Isocoumarins found in ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS and other FUNGI. Ochratoxin contaminated FOOD has been responsible for cases of FOODBORNE DISEASES.
4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.
A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include EUPENICILLIUM and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.
Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.
Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.
Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods.
Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.
Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.
The industry concerned with processing, preparing, preserving, distributing, and serving of foods and beverages.
The application of heat to raise the temperature of the environment, ambient or local, or the systems for accomplishing this effect. It is distinguished from HEAT, the physical property and principle of physics.
Organisms that live in water.
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Large enzyme complexes composed of a number of component enzymes that are found in STREPTOMYCES which biosynthesize MACROLIDES and other polyketides.
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. (1/45)

Results of examination of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins and ochratoxins were most frequently requested, usually on the basis of visible mouldiness. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 100 specimens at a level of 50 ppb in a sample of alfalfa brome hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in seven of 95 specimens comprising six samples of wheat at levels between 30 and 6000 ppb and one sample of hay at a level of 30 ppb. An overall detection rate of 4.2% involving significant levels of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occur in farm livestock or poultry more frequently than presently diagnosied.  (+info)

Medium-chain fatty acids affect citrinin production in the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber. (2/45)

During submerged culture in the presence of glucose and glutamate, the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber produces water-soluble red pigments together with citrinin, a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic and hepatoxic effects on animals. Analysis of the (13)C-pigment molecules from mycelia cultivated with [1-(13)C]-, [2-(13)C]-, or [1, 2-(13)C]acetate by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that the biosynthesis of the red pigments used both the polyketide pathway, to generate the chromophore structure, and the fatty acid synthesis pathway, to produce a medium-chain fatty acid (octanoic acid) which was then bound to the chromophore by a trans-esterification reaction. Hence, to enhance pigment production, we tried to short-circuit the de novo synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids by adding them to the culture broth. Of fatty acids with carbon chains ranging from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, only octanoic acid showed a 30 to 50% stimulation of red pigment production, by a mechanism which, in contrast to expectation, did not involve its direct trans-esterification on the chromophore backbone. However, the medium- and long-chain fatty acids tested were readily assimilated by the fungus, and in the case of fatty acids ranging from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, 30 to 40% of their initial amount transiently accumulated in the growth medium in the form of the corresponding methylketone 1 carbon unit shorter. Very interestingly, these fatty acids or their corresponding methylketones caused a strong reduction in, or even a complete inhibition of, citrinin production by M. ruber when they were added to the medium. Several data indicated that this effect could be due to the degradation of the newly synthesized citrinin (or an intermediate in the citrinin pathway) by hydrogen peroxide resulting from peroxisome proliferation induced by medium-chain fatty acids or methylketones.  (+info)

Mycotoxin-producing potential of mold flora of dried beans. (3/45)

To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by molds in dried beans, the mold flora of 114 samples was determined both before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Surface disinfection substantially reduced mold incidence, indicating that contamination was mainly on the surface. The flora, both before and after disinfection, was dominated by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, the toxicogenic species A ochracues, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. viridicatum, and species of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. The toxicogenic species Aspergillus flavis, A. versicolor, Penicillium Citrinum, P. expansum, P. islandicum, and P. urticae were encountered less frequently. Of 209 species of Aspergillus and Penicillium screened for mycotoxin production on sterile rice substrate, 114 produced one or more of the following mycotoxins: A. flavus, aflatoxins; A. ochraceus, ochratoxins; A. nidulans, A. unguis, and A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; P. cyclopium, penicillic acid; P. citrinum and P. viridicatum, citrinin; P. urticae, patulin and griseofulvin. Sterigmatocystin production by A. unguis is reported for the first time.  (+info)

The effects of aeration on glucose catabolism in Penicillium expansum. (4/45)

Polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis and quantitative enzyme assays showed that the pathways of glucose catabolism and secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum were dependent on the degree of aeration of the cultures. The isoenzyme patterns and specific activities of aldolase and succinate dehydrogenase indicated that glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle operated under conditions of both limited and efficient aeration (i.e. in cultures grown statically or on an orbital shaker). At high levels of aeration the growth rate was faster and synthesis of extracellular pectolytic enzymes was enhanced, whilst the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase showed that the pentose-phosphate shunt was important in glucose catabolism during the trophophase of growth. In contrast, under conditions of low aeration this latter pathway was virtually undetectable, growth was slower, pectolytic enzyme production low and large concentrations of secondary metabolites (6-methylsalicylic acid, patulin and citrinin) accumulated.  (+info)

A major decomposition product, citrinin H2, from citrinin on heating with moisture. (5/45)

Citrinin is one of the mycotoxins produced by Penicillium citrinum. We examined the decomposition products after heating citrinin in water at 140 degrees C and isolated a major product, citrinin H2 (3-(3,5-dihydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-2-formyloxy-butane). Citrinin H2 did not show significant cytotoxicity to HeLa cells up to a concentration of 200 microg/ml (% cytotoxicity: 39%) in 63 h of incubation, but citrinin showed severe toxicity at a concentration of 25 microg/ml (% cytotoxicity: 73%). HPLC analysis of citrinin after heating under various conditions indicates that citrinin H2 is mainly yielded from citrinin.  (+info)

Simple and sensitive determination of citrinin in Monascus by GC-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. (6/45)

A new method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of citrinin in Monascus by gas-chromatography-selected ion monitoring (SIM) mass spectrometry has been developed. GC separation of citrinin in Monascus extract was achieved without the need for chemical derivatization, and could be detected as a single peak when the SIM mode selected 5 prominent fragmentations (m/z of 220, 205, 177, 105 and 91). The quantitative detection limit for citrinin was approximately 1 ppb. Finally, the GC-separated analyte from Monascus extract, at a retention time of 10.89 min, was examined by the method of pattern recognition by comparison with a citrinin standard. The results show that the 2 compounds had a 94% similarity when the SIM mode was used.  (+info)

Mycotoxins. (7/45)

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. Because of their pharmacological activity, some mycotoxins or mycotoxin derivatives have found use as antibiotics, growth promotants, and other kinds of drugs; still others have been implicated as chemical warfare agents. This review focuses on the most important ones associated with human and veterinary diseases, including aflatoxin, citrinin, ergot akaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone.  (+info)

Effect of citrinin and in association with aflatoxin B(1) on the infectivity and proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. (8/45)

Macrophages exposed to 10 mug/mL citrinin (CTR) or 0.01 mug CTR mixed with 0.04 mug aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for a period of 2 h at 37 masculine C, were infected with 10(6) Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites/muL. The parasites were treated with mycotoxins (2 h at 37 masculine C) before being added to the macrophage culture. The number of tachyzoites was quantified 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after infection. During the first 2 hours, 59% infectivity was observed in the control. After exposure to CTR or the mixture of toxins (CTR-AFB1), macrophages were infected with 77.5% and 75% of the inoculated tachyzoites, respectively. Similarly, 72.3% of the cells were infected when cultured together with previously treated parasites. The treatment with CTR-AFB1 gave rise to 2.9 times more tachyzoites than the control at 72 h. An increased number of parasites was recovered from macrophages exposed to CTR after 96 h, and to CTR-AFB1 after 72 h of culture; The number of tachyzoites recovered from the supernatant was 1.94 and 2.06 times higher, respectively, than in the control (5 x 10(5) +/- 0.054 /mL).  (+info)

Nephrosis is a condition that affects the function of the kidneys, leading to damage and loss of their filtering ability. It can be caused by a variety of factors and can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. In this article, we will explore the definition and causes of nephrosis, as well as treatment options and outcomes for patients with this condition.

Definition of Nephrosis

Nephrosis is a medical term used to describe damage to the kidneys that leads to a loss of their function. The kidneys play a critical role in filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, and when they are not functioning properly, these waste products can build up in the body. Nephrosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain medications.

Causes of Nephrosis

There are several factors that can cause nephrosis. Some of the most common causes include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time, leading to nephrosis.
2. High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to nephrosis.
3. Medications: Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics, can be harmful to the kidneys and cause nephrosis.
4. Infections: Severe infections, such as pyelonephritis, can damage the kidneys and lead to nephrosis.
5. Glomerulonephritis: This is a type of inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste products from the blood.
6. Interstitial Nephritis: This is a type of inflammation of the tissue between the nephrons, the tiny tubules in the kidneys that filter waste products from the blood.
7. Kidney Disease: Any type of kidney disease, such as polycystic kidney disease or membranous nephropathy, can cause nephrosis.
8. Obesity: Excess weight can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure and diabetes, both of which are leading causes of nephrosis.
9. Family History: A family history of kidney disease increases the risk of developing nephrosis.
10. Age: The risk of developing nephrosis increases with age, especially after the age of 50.

Symptoms of Nephrosis

The symptoms of nephrosis can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

1. Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, which can be detected by a simple urine test.
2. Hematuria: The presence of blood in the urine, which can be seen with the naked eye or detected by a urine test.
3. Edema: Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet caused by fluid retention.
4. High Blood Pressure: Hypertension is common in people with nephrosis and can further damage the kidneys.
5. Fatigue: Weakness and fatigue are common symptoms of nephrosis due to anemia and nutrient deficiencies.
6. Nausea and Vomiting: Some people with nephrosis may experience nausea and vomiting due to electrolyte imbalances.
7. Weight Loss: Weight loss can occur in advanced cases of nephrosis as the body is unable to retain enough fluid.
8. Decreased Urine Output: A decrease in urine output can be a sign of nephrosis, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as proteinuria and hematuria.
9. Flank Pain: Some people with nephrosis may experience flank pain, which is pain in the side or back of the abdomen.
10. Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart, can occur in some cases of nephrosis.

It's important to note that not everyone with nephrosis will experience all of these symptoms, and the severity of the disease can vary from person to person. If you suspect you or someone you know may have nephrosis, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

... is mainly found in stored grains, but sometimes also in fruits and other plant products. Citrinin was one of the many ... Citrinin has a molecular weight of 250.25 g/mol. It forms disordered yellow crystals which melt at 175 °C. Citrinin is a planar ... Citrinin causes a disruption of the renal function in rats, which shows that there is an accumulation of the citrinin in kidney ... Citrinin H2, a formylated derivative of phenol A, is less toxic than citrinin. Phenol A seems to be produced mainly under ...
... citrinin; terrequinone A; tennelin, pyripyropene, aphidicolin, terretonin, and andrastin A by plasmid insertion; paxilline and ...
... is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces citrinin, tanzawaic acid E, tanzawaic acid F ... Jabbar, A.; Rahim, A. (1962). "Citrinin from Penicillium steckii zaleski". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 51 (6): 595-596 ...
... produces citrinin and sterol. MycoBank Straininfo of Penicillium westlingii John I. Pitt (1979). The ...
Rodig, O. R.; Ellis, L. C.; Glover, I. T. (1966). "The Biosynthesis of Citrinin in Penicillium citrinum. I. Production and ... Roberts, W. T.; Mora, E. C. (1978). "Toxicity of Penicillium citrinum AUA-532 Contaminated Corn and Citrinin in Broiler Chicks ... Barber, J.; Carter, R. H.; Garson, M. J.; Staunton, J. (1981). "The biosynthesis of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum". Journal ... Some metabolites of Penicillium citrinum related to citrinin". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic. 1: 85-93. doi: ...
... produces citrinin and quinolactacin. MycoBank UniProt Houbraken, J. A. M. P.; Frisvad, J. C.; Samson ...
The fungus can also produce the mycotoxin citrinin. Penicillium expansum has a wide host range, causing similar symptoms on ...
Singh ND; Sharma AK; Dwivedi P; Patil RD; Kumar M (2007). "Citrinin and endosulfan induced teratogenic effects in Wistar rats ...
Citrinin: Citrinin was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum prior to World War II; subsequently, it was identified in over ... Production of citrinin by various species of Monascus. Biotechnol. Lett. 17:291-294. Blout, W. P. 1961. Turkey "X" disease. ... On the production and chemical constitution of a new yellow colouring matter, citrinin, produced from glucose by Penicillium ... citrinin has also been isolated from Monascus ruber and Monascus purpureus, industrial species used to produce red pigments. ...
It has been reported to produce sterigmatocystin, citrinin, and lovastatin. A. flavipes has been cultivated on both Czapek ...
Ostry, V; Malir, F; Ruprich, J (Sep 17, 2013). "Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin". Toxins. ... and citrinin. It also produces the dihydroisocoumarin mellein. It is a filamentous fungus in nature and has characteristic ... and citrinin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits". Toxicol Ind Health. 30 (1): 90-8. doi:10.1177/0748233712452598. PMID 22773436 ...
The fungus produces citrinin and 5 unique depsipeptides, Aspergillicins A-E. The fungus was originally isolated by van Tieghem ... The isolation of citrinin, dihydrocitrinone and sclerin from aspergilus carneus". Lloydia. 40 (3): 301-302. ISSN 0024-5461. ... Sclerin, a compound which stimulates plant growth, and dihydrocitrinone, a metabolite of citrinin, have also been isolated from ... A. carneus is known to produce citrinin, a secondary metabolite and mycotoxin characterized by its hepatotoxicity, ...
It has been reported to produce aszonalenine, butyrolactones, citrinin, and gregatins. A. niveus has been cultivated on both ...
Citrinin does, however, have deleterious effects on the kidneys and is thought to be one of the culprits involved in the Balkan ... The lack of regulation of citrinin may also be due to the fact that while studies have shown that it does act as a nephrotoxic ... Due to the high rates of citrinin found in rice, it was recommended to the Japanese government by the National Institute of ... There is no current worldwide legislation or guidelines on how much citrinin is allowed to be in grains due to its instability ...
It has been reported to produce citrinin, naphthalic anhydride, and atrovenetins. A. neoindicus has been cultivated on both ...
The mycotoxin citrinin is carefully monitored when Monascus is used in fermented foods. Industrial use of soluble red pigments ... Chen, YP; Tseng, CP; Chien, IL; Wang, WY; Liaw, LL; Yuan, GF (2008). "Exploring the distribution of citrinin biosynthesis ...
It has been reported to produce asperphenamate, atrovenetins, butyrolactones, citrinin, and gregatins. A. allahabadii has been ...
... produces Citrinin MycoBank Straininfo of Penicillium implicatum UniProt Labuda, R.; Hudec, K.; Piecková ...
The toxicity level is comparable with mycotoxins like penicillic acid and citrinin. However, the toxic metabolite only applies ...
... is a psychrophilic species of fungus in the genus , penicillic acid and citrinin. Penicillium ... Patterson, Margaret F.; Damoglou, Anthony P. (1987). "Conversion of the mycotoxin citrinin into dihydrocitrinone and ochratoxin ...
Some commercial supplements have been found to contain high levels of the toxin citrinin. As commercial products will have ...
Dos Santos, C. M.; Da Costa, G. L.; Figueroa-Villar, J. D. (2012). "Identification of citrinin as the defence metabolite of ... Penicillium corylophilum produces the alkaloid epoxyagroclavine and citrinin and is a pathogen to mosquitoes. List of ...
... is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces citrinin. Penicillium velutinum ...
... is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces citreoviridin and citrinin. List of Penicillium ...
... is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces citrinin, costaclavine and epicostaclavine. ...
It has been reported to produce aszonalenin, butyrolactones, citrinin, a decaturin, dihydrocitrinone, an isocoumarin, and ...
... citrinin, and patulin. These toxic properties may be used for the benefit of humans when the toxicity is directed against other ...
... is an anamorph species of the genus of Penicillium which produces citrinin, griseofulvin and fumagillin. ...
Citrinin is a toxin that was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum, but has been identified in over a dozen species of ... Citrinin can also act synergistically with Ochratoxin A to depress RNA synthesis in murine kidneys. Ergot alkaloids are ... Jeswal P, Kumar D (2015). "Mycobiota and Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Citrinin in Indian Spices Confirmed ... Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, ...
Experimental results showed that the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and citrinin are produced by P. verrucosum but not by P. ... citrinin, penicillic acid, ergosterol, ergosteryl palmitate, meso-erythritol, mannitol, viridicatic acid, viridicatol, ...
A 90-d toxicity study of monascus-fermented products including high citrinin level Chun-Hsien Lee et al. J Food Sci. 2010 Jun. ... A 90-d toxicity study of monascus-fermented products including high citrinin level Chun-Hsien Lee 1 , Chun-Lin Lee, Tzu-Ming ... nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic citrinin, causes the concerns for safety. Various citrinin concentrations (1, 2, 10, 20, and 200 ... Study on the production of citrinin by Monascus strains used in food industry]. Li F, Xu G, Li Y, Chen Y. Li F, et al. Wei ...
Citrinin Testing Solutions. Citrinin is a naturally occurring fungal metabolite produced by several species of the genera ... Citrinin has been found to be mutagenic in hepatocytes and has been implicated as a potential cause of human Endemic Balkan ... CitriTest LC is a quantitative approach to the detection of citrinin in Kogi Red Rice and corn that uses monoclonal antibody- ... Because of concerns over citrinin contamination, Japan has issued an advisory limit of 200 ppb and the European Union has a ...
Depending on the Monascus strains and the fermentation conditions, the products may contain monacolins, pigments and citrinin ... Development of a rapid LC/DAD/FLD/MS(n) method for the simultaneous determination of monacolins and citrinin in red fermented ... Authentic and commercial RYR samples were analyzed using UHPLC-DAD-QToF-MS for monacolins, pigments and citrinin. A separation ... Chemical profiling and quantification of monacolins and citrinin in red yeast rice commercial raw materials and dietary ...
Citrinin as a potential anti-cancer therapy: A comprehensive review. Citrinin as a potential anti-cancer therapy: A ... Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide-derived mycotoxin, which is produced by many fungal strains belonging to the gerena Monascus, ...
Also, four products that were contaminated with citrinin were labeled as "citrinin-free." ... Analysis of citrinin in cereals, red yeast rice dietary supplement, and animal feed by immunoaffinity column cleanup and LC ... Dietary supplements based on red yeast rice-a source of citrinin? Toxins (Basel). 2021;13(7):497.. ... In a 2021 analysis of 37 red yeast rice products, only one had citrinin levels below the maximum level currently set by the ...
Mycotoxins investigated include fusaric acid, citrinin, and ochratoxins. Results of this study will be used to create additive ...
MeSH Terms: Acyl Carrier Protein/metabolism; Citrinin/biosynthesis*; Citrinin/chemistry; Fungal Proteins/genetics; Fungal ... Title: In trans hydrolysis of carrier protein-bound acyl intermediates by CitA during citrinin biosynthesis. ... a putative hydrolase in the citrinin biosynthetic gene cluster, removes ACP-bound acyl intermediates. We propose that it serves ...
A major decomposition product, citrinin H2, from citrinin on heating with moisture.. Hirota M; Mehta A; Yoneyama K; Kitabatake ... Rare Carbon-Bridged Citrinin Dimers from the Starfish-Derived Symbiotic Fungus. Fan H; Shi ZM; Lei YH; Si-Tu MX; Zhou FG; Feng ... Penctrimertone, a bioactive citrinin dimer from the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. T2-11.. Li HT; Duan RT; Liu T; Yang RN; ... I. Citrinin and related benzopyran derivatives.. Deruiter J; Jacyno JM; Davis RA; Cutler HG. J Enzyme Inhib; 1992; 6(3):201-10 ...
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citrinin £233.00 Ochratoxin A in Wheat Flour Proficiency Test FCMO1-CCP49 17249 24/01/2024 Proficiency Test Wheat Flour ... ochratoxin A & citrinin £233.00 Dithiocarbamates in Potato Purée Proficiency Test FCMS3-VEG59 19373 26/06/2023 Proficiency Test ... Citrinin in Red Rice Yeast (Powdered) Proficiency Test FCMM15-CCP74 17244 27/09/2023 Proficiency Test Red Rice Yeast (Powdered ...
Citrinin Tested - Designs for Health takes great care to assay our red yeast rice to ensure undetectable levels of citrinin and ... Natural Nutra Red Yeast Rice Extract, Cardiovascular Support, Citrinin Free, Gluten Free... No ratings yet $25.95. Buy on ... Natural Nutra Red Yeast Rice Extract, Cardiovascular Support, Citrinin Free, Gluten Free Supplements, 600 mg 60 Capsules ... Red Yeast Rice 1200mg with CoQ10 & Flush Free Niacin 120 Vegetarian Capsules - Non Irradiated, Citrinin Free, Supports Healthy ...
Citrinin Preferred Term Term UI T008544. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID ... Citrinin Preferred Concept UI. M0004517. Registry Number. 3S697X6SNZ. Related Numbers. 518-75-2. Scope Note. Antibiotic and ... Citrinin. Tree Number(s). D03.383.663.283.320. D03.633.100.150.320. D23.946.587.272. Unique ID. D002953. RDF Unique Identifier ...
Other mycotoxins include patulin, citrinin, and citroviridin among others.. Identification of Penicillium Species. Many species ...
Citrinin Tested - Designs for Health takes great care to assay our red yeast rice to ensure undetectable levels of citrinin and ... Purely Holistic offers a red yeast rice supplement that is both non-irradiated and free of harmful by-products such as Citrinin ... Benefits - Jarrow Formulas uses red yeast rice that is carefully fermented to avoid the presence of citrinin, a naturally ... Red Yeast Rice Extract 1200mg - Citrinin Free Supplement - Vegetarian 120 Capsules - Arazo Nutrition. CHECK LATEST PRICE ...
MT 07 Citrinin. Produced by Aspergillus carneus, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium verrucosum. Occurs ...
... neither patulin nor citrinin are required by the fungus to successfully infect apples. ...
He discovered that citrinin lowered blood cholesterol and published a report on this. In the same year he abandoned his work ... In 1976 Endo managed to extract something called citrinin, a disease-causing mycotoxin from Penicillium Citrinum. ... with citrinin because it was too toxic. He extracted another mycotoxin from Penicillium Citrinum called "ML-236B", which was ...
Twaruzek M, Kosicki R, Kwiatkowska-Gizynska J, Grajewski J, Altyn I. Ochratoxin A and citrinin in green coffee and dietary ...
Chemical profiling and quantification of monacolins and citrinin in red yeast rice commercial raw materials and dietary ...
Since citrinin- producing moulds often produce another vigorous nephrotoxic mycotoxin, ochratoxin A, distinguishing the ...
NOW Red Yeast Rice is carefully produced to avoid the presence of citrinin, an unwanted by-product of the fermentation process ... NOW Red Yeast Rice is carefully produced to avoid the presence of citrinin, an unwanted by-product of the fermentation process ...
1 IARC Vol 1-125 518-75-2 Citrinin DTXSID8020333 C[C@H]1OC=C2C(O)=C(C(O)=O)C(=O)C(C)=C2[C@@H]1C CQIUKKVOEOPUDV-IYSWYEEDSA-N ...
Furthermore, some red yeast rice supplements contain a toxin called citrinin, which can damage your kidneys and cause cancer in ...
Citrinin D3.830.219.320 D3.383.663.283.320 Clarithromycin D2.540.505.250.100 D2.540.576.500.992.100 Classical swine fever virus ...
Citrinin Preferred Term Term UI T008544. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID ... Citrinin Preferred Concept UI. M0004517. Registry Number. 3S697X6SNZ. Related Numbers. 518-75-2. Scope Note. Antibiotic and ... Citrinin. Tree Number(s). D03.383.663.283.320. D03.633.100.150.320. D23.946.587.272. Unique ID. D002953. RDF Unique Identifier ...
根據2021年針對市售37種紅麴保健品的檢驗發現,只有一種紅麴產品
  • CitriTest LC is a quantitative approach to the detection of citrinin in Kogi Red Rice and corn that uses monoclonal antibody-based affinity chromatography. (vicam.com)
  • Immunoaffinity columns for use in conjunction with an HPLC or LC-MS/MS for detection of citrinin in a wide range of commodities. (r-biopharm.com)
  • Other mycotoxins include patulin, citrinin, and citroviridin among others. (moldbacteria.com)
  • however, neither patulin nor citrinin are required by the fungus to successfully infect apples. (csic.es)
  • Although Monascus-fermented red mold rice performs cholesterol-lowering effects, blood pressure-lowing effects, and antioxidant effects, another metabolite, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic citrinin, causes the concerns for safety. (nih.gov)
  • Some red yeast rice products contain a contaminant called citrinin, which is toxic and can damage the kidneys. (nih.gov)
  • In a 2021 analysis of 37 red yeast rice products, only one had citrinin levels below the maximum level currently set by the European Union. (nih.gov)
  • Benefits - Jarrow Formulas uses red yeast rice that is carefully fermented to avoid the presence of citrinin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin. (theprodukkt.com)
  • NOW Red Yeast Rice is carefully produced to avoid the presence of citrinin, an unwanted by-product of the fermentation process. (vitadigest.com)
  • Furthermore, some red yeast rice supplements contain a toxin called citrinin, which can damage your kidneys and cause cancer in animals (JAMA Internal Medicine, Oct 25, 2010). (roadbikerider.com)
  • An extract from RYR has been fermented with the yeast Monascus purpureus, which creates compounds that have been clinically shown to inhibit the production of cholesterol in the liver.Unlike many other red yeast rice supplements on the market, AORs Red Yeast Rice with Ankascin 568-R is subjected to a patented extraction process that removes citrinin, a toxic by-product of the fermentation process. (ahealthyyou.ca)
  • These side effects can include myopathy, muscle pain and weakness, and rhabdomyolysis, a condition in which muscle fibres break down, releasing harmful substances into the bloodstream which can affect the liver and kidneys.AOR AdvantageAORs Red Yeast Rice is the worlds first RYR product that does not contain any monacolin K or citrinin. (ahealthyyou.ca)
  • Citrinin is a naturally occurring fungal metabolite produced by several species of the genera Penicillium and Penicillium which causes kidney and liver damage. (vicam.com)
  • Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide -derived mycotoxin , which is produced by many fungal strains belonging to the gerena Monascus , Aspergillus , and Penicillium . (bvsalud.org)
  • 1. Redoxcitrinin, a biogenetic precursor of citrinin from marine isolate of fungus Penicillium sp. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Citrinin dimers from the halotolerant fungus Penicillium citrinum B-57. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Four new citrinin derivatives from a marine-derived Penicillium sp. (nih.gov)
  • 16. A novel citrinin derivative from the marine-source fungus Penicillium citrinum. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Citrifelins A and B, Citrinin Adducts with a Tetracyclic Framework from Cocultures of Marine-Derived Isolates of Penicillium citrinum and Beauveria felina. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Citrinin derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum. (nih.gov)
  • Caracterización de los mecanismos de virulencia y defensa en la interacción hongo fruto como herramienta para el control de Penicillium patógenos de cítricos y manzanas. (csic.es)
  • According to the results of serum biochemistry assays of liver and kidney in each group, citrinin did not reveal any nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. (nih.gov)
  • As a result, we presume that citrinin concentrations in Monascus-fermented products within 200 ppm will not affect the functions of liver and kidney or cause any nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. (nih.gov)
  • Also, four products that were contaminated with citrinin were labeled as "citrinin-free. (nih.gov)
  • Citrinin has been found to be mutagenic in hepatocytes and has been implicated as a potential cause of human Endemic Balkan Nephropathy as well as porcine nephropathy. (vicam.com)
  • Because of concerns over citrinin contamination, Japan has issued an advisory limit of 200 ppb and the European Union has a recommended limit of 100 ppb. (vicam.com)
  • We demonstrate that CitA, a putative hydrolase in the citrinin biosynthetic gene cluster, removes ACP-bound acyl intermediates. (nih.gov)
  • According to safety factor, it is proposed that 2 ppm citrinin in Monascus-fermented products may be a safe concentration. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, if the red yeast rice is not fermented correctly, the contaminant citrinin can be present. (medscape.com)
  • Some red yeast rice products contain a contaminant called citrinin, which is toxic and can damage the kidneys. (nih.gov)
  • In a recent survey of 12 commercially available red yeast rice products, one-third contained the potentially toxic citrinin. (medscape.com)
  • In a 2021 analysis of 37 red yeast rice products, only one had citrinin levels below the maximum level currently set by the European Union. (nih.gov)