A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

Sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. In the United States, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary (meaning goods such as cakes and pastries) are used.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE which is a source of citronella oil and lemongrass oil.

Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).

A plant family of the order Lamiales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are opposite or whorled. The flowers are aggregated in spikes, clusters, or racemes.

A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.

A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. Its teleomorph is Lewia.

An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.

A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.

The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).

A chain of islands, cays, and reefs in the West Indies, lying southeast of Florida and north of Cuba. It is an independent state, called also the Commonwealth of the Bahamas or the Bahama Islands. The name likely represents the local name Guanahani, itself of uncertain origin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p106 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p45)

A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. The common name of tea tree is also used for MELALEUCA and KUNZEA.

Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.

A plant genus of the family VALERIANACEAE, order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It is best known for the sedative use and valepotriate content of the roots. It is sometimes called Garden Heliotrope but is unrelated to true Heliotrope (HELIOTROPIUM).

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.

A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. The leaves are the source of cilantro and the seeds are the source of coriander, both of which are used in SPICES.

A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. Members contain PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

The discharge of saliva from the SALIVARY GLANDS that keeps the mouth tissues moist and aids in digestion.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

The minimum concentration at which taste sensitivity to a particular substance or food can be perceived.

A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. M. alternifolia foliage is a source of TEA TREE OIL. The common name of tea tree also refers to LEPTOSPERMUM or KUNZEA. M. vindifolia is a source of niaouli oil. M. cajuputi and M. leucadendra are sources of cajuput oil.

An order of fish including smelts, galaxiids, and salamanderfish.

A genus of trees of the Myrtaceae family, native to Australia, that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.

Encysted cercaria which house the intermediate stages of trematode parasites in tissues of an intermediate host.

Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.

Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.

A family of RNA plant viruses that infect a wide range of herbaceous and woody plant species. There are at least eight genera including POTEXVIRUS and CARLAVIRUS, both of which are highly immunogenic.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

The process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. The four basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, and sour.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc.

A family of intestinal flukes of the class Trematoda which occurs in animals and man. Some of the genera are Heterophyes, Metagonimus, Cryptocotyle, Stellantchasmus, and Euryhelmis.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. They are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. The acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.

Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Oils derived from plants or plant products.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and water to 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.26.

Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.

Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.

A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.

Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in FLOWERS and FRUIT. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

A plant species of the family CLUSIACEAE. It is a source of hydroxycitric acid.

A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).

Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with OLFACTION DISORDERS. Additional potential etiologies include METABOLIC DISEASES; DRUG TOXICITY; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., TASTE BUD diseases; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES; and BRAIN STEM diseases).

The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)

A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar orange fruit which is also a source of orange oil.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.

Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid.

Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.

Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.

Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.

Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.

An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.2.

A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.

The methyl esters of methacrylic acid that polymerize easily and are used as tissue cements, dental materials, and absorbent for biological substances.

A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Diseases of plants.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.

A condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of KETONE BODIES in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). It is a sign of DIABETES COMPLICATION, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE).

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.

An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.

A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Citric acid was also taken out and replaced with lemon juice. Since 2011, citric acid has again been in use. Nestlé launched ... In comparison, the original also contained apple, lemon, passion fruit, mandarin, apricot, guava and mango. New packaging for ...

Citric acid is first isolated by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallizes it from lemon juice. Cholesterol is isolated. ... Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1784). "Anmärkning om Citron-saft, samt sätt at crystallisera densamma" [Note about lemon juice, as well ...

Lemon juice, containing citric acid which is the active bleaching agent, can effectively remove stains. Its action can be ... Both of these acids were used primarily to remove rust. Other rust removal acids are oxalic acid. See also Borax or Boric Acid ... Various acids were used in the past such as Phosphoric acid as used in Calcium Lime Rust Remover (CLR) and Hydrofluoric acid as ... Vinegar ( or acetic acid ) which can also help bring out stains. Sodium Hydroxide is also commonly used in drain cleaners. It ...

"Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products". Journal of ... Philippine lemon, Panama orange (also used for kumquats), musk orange, bitter-sweets and acid orange. BENEFITS OF LEMON ... Benefits Of lemon... The fruits are sour and are often used for preserves or cooking. The calamansi bears a small citrus fruit ... Tasters note elements of apricot, tangerine, lemon, pineapple, and guava. The peel is so thin that each fruit must be hand ...

Lime juice contains slightly less citric acid than lemon juice (about 47 g/L), nearly twice the citric acid of grapefruit juice ... Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG (2008). "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and ... Limes have higher contents of sugars and acids than lemons do. Lime juice may be squeezed from fresh limes, or purchased in ... and about five times the amount of citric acid found in orange juice. Lime pulp and peel contain diverse phytochemicals, ...

... juice contains about half the citric acid of lime or lemon juice, and about 50% more citric acid than orange juice. ... Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG (2008). "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and ... organic acids (mainly citric acid), and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas. Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur- ... "Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other ...

Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/L). The United ... "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products". Journal of ... The proportion of anhydric citric acid in fruit solids Like most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderate temperatures- ... The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as ...

A source of citric acid and lemon juice is added to help preserve the cordial and add tartness. The mixture is then covered and ...

The factory extracted citric acid from citrus juice, using lemons from Sicily, subject to sharp variations in supply. Their ...

... and are created with citric acid: cherry, lemon, orange, grape, and green apple. Flavors for Tropical Dots include Island ... Sour Dots were introduced in 2009-2010.[citation needed] Current flavors for "Original Dots" include cherry (red), lemon ( ... Dots contain: Corn syrup, sugar, food starch-modified, malic acid, natural and artificial flavors, sodium citrate, and ... and Lemon-Lime. Crows, black licorice flavored gum drops, are also considered to be part of the Dots family, created in the ...

... as the citric acid prevents oxidation. A small quantity of blanched almonds, slivered or whole, may also be added for crunch, ... Thus the main prerequisites to making good spoon sweets are said to be "patience and a heavy pot". Some lemon juice is often ... lemons, grapefruit, tangerines, pomegranates, quinces, figs, prunes, etc. Even soft fruit like melon or watermelon can be thus ...

Chemicals used are hydrogen peroxide or mild acidic substances: citric acid, lemon juice, vinegar or acetic acid etc. These can ... Then wash with 2% Citric acid solution. After that wash in water and dry. The simplest kind of cyanotype print is a photogram, ... A variety of agents can be used, including various types of tea, coffee, wine, urine, tannic acid or pyrogallic acid, resulting ... For development, 5% Potassium Ferrocyanide can be used with added Sulfamic acid to get PH of 3-4. Developing is needed for at ...

This effect is possibly explained by the anti-browning properties of citric and ascorbic acids in the lemon juice. Genetic ... such as citric acid, sorbic acid, polyphosphates, hinokitiol, kojic acid, EDTA, porphyrins, polycarboxylic acids, different ... Acidulants, such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, and glutathione, are used as anti-browning agents. Many of these agents also ... Ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, L-cysteine, 4-hexylresorcinol, erythorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, glutathione are ...

... acidity regulator citric acid, oils (cardamom, eucalyptus, lemon), preservative sodium benzoate. Thurman, Jim (27 August 2020 ... The beverage's basis is water, but it also contains extracts of natural herbs, sugar, citric acid, carbon dioxide. Ingredients ... include black tea extract, Eleutherococcus senticosus, cardamom oil, eucalyptus oil, lemon oil, liquorice, St. John's wort and ...

The gold-plated version was described as an "ornament" because citric acid from fruit would discolor and erode the gold plating ... Juicy Salif Lemon Squeezer. 1988". MoMA. The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 2022-02-11. ""Juicy Salif" Lemon Squeezer". The ... While eating a dish of squid and squeezing a lemon over it, Starck drew on the napkin his famous lemon squeezer. Alberto Alessi ... Starck has publicly stated that his citrus reamer was "not meant to squeeze lemons" but "to start conversations". An image of ...

The following ingredients are listed here: carbonated water, citric acid, natural flavors, potassium citrate, and potassium ... Sprite Zero Sugar (also known as Diet Sprite or Sprite No Sugar) is a colorless, lemon-lime soft drink produced by The Coca- ... Aspartame contains phenylalanine.) Comparing Sprite Zero Sugar to other popular lemon-lime sodas. Sprite (soft drink) Coca-Cola ... Lemon-lime sodas, Coca-Cola brands, Products introduced in 1974). ...

... with lemons and limes being the most commonly used. In addition to adding flavor, the citric acid causes the proteins in the ... Acid marinades will not kill bacteria or parasitic worms, unlike the heat of cooking. Traditional-style ceviche was marinated ... On Easter Island, the preferred fish is tuna, marinated in lemon juice and coconut milk. In Mexico, the U.S., and some parts of ... Peruvian ceviche Ecuadorian ceviche, made of shrimp, lemon and tomato sauce Mexican ceviche Ceviche from Costa Rica In Peru, ...

If lemon juice which is about five percent citric acid by weight is used instead then the ratio becomes 50:1. Such a mixture, ... Common sugar can be inverted quickly by mixing sugar and citric acid or cream of tartar at a ratio of about 1000:1 by weight ... Though inverted sugar syrup can be made by heating table sugar in water alone, the reaction can be sped up by adding lemon ... Inverted sugar syrup can be made without acids or enzymes by heating it up alone: two parts granulated sugar and one part water ...

Sugar, glucose syrup, hydrogenated vegetable fat, gelatin, skim milk powder, licorice extract, citric acid (acidifier), ... Kréma is available in various flavours, including cherry, lemon, raspberry, orange, caramel, pomegranate, iced tea, peach and ...

The skin, safflower oil and citric acid from the McNuggets was also replaced with pea starch, rice starch and powdered lemon ... polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol". European Food Safety Authority. ... Steenland K, Fletcher T, Savitz DA (2010). "Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)". ... Upon ingestion, PAPs are subsequently biotransformed into perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), compounds which have long ...

Lemon juice, citric acid, or other acidifiers may be used to preserve the color and ensure a high enough acidity for safe ... Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) also preserves the color. Apple sauce can be made by baking rather than boiling, in which case the ...

A simple sherbet of lemon, citric acid and water, without additional spices, is called nişan şerbeti or "betrothal sherbet" in ... One Turkish method of making rose sharbat involves kneading fresh rose petals with a little citric acid or sugar to release ... Some versions of lemon sherbet may be optionally flavored with honey and cloves. A similar sherbet flavored with cloves and ... If sugar is used the petals are left in the fridge overnight and a small amount of lemon juice is added the following day.) ...

Lemons that were not saleable as produce were made into pectin or citric acid, with sulfur dioxide used as a preservative. ... Beckman's solution was to make ink with butyric acid, a malodorous substance. Because of this ingredient, no manufacturer ... Chemist Glen Joseph at Sunkist was attempting to measure the hydrogen-ion concentration in lemon juice electrochemically, but ...

... made from citric or tartaric acid and sugar. It is used to coat sour candies such as lemon drops and Sour Patch Kids, or to ...

They are also mildly tart and tangy in flavor, due to citric acid and malic acid which are sometimes crystals that coat the ... They come in a variety of colors; typically red (strawberry), orange, yellow (lemon), green (apple or lime), and purple (berry ...

The enzyme is inactivated by adding an acid, such as citric acid contained in lemon juice. Excluding oxygen also prevents the ... Anon.) (1841) "On catechin (catechinic acid) and pyrocatechin (pyrocatechinic acid)", Philosophical Magazine, 19 : 194-195. See ... The properties of this acid are so definite, that one can regard it justifiably as a strange acid and give it the name "burned ... This acid is perhaps the same one, which I obtained by destructive distillation of catechu; … ). On p. 58, Reinsch names the ...

... including from lemon and lime juice. However, citric acid does not alkalinize urine like alkali citrate, which is citrate ... "Citric Acid and Kidney Stones" (PDF). uwhealth.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2010. Heaney RP (March 2006). " ... This is because when citrate is metabolized (mostly by liver and some by kidney), the protons in citric acid will neutralize ... Reducing the pH to 5.0 decreases the solubility of uric acid to less than 8 mg/100 ml. The formation of uric-acid stones ...

Usually it can contain an acidifier such as citric acid or in very old-fashioned cordials lemon juice, or even spices such as ... Citrus fruits (particularly orange, lime and lemon) or a blend of fruits and berries are commonly used as the base of squash. ... Traditional squashes in Britain are usually flavoured with elderflower, orange, lemon, or blackcurrant. Raspberry and ... Traditional squashes may be flavoured with elderflowers, lemon, pomegranate, apple, strawberry, chokeberry (often with spices ...

On the palate it has a gentle citric taste and aroma, and a good acid/sweet balance. Sagres Sem Álcool (0,3% abv): is a light ... Made from Sagres beer together with natural lemon juice, it is a medium bodied beer and fruit juice drink, with a slightly ...

... is made by mixing an oil with a mild acid such as vinegar or lemon juice (citric acid). The mixture can be enhanced with salt, ... Different vinegars, such as raspberry, create different flavors, and lemon juice or alcohol, such as sherry, may be used ... Vinaigrettes may include a wide range of additions such as lemon, truffles, raspberries, sugar, garlic, and cherries. Cheese, ...

Replicas filled with citric acid or grape juice have been shown to produce a voltage. However, it is far from certain that this ... For instance, a typical 12V lead-acid battery has six galvanic cells connected in series with the anodes composed of lead and ... Lemon battery. *Thermogalvanic cell. See also[edit]. *Bioelectrochemical reactor. *Resting potential. *Bio-nano generator ... cathodes composed of lead dioxide, both immersed in sulfuric acid. Large battery rooms, for instance in a telephone exchange ...

... containing citric acid) or white vinegar (containing acetic acid), a process that effectively reverses the original conversion ... However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice ( ... Harm reduction and public health agencies may distribute packets of citric acid or ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) for this purpose.[ ... in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide (CO2) and ...

Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG (2008). "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and ... NextBio Citric Acid Entry - (v angleščini). *Citric acid analysis - free spreadsheet for titration of acids and pH calculation ... 6,0 6,1 6,2 Citric acid in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference ... Glavni članek: Citric acid cycle. Cikel citronske kisline (poznan tudi pod imenom cikel trikarboksilnih kislin ali Krebsov ...

Common food acids include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, folic acid, fumaric acid, and lactic acid. Acidity ... Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) - Lemon extract - Lemon juice - Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) - Lemon oil - Lemon ... Citranaxanthin - color Citric acid - food acid Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier Citrus ... Phosphated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum Phosphoric acid - food acid Phytic acid - preservative Pigment Rubine ...

... cleaning the dentures citric acid - removes stains sodium perborate sodium polyphosphate potassium monopersulfate - cleaning ... water/lemon juice, water/baking soda for many years. In the 1930s, Alexander Block developed the Polident brand of denture ...

... citric acid) lemon flavor and artificial coal tar color. The book takes particular aim at the pharmaceutical market in the ...

... with flavorings like lemon into an effervescent compound with citric or tartaric acid proved especially popular and set off a ... A fruit salt or fruit salts is an effervescent compound made up of organic acids such as citric acid or tartaric acid and salts ... citric acid) or grapes (tartaric acid) - forms further salts such monosodium citrate in solution with the carbonates or ... and citric acid. Its main market is in India. Campbell, W. A. (June, 1966) James Crossley Eno and the Rise of the Health Salts ...

Ingredients: 1 oz (28 g) caffeine citrate 3 oz (85 g) citric acid 1 US fl oz (30 ml) vanilla extract 1 US qt (946 ml) lime ... Mix together 1⁄4 drachm (0.44 g) orange oil, 1⁄10 drachm (0.18 g) cassia (Chinese cinnamon) oil, 1⁄2 drachm (0.89 g) lemon oil ... Fluid extract of Coca: 3 drams USP Citric acid: 3 oz Caffeine: 1 oz Sugar: 30 lbs Water: 2.5 gal Lime juice: 2 pints (1 quart) ... citric acid and lime juice in 1 quart boiling water add vanilla and flavoring when cool." Flavoring (Merchandise 7X): 1 qrt ...

... with flavorings like lemon into an effervescent compound with citric or tartaric acid proved especially popular and set off a ... such as amino acids and antibiotics. Those requiring a large dose. Those that are susceptible to light, oxygen, or moisture. It ...

... is used in the production of wine and citric acid. In the EU, ferrocyanides (E 535-538) were, as of 2017 ... It is the potassium salt of the coordination complex [Fe(CN)6]4−. This salt forms lemon-yellow monoclinic crystals. In 1752, ... After having tried so vainly to decompose Prussian blue by acids, I made recourse to alkalies. I put a half ounce of this [ ... Treatment of potassium ferrocyanide with nitric acid gives H2[Fe(NO)(CN)5]. After neutralization of this intermediate with ...

... due to the addition of caramel and citric acid to the bread) and three times lower reducing sugar content than industrially ... lemon, chicory, raspberry and cherry kvass, are recorded. As commercial kvass producers began selling it in barrels on the ... After that, the wort is pumped into a fermentation tank, where baker's yeast and lactic acid bacteria culture is added and the ... bread kvass', to differentiate it from kwas, 'acid', originally from kwaśny, 'sour'); Latvian: kvass; Romanian: cvas; Hungarian ...

... contains carbonated water, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, ... Four flavours are available- original, Tangy Tangerine, Lemon Lime, Berries and Active. In 2011, a non-carbonated version ...

The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid and other organic acids giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. The ... More acidic citrus, such as lemons and limes, are generally not eaten on their own. Meyer lemons can be eaten out of hand with ... currassuviencis Mediterranean mandarin, Willow Leaf - Citrus ×deliciosa Meyer lemon, Valley Lemon - Citrus ×meyeri (C. medica ... Sweet Lemon, Sweet Lime, mosambi - Citrus ×limetta (C. medica × C. ×aurantium) Lumia - several distinct pear shaped lemon-like ...

... gluconic acid, citric acid, and polyelectrolytes. Ultimately, effective detergent formulations using citric acid and ... lemon juice, salt, coffee powder, ascorbic acid, and grapefruit extract. Green cleaning Vegan soap "How do detergents and soaps ... Today, formulations with zeolites, polycarboxylates, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate are among the most effective and ... manufacturers explored the use of other compounds as a potential substitute for phosphates such as nitrile-tri-acetic acid (NTA ...

Amino acids: glutamine (as L-glutamine) and lysine (as L-lysine HCl) Other ingredients: maltodextrin, sorbitol, citric acid, ... ", "Lemon Lime", and "Pink Grapefruit", and in the following forms: effervescent tablets, powder packets, chewable tablets, ... The ingredients in most Airborne products include: Vitamin A as retinyl palmitate Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vitamin E (as delta ... Airborne is an American brand of dietary supplement containing herbal extracts, amino acids, antioxidants, electrolytes, ...

... lemon, lime), sodium citrate, pectin, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, confectioners glaze, carnauba wax, white mineral ... spicy flavor with lemon, mango and pineapple flavor. A spearmint version, Hot Tamales Ice, was marketed in the late 2000s, but ...

Food acids (330, 331) Natural flavour Preservative (211) Natural colour (safflower extract) E330 - Citric acid E331 - Sodium ... Unless it's one of those great lemon squashes that pubs used to make. Extra lemon tang, and not too many bubbles. Solo lemon: a ... lemon squash', which is a drink made from a sweetened lemon concentrate and water. Solo is a carbonated variant of a lemon ... Adam Demos' Solo Man was known as the one who chased a barrel full of lemons down a hill and drank/poured the lemon juice over ...

... citric acid for tartness, and other flavors that would not normally be found in tea leaves, such as those of raspberry or lemon ... "EthicalFoods.com , What You Need To Know About Citric Acid". ethicalfoods.com. Retrieved 2016-12-16. Millin, D. J. (1981). " ...

At Sheffield Krebs and his postgraduate student discovered the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) in 1937, which ... Social Sciences-lemon yellow; International Faculty-Saxon blue; Board of Extra Faculty Provision-pale blue. Some schools at ... They are contributors to the development of penicillin, the discovery of the citric acid cycle, the investigation of high-speed ... Krebs, HA; Johnson, WA (1937). "Acetopyruvic acid (alphagamma-diketovaleric acid) as an intermediate metabolite in animal ...

... phosphoric acid or citric acid 10.0 mL (2.00 tsp.) flavouring formula 2.5 mL (0.50 tsp.) caffeine (optional) After mixing up ... 10.0 g food-grade gum arabic 3.5 mL orange oil 3.0 mL water 2.75 mL lime oil 1.25 mL cassia oil 1.0 mL lemon oil 1.0 mL nutmeg ...

Most mixtures of low-acid and acid foods also have pH values above 4.6 unless their recipes include enough lemon juice, citric ... these products must be acidified to a pH of 4.6 or lower with lemon juice or citric acid. Properly acidified tomatoes and figs ... Low-acid foods have pH values higher than 4.6. They include red meats, seafood, poultry, milk, and all fresh vegetables except ... Acid foods have a pH of 4.6 or lower. They include fruits, pickles, sauerkraut, jams, jellies, marmalades, and fruit butters. ...

Natural mineral water, Sugar, Carbonic acid, Acidulants (E270, citric acid, phosphate), Dye E150 d, Natural aroma, Vitamin C, ... Vita Cola's flavor is described as cola-like with a strong note of lemon and fruit flavoring. It is also noticeably less sweet ...