of various food and feed materials. (nih.gov)
- The mycotoxin citrinin (CT) was first isolated as a secondary metabolite from Penicillium citrinum ( 12 ) and was subsequently identified in many fungal species, such as Penicillium , Aspergillus , and Monascus . (asm.org)
- The mycotoxin citrinin, depressed the phosphorylation efficiency of liver mitochondria as deduced from a decrease of respiratory coefficient and of the ADP/O ratio. (semanticscholar.org)
- Low doses of the mycotoxin citrinin protect cortical neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. (semanticscholar.org)
- On the example of the food relevant mycotoxin Citrinin a coulometric flow through cell equipped with a carbon working electrode was used to oxidize Citrinin by applying potential between 0.7 and 2.5 V vs. Pd/H2. (kobv.de)
- They are not authorized for use in the European Union and the United States mainly due to the risk of coproduction of the mycotoxin citrinin by Monascus spp. (biomedsearch.com)
- Produces mycotoxin citrinin. (lifeworkpotential.com)
Penicillium7
- Citrinin is a natural compound and it was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum, but is also produced by other Penicillium species, such as the Monascus species and the Aspergillus species, which are both fungi. (wikipedia.org)
- Citrinin was first isolated by Hetherington and Raistrick in 1931 from a culture filtrate of Penicillium Thom. (springer.com)
- Isolation of citrinin and oxalic acid from Penicillium viridicatum Westling and their nephrotoxicity in rats and pigs. (springer.com)
- The efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous neem leaf extract (3.12 to 50 mg/mL) on growth and citrinin production in three isolates of Penicillium citrinum was investigated under laboratory conditions. (mdpi.com)
- A novel citrinin derivative, penicitrinol L (1), along with two known analogues, penidicitrinin B (2) and pennicitrinone A (3) were isolated from the marine-source fungus Penicillium citrinum. (bvsalud.org)
- Penicillium steckii is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces citrinin, tanzawaic acid E, tanzawaic acid F. MycoBank UniProt Cox, Richard H. (wikipedia.org)
- None of the tested Penicillium extracts showed the presence of citrinin. (biomedsearch.com)
Yeast rice3
- The Green Screened process means our Red Yeast Rice is tested for impurities and contaminants, including citrinin (**screened using UPLC-MS down to 1ppm). (nutritionexpress.com)
- Citrinin, a toxic fermentation byproduct, has been found in a number of preparations of red yeast rice. (mskcc.org)
- Jarrow FORMULAS uses Red Yeast Rice that is carefully fermented to avoid the presence of the natural byproduct citrinin. (totaldiscountvitamins.com)
Patulin and citrinin2
- Regulation of the antioxidant system in cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe after combined treatment with patulin and citrinin. (semanticscholar.org)
- Aspergillus terreus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and/or disseminated aspergillosis and can produce the toxins patulin and citrinin, which may be associated with disease in humans and animals. (thefreedictionary.com)
Toxicity3
- Citrinin H1 is produced out of two citrinin molecules and its toxicity is increased compared to the original toxicity of citrinin. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxicity concerns for citrinin appear to be aimed toward poultry with the effects primarily on the kidney of these species. (romerlabs.com)
- In poultry common symptoms of toxicity by citrinin includes increased water consumption and diarrhea. (romerlabs.com)
Monascus4
- From the red-pigment producer Monascus purpureus , a 21-kbp region flanking pksCT , which encodes citrinin polyketide synthase, was cloned. (asm.org)
- [5] More recently, citrinin has also been isolated from Monascus ruber and Monascus purpureus, industrial species used to produce red pigments. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, the present study brought out two novel promising sources of yellow, orange, and purple-red Monascus-like food pigments in the species of Penicillia that do not produce citrinin and opened the door to look for several more new promising sources of natural food colorants in the species of Penicillia. (biomedsearch.com)
- Biopigments from Monascus: strains selection, citrinin production and color stability," Brazilian Achives of Biology and Technology , vol. 48, pp. 885-894, 2005. (hindawi.com)
Aflatoxins5
- The aim of this study was conducted to assess the mycotoxigenic fungal association and co-occurrence of aflatoxins & citrinin contamination in raisins, pistachio nut, walnut and almonds from Indo-gangetic plain area of Bihar. (garj.org)
- 76.3% of raisins and 82% of pistachio samples were contaminated with either aflatoxins or citrinin or both. (garj.org)
- The detected citrinin level was lower in concentration than aflatoxins but the amount was sufficient to induce nephrotoxic effects. (garj.org)
- The results of this study suggest that raisins, pistachio, walnut and almonds are susceptible substrate for aflatoxigenic as well as citrinin producing fungi and further aflatoxins and citrinin productions. (garj.org)
- The range includes aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes and citrinin. (lgcstandards.com)
Produce citrinin1
- Probably the major characteristic of its occurrence is that it often co-occurs with ochratoxin A in the cereals and most isolates of fungi that produce citrinin also produce ochratoxin A. The conditions under which citrinin occurs in the field are presumed to be similar to that for ochratoxin and levels have been found in cereal grains as high as 80 ppm. (romerlabs.com)
Mycotoxicosis in beagle dogs1
- Citrinin mycotoxicosis in beagle dogs. (springer.com)
Ochratoxin A and citrinin2
- The nephrotoxic effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin, for example, are increased synergistic when exposure to both takes place. (wikipedia.org)
- P. Jeswal, "Cumulative effect of Ochratoxin A and citrinin on induction of hepatorenal carcinogenesis in mice ( Mus musculus )," Biomedical Letters , vol. 52, pp. 269-275, 1995. (hindawi.com)
Aflatoxin1
- Our product is soy free, and tested to insure the absence of aflatoxin B1 and citrinin. (centralmarket.com)
Zearalenone1
- There are also data available indicating pro-oxidant properties of zearalenone and citrinin. (thepoultrysite.com)
Levels of citrinin1
- High levels of citrinin may affect the liver in addition to the kidney. (romerlabs.com)
Presence of citrinin1
- This product is carefully produced to avoid the presence of citrinin, an unwanted by-product of RYR fermentation process. (iherb.com)
Nephrotoxic1
- Citrinin, a secondary fungal metabolite of polyketide origin, is moderately nephrotoxic to vertebrates, including humans. (asm.org)
High citrinin1
- The existing information on occurrence of citrinin in food suggests that relatively high citrinin concentrations can be found in stored grains and grain-based products. (wikipedia.org)
Cereals1
- RIDASCREEN®FAST Citrinin assay is a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of citrinin in cereals and feed. (r-biopharm.com)
Biosynthesis3
- During the 1950s W.B. Whalley, A.J. Birch and others identified citrinin as a polyketide and investigated its biosynthesis using radioisotopes. (wikipedia.org)
- Complementation of the ctnA disruptant with intact ctnA on an autonomously replicating plasmid restored both transcription and citrinin production, indicating that CtnA is a major activator of citrinin biosynthesis. (asm.org)
- A plausible biosynthesis of xerucitrinic acids A ( 14 ) and B ( 15 ), the first citrinin dimers with spiro skeletons, was also proposed. (rsc.org)
Toxins2
- It is highly likely that when citrinin and ochratoxin occur in combination in grain and then fed to animals, there can be an exacerbation of the effects because of the similarity of the effects of both toxins. (romerlabs.com)
- In late 1991, citrinin was therefore also included in the list of toxins to be examined by the screening subcommittees on natural toxins of the International Live Science Institute, European Branch. (meta.org)
Antibacterial activity1
- In 1941 H. Raistrick and G. Smith identified citrinin to have a broad antibacterial activity. (wikipedia.org)
Broiler chicken1
- Pathology of citrinin mycotoxicosis in broiler chicken. (thefreedictionary.com)
Fermentation1
- One of the natural by-products of the rice fermentation process is citrinin, which is a mycotoxin. (thorne.com)
Occurrence3
- Citrinin has been isolated from its natural occurrence in cereal grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rice and corn. (romerlabs.com)
- Unfortunately, little is known regarding the field occurrence of either ochratoxin or citrinin and therefore they are considered as storage problems in grains, although ochratoxin is known to occur in certain crops at harvest such as grapes but this is usually the result of production by some of the "black" aspergilli such as A. carbonarius . (romerlabs.com)
- It is likely that most of the citrinin in grains occurs during storage, at least until we gain further insight into the field occurrence. (romerlabs.com)
Liquid chromatography1
- A methodology to determine patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CIT) in human urine and plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated in the present study. (ugent.be)
Fungi2
- Citrinin is a polyketide mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite of some fungi species. (wikipedia.org)
- Again, grains with any visible presence of mold should be suspect and especially if the fungi are identified and found to be species that are capable of citrinin production. (romerlabs.com)
Metabolite1
- Isolation and identification of dihydrocitrinone, a urinary metabolite of citrinin in rats. (springer.com)
Renal1
- Transport of citrinin by rat renal cortex. (springer.com)
Toxin1
- Some also contain citrinin, a potential kidney toxin. (consumerlab.com)
Kidney3
- Citrinin produces necrosis of the distal tubule epithelium in the kidney and is a pH dependent tautomer. (romerlabs.com)
- As citrinin it is neutral but when it is excreted in the alkaline urine it becomes a phenol which is rapidly reabsorbed by the kidney where it tautomerizes back to citrinin. (romerlabs.com)
- Some RYR products contain a poison called citrinin (if the yeast isn't fermented correctly), which can cause kidney failure. (everydayhealth.com)
Mitochondrial1
- Citrinin is a mycotoxin antibiotic capable of inducing mitochondrial permeability transition. (agscientific.com)
Tissues2
- Distribution of radioactive citrinin in tissues and serum proteins. (springer.com)
- Lipid spectrum in different tissues of citrinin treated mice. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibits2
- A previous study has shown that CTN (Citrinin) inhibits mouse testosterone production. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Citrinin also inhibits microtubule polymerization. (agscientific.com)
Biotransformation1
- The way citrinin reacts in the body is not understood yet and its intermediates during biotransformation are also not known. (wikipedia.org)
19461
- However, in 1946 A.M. Ambrose and F. DeEds demonstrated that citrinin was toxic in mammalians. (wikipedia.org)
Apoptosis1
- Citrinin reduces testosterone secretion by inducing apoptosis in rat Leydig cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Foodstuffs1
- Its presence was detected in various foodstuffs all over the world but with significantly higher frequency and concentrations in areas with endemic nephropathy (EN). (mdpi.com)
Dihydrocitrinone1
- Beside the identified Dihydrocitrinone from electrochemical, enzymatic and chemical oxidation of Citrinin there is still a number of yet unknown compounds. (kobv.de)
Crystalline1
- The crystalline pure citrinin is also yellow. (romerlabs.com)
Grains2
- Citrinin is mainly found in stored grains, but sometimes also in fruits and other plant products. (wikipedia.org)
- Because of this and the fact that people in general have a high consumption of cereal-based foods, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (the CONTAM Panel) considered that grains might be the major contributor of dietary exposure to citrinin. (wikipedia.org)
Decreases1
- Although reverse transcriptase PCR analysis revealed that all of these ORFs, except for orf1 , were transcribed with pksCT under citrinin production conditions, the disruption of ctnA caused large decreases in the transcription of pksCT and orf5 , together with reduction of citrinin production to barely detectable levels, suggesting that these two genes are under control of the ctnA product. (asm.org)
Dietary2
- These symptoms have been caused by levels as low as 130 and 260 ppm dietary citrinin. (romerlabs.com)
- A 2014 study in the journal Food Control also found that 35.1 percent of RYR dietary supplements in Taiwan contained citrinin. (everydayhealth.com)
Barley1
- Analysis and chemical confirmation of citrinin in barley. (springer.com)
Dysfunction1
- Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. (semanticscholar.org)
Derivative1
- Citrinin H2, a formylated derivative of phenol A, is less toxic than citrinin. (wikipedia.org)