Citric acid. Medical search

A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

The minimum concentration at which taste sensitivity to a particular substance or food can be perceived.

An order of fish including smelts, galaxiids, and salamanderfish.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.

Encysted cercaria which house the intermediate stages of trematode parasites in tissues of an intermediate host.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

The process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. The four basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, and sour.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A family of intestinal flukes of the class Trematoda which occurs in animals and man. Some of the genera are Heterophyes, Metagonimus, Cryptocotyle, Stellantchasmus, and Euryhelmis.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. They are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. The acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.

A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.

Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and water to 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.26.

Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.

Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in FLOWERS and FRUIT. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

A plant species of the family CLUSIACEAE. It is a source of hydroxycitric acid.

A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with OLFACTION DISORDERS. Additional potential etiologies include METABOLIC DISEASES; DRUG TOXICITY; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., TASTE BUD diseases; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES; and BRAIN STEM diseases).

The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)

A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar orange fruit which is also a source of orange oil.

Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.

Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid.

Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.

Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.

Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.

An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.2.

A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.

The methyl esters of methacrylic acid that polymerize easily and are used as tissue cements, dental materials, and absorbent for biological substances.

A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.

A condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of KETONE BODIES in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). It is a sign of DIABETES COMPLICATION, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE).

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.

An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.

A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. (1/1204)

Fossil shellfish powder (FS) and Ezo giant scallop shell powder (EG) were rendered soluble with lactate and citrate under decompression (FSEx and EGEx, respectively) and we examined the effects of lactate-citrate solubilization of FS and EG on mineral absorption, tissue mineral contents, serum biochemical indices and bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The apparent absorption ratios of minerals tended to be high in the rats fed with the solubilized mineral sources, those in the FSEx group being significantly higher than in the FS group. There was no significant difference in the tibia mineral content among the OVX groups. BMD at the distal femoral diaphysis was significantly increased by FSEx and EGEx feeding. It is suggested that solubilization with lactate and citrate under decompression increased the solubility and bioavailability of calcium from such natural sources of shellfish calcium as FS and EG. (+info)

Citric acid production from xylan and xylan hydrolysate by semi-solid culture of Aspergillus niger. (2/1204)

Citric acid production from xylan and xylan hydrolysate was done by Aspergillus niger Yang no. 2 cultivated in a semi-solid culture using bagasse as a carrier. Yang no. 2 produced 72.4 g/l and 52.6 g/l of citric acid in 5 d from 140 g/l of xylose and arabinose, respectively. Yang no. 2 produced 51.6 g/l of citric acid in 3 d from a concentrated xylan hydrolysate prepared by cellulase treatment, containing 100 g/l of reducing sugars. Moreover, Yang no. 2 directly produced 39.6 g/l of citric acid maximally in 3 d from 140 g/l of xylan. (+info)

Down regulation by iron of prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial fibroblasts. (3/1204)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of iron on the prostaglandin (PG) E2 production by human synovial fibroblasts in vitro. METHODS: Human synovial fibroblasts were isolated from synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and cultured in medium. Synovial fibroblasts were stimulated by human recombinant interleukin (IL) 1 beta (0.1-10 ng/ml) with or without ferric citrate (Fe-citrate, 0.01-1 mM). The amount of PGE2 in the culture medium was measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The production of PGE2 by the synovial fibroblasts was increased by stimulation with IL1 beta at all concentrations tested. Fe-citrate but not sodium citrate (Na-citrate) down regulated the production of PGE2 by the synovial fibroblasts, both with and without stimulation by IL1 beta. Fe-citrate inhibited the spontaneous PGE2 production by the cells in a dose dependent manner, and a maximum inhibition by Fe-citrate was observed at the concentration of 0.1 mM with IL1 beta stimulation. The down regulation by iron was reversed by the co-addition of desferrioxamine (100 micrograms/ml), an iron chelator. CONCLUSION: Iron down regulates the PGE2 production by synovial fibroblasts in vitro. (+info)

Roles of oxygen radicals and elastase in citric acid-induced airway constriction of guinea-pigs. (4/1204)

Antioxidants attenuate noncholinergic airway constriction. To further investigate the relationship between tachykinin-mediated airway constriction and oxygen radicals, we explored citric acid-induced bronchial constriction in 48 young Hartley strain guinea-pigs, divided into six groups: control; citric acid; hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes + citric acid; hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes + phosphoramidon + citric acid; dimethylthiourea (DMTU) + citric acid; and DMTU + phosphoramidon + citric acid. Hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes and DMTU are scavengers of oxygen radicals while phosphoramidon is an inhibitor of the major degradation enzyme for tachykinins. Animals were anaesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. Each animal was given 50 breaths of 4 ml saline or citric acid aerosol. We measured dynamic respiratory compliance (Crs), forced expiratory volume in 0.1 (FEV0.1), and maximal expiratory flow at 30% total lung capacity (Vmax30) to evaluate the degree of airway constriction. Citric acid, but not saline, aerosol inhalation caused marked decreases in Crs, FEV0.1 and Vmax30, indicating marked airway constriction. This constriction was significantly attenuated by either hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes or by DMTU. In addition, phosphoramidon significantly reversed the attenuating action of hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes, but not that of DMTU. Citric acid aerosol inhalation caused increases in both lucigenin- and t-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence counts, indicating citric acid-induced increase in oxygen radicals and decrease in antioxidants in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These alterations were significantly suppressed by either hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes or DMTU. An elastase inhibitor eglin-c also significantly attenuated citric acid-induced airway constriction, indicating the contributing role of elastase in this type of constriction. We conclude that both oxygen radicals and elastase play an important role in tachykinin-mediated, citric acid-induced airway constriction. (+info)

Citrate ions enhance taste responses to amino acids in the largemouth bass. (5/1204)

The glossopharyngeal (IX) taste system of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, is highly selective to amino acids and is poorly responsive to trisodium citrate; however, IX taste responses to specific concentrations of L- and D-arginine and L-lysine but not L-proline were enhanced by citrate but not sodium ions. Binary mixtures of L-arginine (3 x 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M) or D-arginine (10(-3)M) + trisodium citrate (10(-3)M; pH 7-9) resulted in enhanced taste activity, whereas binary mixtures of higher concentrations (10(-2)M and 10(-1)M) of L- or D-arginine + 10(-3)M trisodium citrate were not significantly different from the response to the amino acid alone. Under continuous adaptation to 10(-3)M citrate, taste responses to L-arginine were also enhanced at the identical concentrations previously indicated, but responses to 10(-2)M and 10(-1)M L-arginine were significantly suppressed. Under continuous adaptation to 10(-2)M L-arginine, taste responses to 10(-2)M, 10(-1)M, and 10(0) M citrate were significantly enhanced. Cellular concentrations of both citrate and amino acids in prey of the carnivorous largemouth bass are sufficient for this taste-enhancing effect to occur naturally during consummatory feeding behavior. Citrate acting as a calcium chelator is presented as a possible mechanism of action for the enhancement effect. (+info)

Trophoblast cell line resistance to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA class I-independent mechanism. (6/1204)

The lack of classical HLA molecules on trophoblast prevents allorecognition by maternal T lymphocytes, but poses the problem of susceptibility to NK lysis. Expression of the nonclassical class I molecule, HLA-G, on cytotrophoblast may provide the protective effect. However, the class I-negative syncytiotrophoblast escapes NK lysis by maternal PBL. In addition, while HLA-G-expressing transfectants of LCL.721.221 cells are protected from lymphokine-activated killer lysis, extravillous cytotrophoblast cells and HLA-G-expressing choriocarcinoma cells (CC) are not. The aim of this work was therefore to clarify the role of HLA class I expression on trophoblast cell resistance to NK lysis and on their susceptibility to lymphokine-activated killer lysis. Our results showed that both JAR (HLA class I-negative) and JEG-3 (HLA-G- and HLA-Cw4-positive) cells were resistant to NK lysis by PBL and were equally lysed by IL-2-stimulated PBL isolated from a given donor. In agreement, down-regulating HLA class I expression on JEG-3 cells by acid treatment, masking these molecules or the putative HLA-G (or HLA-E) receptor CD94/NKG2 and the CD158a/p58.1 NKR with mAbs, and inducing self class I molecule expression on JAR cells did not affect NK or LAK lysis of CC. These results demonstrate that the resistance of CC to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA class I-independent mechanism(s). In addition, we show that the expression of a classical class I target molecule (HLA-B7) on JAR cells is insufficient to induce lysis by allospecific polyclonal CTL. (+info)

Regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding. (7/1204)

BACKGROUND: Systemic heparinization is associated with a high rate of bleeding when used to maintain patency of the extracorporeal circuit during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in critically ill patients. Regional anticoagulation can be achieved with citrate, but previously described techniques are cumbersome and associated with metabolic complications. METHODS: We designed a simplified system for delivering regional citrate anticoagulation during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). We evaluated filter life and hemorrhagic complications in the first 17 consecutive patients who received this therapy at our institution. Blood flow rate was set at 180 ml/min. Ultrafiltration rate was maintained at 2.0 liters/hr and citrate-based replacement fluid (trisodium citrate 13.3 mM, sodium chloride 100 mM, magnesium chloride 0.75 mM, dextrose 0.2%) was infused proximal to the filter to maintain the desired fluid balance. Calcium gluconate was infused through a separate line to maintain a serum-ionized calcium level of 1.0 to 1.1 mM. RESULTS: All patients were critically ill and required mechanical ventilation and vasopressor therapy. Systemic heparin anticoagulation was judged to be contraindicated in all of the patients. A total of 85 filters were used, of which 64 were lost because of clotting, with a mean life span of 29.5 +/- 17.9 hours. The remaining 21 filters were discontinued for other reasons. Control of fluid and electrolyte balance and azotemia was excellent (mean serum creatinine after 48 to 72 hr of treatment was 2.4 +/- 1.2 mg/dl). No bleeding episodes occurred. Two patients, one with septic shock and the other with fulminant hepatic failure, developed evidence for citrate toxicity without a significant alteration in clinical status. Nine patients survived (52.9%). CONCLUSION: Our simplified technique of regional anticoagulation with citrate is an effective and safe form of anticoagulation for CVVH in critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding. (+info)

Comparative absorption of calcium sources and calcium citrate malate for the prevention of osteoporosis. (8/1204)

Anthropologically speaking, humans were high consumers of calcium until the onset of the Agricultural Age, 10,000 years ago. Current calcium intake is one-quarter to one-third that of our evolutionary diet and, if we are genetically identical to the Late Paleolithic Homo sapiens, we may be consuming a calcium-deficient diet our bodies cannot adjust to by physiologic mechanisms. Meta-analyses of calcium and bone mass studies demonstrate supplementation of 500 to 1500 mg calcium daily improves bone mass in adolescents, young adults, older men, and postmenopausal women. Calcium citrate malate has high bioavailability and thus has been the subject of calcium studies in these populations. Positive effects have been seen in prepubertal girls, adolescents, and postmenopausal women. The addition of trace minerals and vitamin D in separate trials has improved the effect of calcium citrate malate on bone density and shown a reduction of fracture risk. (+info)

Citric acid cycle. Main article: Citric acid cycle. This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When ... The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[6] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 ... In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the ... Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_respiration

The closely related acids isocitric acid, aconitic acid, and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic acid, carballylic ... Citric acid cycle[edit]. Main article: Citric acid cycle. Citrate is an intermediate in the TCA cycle (aka TriCarboxylic Acid ... Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin. Single-use citric acid sachets have been ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula C. 6H. 8O. 7. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate

Citric acid cycle[edit]. Main article: citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA ( ... "Citric Acid Cycle" (PDF). Takusagawa's Note. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013.. ... tricarboxylic acid) cycle is an 8-step process that takes the pyruvate generated by glycolysis and generates 4 NADH, FADH2, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate

... "citric acid cycle".[26][27] It is also known as the "Krebs cycle" or "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle". ... Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)[edit]. At the University of Sheffield, Krebs and William Johnson investigated cellular ... Krebs continued to add more details to his citric acid cycle. The discovery of acetyl-CoA in 1947 by Fritz Albert Lipmann was ... With Hans Kornberg, he also discovered the glyoxylate cycle, which is a slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs

Fatty acid synthesis Cholesterol synthesis The citric acid cycle which in turn leads to: Amino acid synthesis Nucleotide ... beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and during the citric acid cycle). The NADH thus produced is primarily used to ultimately ... In the citric acid cycle all the intermediates (e.g. citrate, iso-citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate and ... Furthermore, citric acid intermediates are constantly used to form a variety of substances such as the purines, pyrimidines and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules ... Increased fatty acid delivery to the heart increases fatty acid uptake by cardiomyocytes, resulting in increased fatty acid ... The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, and, in the process, produces reduced cofactors (three ... Stryer L (1995). "Citric acid cycle.". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 509-527, 569-579 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

"Citric Acid Trip". Snopes.com. 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2010-07-27. "LSD given to police officer". Snopes.com. 2008-07-07. ... "the brown acid", which was allegedly bad. One possible reason people believe that they had "bad acid" could be because they ... A "bad trip" is easily caused by an expectation or fear of ill effects, which may later be blamed on "bad acid." This legend ... No brown acid: Woodstock anniversary concert draws a cell phone crowd, Associated Press Archive - August 15, 1998 United States ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs

Citric acid cycleEdit. Main articles: Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation ... which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every "turn" of the citric ... Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because O2 is used ... The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates, particularly the ratio of NAD+ to NADH and the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate

... variants at MetaCyc. *Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle at Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ... However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle ... Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycleEdit. Several catabolic pathways converge on the citric acid cycle ... To turn them into amino acids the alpha keto-acids formed from the citric acid cycle intermediates have to acquire their amino ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_cycle

Citric acid cycle. Main article: Citric acid cycle. This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When ... The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[4] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 ... In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the ... Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_metabolism

... leading to the citric acid cycle and allowing for the production of amino acids. GlcN-6-P and fructose-6-phosphate act as ... Stryer L, Tymoczko JL, Berg JM (2002). "The Citric Acid Cycle". Biochemistry. 5th Edition. White RJ, Pasternak CA (October 1967 ... Asp-273 then acts as an acid to protonate the amine leaving group. One proposed mechanism using the BsNagA and its two iron co- ... The mechanism proceeds via a strictly conserved active-site aspartic acid residue (Asp-273) that acts initially as a base to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate_deacetylase

"The Citric Acid Cycle". Biochemistry. 5th edition. Jordan, Frank; Furey, William; Nemeria, Natalia S.; Patel, Mulchand S. (2014 ... Energy-generating ions and molecules, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl coenzyme A and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_decarboxylation

... exists in nearly all living cells and stands as a pace-making enzyme in the first step of the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle ... Citrate synthase has three key amino acids in its active site (known as the catalytic triad) which catalyze the conversion of ... Citrate synthase's 437 amino acid residues are organized into two main subunits, each consisting of 20 alpha-helices. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_synthase

Citric acid. Citric Acid* Paraben. Methylparaben Cetyl alcohol. Cetyl Alcohol Vitamin E. Tocopherol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nomenclature_of_Cosmetic_Ingredients

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... The PDHB gene encodes a precursor protein that has 359 amino acid residues and a final mature protein that has 329 amino acids ... In forming the entire PDH complex, the 289th beta residue, aspartic acid, interacts with the 276th residue of the E2 complex, a ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_beta

Pantothenic acid deficiency. Swelling of the thigh. → Citric acid deficiency, Riboflavin deficiency. Apathy, lack of motivation ... The nutrients that according to Moerman were essential to health, are iodine, Citric acid, Yeast (as a source of the whole ... Pantothenic acid deficiency. Capillary weakness. → Vitamin E deficiency, Vitamin C deficiency. Delayed wound healing, scarring ... under formation of lactic acid. The progression of proliferation (tumor growth) would then only be a result of it. Moerman ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerman_Therapy

Various strains of A. niger are used in the industrial preparation of citric acid (E330) and gluconic acid (E574), and have ... 2011). "Comparative genomics of citric-acid-producing Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 versus enzyme-producing CBS 513.88". Genome ... "Biotechnological production of citric acid". Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 41 (4): 862-875. doi:10.1590/S1517- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_niger

Natural plant extracts (including natural caffeine and kola nut extract). citric, tartaric and lactic acids. Stabilizer: gum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi_Raw

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ... The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_alpha_2

Citric Acid-Ammonium Citrate Solutions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 72 (6): 2354-2361. doi:10.1021/ja01162a004. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spedding

Although lemons contain citric acid, most citric acid is produced by fermentation using microbes that can convert sugars into ... The juice from the lemon is acidic and contains citric acid that helps lower the pH, which additionally restricts microbes that ... citric acid, which is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage and is extensively used in food and pharmaceutical ... "Microbial production of citric acid". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 42 (3): 263-276. doi:10.1590/S1516- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserved_lemon

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... The PDHA1 subunit has been shown to be regulated by free fatty acids during bouts of exercise. The presence of free fatty acids ... The preliminary peptide encoded by this gene was 29 amino acids at the very start of the sequence that correspond to a typical ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_alpha_1

Citric acid cycle: *Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is then oxidized to CO2 in the cycle.[9][page ... Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, where the acetyl group is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, and the energy ... However, instead of continuing through the citric acid cycle to be converted to carbon dioxide and water, the citrate is ... At low glucose levels, the production of acetyl-CoA is linked to β-oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acids are first converted to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coa

November 22 - Hans Krebs (b. 1900), German medical doctor and biochemist; discoverer of the citric acid cycle. December 6 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_science

Although it is often referred to as a citric acid salt of caffeine, as implied by its name, caffeine citrate in fact consists ... The drug is prepared by combining anhydrous caffeine with citric acid monohydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate. Caffeine ... Smit, Jared P.; Hagen, Eric J. (2015-03-01). "Polymorphism in Caffeine Citric Acid Cocrystals". Journal of Chemical ... Smit, Jared P.; Hagen, Eric J. (2015-03-01). "Polymorphism in Caffeine Citric Acid Cocrystals". Journal of Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine_citrate

In another method, isoniazid was claimed to have been made from citric acid starting material. Hydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, Laniazid, ... Baizer, Manuel M.; Dub, Michael; Gister, Sidney; Steinberg, Nathan G. (1956). "Synthesis of Isoniazid from Citric Acid". ... Isonicotinic acid hydrazide is also used in chromatography to differentiate between various degrees of conjugation in organic ... This process inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are required components of the mycobacterial cell wall. A range of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid

Citric acid content is around 1%. It has no seeds. The time of ripening is mid to late March. The flavor is similar to that of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyomi

"Citric acid detected in sister's body". Dong-A Ilbo. September 2, 1988. Retrieved July 16, 2019. "'Blood' because of debt... 86 ... The police had carried out autopsies on four people who died under suspicious circumstances, finding citric acid in three of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sun-ja_(serial_killer)

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Müller, Ulrich F.; Tor, Yitzhak (2014). "Citric Acid and the RNA World". Angewandte ... providing further evidence for central role of citric acid in primordial metabolism. doi:10.1126/science.1241888 "UMn CBS". ... non enzymatic RNA replication in primitive protocells is only possibly in presence of weak cation chelator like citric acid, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Adamala

Corn starch-filled, glucose-sweetened pie with made with sub-standard canned pineapple, artificial (citric acid) lemon flavor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100,000,000_Guinea_Pigs

The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to power ATP synthase. ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

... and either a complete or partial citric acid cycle.[116] These similarities to other organisms probably reflect both early ... Deppenmeier, U. (2002). "The unique biochemistry of methanogenesis". Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. Progress in Nucleic Acid ... acetic acid or formic acid are used as alternative electron acceptors by methanogens. These reactions are common in gut- ... it lacks D-amino acids and N-acetylmuramic acid.[102]. Archaea flagella operate like bacterial flagella-their long stalks are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

... phosphoric acid, citric acid, and hydrobromic acid. Salts of mineral acids with amines are also used as aggressive activators. ... organic acids (monocarboxylic, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and dicarboxylic, e.g. oxalic acid, malonic acid ... A mixture of organic acids (resin acids, predominantly abietic acid, with pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, ... Typical compounds used are carboxylic acids (e.g. fatty acids (most often oleic acid and stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)

citric acid cycle. *Citrate synthase. *Aconitase. *Isocitrate dehydrogenase. *Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. *Succinyl ... MT-TI is a small 69 nucleotide RNA (human mitochondrial map position 4263-4331) that transfers the amino acid isoleucine to a ... May 2003). "A homoplasmic mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acid mutation as a cause of maternally inherited hypertrophic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TI

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... tricarboxylic acid cycle. • oxidation-reduction process. • acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate. • glucose metabolic ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ... The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_

The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid and other organic acids[28] giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. ... The acid-free varieties of citrus are completely lacking the red color in all the mentioned spots.[31] This designation was ... These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decrease in acids, softening, and change in the fruit's colour.[ ... "Organic Acids Concentration in Citrus Juice from Conventional versus Organic Farming". Acta Horticulturae. 933: 601-606. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus

... superoxide inactivates the citric acid cycle enzyme aconitase, can poison energy metabolism, and releases potentially toxic ... as all ingested SOD is broken down into amino acids before being absorbed. However, ingestion of SOD bound to wheat proteins ... and their active sites contain the same type and arrangement of amino acid side-chains. They are usually dimers, but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgotein

... citric acid), respectively. The sweet taste lasts for 5 minutes with water and 10 minutes with an acidic solution.[1] Sweetness ... was also observed with other acids such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C)[6] and acetic acid. ... Amino acid sequence of sweet protein curculin adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein sequences.[3] ... Presence of Ca2+ and/or Mg2+, water and acids tune the binding of the active site of curculin to the receptor site and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculin

These chemicals are hydrogen peroxide, citric acid, lemon juice, and vinegar.[6] ... There are a variety of elements that can be used, including tannic acid, oolong tea, wine, cat urine, and pyrogallic acid.[6] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype

citric acid cycle. Also called the Krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). ... See citric acid cycle.. LEdit. larva. (pl.) larvae. A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into ... The process of oxidative phosphorylation, by which the NADH and succinate generated by the citric acid cycle are oxidized and ... ribonucleic acid (RNA). A nucleic acid polymer composed of a series of ribonucleotides which incorporate a set of four ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase) ... A mannose sugar is added to the first tryptophan residue in the sequence W-X-X-W (W indicates tryptophan; X is any amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylated

Citric acid - yiyecek asidi. *Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulgatör ... Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emülgatör. *Dicalcium diphosphate - topaklanmayı ... Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier ... Blackcurrant seed oil - used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Also used in ...

https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gıda_katkı_maddeleri_listesi

Citric acid cycle. *Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. *Fumarase deficiency. Electron transport chain. *Coenzyme Q10 deficiency ... Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ... Succinic acid has been studied, and shown effective for both Leigh syndrome, and MELAS syndrome.[13][14] A high-fat, low- ... Assessing the level of organic acids in urine can also indicate a dysfunction in the metabolic pathway.[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_disease

Top: ascorbic acid (reduced form of Vitamin C). Bottom: dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form of Vitamin C) ... The oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid: Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e−. H2O2 + 2 e− → 2 OH−. ... The reduction of nitrate to nitrogen in the presence of an acid (denitrification): 2 NO−. 3 + 10 e− + 12 H+ → N2 + 6 H2O. ... For example, thiosulfate ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_couple

... instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are ... If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to muscle fatigue. This occurs ... Acidification by lactic acid may allow recovery of force so that acidosis may protect against fatigue rather than being a cause ... Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

... or fed into the citric acid cycle. This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ... Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

Anfinsen Chromatography Chromite Chromium Chrysoberyl Chrysolite cinnabar Cinnabarite Citric acid Citrine quartz Clay Cleveite ... Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abichite Acetaldehyde Acetaminophen Acetic acid Acetone acetyl ... Carbohydrate carbon carbon dioxide Carbon group carbon monoxide carbonate carbonation Carbonic acid carbonyl carboxylic acid ... Phosphorus Phosphoric acid Phthalates Phyllite Physical chemistry physics physiologically active compound picometre Picric acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_chemistry_articles

It is only the lactate and the waste products of the citric acid cycle that are returned to the blood. The liver can take up ... Main articles: Acid-base homeostasis and Acid-base imbalance. The plasma pH can be altered by respiratory changes in the ... An important function is the production and control of bile acids. Too much bile acid can be toxic to cells and its synthesis ... to glucose-6-phosphate and thence to pyruvate to be fed into the citric acid cycle or turned into lactate. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

Organic acids such as citric acid or sodium citrate are added to the cream prior to homogenization in order to increase the ... Lactic acid bacteria (hereto known as LAB) ferment lactose to lactic acid, they are mesophilic, Gram-positive facultative ... Lefebvre-cases, E.; Fuente, B. TARODO; Cuq, J.L. (2001-05-01). "Effect of SDS on Acid Milk Coagulability". Journal of Food ... Its name comes from the production of lactic acid by bacterial fermentation, which is called souring. Crème fraîche is one type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_cream

Metabolism: Citric acid cycle enzymes. Cycle. *Citrate synthase. *Aconitase. *Isocitrate dehydrogenase. *Oxoglutarate ... 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid and 4-aminoantipyrine. ... Its amino acid sequence is highly conserved in eukaryotes, differing by only a few residues. In more than thirty species, 34 of ... Many higher-order organisms possess a chain of 104 amino acids.[9] The sequences of cytochrome c in humans is identical to that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_C

... at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is ... It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid ... Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. Fumaric acid has a fruit-like ... Maleic acid, the cis-isomer of fumaric acid. References[edit]. *^ Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E297

Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic ... acetic acid, and formic acid. Acetone ((CH. 3). 2CO) and phenol (C. 6H. 5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of ... carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR. 2). There are many important ... Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygène in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اکسیژن?match=en

The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. The genus is commercially ... Before the development of fermentation-based processes, lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid. ... These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decrease in acids and a softening and change in the fruit's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_fruits

coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid ... Notably, it is used in fatty acid synthesis, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoA

Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/l).[67] ... "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products". Journal of ... They are sweet and comparatively low in acid,[55] with a bright orange rind similar to that of other navels, but their flesh is ... The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)

Common sequestering agents are disodium EDTA, citric acid (and citrates), tartaric acid, and lecithin.[1] ... Citric and ascorbic acids target enzymes that degrade fruits and vegetables, e.g., mono/polyphenol oxidase which turns surfaces ... propionic acid and propionates baked goods n/a isothiazolinones (MIT, CMIT, BIT) home and personal care products, paints/ ... benzoic acid and benzoates used in acidic foods such as jams, salad dressing, juices, pickles, carbonated drinks, soy sauce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservatives

Diacetyl can be produced by the LAB through metabolism of sugar or of citric acid.[11] While citric acid is naturally present ... "Transformation of Citric Acid to Acetic Acid, Acetoin and Diacetyl by Wine Making Lactic Acid Bacteria" Agricultural and ... Compared to malic and citric acids, tartaric acid is usually considered microbiologically stable. However, some species of ... Lactic acid bacteria convert malic acid into lactic acid as an indirect means of creating energy for the bacteria by ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate

Citric acid cycle variants at MetaCyc. *Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle at Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ... Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle[edit]. Several catabolic pathways converge on the citric acid ... 8 Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle. *9 Citric acid cycle intermediates serve as substrates for ... However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle

... citric acid industry has seen a fast growth in China before 2008 due to increasingdemand from both … ... China Citric Acid Market and ProductionAs the natural acid, ... China citric acid industry * 1. China Citric Acid Market and ... Brief introduction to citric acid industry Introduction to key raw materials of citric acid Supply and demand of citric acid ... 1 Brief introduction to citric acid industry 41.1 Development of citric acid in China 41.2 Government policy toward citric acid ...

https://www.slideshare.net/linda3395/china-citric-acid-market-and-production

... anhydrous citric acid, Citric Acid, Citronensäure, 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid, Citric Acid, Anhydrous, 2- ... For the conjugate base of citric acid, see Category:Citrate ion. For salts of citric acid, see Category:Citrates. ... Citric acid (ur); citrate, H3cit, E330, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, E 330, Anhydrous citric acid, beta- ... e330-citric-acid (en); Zitronensäure, حمض ستريك, Citrate, حمض السيتريك, حمض الستريك, الستريك, حمض ليمون, Citric acid (ar); ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citric_acid?uselang=be-tarask

This monograph is devoted to different aspects associated with citric acid, inorganic citrates and their aqueous and organic ... Citrate Ions Citric Acid Inorganic Citrates Physical Properties of Citric Acid The Chemistry of Citric Acid ... Mathematical representations of citric acid dissociation, in electrolyte solutions and in buffers are discussed. Citric acid ... This monograph is devoted to different aspects associated with citric acid, inorganic citrates and their aqueous and organic ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-11233-6

Media in category "Citric acid cycle". The following 180 files are in this category, out of 180 total. ... ciclo de Krebs (es); Sítrónsýruhringur (is); Kitar Krebs (ms); citric acid cycle (en-gb); د سېټريک اسيد څرخ (ps); Цикъл на ... Citric acid cycle with aconitate 2 zh-hans.svg 1,335 × 1,062; 368 KB. ... Citric acid cycle with aconitate 2 cs.svg 1,335 × 1,062; 353 KB. ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citric_acid_cycle

Citric acid is naturally found in ci ... read more. About CITRIC ACID: Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid used in personal ... ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID; CITRIC ACID, ANHYDROUS; MONOHYDRATE CITRIC ACID; 1,2,3-PROPANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-; 2-HYDROXY- ... About CITRIC ACID: Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid used in personal care products to adjust the acidity or promote skin ... Citric acid is naturally found in citric fruits and juices, providing the characteristic acidic taste. ...

http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/701385/CITRIC_ACID/

They are safe for people with citric acid sensitivities to consume although they can cause reactions in people who are allergic ... Where does the citric acid cycle take place?. A: The citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria in cells. ... What fruits contain citric acid?. A: Citric acid is primarily found in citrus fruits, especially lemons and limes. The amount ... What is the PH of citric acid?. A: The pH of citric acid is 2.2. pH measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance or ...

https://www.reference.com/food/bananas-contain-citric-acid-1601b2fdb41814b0

Though most fruit has some acid, a specific pH balance is required to kill harmful bacteria that can cause food poisoning. ... Citric acid is often added when canning fruits at home so that the preserved fruit is safe to eat. ... Citric acid is often used when canning fruits with a low acid content. Acid is required to kill botulinum spores that can cause ... require a boost from citric acid.. Function. Citric acid is used to bring canned fruits pH level to below 4.6, which is the ...

https://www.gardenguides.com/104026-citric-acid-canning-fruits.html

CITRIC ACID, H3C6H1O7, H1O=200. This acid occurs in many plants and acidulous fruits, especially in those belonging to ... Citric Acid (Acidum Citricum). ACIDUM CITRICUM - CITRIC ACID, H3C6H1O7, H1O=200.. This acid occurs in many plants and acidulous ... Citric acid is readily absorbed by the stomach and intestines, and is excreted in part by the kidneys in the urine in ... According to Bence Jones and Eylandt, the acidity of urine is increased by citric, as it is by tartaric acid, and a deposit of ...

https://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Materia-Medica-Therapeutics-Inorganic-Substances/Citric-Acid-Acidum-Citricum.html

3-tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic acid, carballylic acid) Acids in wine ChemSpider lists citric acid as the expert- ... Citric acid can be used as an alternative to nitric acid in passivation of stainless steel. Citric acid can be used as a lower- ... Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and is an active ingredient in chemical skin peels.[citation needed] Citric acid is ... Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. Soldering flux. Citric acid is an excellent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid

Make research projects and school reports about citric acid easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and ... and pictures about citric acid at Encyclopedia.com. ... citric acid An organic acid (chemically a tricarboxylic acid) ... citric acid (sit-rik) n. an organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits. Citric acid is formed in the first stage of the ... citric acid or 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, HO2CCH2C(OH)(CO2H)CH2CO2H, an organic carboxylic acid containing ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/organic-chemistry/citric-acid

3-tricarboxylic acid Other names 3-hydroxypentanedioic acid-3-carboxylic acid Hydrogen citrate ... Main article: Citric acid cycle. Citric acid is one of a series of compounds involved in the physiological oxidation of fats, ... Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin. Single-use citric acid sachets have been ... while citric acid is not. Citric acid is the active ingredient in some bathroom and kitchen cleaning solutions. A solution with ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Citric_acid.html

Citric acid. Regulatory process names 14 Translated names 22 IUPAC names 36 Trade names 4 Other identifiers 14 ... Acide citriqueACIDO CITRICO MONOIDRATOCITRIC ACIDCitric Acid AnhydrousCitric Acid MonohydrateCitronensäure-MonohydratÁcido ... Anhydrous form: 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acidMonohydrated form: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ...

https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.973

Citric Acid, and Potassium Bitartrate Vaginal Contraceptive: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on ... citric acid, and potassium bitartrate, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in lactic acid, citric acid, and ... Lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate vaginal gel may be applied after your doctor has told you that it is safe to ... Lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate vaginal gel may be used at any time during the menstrual cycle. It may be ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a620047.html

Nomination Summary for Nomination Summary for Citric acid (N81353). Nomination Summary for Citric acid (N81353). Nominated ...

https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/getinvolved/nominate/summary/nm-n81353.html

NOW Citric Acid is a food grade acid that is present in many natural foods. It can be used to reduce spoilage in sprouting by ... Powdered citric acid can be added to dry foods when you want a sour flavor. Citric acid is a dry alternative to lemon juice or ... Citric acids acidic pH makes it useful as a preservative. Citric acid is added to jams, jellies, candy, canned foods and meat ... Citric Acid is useful in sprouting, canning, drying or freezing. NOW Citric Acid can be used to preserve Vitamin C content, ...

https://www.netrition.com/now_citric_acid.html

... and citric acid. Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side effects and dosing information. ... More about aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate. *Aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate Side Effects ... Uses For aspirin, sodium bicarbonate, and citric acid. Aspirin, sodium bicarbonate, and citric acid combination is used to ... and citric acid. If you will be taking aspirin, sodium bicarbonate, and citric acid for a long time (more than 5 days in a row ...

https://www.drugs.com/cons/aspirin-sodium-bicarbonate-and-citric-acid.html

Can you name the citric acid cycle substrates and enzymes? Test your knowledge on this science quiz and compare your score to ... Science Quiz / citric acid cycle substrates and enzymes. Random Science Quiz Can you name the citric acid cycle substrates and ...

https://www.sporcle.com/games/bmarlier/citric-acid-cycle-substrates-and-enzymes

As Shawna Wagman discovers, more and more chefs are wielding the tangy, bright power of citric acid ... Citric acid occurs naturally in such fruits as limes, pineapples and gooseberries. The dry, powdered citric acid used as an ... Thats where wed use citric acid.". Chef Robert Belcham, owner of Campognolo in Vancouver remembers using citric acid more ... "Its got those same sour qualities as citric acid.". At Bar Buca in Toronto, Chef Rob Gentile uses citric acid to brighten the ...

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/citric-acid-is-a-chefs-new-weapon/article17884043/

we tried the citric acid solution on some parts after reading hambers success. it works very well. we put a very rusty ... Certo contains citric acid.. Not suggesting you use Certo, just a side light on the citric acid effectiveness. ... I use citric acid a lot. For chrome I prefer oxalic acid ( wood bleach). Quick jobs I reach for phosphoric after wire wheeling ... before introducing them to the citric acid bath. Hopefully that will keep the acid bath a little cleaner. For the degreasing ...

https://www.jalopyjournal.com/forum/threads/citric-acid.1191440/

... the remaining C-phycocyanin concentration without citric acid reduced from 51 to 11%. The use of citric acid as an edible ... Citric acid was added as an edible preservative to increase the thermal stability of C-phycocyanin extracted from A. platensis ... Extraction of C-phycocyanin from Arthrospira (Spirulina) and its thermal stability with citric acid. ... followed by incubation at 80 °C for 1 h. The initial concentration of C-phycocyanin with citric acid was reduced from 65 to 19 ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-017-1155-x

The citric acid cycle (TCA) is a fundamental metabolic pathway to release stored energy in living organisms. Here, the authors ... which convert glyoxylate into CO2 and produce aspartic acid in the presence of ammonia. The reactions proceed from either ... which have focused mainly on the citric acid (TCA) cycle, have languished-primarily due to a lack of experimentally ... First iteration (13C1 malonic acid to 13C2 malonic acid): A total volume of 42 mg of (2-13C1)malonic acid (0.40 mmol, 200 mM) ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02591-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e5bf8ef6-3fe5-4a73-8325-1699be2f2ccf

Commonly used for flavoring, citric acid is also used in cosmetics as... ... Citric acid is a bitter acid found naturally in many fruits. ... Are corn citric acid and fruit citric acid the same thing as ... Peanut butter does not have citric acid in it. It does have another acid in it that is in the same family as citric acid. These ... A few years ago I cut citric acid from my diet totally. Not just citric fruit but everything that had citric acid as an ...

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-citric-acid.htm

Citric Acid Cycle[edit]. Other name for citric acid cycle is tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle. The citric acid ... Regulatory Enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle[edit]. In animal cells, the rate of citric acid cycle is regulated to fitted the ... Citric Acid Cycle Links to Glycolysis by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase[edit]. Carbohydrates are mostly processed by glycolysis into ... The citric acid cycle provides the majority, 90 percent, of energy used by aerobic human cells. By acting as the first stage of ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Krebs_Cycle_

... fatty acid methyl esters) manufacturing process: production of 1,3-propanediol, citric acid and single cell oil," Biomass and ... Effect of Plant Oils upon Lipase and Citric Acid Production in Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast. Farshad Darvishi,1 Iraj Nahvi,1 Hamid ... S. V. Kamzolova, I. G. Morgunov, A. Aurich et al., "Lipase secretion and citric acid production in Yarrowia lipolytica yeast ... W. E. Levinson, C. P. Kurtzman, and T. M. Kuo, "Characterization of Yarrowia lipolytica and related species for citric acid ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2009/562943/ref/

Adding citric acid to milk raises the acidity level. Shop citric acid now. ... Citric Acid (Non-GMO Corn based). Features This Citric Acid contains no Glutamate, Glutamic acid or hydrolyzed protein. Glucose ... Citric Acid. I use citric acid from cheesemaking.com because its reasonably priced, more so than elsewhere. I use it with ... Citric Acid is used to make a variety of cheese including 30 Minute Mozzarella, Ricotta and Paneer. Adding citric acid to milk ...

https://cheesemaking.com/collections/all/products/citric-acid-for-cheese-making?variant=8059824472109

Group 6: citric acid- or L-malic acid-pretreated group. Rats were orally administered citric acid or L-malic acid at a dose of ... citric acid- or L-malic acid-pretreated group. Rats were orally administered citric acid or L-malic acid at a dose of 500 mg/kg ... and the in vitro experiments confirmed that both organic acids (citric acid, L-malic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid; ... Effects of Citric Acid and L-Malic Acid on Expression of Cleaved Caspase-3. Next we investigated the effects of citric acid and ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/820695/

Citric acid is a strong organic acid found in many fruits, vegetables, and is soluble in water. Citric acids full name is ... Prokaryote cells use citric acid cycle for their cytosol and eurkaryotic cells use the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial ... C. Wehmer in 1893 discovered that penicillium mold from sugar can produce citric acid. Until World War 1 citric acid wasnt ... Acid • Alcohol • Amine • Amino acid • Anion • Base • Carbohydrate • Chloride • Carboxylic acid • Electrolyte • Hydrocarbon • ...

http://creationwiki.org/Citric_Acid

Monohydrate Preservative Acidity Lactic Citrus Contain citric acid Ascorbic acid Fermentation Fruits Tricarboxylic acid Sodium Citrate Grade citric acid Produce citric acid Acid's Organic acid Benefits of citric Krebs Antioxidants Anhydrous citric Ingredients Side effects of citric acid Million tons of citric acid Large amounts of citric acid High concentrations of citric acid Ingredient Carbon dioxide Salts of citric acid Chilled citric acid solution Food additive Amount of citric acid Naturally occurring c Market for citric acid Mixture of citric acid Solution of citric acid Contact with citric acid Concentration of citric acid 2019 Citrate salts Oxidation Concentrations Sour Potassium citrate Uses citric acid Pure citric acid Malic acid C6H8O7 Metabolism Crystalline Lemons and l Effect of citric Production of citric Tartaric acid Powder Teaspoon of citric Metabolic pathway Carboxylic Cellular respiration Acetic acid Citrates Include citric NADH and FADH 2017 Fatty

Citric acid can be obtained as an anhydrous (water-free) form or as a monohydrate. (wikipedia.org)
The anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, while the monohydrate forms when citric acid is crystallized from cold water. (wikipedia.org)
The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form by heating it above 74 °C. Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 degrees Celsius. (bionity.com)
It is a colorless translucent crystalline acid that is a monohydrate and a anhydrous material. (creationwiki.org)
Food grade Citric Acid Monohydrate Refined paraffin wax Stearic Acid Relative Keywords Citric Acid Anhydrous citric acid uses sodiu citrate citric acid powder You may also be interested in: sodiu Business Type: sodiu Products sodiu Suppliers sodiu. (phrmg.org)
Citric acid monohydrate occurs as colorless crystals or as a white, crystalline powder with a strongly acidic taste. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Citrate Salts, Citric Acid, Citric Acid Monohydrate, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Citrate Monohydrate, Sodium Citrate, Sodium Citrate and Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate Dihydrate reference guide for safe and effective use from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (AHFS DI). (steunmijnclub.nl)
Citric Acid Anhydrous/Monohydrate is a colorless or white crystalline powder. (ulprospector.com)

Citric acid is a food preservative that is sold as a powder and mixed with water to create a syrup solution that you can then add to fruit before sealing the cans. (gardenguides.com)
As a food additive, citric acid is used as a flavouring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks. (bionity.com)
Citric acid's acidic pH makes it useful as a preservative. (netrition.com)
Citric acid is added to jams, jellies, candy, canned foods and meat products as a preservative. (netrition.com)
Citric acid was added as an edible preservative to increase the thermal stability of C-phycocyanin extracted from A. platensis , followed by incubation at 80 °C for 1 h. (springer.com)
The use of citric acid as an edible preservative increased the stability of C-phycocyanin in high thermal processing applications and extraction. (springer.com)
Read labels carefully, since citric acid may be used as a preservative in many more foods than you might expect. (wisegeek.org)
In fact, most of the citric acid that's commercially used by the food processing industry as a preservative is isolated from GMO-corn and cultivated on mold. (globalhealingcenter.com)
Citric acid is a natural preservative/conservative which occurs naturally in citrus fruits and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and drinks. (bbj.hu)
Commonly used as a food additive as a natural flavoring and a preservative, citric acid is also used in cosmetics, for medical purposes, as an antioxidant and in cleaning products. (initiatives.tv)
Citric acid is found in many food items, it is added to many foods as a preservative and a flavor enhancer. (newhealthguide.org)
Citric acid is different from ascorbic acid, which is also added to various foods as a preservative and is found in many fruits and vegetables. (newhealthguide.org)
It is considered a natural preservative as an acid. (juicegrape.com)
It is an organic acid that is widely used as a natural preservative and is often used to add an acidic, or sour taste to foods and soft drinks. (ulprospector.com)

Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid used in personal care products to adjust the acidity or promote skin peeling and re-growth in the case of anti-aging products. (ewg.org)
According to Bence Jones and Eylandt, the acidity of urine is increased by citric, as it is by tartaric acid, and a deposit of free uric acid may be induced by it. (chestofbooks.com)
Adding citric acid to milk raises the acidity level which is an important step in cheese making. (cheesemaking.com)
Citric Acid will increase the acidity and reduce spoilage of home canned tomatoes or tomato juice when prepared by the boiling water process. (urbanhomemaker.com)
Citric acid is an important organic acid , also known as citric acid , colorless crystal, often containing one molecule of water of crystallization, odorless, strong acidity . (phrmg.org)
Acidity Regulators, Preservatives Anhydrous Citric Acid has the chemical name Citric Acid and has the appearance of an odorless, colorless, white powder. (phrmg.org)
Wine makers aim for a pH of 3.5 which equates to 0.6% acidity and which is equivalent to 6g of citric acid/litre of water, or 2 lemons/litre of water. (homedistiller.org)
A pH of 5.0 equates to 0.4% acidity and is equivalent to 4g of citric acid/litre of water, or 1 large lemon/litre of water. (homedistiller.org)
A wide variety of bbca acid citric options are available to you, such as acidity regulators, preservatives, and sweeteners. (steunmijnclub.nl)
It interacts with stomach acid and neutralizes it, reducing the acidity. (newhealthguide.org)
Citric acid acts as an acidity regulator, an acidulent, a color stabilizer, a hydrolysis and inversion catalyst and an antioxidant synergist. (giord.ru)
Citric acid will decompose under the influence of malolactic bacteria forming diacetyl and may cause arise in volatile acidity (vinegar aroma). (saratogaz.com)
Citric is not added directly to must prior to either primary or ml fermentation as its metabolism can lead to volatile acidity. (morewinemaking.com)
Citric acid is essential for balancing sweetness vs acidity in white wines. (morewinemaking.com)

The combination of lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate is used to prevent pregnancy when used just before vaginal sex in women who can become pregnant. (medlineplus.gov)
The combination of lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate is in a class of medications called non-hormonal contraceptives. (medlineplus.gov)
Lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate may prevent pregnancy, but this medication will not prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]) and other sexually transmitted diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
The combination of lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate comes as a gel in a pre-filled applicator to be applied into the vagina. (medlineplus.gov)
Lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate vaginal gel may be used at any time during the menstrual cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
Lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate vaginal gel may be applied after your doctor has told you that it is safe to resume vaginal intercourse after childbirth, abortion, or miscarriage. (medlineplus.gov)
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you or your sexual partner are allergic to lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate vaginal gel. (medlineplus.gov)
BBCA Biochemical ?C a Chinese group, one of the biggest Citric Acid prod ucer in China, and even in the World- and, Galactic ?C a Belgian company, the second largest producer of Lactic Acid worldw ide. (steunmijnclub.nl)
With an annual capacity of 30,000 metric tons, B&G is the largest manufacturer of natural L (+) lactic acid in As ia/Oceania. (steunmijnclub.nl)
U.S. FDA Approves Evofem Biosciences' Phexxi™ (lactic acid, citric a. (blackradionetwork.com)
SAN DIEGO , May 22, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Evofem Biosciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: EVFM) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Phexxi ™ (lactic acid, citric acid and potassium bitartrate) vaginal gel for the prevention of pregnancy in females of reproductive potential for use as an on-demand method of contraception. (blackradionetwork.com)
Citric acid is a larger molecule than lactic acid, with the chemical formula C6H8O7 1 2. (initiatives.tv)
Instead of energy-poor CO 2, relatively energy-rich molecules such as lactic acid or ethanol are produced, so the energy extracted from glucose is far than under aerobic conditions. (essaypride.com)
Alpha Hydroxy Acid is widely prevalent in fruits in the form of glycolic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid and tartaric acid. (ayushveda.com)
Lactic acid is present in milk, sour cream and yogurt. (ayushveda.com)
People with dry skin can also apply lactic acid for moisturizing their skin. (ayushveda.com)
It's similar in many ways to lactic acid, however: they have similar chemical properties and react under many of the same conditions. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

Citric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits . (wikipedia.org)
Industrial-scale citric acid production first began in 1890 based on the Italian citrus fruit industry, where the juice was treated with hydrated lime ( calcium hydroxide ) to precipitate calcium citrate , which was isolated and converted back to the acid using diluted sulfuric acid . (wikipedia.org)
However, microbial production of citric acid did not become industrially important until World War I disrupted Italian citrus exports. (wikipedia.org)
After the mold is filtered out of the resulting solution, citric acid is isolated by precipitating it with calcium hydroxide to yield calcium citrate salt, from which citric acid is regenerated by treatment with sulfuric acid, as in the direct extraction from citrus fruit juice. (wikipedia.org)
The pH of fruit juices from citrus fruits like oranges and lemons depends on the citric acid concentration, with a higher concentration of citric acid resulting in a lower pH. (wikipedia.org)
Citric acid is primarily found in citrus fruits, especially lemons and limes. (reference.com)
Commercially it is either prepared by the fermentation of sugars by the mould Aspergillus niger or extracted from citrus fruits (lemon juice contains 5-8% citric acid). (encyclopedia.com)
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. (bionity.com)
Industrial-scale citric acid production began in 1860, based on the Italian citrus fruit industry. (bionity.com)
Usually produced in powder form, citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits. (wisegeek.org)
Oranges and tangerines are also high in citric acid, though lower than the more bitter citrus fruits. (wisegeek.org)
Citric acid is an organic acid found most abundantly in fruits (especially citrus fruits) like lemons, limes, grapefruit, pineapples, and oranges. (globalhealingcenter.com)
If any citrus acid gets in the eyes it will cause irritation and might be abrasive. (creationwiki.org)
Not only does citric acid remove hard water stains from glassware, but due to the nature of this natural ingredient, it works great as a deodorizer with its instinctive clean citrus scent. (naturesgardencandles.com)
dried Powder Onion Freeze-dried Powder Red Rice Red Gardenia Yellow Natural Citrus Gardenia Blue Citric Acid , Nutrition Additive, Citric Acid Suppliers , Manufacturer, China Herbal Extract, Plant Extracts, P.E. Herb Extracts. (phrmg.org)
Citric acid is a weak acid found naturally in citrus fruits like lemons and oranges. (steunmijnclub.nl)
In addition to giving any food item a citrus tang, citric acid crystals can be dissolved to make a citric acid solution, which you can use as a cleaning agent or to develop photos. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Citric Acid is naturally found in citrus fruits such as oranges & lemons etc. (lelong.com.my)
Citric acid metabolism is a major step in the organic acid accumulation in citrus fruits. (scirp.org)
Current research on citrus water stress focuses on morphological, physiological, chemical, and roughly qualitative aspects [8] - [11] , instead of on the citric acid metabolism. (scirp.org)
Citrus fruits such as lemons, orange and grapes are sources of citric acids. (ayushveda.com)

Do bananas contain citric acid? (reference.com)
What fruits contain citric acid? (reference.com)
Soaps and laundry detergents can be more effective when they contain citric acid. (wisegeek.org)
Monoprotic acids such as acetic acid and NAC is … Using a straw when drinking beverages that contain citric acid is another option. (initiatives.tv)
Citric acid is extremely good for skin, many face creams and masks contain citric acid. (newhealthguide.org)
Sourdough breads like rye bread and pumpernickel contain citric acid. (newhealthguide.org)

For vitamin C, see ascorbic acid . (wikipedia.org)
Often stocked alongside canning products, these powders typically contain either citric acid or ascorbic acid, along with sugar and an anti-caking agent. (livestrong.com)
As an alternative, ascorbic acid powder or tablets, sold as pure vitamin C, will eliminate browning. (livestrong.com)
of ascorbic acid per cup of water to preserve apple slices. (livestrong.com)
The global market for isoascorbic acid, ascorbic acid and citric acid is estimated at $1,700 million. (bccresearch.com)
Chinese producers currently have a market share of 37% in isoascorbic acid, 65% in ascorbic acid and 34% in citric acid. (bccresearch.com)
Of outstanding importance in this sector are ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and citric acid. (bccresearch.com)
Ascorbic acid, in addition to its role in preservation, has a vitamin character. (bccresearch.com)
Isoascorbic acid is the isomer of ascorbic acid and has a strong popularity for the preservation of meat and fish products. (bccresearch.com)
Until the early 1990s, ascorbic acid was essentially sold as a vitamin in supplements or pharma-like products produced only by a few companies, and it was highly priced. (bccresearch.com)
However, since that time it strongly competes with ascorbic acid and some market segments virtually switched completely from the use of ascorbic acid to isoascorbic acid. (bccresearch.com)
Whenever I put magnesium shavings into citric or ascorbic acid it produces a slightly sulfury burning rubber type smell (like the smell of mercaptan in natural gas)as the magnesium dissolves. (sciencemadness.org)
The Berocca+mg metal rxn: I have no citric or ascorbic acid so substituted with Berocca. (sciencemadness.org)

It is also obtained by fermentation of glucose (citric acid cycle) and by synthesis. (sciencephoto.com)
Citric acid is a typical fermentation product, originally produced by large fermentation companies in Western countries. (bccresearch.com)
I expect that it would be pretty strong flavor wise and I don't see how yeast would metabolize it (obvious guess in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle but that isn't operating during fermentation). (homebrewtalk.com)
The extraction of citric acid from fermentation broth using a solution of a tertiary amine. (nii.ac.jp)
The present investigation deals with the effect of vegetative inoculum on submerged citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger using stirred bioreactor. (scialert.net)
Submerged organic acid fermentation employing agitated, aerated, high-quality steel vessels started on the sidelines of penicillin manufacturing (Kane et al. (springer.com)
1955 ). Although some citric acid is produced by solid-state fermentation, the estimated 2.1 million tons of citric acid manufactured annually is almost completely performed by the submerged method, most typically batch wise (Cavallo et al. (springer.com)
2018 ), no continuous or immobilized cell-based fermentation methods are used on technical scale for any of the two organic acids. (springer.com)
This can easily mix into the citric acid and other fermentation byproducts and end up in our food. (thehealthyhomeeconomist.com)
Black mold efficiently converts sugars into citric acid and its fermentation also is generally recognized as safe by FDA under its Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (initiatives.tv)
When O 2 is unavailable, oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and the respiratory chain do not function, and fermentation is added to the pathway. (essaypride.com)
In prokaryotes, the enzymes the used in glycolysis, fermentation, and the citric acid cycle are soluble in the. (essaypride.com)
Industrially, citric acid is produced mainly through the fermentation of sucrose, which is done by the fungi of Aspergillus genus, especially the Aspergillus niger one. (scirp.org)
After fermentation, the produced acid needs to be recovered. (scirp.org)
Edible citric acid is obtained by fermentation of sugar-containing media with the fungus Aspergillus niger. (giord.ru)

Citric acid is naturally found in citric fruits and juices, providing the characteristic acidic taste. (ewg.org)
Citric acid is often added when canning fruits at home so that the preserved fruit is safe to eat. (gardenguides.com)
Citric acid is often used when canning fruits with a low acid content. (gardenguides.com)
Very few fruits contain enough acid to naturally combat these spores. (gardenguides.com)
Even fruits that are considered to be high in acid, such as tomatoes, require a boost from citric acid. (gardenguides.com)
When canning fruits in syrup or juice, however, it is very important to add the citric acid. (gardenguides.com)
In addition to keeping food poisoning at bay, citric acid also prevents fruits, such as apples and pears, from turning brown in the jars. (gardenguides.com)
This acid occurs in many plants and acidulous fruits, especially in those belonging to Aurantiaceae or orange family, and is commonly obtained from lemon or lime -juice (cf. vol. i., p. 96). (chestofbooks.com)
Citric acid exists in a variety of fruits and vegetables, but it is most concentrated in lemons and limes, where it can comprise as much as 8% of the dry weight of the fruit. (bionity.com)
Is it from citric fruits or from animals? (veganforum.com)
Citric acid occurs naturally in such fruits as limes, pineapples and gooseberries. (theglobeandmail.com)
Organic acids, which are also widely distributed in fresh fruits, vegetables, and spices besides Chinese herbs, were always considered to be weak in activity and were usually discarded in the extraction process. (hindawi.com)
Citric acid is a strong organic acid found in many fruits, vegetables, and is soluble in water. (creationwiki.org)
citric acid is the naturally occurring organic acid that gives such fruits mentioned above their typical sour taste. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Although citric acid is found in various fruits and vegetables including raspberries, tomatoes, and some peppers, it is most potent in limes and lemons consisting of up to 8% of the dry fruit's weight. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Besides fruits and vegetables, citric acid can also be produced from cane sugar, molasses, and dextrose as well. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Citric acid can be obtained from natural products such as the juices of citric fruits e.g.. lemons. (sciencephoto.com)
Some fruits are up to 10% citric acid by weight! (thehealthyhomeeconomist.com)
Citric acid is naturally concentrated in a variety of fruits and vegetables and is particularly concentrated in lemons and limes. (initiatives.tv)
Citric acid occurs naturally in many foods, especially fruits and vegetables. (initiatives.tv)
Citric acid is found in many fruits and vegetables and is also added to many food items. (newhealthguide.org)
Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) is a tricarboxylic acid, naturally presents in several fruits, vegetables, and in the milk. (scirp.org)

The citric acid cycle ( CAC ) - also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle [1] [2] - is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates , fats , and proteins . (wikipedia.org)
The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the citric acid (a tricarboxylic acid , often called citrate, as the ionized form predominates at biological pH [6] ) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The series of reactions is known by various names, including the citric acid cycle , the Krebs cycle , and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (or TCA cycle ). (bionity.com)
Other name for citric acid cycle is tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle. (wikibooks.org)
Polarized light micrograph of a section through crystals of citric acid (tricarboxylic acid). (sciencephoto.com)
Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (conceptdraw.com)
Citric acid (citrate) is a weak acid that is formed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or that may be introduced with diet. (hmdb.ca)
Citric acid (2-hydroxy-propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) and itaconic acid (2-methylene-succinic acid or 2-methylidenebutanedioic acid) are the most well-known examples of fungal "overflow metabolism," a term coined by Foster ( 1949 ) to describe the seemingly wasteful strategy of some fungi to incompletely oxidize their carbon source. (springer.com)
The synthetic pathway is mainly composed of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, while the degradation primarily occurs through the γ-Aminobutyricacid (GABA) and Glutamine Synthetase (GS) pathways. (scirp.org)
In this page you can discover 3 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for citric-acid-cycle , like: krebs-cycle, Krebs citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic-acid-cycle. (yourdictionary.com)

What is the most important information I should know about citric acid and sodium citrate? (cigna.com)
Before you take citric acid and sodium citrate, tell your doctor about all your medical conditions, especially kidney disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, a history of heart attack, urinary problems, swelling (edema), or chronic diarrhea (such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease). (cigna.com)
Citric acid and sodium citrate should be taken after meals to help prevent stomach or intestinal side effects. (cigna.com)
Drink plenty of liquids while you are taking citric acid and sodium citrate. (cigna.com)
Antacids that contain aluminum or sodium can interact with citric acid and sodium citrate, causing a serious electrolyte imbalance or aluminum toxicity. (cigna.com)
To be sure citric acid and sodium citrate is helping your condition, your blood and urine may need to be tested often. (cigna.com)
Serious side effects of citric acid and sodium citrate include muscle twitching or cramps, swelling or weight gain, weakness, mood changes, rapid and shallow breathing, fast heart rate, restless feeling, black or bloody stools, severe diarrhea, or seizure (convulsions). (cigna.com)
Citric acid and sodium citrate are both alkalinizing agents that make the urine less acidic. (cigna.com)
The combination of citric acid and sodium citrate is used to prevent gout or kidney stones, or metabolic acidosis in people with kidney problems. (cigna.com)
Citric acid and sodium citrate may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. (cigna.com)
What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking citric acid and sodium citrate? (cigna.com)
Before taking citric acid and sodium citrate, Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. (cigna.com)
It is not known whether citric acid and sodium citrate passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. (cigna.com)
How should I take citric acid and sodium citrate? (cigna.com)
Citric acid/sodium citrate is a member of the minerals and electrolytes drug class and is commonly used for Urinary Alkalinization and Urinary Tract Stones. (drugs.com)
This citric acid/sodium citrate price guide is based on using the Drugs.com discount card which is accepted at most U.S. pharmacies. (drugs.com)
The cost for citric acid/sodium citrate oral solution (334 mg-500 mg/5 mL) is around $20 for a supply of 473 milliliters, depending on the pharmacy you visit. (drugs.com)
Citric acid/sodium citrate offers may be in the form of a printable coupon, rebate, savings card, trial offer, or free samples. (drugs.com)

I ordered some of the food grade citric acid after reading about it here on the H.A.M.B. It is working very well for me so far. (jalopyjournal.com)

[10] In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce citric acid from sugar. (wikipedia.org)
In this production technique, which is still the major industrial route to citric acid used today, cultures of A. niger are fed on a sucrose or glucose-containing medium to produce citric acid. (wikipedia.org)
C. Wehmer in 1893 discovered that penicillium mold from sugar can produce citric acid. (creationwiki.org)

Whats more, theprice of citric acid's raw material witnessed the uptrend in the same period. (slideshare.net)
Citric acid's primary danger is causing tooth decay if ingested regularly by someone who does not practice proper oral hygiene. (reference.com)
But more and more chefs are wielding citric acid's sour strength - the fairy dust of flavour amplification - in creative new ways. (theglobeandmail.com)
Citric acid's full name is hydroxytricarboxylic acid and it's chemical formula is six carbon, eight hydrogen, and seven oxygen. (creationwiki.org)

Usually encountered as a white solid, it is a weak organic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Citric acid is the most widely used organic acid and pH-control agent in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals and technical applications. (fishersci.ca)
This organic acid was first isolated from a lemon using Aspergillus niger (a fungus) in 1784 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. (globalhealingcenter.com)
USP24/BP98/E330 Citric acid supplier , Citric Acid Anhydrous Citric Acid is a weak organic acid , and is triprotic acid . (phrmg.org)
Since citric acid is a weaker organic acid, it does not corrode iron rapidly. (steunmijnclub.nl)
The results showed that the content of citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid and total organic acids per gram sarcocarp were extremely increased by 285.2%, 320%, 480% and 299.1%, and the content of per-fruit organic acid were 77.39%, 89.64%, 117.24% and 75.9% respectively compared to those control in the fruit mature stage. (scirp.org)
The organic acid content, comprised mainly of citric acid, malic acid, tartaric, and quinic acid, is one of the major parameters in determining fruit quality. (scirp.org)
Naturally grown Ponkan was put under water stress in order to investigate the changes in gene expression related to the organic acid content and citric acid metabolism, explored the reasons about the increase of organic acid under water stress, attempting to provide theoretical reference for fighting drought and improving the quality. (scirp.org)
Citric Acid is a weak organic acid, and is triprotic acid. (ttnet.net)
South America organic acid market is projected to reach $ 427.62 million by 2026, during forecast period. (marketresearch.com)
Increasing urbanization coupled with growing agriculture sector to meet the rising demand of expanding population is aiding South America organic acid market. (marketresearch.com)
Moreover, shifting consumer preference towards high price, premium quality and eco-friendly cosmetic and food & beverage products is forecast to aid South America organic acid market during forecast period. (marketresearch.com)
According to "South America Organic Acid Market By Type, By End Use, By Country, Competition Forecast and Opportunities, 2012 - 2026", major players operating in South America organic acid market are Elekeiroz S.A., The Dow Chemical Company, Cargill Inc. etc. (marketresearch.com)
TechSci Research calculated market size for organic acid market in South America using a bottom-up approach, where manufacturers' value sales data for standard types (acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, etc.) were recorded as well as forecast for the future years. (marketresearch.com)
South America Organic Acid Market By Type, By End Use, By Country, Competition Forecast and Opportunities, 2012 - 2026" report elaborates following aspects related to the South America organic acid market. (marketresearch.com)
Primary research included interviews with organic acid chemicals manufacturers, suppliers and industry experts. (marketresearch.com)
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is produced as a white crystalline powder. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

One of the best benefits of citric acid in all its applications is that it is natural and poses little to no risk to the environment. (wisegeek.org)
Studies show many other benefits of citric acid. (thehealthyhomeeconomist.com)

[9] The citric acid cycle itself was finally identified in 1937 by Hans Adolf Krebs and William Arthur Johnson while at the University of Sheffield , [10] for which the former received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1953, and for whom the cycle is sometimes named (Krebs cycle). (wikipedia.org)
this produced citric acid in near quantitative conversion under what appeared to be a reverse, non-enzymatic Krebs cycle reaction. (wikipedia.org)
The citric acid cycle has two other names that it is known by, the Krebs and the tricarboxylic cycle. (creationwiki.org)
This is due to citric acids vital role in the Krebs cycle. (naturesgardencandles.com)

When it comes to antioxidants, citric acid is phenomenal. (naturesgardencandles.com)
The addition of antioxidants to lipids or lipid containing foods is one of the most efficient ways to prevent oxidation reaction between molecular oxygen and unsaturated fatty acids present in oils. (ethnoleaflets.com)
Citric acid acts as an antioxidant and it also helps other antioxidants to work properly. (newhealthguide.org)

Anhydrous citric acid used in solid drinks a lot. (ttnet.net)

It's easy to make on your own using ingredients found at the grocery store, and you can omit the citric acid. (ehow.com)
As far as It ingredients go, citric acid is an unlikely one - it's the stuff found at the bottom of the bag of sour gummy candies. (theglobeandmail.com)
To add this ingredient to bath and body recipes, simply dissolve the citric acid in a liquid, and heat the mixture to 165 degrees Fahrenheit before blending it into your other ingredients. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Sucrose and citric acid are common ingredients in a cup of tea. (initiatives.tv)
They said citric acid and certain citrate salts were being sold at less than fair value and called for a 65 per cent tariff on Canadian-sourced ingredients and 188 per cent from China - the percentage by which they believed prices were being unfairly slashed. (foodnavigator-asia.com)
Usually, natural ingredients are used to partially clean using citric acid or using vinegar. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

Serious side effects of citric acid and potassium citrate include uneven heartbeat, muscle weakness or limp feeling, severe stomach pain, and numbness or tingling in your hands, feet, or around your mouth. (uncmedicalcenter.org)

More than a million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. (wikipedia.org)

Skin irritation may occur from interacting with large amounts of citric acid, especially if you have sensitive skin. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Excess of everything is bad and large amounts of citric acid can cause tummy troubles. (newhealthguide.org)

Lemons and limes have high concentrations of citric acid, accounting for their bitter taste. (wisegeek.org)

However, boutique bath bombs can be expensive and include a fizzing ingredient called citric acid that can be harsh on your skin. (ehow.com)
Citric acid is a common ingredient in skin masks and some lotions. (wisegeek.org)
Though the name sounds half-natural half-synthetic, citric acid is a wonderful natural ingredient that can boost detoxification and support healthy digestion, energy levels, and kidney function. (globalhealingcenter.com)
Here, we'll take a look at this intriguing ingredient and explain how the right type of citric acid can benefit your health. (globalhealingcenter.com)
Since much of the commercially used citric acid is sourced from GMO corn, I also recommend exercising caution if you see it listed as an ingredient in a food or supplement. (globalhealingcenter.com)
These results also demonstrate that organic acids, besides flavonoids, may also be the major active ingredient of Fructus Choerospondiatis responsible for its cardioprotective effects and should be attached great importance in the therapy of ischemic heart disease. (hindawi.com)
Outside the metabolic role of citric acid, it is also a common go to ingredient for cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food, beverage, and cleaning industries. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Obviously, citric acid can be ingested and very few people are allergic to this ingredient. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Items like bath tablets and bath bombs (or bath fizzes) require citric acid as a base ingredient for their formulation. (naturesgardencandles.com)
For those of us who try to not support industrial agricultural for environmental, health and and so many other reasons, citric acid is an important food ingredient to take great pains to avoid. (thehealthyhomeeconomist.com)
Several skin care products contain fruit acid as an important ingredient. (ayushveda.com)
ADM, Tate & Lyle and Cargill filed petitions with the US government in April alleging Chinese along with Canadian suppliers were dumping the ingredient on the US market and threatening the livelihood of their businesses and the US citric acid industry. (foodnavigator-asia.com)

Citric acid is one of a series of compounds involved in the physiological oxidation of fats, proteins , and carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water. (bionity.com)
Citric acid, combined with sodium bicarbonate, is used to make bath fizzes or bath tablets - the combination of the two produces carbon dioxide, producing a pleasantly effervescent water. (wisegeek.org)
The definition for the citric acid cycle generally is a series of chemicals reactions in a cell that breaks down food molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. (creationwiki.org)
This biochemical chart display how proteins, polysaccharides and fats from food are digested into gastrointestinal tract into aminoacids, monosaccharides and fatty acids, and then broken down and oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in cellular processes of energy generation. (conceptdraw.com)

Acid salts of citric acid can be prepared by careful adjustment of the pH before crystallizing the compound. (wikipedia.org)
The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. (hmdb.ca)

Methods: Fresh mushrooms soaked in chilled citric acid solution at different concentrations (1%, 3% and 5% w/v) for 10 min were categorized as treatment groups and those dipped in chilled distilled water were considered as control. (ssrn.com)

As a food additive, citric acid is in common use. (wisegeek.org)

He says he sells a "surprising amount" of citric acid and also uses it himself to create the shop's spice blends. (theglobeandmail.com)
Dissolve the proper amount of citric acid in 1/4 cup cool, non-chlorinated water. (cheesemaking.com)
The only problem now is the amount of citric acid. (homedistiller.org)

Note that naturally occurring citric acid contains no MSG. (thehealthyhomeeconomist.com)
All berries contain naturally occurring citric acid except blue berries. (newhealthguide.org)

The European market for citric acid accounts for a total of 37% of sales and the U.S. market for 28% of sales. (bccresearch.com)
"The market for citric acid has been under substantial pressure for several years, mainly due to structural overcapacity in China," DSM said. (foodnavigator-asia.com)

Immersing the fruit in a mixture of citric acid and juice or sugar syrup is the best way to raise canned fruit's acid content. (gardenguides.com)
He sprinkles a mixture of citric acid, icing sugar and salt over orange peel or wild blueberries before drying out the fruit for a week. (theglobeandmail.com)

On the other hand, the pH of a 1 mM solution of citric acid will be about 3.2. (wikipedia.org)
Nov 21, 2012· Saturated solution of citric acid. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Discontinuous extraction experiments in a single stage were performed from a synthetic solution of citric acid, with the typical concentration (10% w/v) observed in industrial fermented musts. (scirp.org)

Skin contact with citric acid may cause irritation of the skin including redness, itching, and pain. (creationwiki.org)
Nov 02, 2017· When zinc comes into contact with citric acid, it starts two chemical reactions. (steunmijnclub.nl)

Yet, sometimes a high concentration of citric acid can damage hair, since it opens hair cuticles . (wisegeek.org)

Mar 23, 2019· Currently, the best acid cleaner is the Milliard Citric. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Aug 16, 2019· Citric Acid vs Vinegar Cleaning. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)
Mar 29, 2019· How to Prepare Citric Acid Solution. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

On June 7, 2013, the Department of Commerce (the Department) published the preliminary results of the third administrative review of the antidumping duty order on citric acid and certain citrate salts from Canada. (federalregister.gov)
On June 7, 2013, the Department published in the Federal Register the preliminary results of administrative review of the antidumping duty order on citric acid and certain citrate salts from Canada. (federalregister.gov)
On September 15, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) announced its affirmative preliminary determination in the countervailing duty (CVD) investigation of imports of citric acid and certain citrate salts from the People's Republic of China (China). (steunmijnclub.nl)

Acetyl-CoA may also be obtained from the oxidation of fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
It is the final common pathway for oxidation - in other words harvesting high energy electrons--fuel molecules such as carbohydrate fatty acids, and amino acids by entering the cycle as Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA). (wikibooks.org)
In one reaction, called oxidation, the acid begins to remove the zinc atoms from the zinc. (steunmijnclub.nl)
These acids are very prone to oxidation (reaction with atmospheric oxygen) during storage of the oil thereby causing unnecessary economic loss. (ethnoleaflets.com)
Glycosis takes place first, and is followed by the three pathways of cellular respiration: oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and the respiration. (essaypride.com)
In oxidation, the end product of () is oxidized to acetate, which is activated by the addition of a coenzyme and further metabolized by the citric acid cycle. (essaypride.com)
The antioxidant action of citric acid inhibits oxidation of free radicals. (ayushveda.com)

Over-the-counter solutions of citric acid are generally offered at low concentrations, so they are more safe. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Proponents of citric acid will point out that it is sometimes used to help lower concentrations of mycotoxins. (thehealthyhomeeconomist.com)
Citric acid can kill some types of bacteria if applied in high enough concentrations (usually 1-3% v/v) and left sitting on the food long enough. (initiatives.tv)
The objectives of this work are to separately obtain banana and plantain peel extracts using methanol as solvent and to investigate the average effects of these extracts and citric acid at varying concentrations on the stability of refined soybean oil (RSBO) by monthly monitoring their Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Acid Value (AV) and Peroxide Value (PV) of the oil samples stored in transparent plastic bottles over a period of six months. (ethnoleaflets.com)
Next, the effects of the contact time and of the concentrations of extractant and modifier on the citric acid extraction were studied. (scirp.org)

Sour salt, used in cooking, is citric acid. (encyclopedia.com)
Powdered citric acid can be added to dry foods when you want a sour flavor. (netrition.com)
Aspirin, sodium bicarbonate, and citric acid combination is used to relieve pain occurring together with heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion. (drugs.com)
Look at the tamarind in pad Thai," says Mathieson of the ubiquitous Thai noodle dish, "It's got those same sour qualities as citric acid. (theglobeandmail.com)
This is citric acid, which adds an exterior coating to the candies and provides quite a bit of sour taste. (wisegeek.org)
Citric acid can be used in place of salt in sour bread recipes like sourdough and rye. (initiatives.tv)
Citric acid crystals (sometimes called Sour Salt) are available at some drug stores and most grocery stores in the canning or spice section. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

You should not take citric acid and potassium citrate tablets if you have problems with your esophagus, stomach, or intestines that make it difficult for you to swallow or digest pills. (uncmedicalcenter.org)
The combination of citric acid and potassium citrate is used to treat or prevent hypokalemia (low levels of potassium in the blood). (uncmedicalcenter.org)
Citric acid and potassium citrate is also used to treat digitalis overdose. (uncmedicalcenter.org)
If you have any of these conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely take citric acid and potassium citrate. (uncmedicalcenter.org)

At Bar Buca in Toronto, Chef Rob Gentile uses citric acid to brighten the taste of a low-acid berry sorbet. (theglobeandmail.com)
Prokaryote cells and eurkaryotic cells both uses citric acid to function. (creationwiki.org)

To avoid these issues, do not consume pure citric acid. (globalhealingcenter.com)
Additionally, avoid applying pure citric acid to your face and be careful when adding it to your DIY products as too much can burn and damage the skin. (globalhealingcenter.com)
Apr 24, 2017· Pure citric acid is available as a crystalline powder at gourmet cooking stores. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Pure citric acid in food quality for decalcifying, cleaning, cooking and cleaning . (purenature24.com)
PureNature Pure citric acid contributes to the success of your culinary delicacies. (purenature24.com)

Therefore, this study aims to investigate the protective effects of two organic acids, that is, citric acid and L-malic acid, which are the main components of Fructus Choerospondiatis , on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and the underlying mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
In in vivo rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, we found that treatments with citric acid and L-malic acid significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, serum levels of TNF- , and platelet aggregation. (hindawi.com)
In vitro experiments revealed that both citric acid and L-malic acid significantly reduced LDH release, decreased apoptotic rate, downregulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3, and upregulated the expression of phosphorylated Akt in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. (hindawi.com)
And citric acid and L-malic acid are two main organic acids of Fructus Choerospondiatis , the content of which accounted for 26.36% and 22.95% of total organic acids, respectively [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

The molecular formula of citric acid is C6H8O7. (reference.com)

In biochemistry , it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle , which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms . (wikipedia.org)
The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Citric acid forms a vital part of human metabolism and is present in every human body. (reference.com)
In biochemistry , it is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and therefore occurs in the metabolism of almost all living things. (bionity.com)
Citric acid encourages normal cellular respiration in human metabolism , which means that it plays a key role in igniting the metabolic process to create energy. (globalhealingcenter.com)
A. P. Il'chenko, O. G. Cherniavskaia, N. V. Shishkanova, and T. V. Finogenova, "Metabolism of Yarrowia lipolytica grown on ethanol under conditions promoting the production of alpha-ketoglutaric and citric acids: a comparative study of the central metabolism enzymes," Mikrobiologiya , vol. 71, pp. 269-274, 2002. (hindawi.com)
Citric acid is used in the process of metabolism in the humans, animals and plants. (creationwiki.org)
For biochemistry means, citric acid occurs in the metabolism of nearly every living creature. (naturesgardencandles.com)
Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger and itaconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus are two major examples of technical scale fungal fermentations based on metabolic overflow of primary metabolism. (springer.com)

At room temperature, citric acid is a white crystalline powder. (bionity.com)
Commercially, citric acid is usually found as a white crystalline solid and it has several industrial applications. (scirp.org)

In its natural form, citric acid is what most people think it is - a beneficial chemical in fruit, especially lemons and limes. (thehealthyhomeeconomist.com)
Citric acid is common in lemons and limes. (juicegrape.com)

In this study, the effect of citric acid dipping treatment on bioactive components and antioxidant properties of sliced button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was investigated. (ssrn.com)
In addition to the antimicrobial effect of citric acid by lowering the pH, studies have indicated that the chelating effect of citric acid also inhibits bacteria (Doores, 1993). (initiatives.tv)
The only damaging effect of citric acid is on the teeth, and that too can only happen if you take it in very large quantities and for a very long duration. (newhealthguide.org)

The American food chemist James Currie, in 1917, discovered that the mold , aspergillus niger , had certain strains that could be used for the production of citric acid. (creationwiki.org)
The maximum production of citric acid was obtained when 1.0% vegetative inoculum was used. (scialert.net)

and although it is not known to have caused death in man, Husemann considers it, from its effects on animals, to be more poisonous than tartaric acid. (chestofbooks.com)

While citric acid powder is a lung irritant and causes coughing when inhaled, the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology does not recognize citric acid as an ingested allergen. (reference.com)
There are several homemade alternatives to citric acid powder or commercial fruit preservatives. (livestrong.com)
While most citric acid is made from GMO corn, the citric acid we use in Oxy-Powder is produced in Austria from 100% non-GMO sources. (globalhealingcenter.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] The addition of citric acid in Oxy-Powder helps you get everything out of the ozonated magnesium oxides. (globalhealingcenter.com)
May 10, 2010· The citric acid powder is mixed 2 teaspoons to a quart of water. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

She used it to make fresh ricotta and last-minute buttermilk by adding one teaspoon of citric acid to a litre of milk. (theglobeandmail.com)
One teaspoon of citric will raise the titratable acid in a gallon of wine by .15 per cent tartaric. (saratogaz.com)

The metabolic pathway map example "Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Biology solution from the Science and Education area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. (conceptdraw.com)
Both organic acids are formed by the same metabolic pathway, but whereas citric acid is the end product in A . niger , A . terreus performs two additional enzymatic steps leading to itaconic acid. (springer.com)

In chemical structure, citric acid shares the properties of other carboxylic acids. (bionity.com)
These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. (hmdb.ca)
Extractin of Carboxylic Acids with Amine Extractants. (nii.ac.jp)
The ionization of one or more of the three carboxylic groups (-COOH) presenting in citric acid produces the citrate ions, which are good buffer agents in acid solutions. (scirp.org)

By acting as the first stage of cellular respiration, the generation of high energy electrons from the citric acid cycle, in turn, are used in oxidative phosphorylation to reduce O 2 , generate proton gradient, and, later, the synthesis of ATP. (wikibooks.org)
It is the product of a cyclic reaction in cellular respiration known as the citric acid cycle , and is an excellent source of energy because it can be readily converted into ATP . (creationwiki.org)

Good lemon-juice yields from 2 1/2 to 10 per cent, of citric acid, the quantity varying because it decreases in proportion to the time that the lemons are kept, and it may quite disappear, separating into glucose, carbonic anhydride, and some acetic acid . (chestofbooks.com)
In conclusion, acetic acid is useful in killing coronavirus. (initiatives.tv)

This monograph is devoted to different aspects associated with citric acid, inorganic citrates and their aqueous and organic solutions. (springer.com)
It includes information about properties, occurrence and technological applications of citric acid and inorganic citrates. (springer.com)
When we eat carbohydrates, proteins and fats, these are broken down into citrates (citric acid) and these are then converted into energy. (newhealthguide.org)

When Toronto chef Rebekah Pearse was a contestant on Top Chef Canada in its first season, she chose to include citric acid as one of just 10 items she was allowed to bring from home. (theglobeandmail.com)
Its complex is composed of members of a family of homologous complexes which include citric acid cycle enzyme a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. (wikibooks.org)

The NADH and FADH 2 generated by the citric acid cycle are, in turn, used by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate energy-rich ATP. (wikipedia.org)

Nov 16, 2017· Citric Acid: The Recap Let's recap the main points you need to know about citric acid. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Aug 14, 2017· Citric Acid. (boekhandeldeoorsprong.nl)

The stability effects of methanol extracts and citric acid of RSBO were evaluated by monitoring the Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Acid Value (AV) and Peroxide Value (PV) of the oil sample monthly for a period of six months. (ethnoleaflets.com)
One of the major problems of storing refined soybean oil is the development of rancidity (oxidative) which leads to deterioration of the oil�s quality due to the multiple unsaturated bonds in the predominant unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. (ethnoleaflets.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms9

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes13

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. (1/1204)

Citric acid production from xylan and xylan hydrolysate by semi-solid culture of Aspergillus niger. (2/1204)

Down regulation by iron of prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial fibroblasts. (3/1204)

Roles of oxygen radicals and elastase in citric acid-induced airway constriction of guinea-pigs. (4/1204)

Citrate ions enhance taste responses to amino acids in the largemouth bass. (5/1204)

Trophoblast cell line resistance to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA class I-independent mechanism. (6/1204)

Regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding. (7/1204)

Comparative absorption of calcium sources and calcium citrate malate for the prevention of osteoporosis. (8/1204)

Citric Acid

Citric Acid Cycle

Citrates

Malates

Aspergillus niger

Cough

Taste

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Oxaloacetates

Antitussive Agents

Aconitate Hydratase

Taste Threshold

Osmeriformes

Ketoglutaric Acids

Fumarate Hydratase

Root Canal Irrigants

Metacercariae

Quinine

Pyruvic Acid

Smear Layer

Citrate (si)-Synthase

Oxaloacetic Acid

Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

Taste Perception

Succinic Acid

Acetic Acid

Malate Dehydrogenase

Carboxylic Acids

Stars, Celestial

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Acetates

Tartrates

Sucrose

Tongue

Carbon Isotopes

Heterophyidae

Glyoxylates

Fumarates

Sodium Hypochlorite

Aconitic Acid

Fluoroacetates

Succinates

Pyruvates

Irritants

Citrus

Succinate-CoA Ligases

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Oxalic Acid

Sodium Chloride

Aluminum

6-Phytase

Evolution, Chemical

Glutamates

Urolithiasis

Phosphoric Acids

Glycolysis

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Acetobacter

Garcinia cambogia

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Chelating Agents

Taste Disorders

Dentin

Tooth Root

Citrus sinensis

Beverages

Edetic Acid

Potassium Citrate

Heptanoates

Gluconeogenesis

Phosphorus, Dietary

Lactic Acid

Oxalates

Isocitrates

Phytic Acid

Culture Media

Carbon Dioxide

Ketone Bodies

Malate Synthase

Chorda Tympani Nerve