Citric acid cycle. Medical search

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.

Derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. They are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. The acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.

The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.

Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid.

An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.2.

A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.

A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.

Organic compounds that are acyclic and contain three acid groups. A member of this class is citric acid which is the first product formed by reaction of pyruvate and oxaloacetate. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p443)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.

A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The minimum concentration at which taste sensitivity to a particular substance or food can be perceived.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

An order of fish including smelts, galaxiids, and salamanderfish.

Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.

Encysted cercaria which house the intermediate stages of trematode parasites in tissues of an intermediate host.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.

A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in FLOWERS and FRUIT. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

Derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure.

The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. The four basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, and sour.

The dynamic collection of metabolites which represent a cell's or organism's net metabolic response to current conditions.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.

An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6-phosphogluconate. The pentose product is used in the biosynthesis of NUCLEIC ACIDS. The generated energy is stored in the form of NADPH. This pathway is prominent in tissues which are active in the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS and STEROIDS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Activities of glucose metabolic enzymes in human preantral follicles: in vitro modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and transforming growth factor beta1. (1/1318)

Modulation of glucose metabolic capacity of human preantral follicles in vitro by gonadotropins and intraovarian growth factors was evaluated by monitoring the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), two regulatory enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), a key mitochondrial enzyme of the Krebs cycle. Preantral follicles in classes 1 and 2 from premenopausal women were cultured separately in vitro in the absence or presence of FSH, LH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), or transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) for 24 h. Mitochondrial fraction was separated from the cytosolic fraction, and both fractions were used for enzyme assays. FSH and LH significantly stimulated PFK and PK activities in class 1 and 2 follicles; however, a 170-fold increase in MDH activity was noted for class 2 follicles that were exposed to FSH. Although both EGF and TGFbeta1 stimulated glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzymes for class 1 preantral follicles, TGFbeta1 consistently stimulated the activities of both glycolytic enzymes more than that of EGF. IGF-I induced PK and MDH activities in class 1 follicles but negatively influenced PFK activity for class 1 follicles. In general, only gonadotropins consistently stimulated both glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzyme activities several-fold in class 2 follicles. These results suggest that gonadotropins and ovarian growth factors differentially influence follicular energy-producing capacity from glucose. Moreover, gonadotropins may either directly influence glucose metabolism in class 2 preantral follicles or do so indirectly through factors other than the well-known intraovarian growth factors. Because growth factors modulate granulosa cell mitosis and functionality, their role on energy production may be related to specific cellular activities. (+info)

Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (2/1318)

1. The activities of citrate synthase and NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases were measured in nervous tissue from different animals in an attempt to provide more information about the citric acid cycle in this tissue. In higher animals the activities of citrate synthase are greater than the sum of activities of the isocitrate dehydrogenases, whereas they are similar in nervous tissues from the lower animals. This suggests that in higher animals the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction is far-removed from equilibrium. If it is assumed that isocitrate dehydrogenase activities provide an indication of the maximum flux through the citric acid cycle, the maximum glycolytic capacity in nervous tissue is considerably greater than that of the cycle. This suggest that glycolysis can provide energy in excess of the aerobic capacity of the tissue. 2. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase are high in most nervous tissues and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase are high in all nervous tissue investigated. However, the activities of alanine aminotransferase are low in all tissues except the ganglia of the waterbug and cockroach. In these insect tissues, anaerobic glycolysis may result in the formation of alanine rather than lactate. (+info)

The importance of pyruvate availability to PDC activation and anaplerosis in human skeletal muscle. (3/1318)

No studies have singularly investigated the relationship between pyruvate availability, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activation, and anaplerosis in skeletal muscle. This is surprising given the functional importance attributed to these processes in normal and disease states. We investigated the effects of changing pyruvate availability with dichloroacetate (DCA), epinephrine, and pyruvate infusions on PDC activation and accumulation of acetyl groups and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (TCAI) in human muscle. DCA increased resting PDC activity sixfold (P < 0.05) but decreased the muscle TCAI pool (mmol/kg dry muscle) from 1.174 +/- 0.042 to 0.747 +/- 0.055 (P < 0.05). This was probably a result of pyruvate being diverted to acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine after near-maximal activation of PDC by DCA. Conversely, neither epinephrine nor pyruvate activated PDC. However, both increased the TCAI pool (1.128 +/- 0.076 to 1.614 +/- 0.188, P < 0.05 and 1.098 +/- 0.059 to 1.385 +/- 0.114, P < 0.05, respectively) by providing a readily available pool of pyruvate for anaplerosis. These data support the hypothesis that TCAI pool expansion is principally a reflection of increased muscle pyruvate availability and, together with our previous work (J. A. Timmons, S. M. Poucher, D. Constantin-Teodosiu, V. Worrall, I. A. Macdonald, and P. L. Greenhaff. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 879-883, 1996), indicate that TCA cycle expansion may be of little functional significance to TCA cycle flux. It would appear therefore that the primary effect of DCA on oxidative ATP provision is to provide a readily available pool of acetyl groups to the TCA cycle at the onset of exercise rather than increasing TCA cycle flux by expanding the TCAI pool. (+info)

Low oxygen inhibits but complex high-glucose medium facilitates in vitro maturation of squirrel monkey oocyte-granulosa cell complexes. (4/1318)

PURPOSE: The objectives of these in vitro maturation studies in primate cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were to evaluate the effect of a reduced-oxygen environment and to compare medium with a high-glucose concentration to medium with pyruvate but no glucose. METHODS: COCs were retrieved from squirrel monkeys stimulated with 1 mg of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for 4-6 days. Experiment 1 examined maturation after 48 hr in 5% O2/5% CO2/90% N2 compared with 5% CO2/air. The medium was CMRL-1066 containing moderate glucose (5.5 mM) supplemented with 1 mM glutamine, 0.33 mM pyruvate, 0.075 IU/ml human FSH, 5 IU/ml human chorionic gonadotropin, 75 U penicillin G/ml, and 20% fetal bovine serum. Experiment 2 in 5% CO2/air, compared P-1 medium (pyruvate and lactate but no glucose) to Waymouth's medium (27.5 mM glucose), both with identical supplements. RESULTS: Only 3 (8%) of 37 COCs matured in 5% O2, while 39 (49%) of 80 matured in ambient O2. Fourteen (22%) of 64 complexes matured in P-1 medium, compared to 47 (49%) of 96 meiosis II oocytes in Waymouth's medium (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These are the first primate studies showing detrimental effects of reduced-oxygen culture on in vitro maturation. Additionally, maturation was enhanced with complex high-glucose medium suggesting that the predominant metabolism is aerobic glycolysis. (+info)

A minimal mechanism for bacterial pattern formation. (5/1318)

Colonies of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium form geometrically complex patterns when exposed to, or feeding on, intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In response to the TCA cycle intermediate, the bacteria secrete aspartate, a potent chemo-attractant. As a result, the cells form high-density aggregates arranged in striking regular patterns. The simplest are temporary spots formed in a liquid medium by both E. coli and S. typhimurium. In semi-solid medium S. typhimurium forms concentric rings arising from a low-density bacterial lawn, which are either continuous or spotted, whereas E. coli forms complex patterns arising from a dense swarm ring, including interdigitated spots (also called sunflower spirals), radial spots, radial stripes and chevrons. We present a mathematical model that captures all three of the pattern-forming processes experimentally observed in both E. coli and S. typhimurium, using a minimum of assumptions. (+info)

The tricarboxylic acid cycle of Helicobacter pylori. (6/1318)

The composition and properties of the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the microaerophilic human pathogen Helicobacter pylori were investigated in situ and in cell extracts using [1H]- and [13C]-NMR spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. NMR spectroscopy assays enabled highly specific measurements of some enzyme activities, previously not possible using spectrophotometry, in in situ studies with H. pylori, thus providing the first accurate picture of the complete tricarboxylic acid cycle of the bacterium. The presence, cellular location and kinetic parameters of citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase, fumarate reductase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and malate synthase activities in H. pylori are described. The absence of other enzyme activities of the cycle, including alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, and succinate dehydrogenase also are shown. The H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle appears to be a noncyclic, branched pathway, characteristic of anaerobic metabolism, directed towards the production of succinate in the reductive dicarboxylic acid branch and alpha-ketoglutarate in the oxidative tricarboxylic acid branch. Both branches were metabolically linked by the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase activity. Under the growth conditions employed, H. pylori did not possess an operational glyoxylate bypass, owing to the absence of isocitrate lyase activity; nor a gamma-aminobutyrate shunt, owing to the absence of both gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activities. The catalytic and regulatory properties of the H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes are discussed by comparing their amino acid sequences with those of other, more extensively studied enzymes. (+info)

Replenishment and depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Indication of pyruvate carboxylation. (7/1318)

The effects of various substrates on the concentrations of free amino acids, citric acid cycle intermediates and acylcarnitines were studies in perfused hindquarter of rat in presence of glucose and insulin in order to assess regulatory mechanisms of the level of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. 1. Acetate and acetoacetate effected a significant increase in the level of citrate cycle intermediates and accumulation of acetylcarnitine. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the level of alanine. The concentration of AMP was significantly elevated. 2. Muscle mitochondria fixed 14CO2 in the presence of pyruvate. The products were identified as malate or citrate when whole and disintegrated mitochondria were used respectively. The fixation was greatly stimulated by acetylcarnitine. 3. Acetylcarnitine inhibited the production of pyruvate from malate by muscle mitochondria. 4. Perfusion with 2-oxoisocaproate and 2-oxoisovalerate promoted increases in the level of citric cycle intermediates, a drop in both alanine and glutamate, and accumulation of branched-chain acylcarnitines. 2-Oxoisocaproate also caused a reduction of alanine released from the muscle. 5. Perfusion with leucine and valine did not change the concentration of citric acid cycle intermediates, but elevated glutamate and still more the concentration of alanine. 6. It is concluded that citric cycle intermediate level in the perfused resting muscle is modified by a) conditions which change the concentration of acetyl-CoA and thereby modify the rate of pyruvate carboxylation and decarboxylation of malate via malic enzyme b) conditions which change the concentration of pyruvate cause changes in alanine and cycle intermediates in the same direction via transamination reactions c) conditions which change the concentrations of 2-oxoacids which are converted to cycle intermediates via oxidation. (+info)

Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. (8/1318)

A methane-utilizing organism capable of growth both on methane and on more complex organic substrates as a sole source of carbon and energy, has been isolated and studied in detail. Suspensions of methane-grown cells of this organism oxidized C-1 compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate); hydrocarbons (ethane, propane); primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol); primary aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde); alkenes (ethylene, propylene); dimethylether; and organic acids (acetate, malate, succinate, isocitrate). Suspensions of methanol-or succinate-grown cells did not oxidize methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, or dimethylether, suggesting that the enzymatic systems required for oxidation of these substrates are induced only during growth on methane. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained a particulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent methane monooxygenase activity. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-requiring methanol dehydrogenase. Oxidation of primary aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific formate dehydrogenase. Extracts of methane-grown, but not succinate-grown, cells contained the key enzymes of the serine pathway, hydroxypyruvate reductase and malate lyase, indicating that the enzymes of C-1 assimilation are induced only during growth on C-1 compounds. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was induced during growth on glucose. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained low levels of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, relative to the levels found during growth on succinate. (+info)

Citric acid cycle[edit]. Main article: citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA ( ... "Citric Acid Cycle" (PDF). Takusagawa's Note. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013.. ... tricarboxylic acid) cycle is an 8-step process that takes the pyruvate generated by glycolysis and generates 4 NADH, FADH2, and ... During the initial phases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, cofactors such as NAD+ donate and accept electrons[12] that aid in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate

Citric acid cycleEdit. Main articles: Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation ... which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every "turn" of the citric ... Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because O2 is used ... The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates, particularly the ratio of NAD+ to NADH and the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate

Fatty acid synthesis Cholesterol synthesis The citric acid cycle which in turn leads to: Amino acid synthesis Nucleotide ... The resulting acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle (or Krebs Cycle), where the acetyl group of the acetyl-CoA is converted ... beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and during the citric acid cycle). The NADH thus produced is primarily used to ultimately ... In the citric acid cycle all the intermediates (e.g. citrate, iso-citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. ... Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules ... is the only fuel to enter the citric acid cycle. With each turn of the cycle one molecule of acetyl-CoA is consumed for every ... the amount of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle and is therefore an anaplerotic reaction, increasing the cycle's capacity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

... leading to the citric acid cycle and allowing for the production of amino acids. GlcN-6-P and fructose-6-phosphate act as ... Stryer L, Tymoczko JL, Berg JM (2002). "The Citric Acid Cycle". Biochemistry. 5th Edition. White RJ, Pasternak CA (October 1967 ... Asp-273 then acts as an acid to protonate the amine leaving group. One proposed mechanism using the BsNagA and its two iron co- ... The mechanism proceeds via a strictly conserved active-site aspartic acid residue (Asp-273) that acts initially as a base to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate_deacetylase

"The Citric Acid Cycle". Biochemistry. 5th edition. Jordan, Frank; Furey, William; Nemeria, Natalia S.; Patel, Mulchand S. (2014 ... Energy-generating ions and molecules, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl coenzyme A and ... As the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the pyruvate generated during glycolysis in the cytosol is transported ... H+ Pyruvate oxidation is the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. In glycolysis, a single glucose molecule (6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_decarboxylation

Citric acid cycle. Main article: Citric acid cycle. This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When ... The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[6] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 ... In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the ... Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_respiration

Citric acid cycle: *Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is then oxidized to CO2 in the cycle.[9][page ... Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. ... Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, where the acetyl group is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, and the energy ... However, instead of continuing through the citric acid cycle to be converted to carbon dioxide and water, the citrate is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coa

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... The PDHB gene encodes a precursor protein that has 359 amino acid residues and a final mature protein that has 329 amino acids ... and provides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The PDH complex is composed of ... In forming the entire PDH complex, the 289th beta residue, aspartic acid, interacts with the 276th residue of the E2 complex, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_beta

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ... The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_alpha_2

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... The PDHA1 subunit has been shown to be regulated by free fatty acids during bouts of exercise. The presence of free fatty acids ... The preliminary peptide encoded by this gene was 29 amino acids at the very start of the sequence that correspond to a typical ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_alpha_1

November 22 - Hans Krebs (b. 1900), German medical doctor and biochemist; discoverer of the citric acid cycle. December 6 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_science

This enzyme participates in citric acid cycle. Lill U, Schreil A, Eggerer H (1982). "Isolation of enzymically active fragments ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate—CoA_ligase

Malfunction of the citric acid cycle due to PDH deficiency deprives the body of energy and leads to an abnormal buildup of ... The conversion is crucial because acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration. To ... Ochoa S (1954). "Enzymic mechanisms in the citric acid cycle". Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. ... and through hydrogen bonding to amino acids. While over 20 amino acids can be found in the active site, amino acids Tyr 89, Arg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase

kingdom Krebs cycle See citric acid cycle. larva (pl.) larvae A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before ... cilia circadian rhythm citric acid cycle A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy ... notably the citric acid cycle. acoelomate A type of animal, such as a flatworm, with a body plan that lacks a fluid-filled ... by which the NADH and succinate generated by the citric acid cycle are oxidized and electrons are transferred sequentially down ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

... cycle[edit]. Main article: Citric acid cycle. Citrate is an intermediate in the TCA cycle (aka TriCarboxylic Acid ... The closely related acids isocitric acid, aconitic acid, and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic acid, carballylic ... Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin. Single-use citric acid sachets have been ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula C. 6H. 8O. 7. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate

Stryer L, Tymoczko JL, Berg JM (2002). "The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes Two-Carbon Units". Biochemistry. 5th Edition: Section ... For instance, consider the formation of a carboxylic acid from the oxidation of an aldehyde. In this reaction, a carbon has ... reducing equivalents are supplied to the electron transport chain from multiple processes such as the TCA cycle. Reducing agent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_equivalent

This enzyme participates in the Citric acid cycle. Some forms catalyze the reverse reaction within the Reverse Krebs cycle, as ... Mai X, Adams MW (1996). "Characterization of a fourth type of 2-keto acid-oxidizing enzyme from a hyperthermophilic archaeon: 2 ... Schut GJ, Menon AL, Adams MW (2001). "2-keto acid oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis". Methods ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-oxoglutarate_synthase

3.0.CO;2-6. Sokic-Lazic, Daria; Minteer, Shelley D. (December 2008). "Citric acid cycle biomimic on a carbon electrode". ... Phenothiazine is used as an anaerobic inhibitor for acrylic acid polymerization, often used as an in-process inhibitor during ... Levy, Leon B. (1992-03-30). "Inhibition of acrylic acid polymerization by phenothiazine and p‐methoxyphenol. II. Catalytic ... the purification of acrylic acid. Like many commercially significant compounds, phenothiazine has numerous trade names, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenothiazine

Fluoroacetate, in the citric acid cycle, can innocently enter as fluorocitrate. However, aconitase cannot bind this substrate ... Citric acid Aconitic acid Isocitric acid Aconitase, displayed in the structures in the right margin of this page, has two ... Takusagawa F. "Chapter 16: Citric Acid Cycle" (PDF). Takusagawa's Note. The University of Kansas. Archived from the original ( ... and thus the citric acid cycle is halted. The iron sulfur cluster is highly sensitive to oxidation by superoxide. Aconitase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitase

Lambeth DO (2002). "What is the function of GTP produced in the Krebs citric acid cycle?". IUBMB Life. 54 (3): 143-4. doi: ... Occurs in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle. Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation and phosphorylation are not ... phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells during glycolysis and in mitochondria either during the Krebs cycle or by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation

Catabolism does not involve a complete citric acid cycle. Some species of the Methylococcaceae have formed with certain marine ... Methane is oxidized to give formaldehyde, which is fixed by a process called the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle. Here ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcaceae

The resulting acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle (or Krebs Cycle), where the acetyl group of the acetyl-CoA is converted ... beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and during the citric acid cycle). The NADH thus produced is primarily used to ultimately ... Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Citric acid cycle.". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 509-527, ... Conversion of pyruvate into oxaloacetate for the citric acid cycleEdit. Pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis are actively ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Oxaloacetate is a metabolic intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In the short-lived roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, ... Therefore, it has similar effects as CR.[citation needed] Lipoic Acid (α-Lipoic Acid, Alpha Lipoic Acid, or ALA) has failed to ... Merry BJ, Kirk AJ, Goyns MH (June 2008). "Dietary lipoic acid supplementation can mimic or block the effect of dietary ... Oxaloacetic Acid, and Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil on Life Span of Genetically Heterogeneous Mice". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restriction_mimetic

... and through the citric acid cycle (CAC) (see below, c.f. bioenergetic systems). The liver can also create glucose ( ... the pyruvate not converted feeds the citric acid cycle (CAC); both via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC, with Acetyl-CoA as ... cells also use the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase in lysosomes to degrade glycogen. A deficiency of an involved enzyme results ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism

... citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle); Caesar's Armies Invaded Other Kingdoms Searching For Many Oranges. Citric Acid Is ... MATT VIL PLy Essential amino acids Archived 2010-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Essential amino acids, Mnemonic. Williams, R.A.D ... These Ten Valuable Acids Have Long Preserved Life In Men MATT HILL, VP Matt Hill is the Vice President LIFT HIM KIW(V)I TV FILM ... Oh My Stars, Go Ahead Please OMSGAP - is a phonetic word for the first letters of the first six dicarboxylic acids above in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_mnemonics

Szent-Györgyi concurrently elucidated much of the citric acid cycle. In the 1930s, William Cumming Rose identified essential ... Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy ... Most fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by ... The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition

Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Citric acid cycle - Also known as the Krebs cycle, an important aerobic metabolic pathway. Electron ... Hans Adolf Krebs - Discovered the citric acid cycle in 1937. Konstantin Mereschkowski - Russian botanist who in 1905 described ... DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and ... DNA helicase DNA polymerase DNA ligase RNA - Ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide, in a cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology

The citric acid cycle is finally identified by Hans Adolf Krebs. Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè at the University of Palermo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_in_science

The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to power ATP synthase. ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

... and either a complete or partial citric acid cycle.[116] These similarities to other organisms probably reflect both early ... Role in chemical cyclingEdit. Further information: Biogeochemical cycle. Archaea recycle elements such as carbon, nitrogen and ... Archaea are a major part of Earth's life and may play roles in both the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle. No clear examples ... Deppenmeier, U. (2002). "The unique biochemistry of methanogenesis". Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. Progress in Nucleic Acid ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

citric acid cycle. *Citrate synthase. *Aconitase. *Isocitrate dehydrogenase. *Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. *Succinyl ... MT-TI is a small 69 nucleotide RNA (human mitochondrial map position 4263-4331) that transfers the amino acid isoleucine to a ... May 2003). "A homoplasmic mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acid mutation as a cause of maternally inherited hypertrophic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TI

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... tricarboxylic acid cycle. • oxidation-reduction process. • acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate. • glucose metabolic ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ... The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_

... superoxide inactivates the citric acid cycle enzyme aconitase, can poison energy metabolism, and releases potentially toxic ... as all ingested SOD is broken down into amino acids before being absorbed. However, ingestion of SOD bound to wheat proteins ... and their active sites contain the same type and arrangement of amino acid side-chains. They are usually dimers, but ... "Effects of tempol and redox-cycling nitroxides in models of oxidative stress". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 126 (2): 119-45. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgotein

citric acid cycle. Also called the Krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). ... Krebs cycle. See citric acid cycle.. LEdit. larva. (pl.) larvae. A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before ... The process of oxidative phosphorylation, by which the NADH and succinate generated by the citric acid cycle are oxidized and ... notably the citric acid cycle.. acoelomate. A type of animal, such as a flatworm, with a body plan that lacks a fluid-filled ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase) ... A mannose sugar is added to the first tryptophan residue in the sequence W-X-X-W (W indicates tryptophan; X is any amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylated

Citric acid cycle. *Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. *Fumarase deficiency. Electron transport chain. *Coenzyme Q10 deficiency ... Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ... Succinic acid has been studied, and shown effective for both Leigh syndrome, and MELAS syndrome.[13][14] A high-fat, low- ... Assessing the level of organic acids in urine can also indicate a dysfunction in the metabolic pathway.[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_disease

Calvin cycle. *Chemical equation. *Chemical looping combustion. *Citric acid cycle. *Electrochemical series ... Top: ascorbic acid (reduced form of Vitamin C). Bottom: dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form of Vitamin C) ... This catalytic behavior has been described as a futile cycle or redox cycling. ... The oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid: Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e−. H2O2 + 2 e− → 2 OH−. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_couple

... "citric acid cycle".[26][27] It is also known as the "Krebs cycle" or "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle". ... Glyoxylate cycle[edit]. Krebs continued to add more details to his citric acid cycle. The discovery of acetyl-CoA in 1947 by ... Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)[edit]. At the University of Sheffield, Krebs and William Johnson investigated cellular ... With Hans Kornberg, he also discovered the glyoxylate cycle, which is a slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs

... instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are ... If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to muscle fatigue. This occurs ... Acidification by lactic acid may allow recovery of force so that acidosis may protect against fatigue rather than being a cause ... Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

... or fed into the citric acid cycle. This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ... Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

It is only the lactate and the waste products of the citric acid cycle that are returned to the blood. The liver can take up ... to glucose-6-phosphate and thence to pyruvate to be fed into the citric acid cycle or turned into lactate. ... Main articles: Acid-base homeostasis and Acid-base imbalance. The plasma pH can be altered by respiratory changes in the ... An important function is the production and control of bile acids. Too much bile acid can be toxic to cells and its synthesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

Metabolism: Citric acid cycle enzymes. Cycle. *Citrate synthase. *Aconitase. *Isocitrate dehydrogenase. *Oxoglutarate ... 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid and 4-aminoantipyrine. ... Its amino acid sequence is highly conserved in eukaryotes, differing by only a few residues. In more than thirty species, 34 of ... Many higher-order organisms possess a chain of 104 amino acids.[9] The sequences of cytochrome c in humans is identical to that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_C

Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP ... It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid ... at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is ... Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. Fumaric acid has a fruit-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E297

Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic ... Walker, J. C. G. (1980). The oxygen cycle in the natural environment and the biogeochemical cycles. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.. ... acetic acid, and formic acid. Acetone ((CH. 3). 2CO) and phenol (C. 6H. 5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of ... The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اکسیژن?match=en

... and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle ... Notably, it is used in fatty acid synthesis, the Krebs cycle, ... coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoA

vitamin C, discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. ... He is credited with discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the ... identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zoltán Bay, ... He received his PhD from Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge in 1927 for work on isolating an organic acid, which he then called " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gyorgyi

Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. *Glycoprotein. *Proteoglycan. *Fatty-acid. *Phospholipid ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Central_nervous_system_navs

Engineered amino acids. *Expanded genetic code. Intermediates. Mitochondria citric acid cycle. *Ornithine ... The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, from ... Citrulline is also produced as a byproduct of the enzymatic production of nitric oxide from the amino acid arginine, catalyzed ... Citrulline is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. It is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrulline

Citric. acid cycle Glyoxylate. cycle Urea. cycle Fatty. acid. synthesis Fatty. acid. elongation ... creating the four-carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then ... the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle) in plants. The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle, which ignores ... Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-Calvin, and some even call it the Calvin-Benson-Bassham ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

... increased amino acid catabolism, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hyperuricemia, disturbance ... Tolfenamic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, in a 1983 study reduced headache, nausea, vomiting, irritation but ... Metabolism of methanol produces some extremely toxic compounds, such as formaldehyde and formic acid, which may play a role in ... In addition, about half of all East Asians convert acetaldehyde to acetic acid more slowly (via acetaldehyde dehydrogenase), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover

The reverse Krebs cycle (also known as the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reverse TCA cycle, or the reverse citric acid ... The reaction is the citric acid cycle run in reverse: Where the Krebs cycle takes complex carbon molecules in the form of ... Calvin Cycle. References[edit]. *^ Evans MC; Buchanan BB; Arnon DI (April 1966). "A new ferredoxin-dependent carbon reduction ... It has been found that some non-consecutive steps of the cycle can be catalyzed by minerals through photochemistry,[3] while ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle

1953 - Hans Krebs, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle.[44] ... 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid.[31] ... 1922 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles[17] ... 1959 - Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things make ribonucleic acid (RNA) ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrod

Citric acid cycle variants at MetaCyc. *((. en. )) Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle at KEGG,Kyoto Encyclopedia of ... Barnes, SJ; Weitzman, PD (April 1986). "Organization of citric acid cycle enzymes into a multienzyme cluster". FEBS Lett. 201 ( ... Notes on citric acid cycle at rahulgladwin.com. *((. en. )) ... Citric acid cycle Animation(flash required). *((. en. )) An ... A citric-acid cycle self quiz flash applet at University of Pittsburgh ...

https://sh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciklus_limunske_kiseline

Malate dehydrogenases that catalyse the interconversion of malate to oxaloacetate and participate in the citric acid cycle, and ... This leads to the addition of seven amino acid acids to the normal LDH-H protein. The extension contains a peroxisomal ... The LDHBx protein is seven amino acids longer than the LDHB (LDH-H) protein. This amino acid extension is generated by ... LDHBx is generated by translation of the LDHB mRNA, but the stop codon is interpreted as an amino acid-encoding codon. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase

PDH links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle, while the reaction catalyzed by OGDH is a rate-limiting step in the citric acid ... Thiamine and its acid metabolites (2-methyl-4-amino-5-pyrimidine carboxylic acid, 4-methyl-thiazole-5-acetic acid, and thiamine ... Some examples of these antagonists are caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and tannic acid. These compounds interact with the ... "Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamin

Chelating agents (e.g. DTPA, citric acid, or EDTA) are often added to increase iron solubility over a greater pH range.[36]. ... For example, at the end of an annual plant's life cycle, a plant should be restricted from high nitrogen fertilizers. In most ... while application of a biostimulator consisting of humic acid, lactic acid and Bacillus subtilis improved yields in all ... In addition to chelating agents, humic acids can be added to increase nutrient uptake.[36][37] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics

Szent-Györgyi concurrently elucidated much of the citric acid cycle. In the 1930s, William Cumming Rose identified essential ... Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy ... Essential fatty acids[edit]. Main article: Essential fatty acids. Most fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can ... As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition

The citric acid cycle (CAC) - also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle[1][2] - is a series of ... Citric acid cycle variants at MetaCyc. *Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle at Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ... 8 Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle. *9 Citric acid cycle intermediates serve as substrates for ... However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle

Krebs cycle, TCA cycle, GO:0006099, citric acid cycle (en); حلقة حمض الليمون, دوره حمض الستريك, دورة الحموض ثلاثية الكربوكسيل, ... Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle (en-ca); 크레브스 회로, TCA회로, 구연산 회로, 크렙스 회로, 시트르산 회로 (ko); TCAサイクル, TCAC, クレブス回路, ... Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle (en-gb); چرخه تری‌کربوکسیلیک اسید, چرخه کربس, چرخهٔ اسید سیتریک, کریپس سایکل, ... Media in category "Citric acid cycle". The following 180 files are in this category, out of 180 total. ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citric_acid_cycle

Search for Citric acid cycle at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster, Wikipedia. Help ... Definitions of Citric acid cycle: *noun: in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving ...

http://www.rhymezone.com/r/d=citric_acid_cycle

A complex series of reactions following glycolysis in aerobic respiration that convert pyruvic acid into hydrogen, carbon ... citric acid cycle (thing). See all of citric acid cycle, no other writeups in this node. ... More commonly known as the Krebs cycle, and less commonly known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle. ... A complex series of reactions following glycolysis in aerobic respiration that convert pyruvic acid into hydrogen, carbon ...

https://everything2.com/user/BioTech/writeups/citric+acid+cycle

The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, and as the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical ... The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs Cycle in honor of Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900 - 1981), who proposed the key ... These amino acids are brought into the cells and can be a source of energy by being funnelled into the citric acid cycle. ... Location of cycle and inputs and outputs. The citric acid cycle takes place within the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes, and ...

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Citric_acid_cycle

The citric acid cycle (CAC) - also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle[1][2] - is a series of ... Citric acid cycle variants at MetaCyc. *Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle at Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ... Citric Acid Cycle. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-181870-5.. *^ Kay J, Weitzman PD (1987). Krebs citric acid cycle: half a ... However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cycle

Overview of the Krebs or citric acid cycle, which is a series of reactions that takes in acetyl CoA and produces carbon dioxide ... or the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle gets credit for this step. But its really a preparation step for the Krebs cycle. ... The Krebs cycle, or the citric acid cycle. And that actually takes place in the inner membrane, or I should say the inner space ... Now, in the citric acid cycle, or in the Krebs cycle, well first we have our pyruvate oxidation. That produced one NADH. But ...

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/pyruvate-oxidation-and-the-citric-acid-cycle/v/krebs-citric-acid-cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (On rare occasions the citric ... The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (On rare occasions the citric ... the citric acid cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondrion. The components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were ... the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 36 ATP molecules. The citric acid cycle is called an ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Citric_acid_cycle.html

Can you name the citric acid cycle substrates and enzymes? Test your knowledge on this science quiz and compare your score to ... Science Quiz / citric acid cycle substrates and enzymes. Random Science Quiz Can you name the citric acid cycle substrates and ...

https://www.sporcle.com/games/bmarlier/citric-acid-cycle-substrates-and-enzymes

The citric acid cycle (TCA) is a fundamental metabolic pathway to release stored energy in living organisms. Here, the authors ... cycle, have languished-primarily due to a lack of experimentally demonstrable and sustainable cycle(s) of reactions. We show ... These results indicate that simpler versions of metabolic cycles could have emerged under potential prebiotic conditions, ... linked cycles of reactions that each oxidize glyoxylate into CO2 and generate intermediates shared with the modern TCA cycle, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02591-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e5bf8ef6-3fe5-4a73-8325-1699be2f2ccf

Citric Acid Cycle[edit]. Other name for citric acid cycle is tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle. The citric acid ... Regulatory Enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle[edit]. In animal cells, the rate of citric acid cycle is regulated to fitted the ... Structural Biochemistry/Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid cycle). From Wikibooks, open books for an open world ... Citric Acid Cycle Links to Glycolysis by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase[edit]. Carbohydrates are mostly processed by glycolysis into ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Krebs_Cycle_

Synonyms for citric acid cycles at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of ... citric acid cycles. star. see definition of citric acid cycles show all. noun. ... More words related to citric acid cycles. Krebs cycle noun. series of enzymatic reactions ... citric acid cycle Relevance Relevance ranks synonyms and suggests the best matches based on how closely a synonyms sense ...

http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/citric%20acid%20cycles

... citric acid cycle, clinical chemistry, colourless odourless flammable gas, copolymers, depletion, Ecotoxicity, embryotoxic, ... environment, Environmental fate, Environmental protection agency, EPA, exposure, Eye Irritation, fertility, fluoroacetic acid, ...

http://www.ecetoc.org/tags/citric-acid-cycle/

acid, lactic acid, betaine, potassium sulfate, l-pyroglutamic acid,. and free flowing distillers dry grain and solubles or a ... amino acids [25,32]. Furthermore, aerobic oxidation of. pyruvatevia pyruvate dehydrogenase and the TCA cycle. enzymesproduces ... acid that is excreted from the cells cannot diffuse back into. the cells, since the ionic form of acetic acid predominates. at ... amino acid synthesis [25]. It has also been reported that the. activity of ADH is decreased when amino acids rather than. ...

https://www.scribd.com/document/259508868/Glicerina-biotecnologia

This lesson provides helpful information on The Citric Acid Cycle in the context of Cellular Respiration to help students study ... The Citric Acid Cycle. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of steps used to catalyze products following the oxidation of ... Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle. The citric acid cycle starts after the oxidation of pyruvate. It consists of eight sequential ... Citric Acid Cycle Net Reaction. The citric acid cycle uses multiple reactions for the release of energy. ...

https://www.coursehero.com/sg/introduction-to-biology/the-citric-acid-cycle/

The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. ... The citric acid cycle begins with the fusion of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citric acid. For each acetyl-CoA molecule, ... The citric acid cycle also regenerates oxaloacetate, the molecule that starts the cycle. ... While the ATP yield of the citric acid cycle is modest, the generation of coenzymes NADH and FADH2 is critical for ATP ...

https://www.jove.com/science-education/10977/sitrik-asit-dngs-rnleri?language=Turkish

Species about Experts and Doctors on citric acid cycle in United States ... citric acid cycle*ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex*ketoglutaric acids*keto acids*pyruvate dehydrogenase complex*heptanoates* ... IDH1 mutations alter citric acid cycle metabolism and increase dependence on oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Cancer Res. ... Experts and Doctors on citric acid cycle in United States. Summary. Locale: United States ...

http://www.labome.org/locale/experts-and-doctors-on-citric-acid-cycle-in-united-states-100840.html

Citric Acid Cycle Like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of ... Products of the Citric Acid Cycle. Two carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group, representing four ... the oxidation steps of the citric acid cycle also do not occur. Note that the citric acid cycle produces very little ATP ... This single pathway is called by different names: the citric acid cycle (for the first intermediate formed-citric acid, or ...

https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/14970/overview

Citric acid cycle. Wikipedia] ,br,This biochemical diagram example shows metabolic pathways map of citric acid cycle reactions ... creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en] ,br,The metabolic pathway map example Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) was created ... tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate ... br,This sample was redesigned from the Wikimedia Commons file: TCA cycle.svg. [commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TCA_cycle.svg] , ...

http://www.conceptdraw.com/examples/chart-of-tricarboxylic

find one single website that correctly shows the reactions of the citric acid cycle with all the correct substrates and ... Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle. citrate synthase [EC 2.3.3.1]. aconitase [EC 4.2.1.3]. isocitrate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.41 ... In the direction of the citric acid cycle the electrons are passed from succinate to FAD+ to three Fe-S clusters and then to ... Here are some websites that discuss the Citric Acid Cycle [Krebs animation][Wikipedia]. This is one of the fundamental ...

http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2008/11/biochemistry-on-web-citric-acid-cycle.html

Cell cycle intensity correlation. Cell cycle spatial correlation. Cell cycle biologically. Custom data cell cycle dependant. - ... Citric acid cycle related proteins. Disease related genes. Enzymes. FDA approved drug targets. G-protein coupled receptors. ... Citric acid cycle related proteins. Disease related genes. Enzymes. Potential drug targets. Predicted intracellular proteins. ... Citric acid cycle related proteins. Disease related genes. Enzymes. Potential drug targets. Predicted intracellular proteins. ...

https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/protein_class:Citric+acid+cycle+related+proteins

To better define the modifications of liver gluconeogenesis and citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, activity induced by insulin ... Modifications of citric acid cycle activity and gluconeogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and effects of metformin.. ... Modifications of citric acid cycle activity and gluconeogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and effects of metformin. ... Modifications of citric acid cycle activity and gluconeogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and effects of metformin. ...

https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/48/6/1251

The Citric Acid Cycle. Once weve finished with glycolysis, we can move onto stage two of respiration, the citric acid cycle, ... Glycolysis produces the molecules that are processed by the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria ... Still, this is a productive cycle, and it actually isnt over. Some of the molecules produced by the citric acid cycle will ... Just as with glycolysis, the citric acid cycle has two phases. In the first phase, pyruvate is oxidized to form Acetyl CoA. ...

https://study.com/academy/lesson/glycosis-the-citric-acid-cycle.html

Real-time Assessment of Krebs Cycle Metabolism Using - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for ... flux through citric acid cycle pathways in perfused heart by 13C. NMR spectroscopy. FEBS Lett. 212, 58 62. Malloy, C. R., ... reduced fatty acid oxidation, which raises the question. as to how Krebs cycle flux and cardiac energetics can be. maintained ... 29). Also, fatty acid metabolism contributes to Krebs. cycle recovery following ischemia (28, 37). Therefore,. these ...

https://www.scribd.com/document/291017016/2009-Real-time-Assessment-of-Krebs-Cycle-Metabolism-Using

The topic under discussion here is The Citric Acid Cycle - The WikiPremed MCAT Course ... fatty acids, and carbohydrates, are ultimately oxidized in aerobic metabolism by means of the citric acid cycle. Most enter the ... Kimballs Biology Pages - The Citric Acid Cycle. Online Biology Book - Aerobic Respiration. Basic introduction to aerobic ... The Citric Acid Cycle including the initial pyruvate mobilization is a series of reactions oxidizing the pyruvate from ...

http://www.wikipremed.com/classic/mcat_course.php?code=0403010600000000

University of Waterloo - Regulation of the citric acid cycle.. Good short synopsis.. ...

http://www.wikipremed.com/mcat_course.php?code=0403020200000000

... citric acid is first consumed and then regenerated in a sequence of reactions. All aerobic organisms use this cycle to generate ... Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle In this cycle,citric acid is first consumed and then regenerated in a sequence of reactions. ... Tags: citric acid cycle cell biology Uploaded by: sana ( Send Message ) on 27-05-2009. Dnatube suggest users to have interest ...

https://www.dnatube.com/video/2355/Citric-Acid-Cycle-or-Krebs-Cycle

Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle (Drosophila melanogaster) * Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Drosophila ... The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport (Drosophila melanogaster) * ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-DME-71403

2. Calculations based on O2 uptake of the intact insect indicate that the rate of the citric acid cycle must be increased ,100- ... Changes in the contents of adenine nucleotides and intermediates of glycolysis and citric acid cycle in flight muscle of the ... Changes in the contents of adenine nucleotides and intermediates of glycolysis and citric acid cycle in flight muscle of the ... Changes in the contents of adenine nucleotides and intermediates of glycolysis and citric acid cycle in flight muscle of the ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/178/1/209

The citric acid cycle ( CAC ) - also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle [1] [2] - is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates , fats , and proteins . (wikipedia.org)
[9] The citric acid cycle itself was finally identified in 1937 by Hans Adolf Krebs and William Arthur Johnson while at the University of Sheffield , [10] for which the former received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1953, and for whom the cycle is sometimes named (Krebs cycle). (wikipedia.org)
More commonly known as the Krebs cycle , and less commonly known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle . (everything2.com)
The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, and as the Krebs cycle ) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen to generate useful energy by cellular respiration. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs Cycle in honor of Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900 - 1981), who proposed the key elements of this pathway in 1937, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for its discovery in 1953. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The Krebs cycle, or the citric acid cycle. (khanacademy.org)
Now you have these pyruvates, they're not quite just ready for the Krebs cycle, but I guess-- well that's a good intro into how do you make them ready for the Krebs cycle? (khanacademy.org)
So we have this kind of preparation step for the Krebs Cycle. (khanacademy.org)
And this process right here is often given credit-- or the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle gets credit for this step. (khanacademy.org)
But it's really a preparation step for the Krebs cycle. (khanacademy.org)
you are ready to jump into the Krebs cycle. (khanacademy.org)
This long talked-about Krebs cycle. (khanacademy.org)
The citric acid cycle , also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle ) or the Krebs cycle , (On rare occasions the citric acid cycle is known by a fourth name, the Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle ) is a series of enzyme -catalysed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration . (bionity.com)
Other name for citric acid cycle is tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle. (wikibooks.org)
Acetyl-CoA, main product of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex in aerobic respiration, starts the Krebs cycle. (wikibooks.org)
Also called the Krebs cycle, this is an aerobic process even though oxygen is not required within the cell itself. (coursehero.com)
trapped pp in NADH and FADH in glycolysis, g y y , py pyruvate oxidation,, and the Krebs cycle are used to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. (scribd.com)
The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (jove.com)
A Role for the Krebs Cycle Intermediate Citrate in Metabolic Reprogramming in Innate Immunity and Inflammation. (jove.com)
Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (conceptdraw.com)
To better define the modifications of liver gluconeogenesis and citric acid cycle, or Krebs' cycle, activity induced by insulin deficiency and the effects of metformin on these abnormalities, we infused livers isolated from postabsorptive or starved normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with pyruvate and lactate (labeled with [3-13C]lactate) with or without the simultaneous infusion of metformin. (diabetesjournals.org)
The 13C-labeling pattern of liver glutamate was used to calculate, according to Magnusson's model, the relative fluxes through Krebs' cycle and gluconeogenesis. (diabetesjournals.org)
The Krebs cycle plays a fundamental role in cardiac energy production and is often implicated in the energetic imbalance characteristic of heart disease. (scribd.com)
In this study, we measured Krebs cycle flux in real time in perfused rat hearts using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). [2-13C]Pyruvate was hyperpolarized and infused into isolated perfused hearts in both healthy and postischemic metabolic states. (scribd.com)
C-labeled glutamate was delayed compared with that of other metabolites, indicating that Krebs cycle flux can be measured directly. (scribd.com)
Real-time assessment of Krebs cycle metabolism using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (scribd.com)
Cardiac ATP production is controlled largely by the rate at which the Krebs cycle operates (1). (scribd.com)
The rates of Krebs cycle metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation are closely coupled to the rate of contractile work and overall ATP demand. (scribd.com)
metabolism via the Krebs cycle. (scribd.com)
However, increased glucose oxidation via PDH does not compensate for reduced fatty acid oxidation, which raises the question as to how Krebs cycle flux and cardiac energetics can be maintained in the state of hypertrophy (8). (scribd.com)
The mechanisms that lead to energetic imbalances in heart disease could be better studied by simultaneously monitoring the source and fate of glucose-derived acetyl CoA in the heart (glycolytic and Krebs cycle metabolism). (scribd.com)
To date, Krebs cycle flux and substrate selection have been measured using carbon-13 MR spectroscopy (13C MRS) combined with isotopomer analysis (8 10). (scribd.com)
The Krebs cycle is the intermediate stage, occurring between glycolysis and phosphorylation, and results in the enzymatic breaking down, rearranging, and recombination of byproducts of glycolysis. (yourdictionary.com)
The combination of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle ultimately allows 36 ATP molecules to be produced from the energy contained in one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen. (yourdictionary.com)
In this page you can discover 3 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for citric-acid-cycle , like: krebs-cycle, Krebs citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic-acid-cycle. (yourdictionary.com)
The citric acid cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and it is a cyclic metabolic process. (lecturio.com)
Citric acid cycle is also called Krebs Cycle and Tricarboxylic acid cycle. (biochemden.com)
It is also known as the Krebs cycle, or the TCA cycle. (reference.com)
ª Once pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, it enters the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle). (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
ª The Krebs cycle is an eight-step cycle in which acetyl CoA is added to oxaloacetate, which is further broken down producing CO 2, reduced coenzymes (NADH + H + and FADH 2), and ATP. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions in the cell that breaks down food molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and energy.In plants and animals (eukaryotes), these reactions take place in the matrix of the mitochondria of the cell as part of cellular respiration. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
May 14, 2019· The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic cycle, is the first step of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the citric acid cycle is at the center of cellular metabolism. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Problem 13 Lactic … None of these, GTP is not a product of Krebs cycle. (humanmankind.com)
Jun 12, 2019· This is why the Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle. (org.in)
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is involved in cell respiration and produces NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain. (org.in)
Dec 13, 2018· The Krebs cycle, also sometimes called the citric acid cycle, is a series of metabolic oxidation reactions that extracts energy the molecule acetyl-CoA to create ATP. (org.in)
ATP is the primary energy currency of the living cells, so the Krebs cycle is necessary for generating the energy that drives biochemical processes. (org.in)
The citric acid cycle (CAC) also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxcylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle is a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that allow for aerobic respiration to occur within the mitochondria of the cell. (me-pedia.org)
Sep 25, 2019· The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the Krebs cycle, completes the oxidation of glucose by taking the pyruvates from glycolysis (and other pathways), by way of the transition reaction mentioned previously, and completely breaking them down into (CO_2) molecules, (H_2O) molecules, and generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
What is Krebs Cycle? (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Apr 04, 2011· The Citric Acid Cycle, also know as the Krebs cycle, refers to a complex series of chemical reactions in all cells that utilize oxygen as part of their respiration process. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
This oxidation takes place in the citric acid cycle, a series of reactions also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Jun 01, 2019· TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle) The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), also known as the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle, is a major energy-producing pathway in living bodies. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle by combining with a four-carbon acid called oxaloacetic acid. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, is central to metabolism, since at this stage a large portion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are degraded by oxidation. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The citric acid cycle (also called as Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondria and is an integral part for the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs) is a part of cellular respiration. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The Krebs Cycle : The Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle is an eight step cycle that starts when Acetic Acid binds to the helper molecule Acetyl CoA. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, (TCA cycle), also called Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, the three-stage process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide. (kroon-partners.nl)
Jul 06, 2018· Krebs cycle (citric Acid cycle) releases plenty of energy (ATP) required for various metabolic activities of cell. (kroon-partners.nl)
The citric acid cycle goes by many names including the tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle and the Krebs cycle. (benjaminpohle.com)
Transcript of Light Cycle, Calvin Cycle, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain Calvin Cycle This is actually the dark reactions part of photosynthesis. (benjaminpohle.com)
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is at the center of cellular metabolism, playing a starring role in both the process of energy production and biosynthesis. (assignmentpoint.com)
Krebs cycle definition, a cycle of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells that is the final series of reactions of aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids, and by which carbon dioxide is produced, oxygen is reduced, and ATP is formed. (pawmates.co.uk)
Describes the Krebs cycle. (pawmates.co.uk)
Citrate is found in all living organisms as it is involved in the Krebs cycle (or citrate) cycle that produces energy. (pawmates.co.uk)
Krebs cycle (citric Acid cycle) releases plenty of energy (ATP) required for various metabolic activities of cell. (pawmates.co.uk)
First organic acid formed during Krebs cycle is citric acid. (pawmates.co.uk)
Clinton Community College explains that pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A before entering the citric acid, or Krebs, cycle. (reference.com)
acetyl CoA, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle). (mcgill.ca)
Today we learned about the "Citric Acid Cycle," sometimes the "Krebs cycle" and, more rarely, the "tricarboxylic acid" or TCA cycle. (docpelletier.com)
The Citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the Tricarboxylic acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. (ncl.ac.uk)
The LEAN Optimizer and LEAN Recovery Oral Sprays are proprietary homeotherapeutic formulations designed to supercharge the Citric Acid Cycle often referred to as the (Krebs Cycle). (sbleanproducts.com)
I am well aware of traditional anaerobic respiration (lactic acid or alcohol produced - no Krebs cycle) and traditional aerobic respiration (O 2 is used at the end of the Citric acid cycle). (e-wit.pl)
B. In the mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidized and begins the Citric Acid Cycle, also referred to as the TCA cycle or Krebs Cycle. (e-wit.pl)
Oxygen is actually not needed in the Krebs cycle - it is needed in the electron transport chain that is upstream of the Krebs cycle to regenerate NAD + from NADH.NAD + is a co-enzyme and acts as an electron carrier in oxidizing reactions at various positions in the Krebs cycle. (e-wit.pl)
It is an integral part of the Krebs cycle and therefore plays an … 5 Answers. (formascirculares.com)
Date: January 13, 2011 05:00 PM Author: Darrell Miller ([email protected]) Subject: The Krebs Cycle - Our Lifes Blood! (formascirculares.com)
The TCA cycle can also provide intermediates for … The Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle, is an important series of biochemical reactions that are intrinsic to cellular respiration and the generation of energy from oxygen and glucose in aerobic organisms. (formascirculares.com)
Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle A stage in photosynthesis where CO 2 is fixed to carbohydrate using energy (ATP and NADPH) produced during light reaction A stage in cellular respiration that involves series of reactions that produces carbon dioxide molecules, GTP/ATP and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2. (formascirculares.com)
The TCA cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, occurs in the mitochondria and provides large amounts of energy in aerobic conditions by donating electrons to three NADH and one FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide), which donate electrons to the electron transport chain, creating the proton gradient needed to drive ATP synthesis. (formascirculares.com)
The Krebs cycle, Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle is an eight step cyclic reactions in which acetyl CoA is oxidized producing CO2, reduced coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2), and ATP. (formascirculares.com)
1 Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a series of reactions in mitochondria that bring about the catabolism of acetyl residues, liberating hydrogen equivalents, which upon oxidation lead to the release of most the energy of tissues fuels. (docplayer.net)
To begin the citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis are moved to the mitochondria, a cellular organ involved in metabolic processes. (wisegeek.com)
The 2 Acetyl-CoA sugars are going to enter a series of reactions called the Krebs cycle, named after Dr. Krebs. (antranik.org)
At the end of the Krebs cycle, there will be no sugar. (antranik.org)
2 NAD's picked up hydrogen in glycolysis, 2 more in the transition reaction, and 6 more in the krebs cycle. (antranik.org)
Krebs cycle Get 3 of 4 questions to level up! (khanacademy.org)

In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, which lack mitochondria, the citric acid cycle reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. (wikipedia.org)
Located within the matrix of the mitochondria, the citric acid cycle takes place. (coursehero.com)
Like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. (oercommons.org)
Although glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, the oxidative decarboxylization of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle take place within the mitochondria. (wikipremed.com)
The citric acid cycle takes place in a special organ-like structure of the cell called the mitochondria. (encognitive.com)
Pyruvic acid is then taken to the mitochondria where it enters the citric acid cycle and continues to be broken down to carbon dioxide and water. (encognitive.com)
Pyruvate formed in the cytoplasm has to be transported into mitochondria for TCA Cycle use. (coursehero.com)
The citric acid cycle (the Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a sequence of reactions in mitochondria that oxidizes the acetyl moiety of acetyl-CoA to CO 2 and reduces coenzymes that are reoxidized through the electron transport chain (see Chapter 13 ), linked to the formation of ATP. (mhmedical.com)
This reductive pathway is the reverse of the traditional cycle that functions in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. (blogspot.co.uk)
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Kreb's cycle, occurs within the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Finally discuss whereas pyruvate dehydrogenase and TCA cycle reactions take place in mitochondria where oxygen is utilized to generate ATP by oxydative phosphorylation. (assignmentpoint.com)
The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria. (octopuscom.fr)
it involves the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units and serves as the main source of cellular energy Like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. (e-wit.pl)
Produce Citric Acid To Make Vitamin C In The Mitochondria. (formascirculares.com)
This cycle is found in the mitochondria. (docplayer.net)

In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH , that are used in numerous other reactions. (wikipedia.org)
The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds, such as certain amino acids , and some of its reactions are important in cells performing fermentation reactions in the absence of oxygen. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In addition, it provides precursors for many compounds including some amino acids and is therefore functional even in cells performing fermentation . (bionity.com)
These amino acids then serve as scaffolds for eight additional biological amino acids, as well as pyrimidine nucleobases 12 . (nature.com)
In a similar functional role as the TCA cycle, the protometabolic cycle intermediates also serve as a source of amino acids. (nature.com)
It is the final common pathway for oxidation - in other words harvesting high energy electrons--fuel molecules such as carbohydrate fatty acids, and amino acids by entering the cycle as Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA). (wikibooks.org)
All fuel molecules, amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates, are ultimately oxidized in aerobic metabolism by means of the citric acid cycle. (wikipremed.com)
or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. (umassmed.edu)
Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 3,3-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6) and 1-[Amino-5-(2,7-dichloro-6-acetomethoxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)phenoxy]-2-(2'-amino-5'-methylphenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, pentaacetoxy-methyl ester (Fluo-3/AM) were obtained from Molecular Probes/Invitrogen (Eugene, OR, USA). (iiarjournals.org)
Explain how the citric acid cycle provides both a route for catabolism of amino acids and also a route for their synthesis. (mhmedical.com)
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein because glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA or intermediates of the cycle. (mhmedical.com)
It also has a central role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and interconversion of amino acids. (mhmedical.com)
The presence of a forked pathway (Figure 13.24) results in the synthesis of all the precursors of amino acids, porphyrins, and fatty acids. (blogspot.co.uk)
Also, some amino acids like isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan can be degraded to acetyl-CoA. (lecturio.com)
It is the final path of the degradation of amino acids , which cannot be degraded to acetyl-CoA or pyruvate. (lecturio.com)
It produces substances for resynthesis of amino acids (e.g., oxaloacetate for aspartate). (lecturio.com)
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules-amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The citric acid cycle serves as a metabolic traffic circle that receives carbon skeletons from amino acids and fatty acids and donates carbon skeletons to amino acids and porphyrins. (kroon-partners.nl)
It is also a central hub in biosynthetic reactions, providing intermediates that are used to build amino acids and other molecules. (assignmentpoint.com)
Citric acid cycle is the common pathway leading to complete oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids to CO2. (medworldonline.com)
It is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. (integratedhealthblog.com)
The synthesis of certain amino acids requires the use of citric acid cycle intermediates. (knowt.io)
In addition to its role in energy generation, the citric acid cycle is a source of carbon skeletons for amino acid metabolism and other biosynthetic processes. (reactome.org)
One such process included here is the interconversion of 2-hydroxyglutarate, probably derived from porphyrin and amino acid metabolism, and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate), a citric acid cycle intermediate. (reactome.org)
Stanley Miller's synthesis of the amino acids by sparking a reducing atmosphere ( 2 ) was the paradigm for prebiotic synthesis for many years, so at first, it was natural to suppose that similar methods would meet with equal success in the nucleotide field. (pnas.org)
However, nucleotides are intrinsically more complicated than amino acids, and it is by no means obvious that they can be obtained in a few simple steps under prebiotic conditions. (pnas.org)
Mitochondriafulfil biosynthesis of important molecules such as lipids, amino acids, hemeand iron-sulfur clusters, and produce reactive oxygen species (Fontanesi, 2001), but their primaryfunction is to produce ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.State IV respiration involves oxygen consumption in the presence of a substratesuch as succinate or glutamate in the absence of ADP or any respiratory poisons(Chance and Williams, 1955). (wallaceandjames.com)
A number of intermediate compounds can be diverted into the anabolism of other biochemical molecules, such as nucleic acids, non-essential amino acids, sugars, and lipids. (opentextbooks.org.hk)

Acetyl-CoA may also be obtained from the oxidation of fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
This biochemical chart display how proteins, polysaccharides and fats from food are digested into gastrointestinal tract into aminoacids, monosaccharides and fatty acids, and then broken down and oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in cellular processes of energy generation. (conceptdraw.com)
In the hypertrophic heart, fatty acid oxidation is decreased, with an increase in glycolysis (6, 7). (scribd.com)
Describe the role of the citric acid cycle in fatty acid synthesis. (mhmedical.com)
The needed acetyl-CoA is created in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids and the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate , which forms during glycolysis. (lecturio.com)
Reaction products from the citric acid cycle are diverted and fed into other metabolic pathways: citrate for fatty acid synthesis , oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis , or succinyl-CoA for the formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid as the basic substance for heme synthesis . (lecturio.com)
stimulates Fructose-1,6-bisPhosphatase , a key enzyme of Gluconeogenesis and activates Acetyl CoA carboxylase , key enzyme of Fatty acid synthesis. (biochemden.com)
1] The enzymes in the matrix facilitate reactions responsible for the production of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate and the beta oxidation of fatty acids. (hyperleap.com)
The source of acetyl CoA is glycolysis or the fatty acid spiral. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
10 and above fatty acids, carbohydrates a six carbon molecule acid manufactured. (humanmankind.com)
Acetyl CoA, the product of fatty acid ß-oxidation, is burned away as CO 2, as is pyruvic acid the product of sugar metabolism. (org.in)
Other sources of acetyl CoA include breakdown of free fatty acids and ketone bodies in the fasting state. (reactome.org)
The major function of cycle is to act as the final common pathway for oxidation of fatty acids, carbohydrates and proteins. (docplayer.net)
The body used acetyl COA to form fatty acids, so when a person eats any high carbohydrate diet there will be formation of fatty acids which are stored in the form of lipid glycerol and triglycerides, while during fasting triglycerides converted into fatty acids and acetyl COA that enters citric acid cycle. (docplayer.net)
For example: the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat. (wikipedia.org)
The lower-energy production, per glucose, of anaerobic respiration relative to aerobic respiration, results in greater flux through the pathway under hypoxic (low-oxygen) conditions, unless alternative sources of anaerobically oxidizable substrates, such as fatty acids, are found. (wikipedia.org)

Its other names are the citric acidity cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Sometimes also known as the Citric acid cycle, or the Tricarboxylic acid cycle, this is the second phase in the process of aerobic metabolism. (e-wit.pl)

The NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The NADH and FADH 2 generated by the citric acid cycle are, in turn, used by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate energy-rich ATP. (wikipedia.org)
Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are also tied to the citric acid cycle. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle and subsequent oxidative phosphorylation process generates a large number of ATP molecules. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. (bionity.com)
FADH 2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme functioning both in the TCA cycle and the mitochondrial electron transfer chain in oxidative phosphorylation. (bionity.com)
We then focused on reaction types that are fundamental to modern TCA cycle metabolism: aldol addition and oxidative decarboxylation. (nature.com)
The two abiotic cycles demonstrated in this work (Fig. 2 ) fundamentally employ the same chemistry, spontaneous decarboxylations of β-ketoacids and oxidative decarboxylations of α-ketoacids, while generating intermediates that are common with the TCA cycle (oxaloacetate and malate, Fig. 2 ). (nature.com)
By acting as the first stage of cellular respiration, the generation of high energy electrons from the citric acid cycle, in turn, are used in oxidative phosphorylation to reduce O 2 , generate proton gradient, and, later, the synthesis of ATP. (wikibooks.org)
Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. (jove.com)
While the ATP yield of the citric acid cycle is modest, the generation of coenzymes NADH and FADH 2 is critical for ATP production in the final stage of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation. (jove.com)
While glycolysis and fermentation alone yields only two ATP, the entirety of oxidative metabolism, including glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle will yield thirty-six molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose (38 in aerobic bacteria). (wikipremed.com)
In addition to serving as the primary pathway in oxidative metabolism for the degradation of nutrient molecules, ultimately to give rise to ATP through electron transport, the citric acid cycle is a major source of precursors for the synthesis of biological molecules. (wikipremed.com)
Ammonia both depletes citric acid cycle intermediates (by withdrawing α-ketoglutarate for the formation of glutamate and glutamine) and also inhibits the oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate. (mhmedical.com)
the three main pathways in eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. (hyperleap.com)
ADP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the payoff reactions of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
By this cycle, carbon skeleton are got, which are used in … The citric acid cycle provides the electrons that fuel the process of oxidative phosphorylation--our major source of ATP and energy. (pawmates.co.uk)
Our findings are in line with the results of several recent studies highlighting a potential widespread occurrence of this reversed oxidative citric acid cycle. (idw-online.de)
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because A ADP is phosphorylated B from BIOL 2402 at Alamo Colleges on the other hand, oxidative phosphorylation does not necessarily take place if glycolysis takes place. (e-wit.pl)
if a cell reaches the citric acid cycle, it will definitely go into the next stage of respiration called oxidative phosphorylation, which needs oxygen. (e-wit.pl)
The two molecules of acetyl-CoA then enter the Krebs citric acid cycle while the 2 NAD-H 2 molecules carry electrons to the electron transport system for further production of ATPs by oxidative phosphorylation. (antranik.org)
Describe the relationships of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in terms of their inputs and outputs. (opentextbc.ca)

However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The exergonicity of this conversion is coupled to the production of reduced nicotinamide and flavin coenzymes and nucleotide triphosphates directly, and into aspartate and glutamate synthesis by the reductive amination of TCA cycle intermediates oxaloacetate and α-ketoglutarate, respectively. (nature.com)
With this strategy, we discovered two linked cycles of reactions that each oxidize glyoxylate into CO 2 , and generate intermediates that are shared with the modern TCA cycle. (nature.com)
1. The contents of some intermediates of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and adenine nucleotides have been measured in the freeze-clamped locust flight muscle at rest and after 10s and 3min flight. (biochemj.org)
Describe the main anaplerotic pathways that permit replenishment of citric acid cycle intermediates, and how the withdrawal of oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis is controlled. (mhmedical.com)
The capacity of TCA cycle to generate energy for cellular needs is closely regulated by the availability of Substrate and the need of TCA cycle intermediates and demand for ATP. (biochemden.com)
For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. (hyperleap.com)
The TCA cycle is a set of eight catalyzed reactions and eight intermediates that break down hydrocarbon substrates into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) using the energy released to protonate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide converting from NAD+ to NADH or flavin adenine dinucleotide from FADH to FADH2. (kroon-partners.nl)
Each turn of the citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH 2, and each cycle of glycolysis generates NADH.These intermediates can then donate their electrons and become oxidized in the electron transport chain. (pawmates.co.uk)
Can a net synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetyl-CoA occur using only the enzymes and cofactors of the citric acid cycle, without depleting the intermediates of the cycle… Use of a citric acid aerosol spray has been reported as a safe, convenient, and efficacious smoking cessation aid. (e-wit.pl)
Which citric acid cycle intermediates are alpha keto acids? (huf.us)

The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate). (wikipedia.org)
The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The cycle begins with the aldol addition of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. (nature.com)
The end result is the production of NADH and the reformation of oxaloacetate, which is then recycled to start the cycle over again. (coursehero.com)
The citric acid cycle begins with the fusion of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citric acid. (jove.com)
The citric acid cycle also regenerates oxaloacetate, the molecule that starts the cycle. (jove.com)
The cycle starts with reaction between the acetyl moiety of acetyl-CoA and the four-carbon dicarboxylic acid oxaloacetate, forming a six-carbon tricarboxylic acid, citrate. (mhmedical.com)
The citric acid cycle: In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group from acetyl CoA is attached to a four-carbon oxaloacetate molecule to form a six-carbon citrate molecule. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
The acetyl-CoA molecules are then used as the initial inputs for the citric acid cycle, as they are combined with oxaloacetate. (humanmankind.com)
It is widely used organic acid in the field … In carbohydrate metabolism, acetyl CoA is the link between glycolysis The citric acid cycle involves eight chemical reactions that use acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP, and FADH2. (humanmankind.com)
This process is known as a "cycle" because it always ends on oxaloacetate which can be combined with a new acetyl CoA to produce a new molecule of citrate for each cycle. (org.in)
It is a cycle because every acetyl CoA which enters the cycle reacts with oxaloacetate to produce the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and oxaloacetate again. (org.in)
Acetyl CoA transfers its acetyl group to oxaloacetate to form citrate and begin the citric acid cycle. (kroon-partners.nl)
In the first step of the cycle, an enzyme called citrate synthase joins the two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA with the four-carbon oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon citrate. (benjaminpohle.com)
In the final step of the citric acid cycle, a malate dehydrogenase enzyme converts malate back to oxaloacetate. (benjaminpohle.com)
The oxaloacetate that was regenerated through the citric acid cycle is now ready to join with another acetyl group and begin the cycle a second time. (benjaminpohle.com)
In the last step of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate-the starting four-carbon compound-is regenerated by oxidation of malate. (assignmentpoint.com)
After oxaloacetate has been bound, the en zyme structure has rearranged to create a binding site for acetyl CoA. (knowt.io)
The condensation of glyoxylate and acetyl CoA is similar to the condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. (knowt.io)
Oxaloacetate is formed in the last step of the citric acid cycle by the $\mathrm{NAD}^{+}$ -dependent oxidation of $\mathrm{L}$ -malate. (octopuscom.fr)
Acetyl CoA enters the cycle and combines with oxaloacetate which has four carbons. (octopuscom.fr)
De-aminated alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, and threonine are converted to pyruvate and can consequently either enter the citric acid cycle as oxaloacetate (an anaplerotic reaction) or as acetyl-CoA to be disposed of as CO 2 and water. (octopuscom.fr)

The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the citric acid (a tricarboxylic acid , often called citrate, as the ionized form predominates at biological pH [6] ) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Several of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by the research of Albert Szent-Györgyi , who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937 specifically for his discoveries pertaining to fumaric acid , a key component of the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The reactions of the cycle are carried out by eight enzymes that completely oxidize acetate (a two carbon molecule), in the form of acetyl-CoA, into two molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. (wikipedia.org)
The reactions of the cycle also convert three equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) into three equivalents of reduced NAD + (NADH), one equivalent of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into one equivalent of FADH 2 , and one equivalent each of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and inorganic phosphate (P i ) into one equivalent of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). (wikipedia.org)
A complex series of reactions following glycolysis in aerobic respiration that convert pyruvic acid into hydrogen , carbon dioxide and electron s. (everything2.com)
The components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established by seminal work from both Albert Szent-Györgyi and Hans Krebs . (bionity.com)
The development of metabolic approaches towards understanding the origins of life, which have focused mainly on the citric acid (TCA) cycle, have languished-primarily due to a lack of experimentally demonstrable and sustainable cycle(s) of reactions. (nature.com)
Therefore, the pyruvate dehydrogenase relates to the reactions of the citric acid cycle itself. (wikibooks.org)
The Citric Acid Cycle is a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions which are critical in cellular respiration. (proteopedia.org)
The citric acid cycle uses multiple reactions for the release of energy. (coursehero.com)
The eight steps of the cycle are a series of redox, dehydration, hydration, and decarboxylation reactions that produce two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH 2 ( Figure ). (oercommons.org)
This biochemical diagram example shows metabolic pathways map of citric acid cycle reactions. (conceptdraw.com)
This is the time of the year when I challenge the students in my introductory biochemistry class to find one single website that correctly shows the reactions of the citric acid cycle with all the correct substrates and products (including water and protons). (blogspot.com)
The Citric Acid Cycle including the initial pyruvate mobilization is a series of reactions oxidizing the pyruvate from glycolysis to form three molecules of CO 2 . (wikipremed.com)
As the pyruvic acid is incorporated into the citric acid cycle and then broken down by enzymatic reactions, carbon dioxide, hydrogen atoms, and electrons are released. (encognitive.com)
In this cycle,citric acid is first consumed and then regenerated in a sequence of reactions. (dnatube.com)
Describe the reactions of the citric acid cycle and the reactions that lead to the production of reducing equivalents that are oxidized in the mitochondrial electron transport chain to yield ATP. (mhmedical.com)
The reactions of the citric acid cycle were first discovered in mammals and many of the key enzymes were purified from liver extracts. (blogspot.co.uk)
The eight enzymes of the citric acid cycle catalyze a series of well-known organic reactions that cumulatively oxidize an acetyl group to two CO2 molecules with the concomitant generation of three NADH and one FADH2, and one GTP. (biochemden.com)
He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. (hyperleap.com)
He is best known for his discoveries of two important sequences of chemical reactions that take place in the cells of humans and many other organisms, namely the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle. (hyperleap.com)
They are safe for people with citric acid sensitivities to consume although they can cause reactions in people who are allergic to latex. (reference.com)
The cycle involves eight chemical reactions, and at the end, the original four-carbon molecule is produced. (org.in)
The citric acid cycle is a series of redox and decarboxylation reactions that remove high-energy electrons and carbon dioxide. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Select Page Citric Acid Cycle: The cycle involves eight chemical reactions, and at the end, the original four-carbon molecule is produced. (benjaminpohle.com)
Click to read a transcription of the audio The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. (benjaminpohle.com)
Citric acid can cause many different allergic reactions in different people. (creationwiki.org)
The definition for the citric acid cycle generally is a series of chemicals reactions in a cell that breaks down food molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. (creationwiki.org)
Two Stages Of Photosynthesis Quizlet Biology Interpret The cycle carries citric acid through a series of chemical reactions which gradually release energy and capture it in several carrier molecules. (pawmates.co.uk)
This lecture briefly explain on Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) and its control, Reactions of TCA cycle or CAC and Amphibolic nature of TCA cycle. (assignmentpoint.com)
Chapter 17 begins with a detailed discussion of the reaction mechanisms of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, followed by a description of the reactions of the citric acid cycle. (knowt.io)
The oxidation reduction reactions of the citric acid cycle are dependent on the cofactors NAD+ and FAD. (knowt.io)
In the various dehydrogenation reactions of the citric acid cycle, NAD+ and FAD are absolutely required as electron acceptors. (knowt.io)
Pyruvate metabolism and the citric acid (TCA) cycle together link the processes of energy metabolism in a human cell with one another and with key biosynthetic reactions. (reactome.org)
One conclusion is that theories that involve the organization of complex, small-molecule metabolic cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle on mineral surfaces make unreasonable assumptions about the catalytic properties of minerals and the ability of minerals to organize sequences of disparate reactions. (pnas.org)
The exact nature of the prior form of self-organization that is postulated differs from one scenario to the next, but all scenarios have one feature in common: a self-organized cycle or network of chemical reactions that does not depend directly or indirectly on a genetic polymer ( 8 - 11 ). (pnas.org)
Wächtershäuser argues that they were supplied via a complex cycle of nonenzymatic chemical reactions that took place on the surface of iron sulfide minerals, perhaps including pyrites, FeS 2 ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
Why is the citric acid cycle considered an aerobic metabolic process even though none of its reactions directly involves oxygen as a reactant? (e-wit.pl)
The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions that removes high-energy electrons and uses them in the electron transport chain to generate ATP. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
The eight steps of the cycle are a series of chemical reactions that produces two carbon dioxide molecules, one ATP molecule (or an equivalent), and reduced forms (NADH and FADH 2 ) of NAD + and FAD + , important coenzymes in the cell. (opentextbc.ca)
K a is acid constant for equilibrium reactions. (bartleby.com)
Most cells will then carry out further reactions to "repay" the used NAD+ and produce a final product of ethanol or lactic acid. (wikipedia.org)

In biochemistry , it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle , which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms . (wikipedia.org)
In biochemistry, it is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and therefore occurs in the metabolism of almost all living things. (kroon-partners.nl)
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the molecular formula C 6 H 8 O 7.It occurs naturally in citrus fruits.In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. (e-wit.pl)

In carbohydrate catabolism (the breakdown of sugars), the citric acid cycle follows glycolysis , which breaks down glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) into pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
So we already know that if we start off with a glucose molecule, which is a 6-carbon molecule, that this essentially gets split in half by glycolysis and we end up 2 pyruvic acids or two pyruvate molecules. (khanacademy.org)
The last molecule produced in step 8 regenerates the starting reactant in step 1 so the cycle can start all over again. (coursehero.com)
During pyruvate oxidation (the second stage of aerobic respiration), each pyruvate molecule is converted into one molecule of acetyl-CoA-the input into the citric acid cycle. (jove.com)
For each acetyl-CoA molecule, the products of the citric acid cycle are two carbon dioxide molecules, three NADH molecules, one FADH 2 molecule, and one GTP/ATP molecule. (jove.com)
Therefore, for every glucose molecule (which generates two acetyl-CoA molecules), the citric acid cycle yields four carbon dioxide molecules, six NADH molecules, two FADH2 molecules, and two GTP/ATP molecules. (jove.com)
In phase one , two molecules of ATP are consumed by the cycle to generate the energy needed to break down the glucose into a molecule called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. (study.com)
Glycolysis also yields two molecules of NADH, a molecule important to many pathways as an electron donor, but the main function of this cycle is to create a net gain of two ATP and those two molecules of pyruvate. (study.com)
The glucose molecule is broken down to a compound called pyruvic acid (a 3 carbon compound that acts as an intermediate stage in going from the glycolysis phase to the citric acid cycle). (encognitive.com)
Here GDP (or ADP) is converted into GTP (or ATP) by utilizing one phosphoric acid (inorganic acid) molecule. (biochemden.com)
Each pyruvate is broken down into a two carbon acetyl-CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle. (humanmankind.com)
So the product of a single glucose molecule, or two pyruvate molecules after oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle is six molecules of CO2, eight NADHs, two ATPs, and two molecules of FADH2. (humanmankind.com)
Two carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group, representing four out of the six carbons of one glucose molecule. (humanmankind.com)
Involve a six carbon molecule ( citric acid cycle products ) the pathway is cyclic ( figure 10.1 ) and one the. (humanmankind.com)
The Citric Acid Cycle is a metabolic pathway that uses a two-carbon molecule, and a four-carbon molecule to form a six-carbon molecule that is used to produce NADH, carbon dioxide, ATP and FADH2. (org.in)
Thus, the Citric Acid cycle runs twice for each molecule of glucose. (org.in)
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transformed into an acetyl group attached to a carrier molecule of coenzyme A. The resulting acetyl CoA can enter several pathways, but most often, the acetyl group is delivered to the citric acid cycle for further catabolism. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Each pyruvic acid molecule yields 3 CO2, 1 ATP, and 5 reduced Enzymes. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
CoA A glucose molecule is completely broken down in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but these two processes yield only a few ATPs. (kroon-partners.nl)
Each turn of the cycle forms three NADH molecules and one FADH2 molecule. (assignmentpoint.com)
In the citric acid cycle, the carbon atoms from acetyl CoA are released as CO2, and there is no net synthesis of four-carbon molecule. (knowt.io)
Practice: What is the starting molecule for the citric acid cycle? (clutchprep.com)
Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle: For each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle, two carbon dioxide molecules are released, removing the carbons from the acetyl group. (octopuscom.fr)
For each 2-carbon acetyl-CoA which enters the cycle, two molecules of carbon dioxide are released, completing the breakdown of the original 6-carbon glucose molecule. (formascirculares.com)
This reaction is irreversible which results in acetyl COA (active acetate molecule) The reaction requires 5 coenzymes TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) NAD (Nicotin Amid Adenine Dinucleotide) CO enzyme A Lipoic acid which needs Mg +2 The pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by :- High of ATP So there is no need for the work of citric acid cycle and the cycle stops conversion of pyruvate into acetyl COA. (docplayer.net)
During this stage, the glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate , an organic acid that can supply cells with energy. (wisegeek.com)
Once there, the molecules are converted into acetyl CoA, the molecule that powers the citric acid cycle. (wisegeek.com)
Acetyl CoA releases the carbon portion of the molecule into the citric acid cycle, which runs constantly, producing ATP, high energy electrons, and carbon dioxide. (wisegeek.com)
One molecule of ATP (or an equivalent) is produced per each turn of the cycle. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Basically what's going to happen is that the 2 acetyl sugars are going to enter the cycle and they are going to be broken apart to form a carbon-dioxide molecule. (antranik.org)
It takes two turns of the cycle to process the equivalent of one glucose molecule. (opentextbc.ca)

This key metabolic cycle was established very early in the unfolding plan of creation as the molecules involved, and the set of enzymes that run the cycle, are essentially the same in all bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The current consensus is that this cycle predated the advent of free oxygen where it was "run in reverse" (energy was put into the cycle) to assemble important molecules. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In essence, the citric acid cycle plays a central role in the manipulation of small carbon-oxygen-hydrogen molecules. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Running in one direction, the cycle constructs many basic molecules on which the rest of metabolism is based. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Running in the opposite direction, the cycle combines small molecules with oxygen and captures the liberated energy to run all of metabolism, breaking down molecules into smaller units in the process. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In essence, the citric acid cycle has food molecules fed into it by a preprocessing pathway. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In the absence of oxygen, no more energy can be extracted, and the waste is converted into molecules such as ethanol (alcohol) or lactic acid (involved in the cramp of a muscle cell). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The TCA cycle is comprised of a series of enzyme-catalyzed transformations enabling the net oxidation of an acetyl group into two molecules of carbon dioxide 11 . (nature.com)
The citric acid cycle is a closed-loop metabolic pathway that involves a series of eight steps to produce ATP and other molecules. (coursehero.com)
Each of the two acetyl-CoA molecules goes once through the citric acid cycle. (jove.com)
Through a series of steps, citrate is oxidized, releasing two carbon dioxide molecules for each acetyl group fed into the cycle. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Citric Acid Cycle Summary Input 2 Carbons (1 Acetyl CoA) Releases 2 CO2 Molecules Four Oxidations 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP Per Turn of Cycle No Net Synthesis of Glucose from Acetyl-CoA. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
As the cycle proceeds, 2 carbons are converted into two CO 2 molecules at steps 5 and 6. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Which of the following molecules involved in the citric acid cycle initiates the cycle by combining with acetyl-CoA? (humanmankind.com)
The citric acid cycle has two main purposes it increases the cell's ATP producing potential and provides the cell with precursors that can be used to build a variety of molecules. (creationwiki.org)
Thus, for each turn of the cycle, 2 carbon dioxide molecules are formed. (ncl.ac.uk)
Initially, it is broken in half to create two molecules of pyruvic acid. (drlongstreth.com)
Now your body takes those two molecules of pyruvic acid and strips all the hydrogen molecules off. (drlongstreth.com)
The strength of an acid is computed as a disassociation constant , which is the ratio between the dissociated ions and the non-dissociated molecules. (e-wit.pl)
Identify the energy carrier molecules produced in the citric acid cycle. (formascirculares.com)
These same molecules, except nucleic acids, can serve as energy sources for the glucose pathway. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Four carbon dioxide molecules will form in this cycle. (antranik.org)

The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
This cycle is the "power plant" that energizes all metabolism and thus, life itself. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This cycle plays two key roles in metabolism. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The citric acid cycle is referred to as the "hub of the intermediate metabolism" because it has a central role for a lot of metabolic pathways. (lecturio.com)
Citric acid forms a vital part of human metabolism and is present in every human body. (reference.com)
Citric acid is used in the process of metabolism in the humans, animals and plants. (creationwiki.org)
Citric acid definition is - a tricarboxylic acid C6H8O7 occurring in cellular metabolism, obtained especially from lemon and lime juices or by fermentation of sugars, and used chiefly as a flavoring. (pawmates.co.uk)

Two carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group. (org.in)

The overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the TCA cycle is three NADH, one FADH 2 , and one GTP . (wikipedia.org)
Instead, the citric acid cycle removes electrons from acetyl CoA and uses these electrons to form NADH and FADH 2. (org.in)
Most of the energy produced is stored in the form of high energy electrons, and one turn of the cycle will result in three NADH and one FADH 2 . (wisegeek.com)

The product of this reaction, acetyl-CoA, is the starting point for the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
One of the primary sources of acetyl-CoA is from the breakdown of sugars by glycolysis which yield pyruvate that in turn is decarboxylated by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex generating acetyl-CoA according to the following reaction scheme: CH3C(=O)C(=O)O−pyruvate + HSCoA + NAD+ → CH3C(=O)SCoAacetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 The product of this reaction, acetyl-CoA, is the starting point for the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
This is an irreversible reaction which links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle together. (wikibooks.org)
An irreversible reaction that is link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. (wikibooks.org)
Per reaction cycle, 1 acetyl-CoA is transformed into 2 CO 2 . (lecturio.com)
In this reaction step, the first oxidation reaction and the first decarboxylation of the citric acid cycle occur - with the formation of 1 NADH + H + and the release of CO 2 . (lecturio.com)
21) Write the citric acid cycle reaction in which energy is conserved in the formation of a phosphoanhydride bond by substrate-level phosphorylation. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
You will only be able to see the first reaction of the cell cycle in its name pyruvate. (humanmankind.com)
Which of the following 'escorts' acetic acid produced from pyruvic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle? (kroon-partners.nl)
It is the product of a cyclic reaction in cellular respiration known as the citric acid cycle , and is an excellent source of energy because it can be readily converted into ATP . (creationwiki.org)
A dehydration-rehydration reaction with aconitate is what leads to the conversion of citrate to isocitrate in the citric acid cycle. (knowt.io)
The next reaction of the citric acid cycle is catalyzed by the enzyme acontinase. (octopuscom.fr)
Later on while you are resting, your liver is busy oxidizing the lactic acid to pyruvate through a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase. (livestrong.com)
The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl COA involves 5 types of reaction and each reaction is catalysed by different enzyme system these enzymes act as a multi enzyme system (complex). (docplayer.net)
In this reaction the glutamate is converted into alpha-ketoglutarate, which is a citric acid cycle intermediate. (huf.us)

Almost all of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are soluble, with the single exception of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, which is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. (oercommons.org)
Almost all of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are soluble, with the single exception of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, which … We have moved all content for this concept to for better organization. (pawmates.co.uk)

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that forms part of the breakdown of carbohydrates , fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The citric acid cycle is considered an amphibolic pathway because it participates in both catabolism and anabolism. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Unlike glycolysis, the citric acid cycle is a closed loop: The last part of the pathway regenerates the compound used in the first step. (oercommons.org)
The metabolic pathway map example "Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Biology solution from the Science and Education area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. (conceptdraw.com)
Therefore, citric acid induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. (iiarjournals.org)
Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration, and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric acid cycle. (hyperleap.com)
The citric acid cycle is a pathway designed to burn away carboxylic acids as two moles of CO 2. (org.in)
Citric acid refers to the citrate that is produced in the first step of the pathway. (benjaminpohle.com)
As an outcome of these changes, much of the pyruvate generated via the glycolytic pathway is converted to lactic acid, rather than being used to produce acetyl-CoA and ultimately, the citrate which enters the citric acid cycle. (octopuscom.fr)
The citric acid cycle is a key component of the metabolic pathway by which all aerobic organisms generate energy. (octopuscom.fr)
Researchers led by Professors Ivan Berg (University of Münster) and Wolfgang Eisenreich (TUM) have new insights into the citric acid cycle: Certain bacteria can use this central metabolic pathway „backwards", but to do so they must have very high concentrations of the enzyme citrate synthase and of carbon dioxide. (idw-online.de)
The citric acid cycle is an important metabolic pathway that enables living organisms to generate energy by degrading organic compounds into carbon dioxide (CO₂). (idw-online.de)
Now, the same team found that bacteria using this metabolic pathway (the reversed citric acid cycle through citrate synthase), depend on very high concentrations of both the enzyme and carbon dioxide. (idw-online.de)
When your muscles can't get enough oxygen during a short burst of exercise, they start to make use of a pathway called lactic acid fermentation, which generates a small three-carbon compound called lactic acid or lactate as a byproduct of glucose breakdown. (livestrong.com)
In this case, the acetyl-CoA will feed into a biochemical pathway called the citric acid cycle, and your liver cell will use the energy it extracts by oxidizing these carbons to store energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP. (livestrong.com)
When lactic acid is abundant in your liver cells after exercise, the gluconeogenesis pathway is a little bit different from the one your liver employs at other times. (livestrong.com)

These results indicate that simpler versions of metabolic cycles could have emerged under potential prebiotic conditions, laying the foundation for the appearance of more sophisticated metabolic pathways once control by (polymeric) catalysts became available. (nature.com)
The metabolic pathways include glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. (study.com)
Citric acid increased the level of Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and reduced the levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL) and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, which subsequently induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. (iiarjournals.org)
If lactate or propionate were added, malate and citrate accumulated indicating utilization of anaplerotic pathways for the citric acid cycle. (mysciencework.com)
The Important Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Plants The TCA cycle is a central metabolic hub necessary for ATP production and for providing precursors used in many biosynthetic pathways. (kroon-partners.nl)
I previously wrote METHYLATION CYCLE, GENETICS, B VITAMINS in which I considered in-depth how the Methylation Cycle functions, how genetics affect metabolic pathways, and how B vitamins (including vitamin B12, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B2) are used in Methylation Cycle pathways. (integratedhealthblog.com)
The citric acid cycle (CAC) is recognized as the central hub of a large number of metabolic pathways. (octopuscom.fr)
Acetyl CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, a major source of reducing equivalents used to synthesize ATP, or enter biosynthetic pathways. (reactome.org)
You have just read about two pathways in glucose catabolism-glycolysis and the citric acid cycle-that generate ATP. (opentextbc.ca)

The two phases of cellular respiration are: 1) Glycolysis and 2) the Citric Acid Cycle. (encognitive.com)
The regulation of the cycle is by cellular needs of ATP. (biochemden.com)
Photosynthesis/Calvin cycle, Cellular Respiration/Citric Acid Cycle study guide by tmatherne includes 25 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. (benjaminpohle.com)

We end up with two pyruvates or pyruvic acids. (khanacademy.org)
Prior to the beginning of the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid generated in glycolysis crosses the mitochondrial membrane and is used to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). (octopuscom.fr)

Through catabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins, the two-carbon organic product acetyl-CoA (a form of acetate) is produced which enters the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)

In order for food to enter the citric acid cycle, it must be broken into acetyl groups, (CH 3 CO). The anticlockwise Citric Acid Cycle is a rational product of the well-established concept of enzyme kinetic, suggesting a short cut to malic acid synthesis. (humanmankind.com)
Dec 06, 2008· Best Answer: The citric acid cycle forms the electron carriers which drive the synthesis of ATP. (org.in)
The cycle is also central to most of the synthesis of biomolecules in you. (docpelletier.com)

Essentially, the cycle involves converting the potential energy of a variety of nutrients into the readily available energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In this so-called reversed citric acid cycle, citrate synthase is replaced by ATP-citrate lyase, which consumes cells' universal energy carrier ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to cleave citrate instead of forming it. (idw-online.de)
The Citric Acid Cycle metabolises the pyruvate and processes it in a variety of ways to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy needed for cells in the human body. (formascirculares.com)

Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle must be carefully regulated by the cell. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

TCA cycle mainly takes place in Mitochondrial Matrix. (biochemden.com)
Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix. (hyperleap.com)
The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Pyruvate from glycolysis is transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the citric acid cycle. (pawmates.co.uk)

While direct substrate phosphorylation does occur to an extent in the citric acid cycle, the processes of the electron transport chain yield a great deal of energy, forming most of the ATPs per glucose in aerobic respiration. (wikipremed.com)
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration. (pawmates.co.uk)
Aerobic respiration is the most productive because carbon sources can be completely oxidised to carbon dioxide via the citric acid cycle and as many as 24 reducing equivalents per mol of glucose can be processed via the proton-translocating aerobic respiratory chain. (e-wit.pl)

In addition, many species of bacteria also have enzymes from part of the right-hand side of the citric acid cycle, especially citrate synthase and aconitase. (blogspot.co.uk)
NADH, a product of all dehydrogenases in the citric acid cycle with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and also citrate synthase. (hyperleap.com)
The first step in the cycle is usually performed by the enzyme citrate synthase, which builds citrate. (idw-online.de)
However, a few years ago, a research team led by Ivan Berg (University of Münster) and Wolfgang Eisenreich (Technical University of Munich) discovered that instead of requiring ATP-citrate lyase for the reversed cycle, some anaerobic bacteria can use citrate synthase itself to catalyze citrate cleavage without consuming ATP. (idw-online.de)

We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of glycolic acid ( 10 - 12 ) and lactic acid ( 13 , 14 ) in previous studies, but the in vitro effects of citric acid remain unclear. (iiarjournals.org)
What Happens to Lactic Acid After Exercise? (livestrong.com)
Lactic acid is not useful to your muscle cells, but your liver turns it back into glucose later on after exercise. (livestrong.com)
As lactic acid accumulates inside your muscle cells, it enters your bloodstream. (livestrong.com)
The liver also needs to turn the lactic acid into glucose. (livestrong.com)
Your muscles ultimately gain less energy from glucose breakdown and lactic acid fermentation than your liver must expend to make the lactate back into glucose. (livestrong.com)
At times like these, lactic acid fermentation becomes the only way your muscles can keep metabolizing glucose for fuel. (livestrong.com)
context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"What Happens to Lactic Acid After Exercise? (livestrong.com)

Prokaryote cells and eurkaryotic cells both uses citric acid to function. (creationwiki.org)
It's aka the citric acid cycle because it uses citric acid. (antranik.org)

2 carbons) to form citric acid (6 carbons). (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

[10] In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce citric acid from sugar. (wikipedia.org)
C. Wehmer in 1893 discovered that penicillium mold from sugar can produce citric acid. (creationwiki.org)

Many catabolic biochemical processes, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and beta oxidation, produce the reduced coenzyme NADH. (hyperleap.com)
The next step is the formation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) which is the initiator of the citric acid cycle. (humanmankind.com)
The cycle harnesses the available chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (pawmates.co.uk)

acetyl CoA notE: Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle. (octopuscom.fr)
That is associated to which of these enters the citric acid cycle? (octopuscom.fr)
Describe what happens to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle. (formascirculares.com)

The two major products of Citric Acid Cycle are: NADH (the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide). (org.in)

The citric acid cycle utilizes mitochondrial enzymes for final oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. (octopuscom.fr)

the remaining four carbon atoms will also be converted to carbon dioxide during the citric acid cycle. (coursehero.com)

Drugs, allergens, environmental toxins, and diseases block or disrupt the citric acid cycle by interfering with either the enzymes or the intermediate compounds of the cycle. (encognitive.com)
What is the final product from the intermediate step between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle? (org.in)
This cycle is called the citric acid cycle since the first metabolic intermediate formed in the cycle is citric acid. (e-wit.pl)

The Citric Acid Cycle has eight-steps. (wikibooks.org)
The citric acid cycle consists of a series of steps used to catalyze products following the oxidation of pyruvate. (coursehero.com)
The citric acid cycle involves the following eight steps to catalyze products following the oxidation of pyruvate. (coursehero.com)
Molecular formula of citric acid cycle involves a series of steps, citrate, which occurs the. (humanmankind.com)
The cycle includes eight major steps. (formascirculares.com)

This preparation for the citric acid cycle is called pyruvate oxidation because the pyruvate is oxidized, or loses electrons, to form NADH + H+. (humanmankind.com)

It is believed that components of the citric acid cycle were derived from anaerobic bacteria , and that the TCA cycle itself may have evolved more than once. (wikipedia.org)
We need to examine the function of the citric acid cycle enzymes in bacteria in order to understand their role in simple single-celled organisms. (blogspot.co.uk)
Most species of bacteria do not have a complete citric acid cycle. (blogspot.co.uk)
But, in the absence of oxygen (under anaerobic conditions), some bacteria can perform the reverse cycle: They can build up biomass from CO₂. (idw-online.de)
The scientists wanted to understand what factor determines whether the citric acid cycle runs "forwards" or "backwards" in the bacteria. (idw-online.de)

Its complex is composed of members of a family of homologous complexes which include citric acid cycle enzyme a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. (wikibooks.org)
It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. (hyperleap.com)
Citric acid undergoes a series of enzyme-catalyzed conversions. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

This is because oxygen is needed later, during the electron transport chain, which creates the ATP and NADH used to drive this cycle. (coursehero.com)
If there is a lack of oxygen at this end step, the whole citric acid cycle stops. (encognitive.com)
Note that the citric acid cycle itself neither generates a large amount of ATP nor includes oxygen as a reactant (Figure 17.3). (org.in)
The citric acid cycle enzymes are found in all cells that use oxygen, and even in some cells that don't. (assignmentpoint.com)
Citric acid's full name is hydroxytricarboxylic acid and it's chemical formula is six carbon, eight hydrogen, and seven oxygen. (creationwiki.org)
The citric acid cycle occurs after glycolysis only if oxygen is present (it is an aerobic process). (pawmates.co.uk)
Practice: The citric acid cycle requires oxygen indirectly, because oxygen is necessary for what to occur? (clutchprep.com)

The acetyl CoA made during the oxidation of pyruvate is used as a reactant to drive the citric acid cycle. (coursehero.com)
The citric acid cycle starts after the oxidation of pyruvate. (coursehero.com)

According to Ron Davis , speaking at the 2016 IACFS/ME conference, "ME/CFS patients have a marked decrease in some of the Citric Acid Cycle metabolites while mitochondrial mutations generally cause an increase. (me-pedia.org)
Sep 29, 2016· Glycolysis, the preparatory stage and the Krebs or citric acid cycle. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Nov 02, 2016· Citric acid cycle ( TCA ) In addition, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by a high energy charge. (kroon-partners.nl)

Oxidation and decarboxylation within the modern TCA cycle. (nature.com)

Citric acid is a strong organic acid found in many fruits, vegetables, and is soluble in water. (creationwiki.org)
Is citric acid soluble in water? (reference.com)
Citric acid is soluble in water to a great degree. (reference.com)

The citric acid cycle has three points of regulation-the most important of which is isocitrate dehydrogenase-that are controlled by the supply of ATP and NADH. (kroon-partners.nl)

The function of the citric acid cycle is the harvesting of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels. (org.in)
The function of the citric acid cycle is to harvest high-energy electrons from carbon fuels. (formascirculares.com)

An integral part of the citric acid cycle is the electron transport system. (encognitive.com)
There are three separate stages of glucose oxidation: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system. (wisegeek.com)

For vitamin C, see ascorbic acid . (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy7

Organisms9

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes20

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Activities of glucose metabolic enzymes in human preantral follicles: in vitro modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and transforming growth factor beta1. (1/1318)

Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (2/1318)

The importance of pyruvate availability to PDC activation and anaplerosis in human skeletal muscle. (3/1318)

Low oxygen inhibits but complex high-glucose medium facilitates in vitro maturation of squirrel monkey oocyte-granulosa cell complexes. (4/1318)

A minimal mechanism for bacterial pattern formation. (5/1318)

The tricarboxylic acid cycle of Helicobacter pylori. (6/1318)

Replenishment and depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Indication of pyruvate carboxylation. (7/1318)

Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. (8/1318)

Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid

Citrates

Malates

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Oxaloacetates

Fumarate Hydratase

Aconitate Hydratase

Ketoglutaric Acids

Pyruvic Acid

Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

Oxaloacetic Acid

Malate Dehydrogenase

Citrate (si)-Synthase

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Succinic Acid

Carbon Isotopes

Pyruvates

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Acetates

Glyoxylates

Succinate-CoA Ligases

Fluoroacetates

Cell Cycle

Fumarates

Succinates

Glycolysis

Glutamates

Gluconeogenesis

Ketone Bodies

Heptanoates

Malate Synthase

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters

Glucose

Carbon Dioxide

Glutarates

Mitochondria

Glutamine

Acetoacetates

Oxo-Acid-Lyases

Oxygen Consumption

Keto Acids

Energy Metabolism

Acetic Acid

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Oxidation-Reduction

Lactic Acid

Hydro-Lyases

Carbon

Coenzyme A

Glutamic Acid

Aspartic Acid

Propionates

Perfusion

Models, Biological

Aspergillus niger

Tricarboxylic Acids

Kinetics

Myocardium

NAD

Menstrual Cycle

Cough

Taste

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Lactates

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Liver

Mitochondria, Heart

Carboxylic Acids

Culture Media

Molecular Sequence Data

Oxidoreductases

Swine

Mitochondria, Liver

Antitussive Agents

Fatty Acids

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Adenosine Triphosphate

Bacillus subtilis