Citric acid cycle. Medical search

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.

Derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. They are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. The acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.

The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.

Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid.

An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.2.

A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.

A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.

Organic compounds that are acyclic and contain three acid groups. A member of this class is citric acid which is the first product formed by reaction of pyruvate and oxaloacetate. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p443)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.

A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The minimum concentration at which taste sensitivity to a particular substance or food can be perceived.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

An order of fish including smelts, galaxiids, and salamanderfish.

Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.

Encysted cercaria which house the intermediate stages of trematode parasites in tissues of an intermediate host.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.

A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in FLOWERS and FRUIT. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

Derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure.

The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. The four basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, and sour.

The dynamic collection of metabolites which represent a cell's or organism's net metabolic response to current conditions.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.

An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6-phosphogluconate. The pentose product is used in the biosynthesis of NUCLEIC ACIDS. The generated energy is stored in the form of NADPH. This pathway is prominent in tissues which are active in the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS and STEROIDS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Activities of glucose metabolic enzymes in human preantral follicles: in vitro modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and transforming growth factor beta1. (1/1318)

Modulation of glucose metabolic capacity of human preantral follicles in vitro by gonadotropins and intraovarian growth factors was evaluated by monitoring the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), two regulatory enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), a key mitochondrial enzyme of the Krebs cycle. Preantral follicles in classes 1 and 2 from premenopausal women were cultured separately in vitro in the absence or presence of FSH, LH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), or transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) for 24 h. Mitochondrial fraction was separated from the cytosolic fraction, and both fractions were used for enzyme assays. FSH and LH significantly stimulated PFK and PK activities in class 1 and 2 follicles; however, a 170-fold increase in MDH activity was noted for class 2 follicles that were exposed to FSH. Although both EGF and TGFbeta1 stimulated glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzymes for class 1 preantral follicles, TGFbeta1 consistently stimulated the activities of both glycolytic enzymes more than that of EGF. IGF-I induced PK and MDH activities in class 1 follicles but negatively influenced PFK activity for class 1 follicles. In general, only gonadotropins consistently stimulated both glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzyme activities several-fold in class 2 follicles. These results suggest that gonadotropins and ovarian growth factors differentially influence follicular energy-producing capacity from glucose. Moreover, gonadotropins may either directly influence glucose metabolism in class 2 preantral follicles or do so indirectly through factors other than the well-known intraovarian growth factors. Because growth factors modulate granulosa cell mitosis and functionality, their role on energy production may be related to specific cellular activities. (+info)

Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (2/1318)

1. The activities of citrate synthase and NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases were measured in nervous tissue from different animals in an attempt to provide more information about the citric acid cycle in this tissue. In higher animals the activities of citrate synthase are greater than the sum of activities of the isocitrate dehydrogenases, whereas they are similar in nervous tissues from the lower animals. This suggests that in higher animals the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction is far-removed from equilibrium. If it is assumed that isocitrate dehydrogenase activities provide an indication of the maximum flux through the citric acid cycle, the maximum glycolytic capacity in nervous tissue is considerably greater than that of the cycle. This suggest that glycolysis can provide energy in excess of the aerobic capacity of the tissue. 2. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase are high in most nervous tissues and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase are high in all nervous tissue investigated. However, the activities of alanine aminotransferase are low in all tissues except the ganglia of the waterbug and cockroach. In these insect tissues, anaerobic glycolysis may result in the formation of alanine rather than lactate. (+info)

The importance of pyruvate availability to PDC activation and anaplerosis in human skeletal muscle. (3/1318)

No studies have singularly investigated the relationship between pyruvate availability, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activation, and anaplerosis in skeletal muscle. This is surprising given the functional importance attributed to these processes in normal and disease states. We investigated the effects of changing pyruvate availability with dichloroacetate (DCA), epinephrine, and pyruvate infusions on PDC activation and accumulation of acetyl groups and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (TCAI) in human muscle. DCA increased resting PDC activity sixfold (P < 0.05) but decreased the muscle TCAI pool (mmol/kg dry muscle) from 1.174 +/- 0.042 to 0.747 +/- 0.055 (P < 0.05). This was probably a result of pyruvate being diverted to acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine after near-maximal activation of PDC by DCA. Conversely, neither epinephrine nor pyruvate activated PDC. However, both increased the TCAI pool (1.128 +/- 0.076 to 1.614 +/- 0.188, P < 0.05 and 1.098 +/- 0.059 to 1.385 +/- 0.114, P < 0.05, respectively) by providing a readily available pool of pyruvate for anaplerosis. These data support the hypothesis that TCAI pool expansion is principally a reflection of increased muscle pyruvate availability and, together with our previous work (J. A. Timmons, S. M. Poucher, D. Constantin-Teodosiu, V. Worrall, I. A. Macdonald, and P. L. Greenhaff. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 879-883, 1996), indicate that TCA cycle expansion may be of little functional significance to TCA cycle flux. It would appear therefore that the primary effect of DCA on oxidative ATP provision is to provide a readily available pool of acetyl groups to the TCA cycle at the onset of exercise rather than increasing TCA cycle flux by expanding the TCAI pool. (+info)

Low oxygen inhibits but complex high-glucose medium facilitates in vitro maturation of squirrel monkey oocyte-granulosa cell complexes. (4/1318)

PURPOSE: The objectives of these in vitro maturation studies in primate cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were to evaluate the effect of a reduced-oxygen environment and to compare medium with a high-glucose concentration to medium with pyruvate but no glucose. METHODS: COCs were retrieved from squirrel monkeys stimulated with 1 mg of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for 4-6 days. Experiment 1 examined maturation after 48 hr in 5% O2/5% CO2/90% N2 compared with 5% CO2/air. The medium was CMRL-1066 containing moderate glucose (5.5 mM) supplemented with 1 mM glutamine, 0.33 mM pyruvate, 0.075 IU/ml human FSH, 5 IU/ml human chorionic gonadotropin, 75 U penicillin G/ml, and 20% fetal bovine serum. Experiment 2 in 5% CO2/air, compared P-1 medium (pyruvate and lactate but no glucose) to Waymouth's medium (27.5 mM glucose), both with identical supplements. RESULTS: Only 3 (8%) of 37 COCs matured in 5% O2, while 39 (49%) of 80 matured in ambient O2. Fourteen (22%) of 64 complexes matured in P-1 medium, compared to 47 (49%) of 96 meiosis II oocytes in Waymouth's medium (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These are the first primate studies showing detrimental effects of reduced-oxygen culture on in vitro maturation. Additionally, maturation was enhanced with complex high-glucose medium suggesting that the predominant metabolism is aerobic glycolysis. (+info)

A minimal mechanism for bacterial pattern formation. (5/1318)

Colonies of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium form geometrically complex patterns when exposed to, or feeding on, intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In response to the TCA cycle intermediate, the bacteria secrete aspartate, a potent chemo-attractant. As a result, the cells form high-density aggregates arranged in striking regular patterns. The simplest are temporary spots formed in a liquid medium by both E. coli and S. typhimurium. In semi-solid medium S. typhimurium forms concentric rings arising from a low-density bacterial lawn, which are either continuous or spotted, whereas E. coli forms complex patterns arising from a dense swarm ring, including interdigitated spots (also called sunflower spirals), radial spots, radial stripes and chevrons. We present a mathematical model that captures all three of the pattern-forming processes experimentally observed in both E. coli and S. typhimurium, using a minimum of assumptions. (+info)

The tricarboxylic acid cycle of Helicobacter pylori. (6/1318)

The composition and properties of the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the microaerophilic human pathogen Helicobacter pylori were investigated in situ and in cell extracts using [1H]- and [13C]-NMR spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. NMR spectroscopy assays enabled highly specific measurements of some enzyme activities, previously not possible using spectrophotometry, in in situ studies with H. pylori, thus providing the first accurate picture of the complete tricarboxylic acid cycle of the bacterium. The presence, cellular location and kinetic parameters of citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase, fumarate reductase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and malate synthase activities in H. pylori are described. The absence of other enzyme activities of the cycle, including alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, and succinate dehydrogenase also are shown. The H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle appears to be a noncyclic, branched pathway, characteristic of anaerobic metabolism, directed towards the production of succinate in the reductive dicarboxylic acid branch and alpha-ketoglutarate in the oxidative tricarboxylic acid branch. Both branches were metabolically linked by the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase activity. Under the growth conditions employed, H. pylori did not possess an operational glyoxylate bypass, owing to the absence of isocitrate lyase activity; nor a gamma-aminobutyrate shunt, owing to the absence of both gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activities. The catalytic and regulatory properties of the H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes are discussed by comparing their amino acid sequences with those of other, more extensively studied enzymes. (+info)

Replenishment and depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Indication of pyruvate carboxylation. (7/1318)

The effects of various substrates on the concentrations of free amino acids, citric acid cycle intermediates and acylcarnitines were studies in perfused hindquarter of rat in presence of glucose and insulin in order to assess regulatory mechanisms of the level of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. 1. Acetate and acetoacetate effected a significant increase in the level of citrate cycle intermediates and accumulation of acetylcarnitine. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the level of alanine. The concentration of AMP was significantly elevated. 2. Muscle mitochondria fixed 14CO2 in the presence of pyruvate. The products were identified as malate or citrate when whole and disintegrated mitochondria were used respectively. The fixation was greatly stimulated by acetylcarnitine. 3. Acetylcarnitine inhibited the production of pyruvate from malate by muscle mitochondria. 4. Perfusion with 2-oxoisocaproate and 2-oxoisovalerate promoted increases in the level of citric cycle intermediates, a drop in both alanine and glutamate, and accumulation of branched-chain acylcarnitines. 2-Oxoisocaproate also caused a reduction of alanine released from the muscle. 5. Perfusion with leucine and valine did not change the concentration of citric acid cycle intermediates, but elevated glutamate and still more the concentration of alanine. 6. It is concluded that citric cycle intermediate level in the perfused resting muscle is modified by a) conditions which change the concentration of acetyl-CoA and thereby modify the rate of pyruvate carboxylation and decarboxylation of malate via malic enzyme b) conditions which change the concentration of pyruvate cause changes in alanine and cycle intermediates in the same direction via transamination reactions c) conditions which change the concentrations of 2-oxoacids which are converted to cycle intermediates via oxidation. (+info)

Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. (8/1318)

A methane-utilizing organism capable of growth both on methane and on more complex organic substrates as a sole source of carbon and energy, has been isolated and studied in detail. Suspensions of methane-grown cells of this organism oxidized C-1 compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate); hydrocarbons (ethane, propane); primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol); primary aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde); alkenes (ethylene, propylene); dimethylether; and organic acids (acetate, malate, succinate, isocitrate). Suspensions of methanol-or succinate-grown cells did not oxidize methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, or dimethylether, suggesting that the enzymatic systems required for oxidation of these substrates are induced only during growth on methane. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained a particulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent methane monooxygenase activity. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-requiring methanol dehydrogenase. Oxidation of primary aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific formate dehydrogenase. Extracts of methane-grown, but not succinate-grown, cells contained the key enzymes of the serine pathway, hydroxypyruvate reductase and malate lyase, indicating that the enzymes of C-1 assimilation are induced only during growth on C-1 compounds. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was induced during growth on glucose. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained low levels of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, relative to the levels found during growth on succinate. (+info)

... aka Krebs or citric acid cycle) (Q27436670). An animation of the citric acid cycle at Smith College Citric acid cycle variants ... The citric acid cycle (CAC)-also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)-is a series of chemical ... However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle ... For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced. The citric acid cycle includes a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle

Fatty acid synthesis Cholesterol synthesis The citric acid cycle which in turn leads to: Amino acid synthesis Nucleotide ... The resulting acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle (or Krebs Cycle), where the acetyl group of the acetyl-CoA is converted ... Carbohydrate catabolism Citric acid cycle Cori cycle Fermentation (biochemistry) Gluconeogenesis Glycolytic oscillation Pentose ... beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and during the citric acid cycle). The NADH thus produced is primarily used to ultimately ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle, ... Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules ... is the only fuel to enter the citric acid cycle. With each turn of the cycle one molecule of acetyl-CoA is consumed for every ... the amount of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle and is therefore an anaplerotic reaction, increasing the cycle's capacity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

... leading to the citric acid cycle and allowing for the production of amino acids. GlcN-6-P and fructose-6-phosphate act as ... Stryer L, Tymoczko JL, Berg JM (2002). "The Citric Acid Cycle". Biochemistry. 5th Edition. White RJ, Pasternak CA (October 1967 ... Asp-273 then acts as an acid to protonate the amine leaving group. One proposed mechanism using the BsNagA and its two iron co- ... The mechanism proceeds via a strictly conserved active-site aspartic acid residue (Asp-273) that acts initially as a base to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate_deacetylase

Krebs cycle - also known as the TCA cycle or Citric acid cycle - is a biochemical pathway that facilitates the break down of ... "6.2: Citric Acid Cycle & Related Pathways". Biology LibreTexts. 2017-01-21. Retrieved 2022-03-28. Voet, Donald (2013). ... The shuttle also helps the production of fatty acid and lactic acid. In liver cancer cells, the TCA cycle is blocked, causing ... Otherwise, fatty acid β-oxidation occurs and acetyl-CoA is required to generate ATP through the Krebs cycle. In a subject with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_malate_shuttle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is an 8-step process that takes the ... "Citric Acid Cycle" (PDF). Takusagawa's Note. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013. " ... ADP cycling supplies the energy needed to do work in a biological system, the thermodynamic process of transferring energy from ... During the initial phases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, cofactors such as NAD+ donate and accept electrons that aid in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate

"The Citric Acid Cycle". Biochemistry. 5th Edition. Jordan, Frank; Furey, William; Nemeria, Natalia S.; Patel, Mulchand S. (2014 ... Energy-generating ions and molecules, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl coenzyme A and ... As the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the pyruvate generated during glycolysis in the cytosol is transported ... CO2 Pyruvate oxidation is the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. In glycolysis, a single glucose molecule (6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_decarboxylation

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... The PDHB gene encodes a precursor protein that has 359 amino acid residues and a final mature protein that has 329 amino acids ... and provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The PDH complex is composed of ... In forming the entire PDH complex, the 289th beta residue, aspartic acid, interacts with the 276th residue of the E2 complex, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_beta

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ... The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_alpha_2

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... The PDHA1 subunit has been shown to be regulated by free fatty acids during bouts of exercise. The presence of free fatty acids ... The preliminary peptide encoded by this gene was 29 amino acids at the very start of the sequence that correspond to a typical ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_alpha_1

November 22 - Hans Krebs (b. 1900), German medical doctor and biochemist; discoverer of the citric acid cycle. December 6 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_science

This enzyme participates in citric acid cycle. Lill U, Schreil A, Eggerer H (1982). "Isolation of enzymically active fragments ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate—CoA_ligase

Malfunction of the citric acid cycle due to PDH deficiency deprives the body of energy and leads to an abnormal buildup of ... The conversion is crucial because acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration. To ... Ochoa S (1954). "Enzymic mechanisms in the citric acid cycle". Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. ... and through hydrogen bonding to amino acids. While over 20 amino acids can be found in the active site, amino acids Tyr 89, Arg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase

kingdom Krebs cycle See citric acid cycle. larva (pl.) larvae A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before ... cilia circadian rhythm citric acid cycle A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy ... notably the citric acid cycle. acoelomate A type of animal, such as a flatworm, with a body plan that lacks a fluid-filled ... by which the NADH and succinate generated by the citric acid cycle are oxidized and electrons are transferred sequentially down ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

... the reverse TCA cycle, or the reverse citric acid cycle, or the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, or the reductive TCA cycle ... The reaction is the citric acid cycle run in reverse. Where the Krebs cycle takes carbohydrates and oxidizes them to CO2 and ... In contrast to the oxidative citric acid cycle, the reverse or reductive cycle has a few key differences. The splitting of ... In addition, these organisms that undergo photochemistry can and do utilize the citric acid cycle. However, the conditions are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle

This enzyme participates in the Citric acid cycle. Some forms catalyze the reverse reaction within the Reverse Krebs cycle, as ... Mai X, Adams MW (1996). "Characterization of a fourth type of 2-keto acid-oxidizing enzyme from a hyperthermophilic archaeon: 2 ... Schut GJ, Menon AL, Adams MW (2001). "2-keto acid oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis". Methods ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-oxoglutarate_synthase

3.0.CO;2-6. Sokic-Lazic, Daria; Minteer, Shelley D. (December 2008). "Citric acid cycle biomimic on a carbon electrode". ... Phenothiazine is used as an anaerobic inhibitor for acrylic acid polymerization, often used as an in-process inhibitor during ... Levy, Leon B. (1992-03-30). "Inhibition of acrylic acid polymerization by phenothiazine and p‐methoxyphenol. II. Catalytic ... the purification of acrylic acid. Like many commercially significant compounds, phenothiazine has numerous trade names, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazine

Fluoroacetate, in the citric acid cycle, can innocently enter as fluorocitrate. However, aconitase cannot bind this substrate ... Citric acid Aconitic acid Isocitric acid Aconitase, displayed in the structures in the right margin of this page, has two ... Takusagawa F. "Chapter 16: Citric Acid Cycle" (PDF). Takusagawa's Note. The University of Kansas. Archived from the original ( ... and thus the citric acid cycle is halted. The iron sulfur cluster is highly sensitive to oxidation by superoxide. Aconitase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitase

Citrate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, also known as the TCA (TriCarboxylic Acid) cycle or the Krebs cycle, a ... "Citric Acid". The closely related acids isocitric acid, aconitic acid, and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic ... Citric acid can be used as an alternative to nitric acid in passivation of stainless steel. Citric acid can be used as a lower- ... Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and is an active ingredient in chemical skin peels. Citric acid is commonly used as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid

Lambeth DO (2002). "What is the function of GTP produced in the Krebs citric acid cycle?". IUBMB Life. 54 (3): 143-4. doi: ... Occurs in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle. Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation and phosphorylation are not ... phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells during glycolysis and in mitochondria either during the Krebs cycle or by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation

Oxaloacetate, which enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). Heating a mixture of asparagine and reducing sugars or other ... that asparagine and aspartic acid itself are decomposed with a remarkable ease under the influence of nitrous acid, rendering ... Asparagine (symbol Asn or N) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group ( ... Robiquet) and aspartic acid]. Annalen der Chemie (in German). 6: 75-88. doi:10.1002/jlac.18330060111. The empirical formula of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine

Catabolism does not involve a complete citric acid cycle. Some species of the Methylococcaceae have formed with certain marine ... Methane is oxidized to give formaldehyde, which is fixed by a process called the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle. Here ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcaceae

... is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Salts and esters of ... Oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate is an unstable 6-carbon intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It's a keto acid, ... Tricarboxylic acids, Alpha-keto acids, Beta-keto acids, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ... Oxalosuccinic acid is both an alpha-keto and a beta-keto acid (an unstable compound) and it is the beta-ketoic property that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalosuccinic_acid

... is a cofactor for at least five enzyme systems. Two of these are in the citric acid cycle through which many ... Lipoic acid (LA), also known as α-lipoic acid, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and thioctic acid, is an organosulfur compound derived ... Lipoic acid (LA), also known as α-lipoic acid, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), and thioctic acid is an organosulfur compound derived ... The first two are critical to the citric acid cycle. The GCS regulates glycine concentrations. Most endogenously produced RLA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid

Oxaloacetate is a metabolic intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In the short-lived roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, ... Lipoic Acid (α-Lipoic Acid, Alpha Lipoic Acid, or ALA) has failed to extend lifespan in normal mice or rats in numerous studies ... Lee CK, Pugh TD, Klopp RG, Edwards J, Allison DB, Weindruch R, Prolla TA (Apr 15, 2004). "The impact of alpha-lipoic acid, ... Merry BJ, Kirk AJ, Goyns MH (June 2008). "Dietary lipoic acid supplementation can mimic or block the effect of dietary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restriction_mimetic

... and through the citric acid cycle (CAC) (see below, c.f. bioenergetic systems). The liver can also create glucose ( ... the pyruvate not converted feeds the citric acid cycle (CAC); both via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC, with Acetyl-CoA as ... cells also use the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase in lysosomes to degrade glycogen. A deficiency of an involved enzyme results ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism

... which plays an essential role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (aka the Citric Acid Cycle, or Krebs Cycle). The compound is ... In this way, the compound enters the Citric Acid Cycle. The following diagram demonstrates the aforementioned reaction: ... This causes a buildup of propionic and/or methylmalonic acid, which has effects on infants ranging from severe brain damage to ... Methylmalonyl-CoA is the thioester consisting of coenzyme A linked to methylmalonic acid. It is an important intermediate in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA

The enzyme is inhibited and the cycle stops working. Citric acid Fluoroacetic acid Citrate cycle H., Garrett, Reginald (2013). ... Fluorocitric acid is a fluorinated carboxylic acid derived from citric acid by substitution of one hydrogen by a fluorine atom ... Fluorocitric acid Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine The Chemical and Biochemical Properties of Fluorocitric Acid Pdf v ... Tricarboxylic acids, Organofluorides, Fluorohydrins, Respiratory toxins, Aconitase inhibitors, Fluorinated carboxylic acids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocitric_acid

... citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle); Caesar's Armies Invaded Other Kingdoms Searching For Many Oranges. Citric Acid Is ... This method begins with the two amino acids that need some qualifications as to their requirements. To remember Krebs cycle ( ... MATT VIL PLy Essential amino acids Archived 2010-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Essential amino acids, Mnemonic. Williams, R.A.D ... These Ten Valuable Acids Have Long Preserved Life In Men MATT HILL, VP LIFT HIM KIW(V)I TV FILM HW(R)K. Any Help In Learning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_mnemonics

This mechanism replenishes the intermediates of the citric acid cycle. The impairment of glucose metabolism by fatty acid ... The Randle cycle, also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle, is a metabolic process involving the competition of glucose and ... The glucose fatty acid cycle is also observed in the fed state after a high-fat meal or during exercise. This is when plasma ... The Randle cycle is a biochemical mechanism involving the competition between glucose and fatty acids for their oxidation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_cycle

... glycolysis and fed into the citric acid cycle. Although some more ATP is generated in the citric acid cycle, the most important ... He discovered the urea cycle and later, working with Hans Kornberg, the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle. Modern ... Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle ( ... For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... tricarboxylic/Krebs/citric acid) cycle. This indicates that Sulfolobus has a TCA cycle system similar to that found in ... The principle metabolic pathways are a glycolytic pathway, a pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle. All Archaea have ... The tetraethers help Sulfolobus species survive extreme acid as well as high temperature. S. solfataricus has been found in ... Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (9): 4442-4448. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz246. PMC 6511854. PMID 31081040. "GTDB release 05-RS95". Genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus

... by the reaction of the amino acid glycine with succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle. In plants, algae, bacteria (except for ... With a total of 26 π-electrons, of which 18 π-electrons form a planar, continuous cycle, the porphyrin ring structure is often ... These high reactive oxygen species react with susceptible cellular organic biomolecules such as; lipids, aromatic amino acids, ... and nucleic acid heterocyclic bases, to produce oxidative radicals that damage the cell, possibly inducing apoptosis or even ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrin

The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor ... The IDH step of the citric acid cycle is often (but not always) an irreversible reaction due to its large negative change in ... In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH ... Within the citric acid cycle, isocitrate, produced from the isomerization of citrate, undergoes both oxidation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase

Aerobic means "with oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen in the body's energy-generating process (the citric acid cycle). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_association_football

... malonic acid, and citric acid in dilute sulfuric acid, the ratio of concentration of the cerium(IV) and cerium(III) ions ... In 1951, while trying to find the non-organic analog to the Krebs cycle, he noted that in a mix of potassium bromate, cerium(IV ... One of the most common variations on this reaction uses malonic acid (CH2(CO2H)2) as the acid and potassium bromate (KBrO3) as ... This is due to the cerium(IV) ions being reduced by malonic acid to cerium(III) ions, which are then oxidized back to cerium(IV ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction

He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was ... Citric acid cycle, Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Hungarian biochemists, Hungarian emigrants to the United ... His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called "hexuronic acid", from adrenal gland tissue. He accepted ... identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zoltán Bay, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Györgyi

... citric acid - citric acid cycle - cladistics - cloning - coenzyme - cofactor (biochemistry) - colchicine - collagen - colloid ... amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - aminobutyric acid - ammonia - AMPA ... nucleic acid - nucleic acid regulatory sequence - nucleic acid repetitive sequence - nucleic acid sequence homology - nucleon ... Krebs cycle lactalbumin - lactic acid - lactic acid autotroph - lactic fermentation - lagging strand - laminin - LDL receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Biochemical cycles (i.e., the urea cycle or the citric acid cycle) and their metabolites can be represented by means of hands ... For a total of 7 leap years for every 19 years beginning with C as year 0/year 19 in the cycle. "DOC" represents phases of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_visual_mnemonics

... from the amino acid glycine and succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The rate-limiting enzyme responsible for ... Heme D is another derivative of heme B, but in which the propionic acid side chain at the carbon of position 6, which is also ... In general, diatomic gases only bind to the reduced heme, as ferrous Fe(II) while most peroxidases cycle between Fe(III) and Fe ... In addition, a unique sulfonamide ion linkage between the sulfur of a methionyl amino-acid residue and the heme 2-vinyl group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme

... acting as one of the integral components of the Citric Acid/Kreb cycle, with the primary function of delivering an acetyl group ... resembling the Citric Acid/Kreb cycle enzyme complex 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Two types of familial hyperlysinemia have ... First, lysine can be used in place of ornithine in the urea cycle resulting in the production of homoarginine. Additionally, ... Hoffmann GF, Kolker S (2012). "Cerebral organic acid disorders and other disorders of lysine catabolism". In Saudubray JM, van ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-aminoadipic_semialdehyde_synthase

... which can enter the citric acid cycle. Racemic valine can be synthesized by bromination of isovaleric acid followed by ... Branched-chain amino acids, Proteinogenic amino acids, Glucogenic amino acids, Essential amino acids, Isopropyl compounds, ... The name valine comes from valeric acid, which in turn is named after the plant valerian due to the presence of the acid in the ... "Valeric acid". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 6 December 2015. Jones JH, ed. (1985). Amino Acids, Peptides and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine

... α-ketoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase to yield 2-ketoglutarate which serves as a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle ... Dahms AS (1974). "3-Deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid aldolase and its role in a new pathway of D-xylose degradation". Biochem Biophys ... is oxidized to D-xylono-lactone by a D-xylose dehydrogenase followed by a lactonase to hydrolyze the lactone to D-xylonic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylose_metabolism

Hans Adolf Krebs: discovered two important chemical reactions in the body, namely the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle. ... and uric acid derivatives (1860 and onwards) including the discovery of barbituric acid (1864). Nobel laureate 1905. Otto Bayer ... Albert Hofmann: German-Swiss; Discovered the chemical properties of chitin and lysergic acid diethylamide. Wilhelm Hofmeister: ... Albrecht Kossel: determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids Max Kramer: Aircraft engineer. Developed the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers

GABA can also be used to form succinate, which is involved in the citric acid cycle. Vesicle uptake has been shown to ... Throughout the translocation cycle, GAT1 assumes three different conformations: Open-to-out. In this conformation, 2 ... Once empty, the transporter occludes its binding site and flips to become outward facing so a new translocation cycle can begin ... GAT1 is a 599 amino acid protein that consists of 12 transmembrane domains with an intracellular N-terminus and C-terminus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA_transporter_type_1

... an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Recent electrophysiological evidence suggests that active synapses require ... The amino acid moves in the opposite direction of glutamine. In the opposite direction of the amino acid, a corresponding ... At GABAergic synapses, the cycle is called the GABA-glutamine cycle. Here the glutamine taken up by neurons is converted to ... The glutamate-glutamine cycle in biochemistry, is a sequence of events by which an adequate supply of the neurotransmitter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate–glutamine_cycle

... "citric acid cycle". It is also known as the "Krebs cycle" or "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle". Krebs sent a short manuscript ... namely the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle. The former, often eponymously known as the "Krebs cycle", is the key sequence ... With Hans Kornberg, he also discovered the glyoxylate cycle, which is a slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in ... and hence the pathway was named the glyoxylate bypass of the citric acid cycle, but is now known as the glyoxylate cycle. Krebs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)

... refilling the citric acid cycle Nontoxic transporter of ammonia in the blood circulation. Integrity of healthy intestinal ... Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced by an amide. It is classified ... Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, nonessential amino acid in the human body, and one of the few amino acids ... which helps to maintain the flow of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, generating ATPs. Glutamine is produced industrially using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine

ISBN 978-1-84628-668-1. Holms WH (1987). "Control of flux through the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate bypass in ... Together with acetic acid, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid is one of the C2 carboxylic acids. It is a colourless ... Glyoxylic acid is about ten times stronger an acid than acetic acid, with an acid dissociation constant of 4.7 × 10−4 (pKa = ... forming hydroxyacetic acid and oxalic acid:[citation needed] 2 OCHCO2H + H2O → HOCH2CO2H + HO2CCO2H Glyoxylic acid gives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxylic_acid

Fumaric acid, as fumarate, is an intermediate in the Krebs citric acid cycle, which is of great importance in bioenergy. An ... The parent compounds are maleic acid and the isomeric fumaric acid. Maleic acid forms esters, an imide, and an anhydride, i.e. ... precursor to polyacrylamide Maleic acid, an α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl Fumaric acid, isomeric with maleic acid Acryloyl ... Examples of unsaturated carbonyls are acrolein (propenal), mesityl oxide, acrylic acid, and maleic acid. Unsaturated carbonyls ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Α,β-Unsaturated_carbonyl_compound

Here he studied the metabolism of amino acids and the citric acid cycle. In 1948, Green moved to the University of Wisconsin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Green

... gluconic acid, citric acid, and polyelectrolytes. Ultimately, effective detergent formulations using citric acid and ... For example, when using a top-load washer, switching from using "hot/warm" or "warm/warm" cycle to a "cold/cold" cycle uses 15 ... Today, formulations with zeolites, polycarboxylates, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate are among the most effective and ... ascorbic acid, and grapefruit extract. Green cleaning Vegan soap "How do detergents and soaps work?". Explain that Stuff. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_substitute

... sometimes spiked with citric acid or lactic acid to inactivate the amylases in the rye flour. Flemish desem bread (the word ... Investigations of wheat sourdough found that S. cerevisiae died off after two refreshment cycles. S. cerevisiae has less ... Organic acids, including propionic, formic, acetic acid, and lactic acid, create an unfavorable environment for the growth of ... with more lactic acid relative to acetic acid. The yeasts produce mainly CO2 and ethanol. High amounts of lactic acid are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourdough

Anaerobic respiration Bessemer process Bioremediation Calvin cycle Chemical equation Chemical looping combustion Citric acid ... This catalytic behavior has been described as a futile cycle or redox cycling. Minerals are generally oxidized derivatives of ... Nitric acid is an oxidizer. Oxygen is the quintessential oxidizer. Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances ... For example, thiosulfate ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox

The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy ... The existence and mode of formation of insolinic acid prove that to the series of monobasic aromatic acids, Cn2Hn2-8O4, the ... Under specific conditions and in the presence of other chemicals benzoic acid (a preservative) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) ... t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure". Chemico-Biological Interactions. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

Its acetyl-coenzyme A form is the primary input in the citric acid cycle and is obtained from glycolysis, amino acid metabolism ... In the citric acid cycle, coenzyme A works as an allosteric regulator in the stimulation of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. ... Coenzyme A is one of five crucial coenzymes that are necessary in the reaction mechanism of the citric acid cycle. ... and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A

... an alternate name for the citric acid cycle pathway in cellular metabolism Trichloroacetic acid, chemical used to precipitate ... an insecticidal toxin complex produced by Photorhabdus luminescens bacteria Tricarboxylic acid cycle, ... a codon for the amino acid serine Taiwanese Cultural Association Tekeyan Armenian Cultural Association, a network of Armenian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA

Citric acid, a type of tricarboxylic acid, is used in the citric acid cycle - also known as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or ... Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) Dicarboxylic acid Mellitic acid Ryan J. Mailloux, Robin Bériault, Joseph Lemire, ... The best-known example of a tricarboxylic acid is citric acid. ... A tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid whose ... "The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, an Ancient Metabolic Network with a Novel Twist". PLOS ONE. 2 (8): e690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricarboxylic_acid

... the SparkNotes The Citric Acid Cycle Study Guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests, and essays. ...

https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/citricacidcycle/

Find 1 ways to say CITRIC ACID CYCLE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the worlds ... Acetone is derived from decomposition of diacetic acid, and this in turn from beta-oxybutyric acid by oxidation. ... Uric acid is decreased before an attack of gout and increased afterward, but its etiologic relation is still uncertain. ... Diacetic acid occurs in the same conditions as acetone, but is less frequent and has more serious significance. ...

https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/citric%20acid%20cycle

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells? ... Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells? ...

https://www.pearson.com/channels/biology/asset/fb86b918/where-do-the-reactions-of-the-citric-acid-cycle-occur-in-eukaryotic-cells

Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes and Related Pathways in the Skeletal Muscle of Hibernating Richardsons Ground ... This thesis investigated the regulation of key enzymatic checkpoints in the citric acid cycle (CAC) as well as enzymes that ... was analyzed to ascertain how GDH regulation mediated the flow of α-ketoglutarate into the CAC from amino acid catabolism. Most ...

https://curve.carleton.ca/554e8c87-2320-4ad6-bb5f-d63e23a5d2f6

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Song. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Song Science Songs LyricsKaraoke VersionPractice Quiz ... In mitochondriaA cycle of reactionsTurns food you eat intoMakes ATP energyTwo CO2 are madeAnd three NADHOne FADH2And one ATP ...

https://andrewdebell.com/tag/citric-acid-cycle/

This video lecture, part of the series Biology Tutorials with Worksheets by Prof. , does not currently have a detailed description and video lecture title. If you have watched this lecture and know what it is about, particularly what Biology topics are discussed, please help us by commenting on this video with your suggested description and title. Many thanks from ...

https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/citric-acid-cycle/

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Tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA Cycle ) / Citric acid cycle Animation / Krebs cycle - Biochemistry USMLE Step 1. The citric acid ... and the first substrate of the TCA cycle. Over the course of the cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2 in 8 steps, and the ... cycle (TCA cycle) is an essential metabolic pathway at the end of the degradation of all nutrients that yield acetyl-CoA, ... The intermediates of the TCA cycle are precursors for both anabolic and catabolic processes.. #tcacycleanimation #tracycleusmle ...

https://www.vtomb.com/?watch=4vRZMVjcEJ0

... the Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. The Citric Acid Cycle, or the oxidation of citrate) makes its appearance. It can be just as complex, if ... The Citric Acid Cycle, or Krebs cycle, refers to a complex series of chemical reactions in all cells that utilize oxygen as ... 11 thoughts on "The Citric Acid Cycle (via Khan Academy)" * Pingback: Last post of Sem. I (2013) of Bio: a Recap , The ... The Citric Acid Cycle (via Khan Academy). Posted on November 4, 2013. by cicutaepisteme ...

https://thehypertextuallounge.com/2013/11/04/the-citric-acid-cicle-via-khan-academy/?like_comment=1755&_wpnonce=e86ef54096&replytocom=1874

Citric acid cycle related proteins. Disease related genes. Enzymes. Human disease related genes. Metabolic proteins. Plasma ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000091483-FH/single+cell+type

Nobel for discovery of the citric acid cycle. Sir Hans Krebs, who was Director of MRCs Cell Metabolism Research Unit from 1945 ... The citric acid cycle reactions involve the breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates into much smaller molecules that can ... won the Nobel Prize in 2001 for identifying elements of the cell cycle. The cell cycle coordinates processes involved in cell ... Folic acid cuts risk of neural tube defects and spina bifida. A nine-year-long MRC clinical trial showed that giving pregnant ...

https://www.ukri.org/about-us/mrc/who-we-are/timeline/

Teaching about citric acid cycle using plant mitochondrial preparations: Some assays for use in laboratory courses. ... turnip roots were used to prepare purified mitochondria for laboratory practical work in the teaching of the citric acid cycle ... TCA cycle). Plant mitochondria are particularly advantageous over the animal fractions to demonstrate the TCA cycle enzymatic ... Such a strategy is also used to evidence properties of the TCA cycle enzymes: ADP stimulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ...

https://estudogeral.uc.pt/handle/10316/8146

Citric Acid Cycle / physiology* * Fasting / metabolism * Gluconeogenesis / physiology* * Liver / enzymology* * Liver / ... Metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was monitored in the isolated perfused ... forward TCA cycle flux of [4-(13)C]oxaloacetate to generate (13)CO(2) at isocitrate dehydrogenase, or decarboxylation of [1-(13 ... pyruvate into the hepatic TCA cycle is via pyruvate carboxylase, and that cataplerotic flux through PEPCK is the primary source ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22065779/

This process is known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle. It also involves a series of events known as oxidative ... Why is fat such a concentrated source of energy? Free fatty acids enter the Krebs cycle to help generate ATP much more ... The amino acids link together to form the coil and there are approximately 3.6 amino acids per turn of the helix (coil). Each ... Many (poly) amino acids joined together form a "polypeptide chain". Two amino acids are joined together by a "peptide bond", ...

https://vitanetonline.com/forums/search/Costs/1

Citric Acid Cycle 10 Identify the Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Explore More ...

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... which subsequently enters the citric acid cycle (CAC) for oxidation. We hypothesized that increased glutamine anaplerosis fuels ... such as hydroxy fatty acids, oxo fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, and trans-fatty acids. How these bacterial metabolites ... transaminase activity promotes palmitate lipotoxicity in rat hepatocytes by enhancing anaplerosis and citric acid cycle flux. ... Liver fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP) binds long-chain fatty acids with high affinity and is abundantly expressed in the ...

https://www.jbc.org/Metabolism?startPage=&KeywordRaw=fatty%20acid

Citric Acid Cycle. This animation shows the reactions of the citric acid cycle, which splits off carbon atoms and generates ...

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Citric acid cycle 5. Oxidative phosphorylation 6. Photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation 7. Proteins and amino acids 8. Fatty acids ... Citric acid cycle; Oxidative phosphorylation; Photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation; Proteins and amino acids; Fatty acids, ... 1. Discuss and describe the major biochemical metabolic pathways/cycles within cells, listing their start and end points, the ... 2. Discuss the interaction of these pathways and cycles (eg demonstrate an appreciation and knowledge of which molecules are ...

https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/modules/2022/BR12010/

9. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle 10. Aerobic Metabolism II: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 11. ... 9. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle 10. Aerobic Metabolism II: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 11. ... 5. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 6. Enzymes 7. Carbohydrates 8. Carbohydrate Metabolism ... 5. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 6. Enzymes 7. Carbohydrates 8. Carbohydrate Metabolism ...

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/biochemistry-9780190847609?cc=usumResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100umResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100umResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100umResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100umResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100umResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100umResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100umResPerPage60umResPerPage60vNumResPerPage100&lang=en

Chinopoulos, C. Which way does the citric acid cycle turn during hypoxia? The critical role of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-020-00834-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=34b5bcac-53e6-48cd-8d2f-fa1da93405e5

Its other names are the citric acid cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). ... The "Krebs cycle" is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms in their energy conversion processes. It is ... The Krebs cycle comes after the link reaction and provides the hydrogen and electrons needed for the electron transport chain. ... The diagram below shows how this part of respiration is an ever-repeating cycle which produces ATP and gives off CO2. The ATP ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cycle

The citric acid cycle. The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Replication, transcription, proteosynthesis. ... Common features of amino acid conversion. The synthesis of urea. Nitrogen balance. Important reactions in amino acid catabolism ... Biosynthesis and desaturation of fatty acids. The sources of essential fatty acids. Metabolism of triacylglycerols. Metabolism ... The graduate is acquainted with principles of acid-base, precipitation and redox reactions, role of macro- and micro elements ...

https://is.muni.cz/predmet/med/VLBC0321s?lang=en&obdobi=6623

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle and electron transport. Glycogen metabolism, pentose-phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis and ... The urea cycle, nitrogen excretion. Practical training in scientific writing skills: evaluation of a scientific report. ... The role of nutrition in the life cycle. The role of nutrition in the prevention of lifestyle related diseases - osteoporosis, ... Nitrogen metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, pigments, hormones and ...

https://www.up.ac.za/yearbooks/2016/SCI-faculty/UD-programmes/view/02133384

IDH2 (isocitrate dehydrogenases 2) regulates citric acid (Krebs) cycle and cell metabolism. Enasidenib. [27]. ... MYC regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, proliferation. BET inhibitors NCT02431260 **. MYD88. MYD88 (myeloid ... CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4) regulates cell cycle. Palbociclib, Ribociclib. [19]. CDKN2A/B. CDKN2A (cyclin dependent kinase ... FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) promotes cell cycle via activation of RAS/MAPK/AKT pathway. Lenvatinib, Pazopanib, ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/11/1/11

Not to mention the Krebs Citric Acid Cycle.. You studied hard because you knew that you would be competing with hundreds of ...

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Both of these metabolites are normal constituents of the citric acid cycle and are further metabolized to ... Propylene glycol is metabolized to compounds that are normal constituents of the citric acid cycle. ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/ethylene-propylene-glycol/propylene_glycol.html

Citric acid cycle related proteins. Disease related genes. Enzymes. Human disease related genes. Metabolic proteins. Plasma ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000014641-MDH1/pathology

The major metabolic pathway for pyruvate is to acetyl coenzyme A, which then enters the citric acid cycle. In the presence of ... Emmett M. Acetaminophen toxicity and 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid): a tale of two cycles, one an ATP-depleting futile cycle ... and weak acids are those that are incompletely ionized in body fluids. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is considered a strong acid ... The net result is buffering of a strong acid (H2 SO4) by 2 molecules of HCO3- and production of a weak acid (H2 CO3), which ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/242975-154563/what-is-the-role-of-renal-acid-secretion-in-the-pathogenesis-of-metabolic-acidosis

Adolf Krebs made the discovery of the Krebs Cycle, but his discovery was just as important as the discovery that Fritz Albert Lipman made with the coenzyme A and its importance to metabolism. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
Metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was monitored in the isolated perfused liver from fed and fasted mice. (nih.gov)
Lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum , have a specific polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation metabolism that generates multiple fatty acid species, such as hydroxy fatty acids, oxo fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, and trans -fatty acids. (jbc.org)
De Meirleir L. Defects of pyruvate metabolism and the Krebs cycle. (medscape.com)
It is a biochemical intermediary in the citric acid cycle, which is a part of all aerobic organisms' metabolism. (think-how.com)
In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. (openfoodfacts.org)

Living cells use the energy from ATP to synthesize proteins from amino acids and to replicate DNA. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
This chemical provides cells with the energy required for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids and the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (thehypertextuallounge.com)
The Krebs Cycle generates energy which in turn is used by the living cells to synthesize proteins from amino acids. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
All aerobic life-forms generate energy from stored sugars, fats or proteins via a chemical process called the citric acid (or TCA) cycle. (cosmosmagazine.com)
In the presence of ammonia, this process was also shown to produce aspartate, a simple amino acid which serves as a building block for proteins. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Plant proteins are deficient in some essential amino acids. (scirp.org)

Acetyl-CoA is a product of glycolysis (at high glucose levels) or beta-oxidation (at low glucose levels) and the first substrate of the TCA cycle. (vtomb.com)
Just when you think you're out of the woods after Glycolysis -you say to yourself: "I can take a breather"-the Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
2020. Interleukin-5 drives glycolysis and reactive oxygen species-dependent citric acid cycling by eosinophils . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Describe some of the central metabolic pathways (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the citric acid pathway, oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, how they are connected, and how organisms get chemical energy from the catabolic pathways (oxidative phosphorylation). (setur.fo)
The upregulation of glycolysis and the dysregulation of the citric acid cycle was mediated by NFκB and RELA. (ssrn.com)
The aim was to integrate-discriminate glycolysis and citric-glyoxylic acid cycles to optimize biosynthesis of EAA in food crops. (scirp.org)
Northern assays of peanut total RNA showed that the mRNAs encoding PGlycM, PEPCase, MDH, and MS shared extensive sequence homologies that produced a dense network of cross-talks, resulting to co-differential silencing of the mRNAs thereby permuting glycolysis, citric-glyoxylic acid cycles. (scirp.org)
The integration of glycolysis, citric and glyoxylic acid cycles increased the quality and doubled the concentrations of the protein-bounded EAA composition of NPPK-treated (33.37 mg/g) compared with the control peanut (15.66 mg/g). (scirp.org)
The commanding biotechnology was the stoichiometric mineral salts-based induction of GDH to synthesize the RNAs that integrated glycolysis, citric-glyoxylic acid cycles to one functional unit. (scirp.org)

This thesis investigated the regulation of key enzymatic checkpoints in the citric acid cycle (CAC) as well as enzymes that shuttle substrates into the CAC in skeletal muscle of ground squirrels during hibernation. (carleton.ca)
He noted that only certain organic acids were readily oxidized by muscle, and found that the oxidation of endogenous carbohydrate or pyruvate could be stimulated by a number of specific acids, all of which turned out to be substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
The enzymes often display high en. (researchgate.net)
11. Explain how enzymes work and how amino acids in the catalytic site participate in the most common catalytic mechanisms. (setur.fo)
What puzzles scientists is that the citric acid cycle is highly complex, requiring at least 10 different enzymes to function. (cosmosmagazine.com)
How could these enzymes have evolved, if a functioning citric acid cycle is fundamental to life? (cosmosmagazine.com)
The eminent chemist and origin of life expert Leslie Orgel once said, "If complex cycles analogous to metabolic cycles could have operated on the primitive Earth before the appearance of enzymes or other informational polymers, many of the obstacles to the construction of a plausible scenario for the origin of life would disappear. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The effect of acrylamide on selected glycolytic and citric acid cycle enzymes has been studied in denervated cat sciatic nerves in vitro and in vivo. (cdc.gov)

The intermediates of the TCA cycle are precursors for both anabolic and catabolic processes. (vtomb.com)
The several TCA cycle intermediates induce specific enzyme activities, which can be identified by respiratory parameters. (uc.pt)
These are some examples of assays related with TCA cycle intermediates we can use in laboratory courses. (uc.pt)
PPAR delta activation was distinguished by oxidative catabolism of fatty acids and citric acid cycle intermediates. (bl.uk)
Monitoring of Extracellular TCA Cycle Intermediates in Mammalian Cell Culture. (mpg.de)
Krebs cycle intermediates - The Krebs cycle intermediates support the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle-a series of chemical reactions used to release stored energy-by supplying precise amounts of the Krebs cycle intermediates malate, citrate, aspartate, lysinate, and glycinate, which are chelators for the minerals calcium, magnesium, and potassium. (hammernutrition.com)
or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. (bvsalud.org)

The SDH enzyme links two important cellular pathways called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. (medlineplus.gov)
Acetyl-CoA goes through the citric acid cycle, and after oxidative phosphorylation, produces 22 ATP per molecule. (nih.gov)

The following animation-embedded here via Khan Academy -shows a very good summary of the Citric Acid Cycle (notice the importance that the lecturer gives to "the big picture", which in the Krebs Cycle means the enzyme regulated oxidation of a carbohydrate). (thehypertextuallounge.com)
Basically, the Krebs Cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy in the form of ATP. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
The Citric Acid Cycle, or Krebs cycle, refers to a complex series of chemical reactions in all cells that utilize oxygen as part of their respiration process. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
The Krebs cycle produces carbon dioxide and a compound rich in energy, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (thehypertextuallounge.com)
In conclusion, the Krebs cycle constitutes the discovery of the major source of energy in all living organisms. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
I found this video very helpful for understanding the TCA or Krebs Cycle. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
This video helped me understand the Krebs Cycle better. (thehypertextuallounge.com)
The Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs ) is a part of cellular respiration . (wikipedia.org)
The Krebs cycle comes after the link reaction and provides the hydrogen and electrons needed for the electron transport chain . (wikipedia.org)
Alpha-ketoglutarate, another Krebs cycle intermediate, is included in the Race Caps Supreme formula as well. (hammernutrition.com)

Pyruvate carboxylase is a critical enzyme in gluconeogenesis - the formation of glucose from sources other than carbohydrates , such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and the glucogenic amino acids . (oregonstate.edu)

However, it was unclear whether pituitary gonadotropins induce accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the follicular fluid since follicle-stimulating hormone induces and luteinizing hormone inhibits estradiol production in the mammalian ovary. (jbc.org)
Ketogenesis can be upregulated by hormones such as glucagon, cortisol, thyroid hormones, and catecholamines by causing a more significant breakdown of free fatty acids, thus increasing the amount available to be used in the ketogenic pathway. (nih.gov)
FOOD ADDITIVES;Water Ttreatment Chemicals;CI - CLOther Lipid Related Products;NeatsChromatography;Alphabetic;C;Fatty AcidsFA/FAME/Lipids/Steroids;Food&Beverage Standards;Free Fatty Acids;Lipid Analytical Standards;Organic Acids;C6Biochemicals and Reagents;Other BiochemicalMore. (lookchem.com)

Here, we investigated the ligand activity of lactic acid bacteria-produced fatty acids in relation to nuclear hormone receptors expressed in the small intestine. (jbc.org)
5. If cutlery or other stainless steel tools have been exposed to fruit acids, acetic acid, lactic acid or salt for an extended period of time, the rust can then spread. (aeg.ie)
The blend of lactic and glycolic acid (which work together to break down dead skin cells) and vitamin A (one of the most powerful and proven ingredients for available for aging skin) exfoliates, brightens, and hydrates while skin-conditioning allantoin, rosehip, and vitamin E keep skin calm. (versedskin.com)

While the upregulation of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis showed a more complex control conditionally modulated by ER-stress activated PPARγ, C/EBP, and PPARα. (ssrn.com)
malonyl CoA generated via ACC1 is a rate-limiting substrate for the synthesis of fatty acids in the cytosol , and malonyl CoA generated via ACC2 inhibits CPT1, an outer mitochondrial membrane enzyme important in fatty acid oxidation ( Figure 2 ). (oregonstate.edu)
They feed into physiological pathways like the citric acid cycle, sugar synthesis and lipid synthesis. (europa.eu)
Suryawan, A., O'Connor, P.M.J., Bush, J.A., Nguyen, H.V. and Davis, T.A. (2009) Differential Regulation of Protein Synthesis by Amino Acids and Insulin in Peripheral and Visceral Tissues of Neonatal Pigs. (scirp.org)
Planchet, E. and Limami, A.M. (2015) Amino Acid Synthesis under Abiotic Stress. (scirp.org)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) is an essential metabolic pathway at the end of the degradation of all nutrients that yield acetyl-CoA, including carbohydrates, lipids, ketogenic amino acids, and alcohol. (vtomb.com)
When carbohydrate stores are significantly decreased or fatty acid concentration increases, there is an upregulation of the ketogenic pathway and an increased production of ketone bodies. (nih.gov)
Now, the team at Scripps, led by Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, has identified a chemical pathway which performs a similar function to the citric acid cycle, but uses only simple molecules known to have been available on early earth. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) cancers achieve immortality by reelongating their telomeres in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle through a specialized break-induced replication (BIR) pathway (1, 2). (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)

The Fatty Acid Glycerides category contains mono-, di- and tri-esters of glycerol and linear saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids (fatty acids). (europa.eu)
Fatty acid glycerides have a common metabolic fate that involves stepwise hydrolysis to the carboxylic acid and glycerol. (europa.eu)
Fatty acid glycerides constitute a large part of the fat content within human diet. (europa.eu)
Their participation in normal physiological properties renders fatty acid glycerides inherently harmless. (europa.eu)
The importance of fatty acid alpha-oxidation in the differentiation of adipocytes was emphasised The effects of PPAR delta and PPAR gamma activation in white adipose tissue from the ob/ob mouse model of insulin resistance, and in the phenotyped 3T3-L1 adipocyte model, were investigated. (bl.uk)
It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.Ascorbyl palmitate is known to be broken down -through the digestive process- into ascorbic acid and palmitic acid -a saturated fatty acid- before being absorbed into the bloodstream. (openfoodfacts.org)

b) Diseases of the stomach associated with deficient hydrochloric acid, as chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. (thesaurus.com)
Diminished hydrochloric acid favors intestinal putrefaction. (thesaurus.com)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is considered a strong acid because it is present only in a completely ionized form in the body, whereas carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) is a weak acid because it is ionized incompletely, and, at equilibrium, all three reactants are present in body fluids. (medscape.com)
11 (2012) demonstrated that resin-based materials were also able to reduce the erosive demineralization of bovine enamel after immersion in hydrochloric and citric acids over consecutive days. (bvsalud.org)

In a state of ketosis, ketone body production is increased when there are decreased carbohydrates or increased fatty acids. (nih.gov)

Neutralize the liquid residues using citric acid. (illinois.edu)
Moisturizing cleanser provides thicker looking hair, helps remove follicle-clogging sebum, fatty acids & environmental residues from the. (toktokbox.com)

Citric Acid is an acidulant and antioxidant produced by mold fer- mentation of sugar solutions and by extraction from lemon juice, lime juice, and pineapple canning residue. (lookchem.com)
Additionally, the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries employ citric acid as a buffer, an antioxidant, and a preservative for blood that has been preserved. (think-how.com)

Over the course of the cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2 in 8 steps, and the energy that this generates is stored in FADH2, NADH+H+, and GTP. (vtomb.com)
Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule . (wikipedia.org)
Fatty acids are brought into the mitochondria via carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) and then broken down into acetyl CoA via beta-oxidation. (nih.gov)

Plant mitochondria are particularly advantageous over the animal fractions to demonstrate the TCA cycle enzymatic steps, by using simple techniques to measure O2 consumption and transmembrane potential (ΔΨ). (uc.pt)

Read labels carefully, since citric acid may be used as a preservative in many more foods than you might expect. (delightedcooking.com)

2. Discuss the interaction of these pathways and cycles (eg demonstrate an appreciation and knowledge of which molecules are common to two or more pathways/cycles and what cellular/physiological factors govern the fate of these molecules. (aber.ac.uk)
In the introductory lessons are summarized basic terms from chemistry needed for understanding of body structure a physico-chemical processes occuring in it ((chemical composition of the body, survay of biologically important elements,water, elektrolytes, non-elektrolytes, osmotic pressure, acid-base, redox and precipitation reactions), the following lectures are focused on biochemichal pathways in cells. (muni.cz)

Acetylated distarch adipate -E1422-, is a starch that is treated with acetic anhydride and adipic acid anhydride to resist high temperatures. (openfoodfacts.org)
Many glass cleaning products are sold commercially, and typically contain a surfactant, an organic solvent or solvent system, a pH-adjusting agent such as ammonia or acetic acid, a detergent builder, for example, an alkali metal phosphate or polyacrylic acid resin, a hydrotrope, various adjuvants such as a fragrance or a dye, and water. (justia.com)

Biosynthesis and desaturation of fatty acids. (muni.cz)
Singh, B.K. and Matthews, B.F. (1994) Molecular Regulation of Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plants. (scirp.org)

Stimulating the action of endogenous protein kinases demonstrated decreased affinity for coenzyme A. Finally, regulation of muscle glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was analyzed to ascertain how GDH regulation mediated the flow of α-ketoglutarate into the CAC from amino acid catabolism. (carleton.ca)
Important reactions in amino acid catabolism. (muni.cz)

Tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA Cycle ) / Citric acid cycle Animati. (vtomb.com)
Its other names are the citric acid cycle , and the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle ). (wikipedia.org)
This is called the citric acid (or tricarboxylic acid) cycle, and it's equally important for life. (sciencealert.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Regulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases in Mycobacterium phlei. (who.int)

The expansion plan is intended to address the steadily rising and significant demand for citric acid and citrates as useful and biodegradable ingredients on a global scale. (think-how.com)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, illustration. (thoughtco.com)

Understanding the regulation of acid-base balance requires appreciation of the fundamental definitions and principles underlying this complex physiologic process. (medscape.com)
The Regulation of Glutaminolysis and Citric Acid Cycle Activity During Mammalian Cell Cultivation. (mpg.de)

Citric acid is used in the production of detergents, electroplating, and leather tanning. (think-how.com)
Soaps and laundry detergents can be more effective when they contain citric acid. (delightedcooking.com)
Dishwashing detergents containing acids or chlorine can also break down the protective layer. (aeg.ie)

As part of this cycle, sucrose, which has twelve carbon atoms, is broken down into glucose with six carbons. (sciencealert.com)
[ 2 ] The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy production and usually depends on glucose to meet its metabolic needs. (medscape.com)

As part of the citric acid cycle, the SDH enzyme converts a compound called succinate to another compound called fumarate. (medlineplus.gov)

hence, pyruvate carboxylase is anaplerotic for the citric acid cycle ( Figure 3 ). (oregonstate.edu)

Since malonate, which competitively inhibits succinate dehydrogenase, completely stopped the oxidation of pyruvate by the addition of organic acids, he concluded that the succinate to fumarate reaction must be a critical link in a chain of reactions involving all of the known catalytically active acids that can stimulated oxidation of pyruvates. (thehypertextuallounge.com)

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryot. (pearson.com)
This animation shows the reactions of the citric acid cycle, which splits off carbon atoms and generates energy-rich reduced forms of cofactor molecules. (biointeractive.org)

Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes an essential step in the catabolism of leucine, an essential branched-chain amino acid. (oregonstate.edu)

Interviews with the family provided no reason to suspect intake of acetaminophen, salicylic acid, methanol, glycols, or other acids or drugs or a suicide attempt. (cdc.gov)

The Citric Acid Cycle , or the oxidation of citrate ) makes its appearance. (thehypertextuallounge.com)

Diacetic acid occurs in the same conditions as acetone, but is less frequent and has more serious significance. (thesaurus.com)
However, to simulate what occurs in the oral cavity, in vitro studies used dynamic erosive pH-cycling challenge, with daily cycles of immersion in acid solution and artificial saliva, to mimic the daily ingestion of acidic beverages 6,12 . (bvsalud.org)

Usually produced in powder form, citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits. (delightedcooking.com)

The amount of the other purin bodies together is about one-tenth that of uric acid. (thesaurus.com)
Uric acid is decreased before an attack of gout and increased afterward, but its etiologic relation is still uncertain. (thesaurus.com)
An increase is also noted in the uric-acid diathesis and in diseases accompanied by respiratory insufficiency. (thesaurus.com)
The end result of this breakdown process is uric acid. (prescriptiveoptimization.com)

This category comprises mono-, di-, and tri-esters of carboxylic acids with glycerol. (europa.eu)
Acyl glycerides in the category are mono-, di- and tri-esters of glycerol and fatty acids. (europa.eu)

Citric acid, combined with sodium bicarbonate, is used to make bath fizzes or bath tablets - the combination of the two produces carbon dioxide, producing a pleasantly effervescent water. (delightedcooking.com)

Ketogenesis produces acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate molecules by breaking down fatty acids. (nih.gov)
Attempts to demonstrate a simplified citric acid cycle, which might have operated using the simple molecules available on prebiotic earth have been largely unsuccessful. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The team has linked together two chemical cycles, called the HKG cycle and the malonate cycle, which are able to take a simple two-carbon molecule (in the form of glyoxylate) and convert it into two molecules of CO 2 . (cosmosmagazine.com)

Citric acid is often added to laundry detergent to make it more effective. (delightedcooking.com)
This homemade dishwasher detergent uses borax, citric acid, and essential oils. (midwestmodernmomma.com)
No. 4,606,842 to Keyes et al discloses a glass cleaning composition as described in Stonebraker, but containing a polyacrylic acid resin as a detergent builder in lieu of an alkali metal phosphate. (justia.com)

it is the predominant acid in oranges, lemons, and limes. (lookchem.com)
Oranges and tangerines are also high in citric acid, though lower than the more bitter citrus fruits. (delightedcooking.com)
Oranges are loaded with pectin, vitamin c, and citric acid so that they can help your hair in various ways. (babynbeautyproducts.com)

The researchers, led by University of Western Australia plant molecular scientist Xuyen Le, labeled pyruvate with C13 (a carbon isotope) to track where it was being shifted during the citric acid cycle, and found that pyruvate from different sources was being used differently. (sciencealert.com)

Moreover, to address the systemic influence of PPAR activation, with a focus on the Cori cycle and the interactions of the liver and skeletal muscle, the metabolic changes that occur in these tissues following PPAR delta and PPAR gamma activation in the ob/ob mouse were examined. (bl.uk)

Colors should be bright and permanent, but if you find any of the dye running from your fabric or yarn, soak in hot water with a bit of acid citric acid or vinegar) then rinse well. (rebelpurl.com)

Lemons and limes have high concentrations of citric acid, accounting for their bitter taste. (delightedcooking.com)

It is an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, can provide pain relief, and induce REM cycle for a healthy and restful sleep. (therootcellarpei.com)

anhydrous citric acid has a solubility of 146 g and mono- hydrate citric acid has a solubility of 175 g/100 ml of distilled water at 20°c. a 1% solution has a ph of 2.3 at 25°c. it is a hygroscopic, strong acid of tart flavor. (lookchem.com)

Dental erosion is defined as the loss of tooth substance by the chemical process of acid exposure and dissolution, involving no bacterial plaque acid 1 . (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy7

Organisms9

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes20

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Activities of glucose metabolic enzymes in human preantral follicles: in vitro modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and transforming growth factor beta1. (1/1318)

Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (2/1318)

The importance of pyruvate availability to PDC activation and anaplerosis in human skeletal muscle. (3/1318)

Low oxygen inhibits but complex high-glucose medium facilitates in vitro maturation of squirrel monkey oocyte-granulosa cell complexes. (4/1318)

A minimal mechanism for bacterial pattern formation. (5/1318)

The tricarboxylic acid cycle of Helicobacter pylori. (6/1318)

Replenishment and depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Indication of pyruvate carboxylation. (7/1318)

Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. (8/1318)

Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid

Citrates

Malates

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Oxaloacetates

Fumarate Hydratase

Aconitate Hydratase

Ketoglutaric Acids

Pyruvic Acid

Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

Oxaloacetic Acid

Malate Dehydrogenase

Citrate (si)-Synthase

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Succinic Acid

Carbon Isotopes

Pyruvates

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Acetates

Glyoxylates

Succinate-CoA Ligases

Fluoroacetates

Cell Cycle

Fumarates

Succinates

Glycolysis

Glutamates

Gluconeogenesis

Ketone Bodies

Heptanoates

Malate Synthase

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters

Glucose

Carbon Dioxide

Glutarates

Mitochondria

Glutamine

Acetoacetates

Oxo-Acid-Lyases

Oxygen Consumption

Keto Acids

Energy Metabolism

Acetic Acid

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Oxidation-Reduction

Lactic Acid

Hydro-Lyases

Carbon

Coenzyme A

Glutamic Acid

Aspartic Acid

Propionates

Perfusion

Models, Biological

Aspergillus niger

Tricarboxylic Acids

Kinetics

Myocardium

NAD

Menstrual Cycle

Cough

Taste

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Lactates

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Liver

Mitochondria, Heart

Carboxylic Acids

Culture Media

Molecular Sequence Data

Oxidoreductases

Swine

Mitochondria, Liver

Antitussive Agents

Fatty Acids

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Adenosine Triphosphate

Bacillus subtilis