Citric acid. Medical search

A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

The minimum concentration at which taste sensitivity to a particular substance or food can be perceived.

An order of fish including smelts, galaxiids, and salamanderfish.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.

Encysted cercaria which house the intermediate stages of trematode parasites in tissues of an intermediate host.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

The process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. The four basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, and sour.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A family of intestinal flukes of the class Trematoda which occurs in animals and man. Some of the genera are Heterophyes, Metagonimus, Cryptocotyle, Stellantchasmus, and Euryhelmis.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. They are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. The acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.

A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.

Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and water to 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.26.

Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.

Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in FLOWERS and FRUIT. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

A plant species of the family CLUSIACEAE. It is a source of hydroxycitric acid.

A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with OLFACTION DISORDERS. Additional potential etiologies include METABOLIC DISEASES; DRUG TOXICITY; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., TASTE BUD diseases; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES; and BRAIN STEM diseases).

The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)

A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar orange fruit which is also a source of orange oil.

Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.

Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid.

Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.

Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.

Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.

An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.2.

A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.

The methyl esters of methacrylic acid that polymerize easily and are used as tissue cements, dental materials, and absorbent for biological substances.

A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.

A condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of KETONE BODIES in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). It is a sign of DIABETES COMPLICATION, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE).

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.

An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.

A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. (1/1204)

Fossil shellfish powder (FS) and Ezo giant scallop shell powder (EG) were rendered soluble with lactate and citrate under decompression (FSEx and EGEx, respectively) and we examined the effects of lactate-citrate solubilization of FS and EG on mineral absorption, tissue mineral contents, serum biochemical indices and bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The apparent absorption ratios of minerals tended to be high in the rats fed with the solubilized mineral sources, those in the FSEx group being significantly higher than in the FS group. There was no significant difference in the tibia mineral content among the OVX groups. BMD at the distal femoral diaphysis was significantly increased by FSEx and EGEx feeding. It is suggested that solubilization with lactate and citrate under decompression increased the solubility and bioavailability of calcium from such natural sources of shellfish calcium as FS and EG. (+info)

Citric acid production from xylan and xylan hydrolysate by semi-solid culture of Aspergillus niger. (2/1204)

Citric acid production from xylan and xylan hydrolysate was done by Aspergillus niger Yang no. 2 cultivated in a semi-solid culture using bagasse as a carrier. Yang no. 2 produced 72.4 g/l and 52.6 g/l of citric acid in 5 d from 140 g/l of xylose and arabinose, respectively. Yang no. 2 produced 51.6 g/l of citric acid in 3 d from a concentrated xylan hydrolysate prepared by cellulase treatment, containing 100 g/l of reducing sugars. Moreover, Yang no. 2 directly produced 39.6 g/l of citric acid maximally in 3 d from 140 g/l of xylan. (+info)

Down regulation by iron of prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial fibroblasts. (3/1204)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of iron on the prostaglandin (PG) E2 production by human synovial fibroblasts in vitro. METHODS: Human synovial fibroblasts were isolated from synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and cultured in medium. Synovial fibroblasts were stimulated by human recombinant interleukin (IL) 1 beta (0.1-10 ng/ml) with or without ferric citrate (Fe-citrate, 0.01-1 mM). The amount of PGE2 in the culture medium was measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The production of PGE2 by the synovial fibroblasts was increased by stimulation with IL1 beta at all concentrations tested. Fe-citrate but not sodium citrate (Na-citrate) down regulated the production of PGE2 by the synovial fibroblasts, both with and without stimulation by IL1 beta. Fe-citrate inhibited the spontaneous PGE2 production by the cells in a dose dependent manner, and a maximum inhibition by Fe-citrate was observed at the concentration of 0.1 mM with IL1 beta stimulation. The down regulation by iron was reversed by the co-addition of desferrioxamine (100 micrograms/ml), an iron chelator. CONCLUSION: Iron down regulates the PGE2 production by synovial fibroblasts in vitro. (+info)

Roles of oxygen radicals and elastase in citric acid-induced airway constriction of guinea-pigs. (4/1204)

Antioxidants attenuate noncholinergic airway constriction. To further investigate the relationship between tachykinin-mediated airway constriction and oxygen radicals, we explored citric acid-induced bronchial constriction in 48 young Hartley strain guinea-pigs, divided into six groups: control; citric acid; hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes + citric acid; hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes + phosphoramidon + citric acid; dimethylthiourea (DMTU) + citric acid; and DMTU + phosphoramidon + citric acid. Hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes and DMTU are scavengers of oxygen radicals while phosphoramidon is an inhibitor of the major degradation enzyme for tachykinins. Animals were anaesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. Each animal was given 50 breaths of 4 ml saline or citric acid aerosol. We measured dynamic respiratory compliance (Crs), forced expiratory volume in 0.1 (FEV0.1), and maximal expiratory flow at 30% total lung capacity (Vmax30) to evaluate the degree of airway constriction. Citric acid, but not saline, aerosol inhalation caused marked decreases in Crs, FEV0.1 and Vmax30, indicating marked airway constriction. This constriction was significantly attenuated by either hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes or by DMTU. In addition, phosphoramidon significantly reversed the attenuating action of hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes, but not that of DMTU. Citric acid aerosol inhalation caused increases in both lucigenin- and t-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence counts, indicating citric acid-induced increase in oxygen radicals and decrease in antioxidants in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These alterations were significantly suppressed by either hexa(sulphobutyl)fullerenes or DMTU. An elastase inhibitor eglin-c also significantly attenuated citric acid-induced airway constriction, indicating the contributing role of elastase in this type of constriction. We conclude that both oxygen radicals and elastase play an important role in tachykinin-mediated, citric acid-induced airway constriction. (+info)

Citrate ions enhance taste responses to amino acids in the largemouth bass. (5/1204)

The glossopharyngeal (IX) taste system of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, is highly selective to amino acids and is poorly responsive to trisodium citrate; however, IX taste responses to specific concentrations of L- and D-arginine and L-lysine but not L-proline were enhanced by citrate but not sodium ions. Binary mixtures of L-arginine (3 x 10(-4)M and 10(-3)M) or D-arginine (10(-3)M) + trisodium citrate (10(-3)M; pH 7-9) resulted in enhanced taste activity, whereas binary mixtures of higher concentrations (10(-2)M and 10(-1)M) of L- or D-arginine + 10(-3)M trisodium citrate were not significantly different from the response to the amino acid alone. Under continuous adaptation to 10(-3)M citrate, taste responses to L-arginine were also enhanced at the identical concentrations previously indicated, but responses to 10(-2)M and 10(-1)M L-arginine were significantly suppressed. Under continuous adaptation to 10(-2)M L-arginine, taste responses to 10(-2)M, 10(-1)M, and 10(0) M citrate were significantly enhanced. Cellular concentrations of both citrate and amino acids in prey of the carnivorous largemouth bass are sufficient for this taste-enhancing effect to occur naturally during consummatory feeding behavior. Citrate acting as a calcium chelator is presented as a possible mechanism of action for the enhancement effect. (+info)

Trophoblast cell line resistance to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA class I-independent mechanism. (6/1204)

The lack of classical HLA molecules on trophoblast prevents allorecognition by maternal T lymphocytes, but poses the problem of susceptibility to NK lysis. Expression of the nonclassical class I molecule, HLA-G, on cytotrophoblast may provide the protective effect. However, the class I-negative syncytiotrophoblast escapes NK lysis by maternal PBL. In addition, while HLA-G-expressing transfectants of LCL.721.221 cells are protected from lymphokine-activated killer lysis, extravillous cytotrophoblast cells and HLA-G-expressing choriocarcinoma cells (CC) are not. The aim of this work was therefore to clarify the role of HLA class I expression on trophoblast cell resistance to NK lysis and on their susceptibility to lymphokine-activated killer lysis. Our results showed that both JAR (HLA class I-negative) and JEG-3 (HLA-G- and HLA-Cw4-positive) cells were resistant to NK lysis by PBL and were equally lysed by IL-2-stimulated PBL isolated from a given donor. In agreement, down-regulating HLA class I expression on JEG-3 cells by acid treatment, masking these molecules or the putative HLA-G (or HLA-E) receptor CD94/NKG2 and the CD158a/p58.1 NKR with mAbs, and inducing self class I molecule expression on JAR cells did not affect NK or LAK lysis of CC. These results demonstrate that the resistance of CC to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA class I-independent mechanism(s). In addition, we show that the expression of a classical class I target molecule (HLA-B7) on JAR cells is insufficient to induce lysis by allospecific polyclonal CTL. (+info)

Regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding. (7/1204)

BACKGROUND: Systemic heparinization is associated with a high rate of bleeding when used to maintain patency of the extracorporeal circuit during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in critically ill patients. Regional anticoagulation can be achieved with citrate, but previously described techniques are cumbersome and associated with metabolic complications. METHODS: We designed a simplified system for delivering regional citrate anticoagulation during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). We evaluated filter life and hemorrhagic complications in the first 17 consecutive patients who received this therapy at our institution. Blood flow rate was set at 180 ml/min. Ultrafiltration rate was maintained at 2.0 liters/hr and citrate-based replacement fluid (trisodium citrate 13.3 mM, sodium chloride 100 mM, magnesium chloride 0.75 mM, dextrose 0.2%) was infused proximal to the filter to maintain the desired fluid balance. Calcium gluconate was infused through a separate line to maintain a serum-ionized calcium level of 1.0 to 1.1 mM. RESULTS: All patients were critically ill and required mechanical ventilation and vasopressor therapy. Systemic heparin anticoagulation was judged to be contraindicated in all of the patients. A total of 85 filters were used, of which 64 were lost because of clotting, with a mean life span of 29.5 +/- 17.9 hours. The remaining 21 filters were discontinued for other reasons. Control of fluid and electrolyte balance and azotemia was excellent (mean serum creatinine after 48 to 72 hr of treatment was 2.4 +/- 1.2 mg/dl). No bleeding episodes occurred. Two patients, one with septic shock and the other with fulminant hepatic failure, developed evidence for citrate toxicity without a significant alteration in clinical status. Nine patients survived (52.9%). CONCLUSION: Our simplified technique of regional anticoagulation with citrate is an effective and safe form of anticoagulation for CVVH in critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding. (+info)

Comparative absorption of calcium sources and calcium citrate malate for the prevention of osteoporosis. (8/1204)

Anthropologically speaking, humans were high consumers of calcium until the onset of the Agricultural Age, 10,000 years ago. Current calcium intake is one-quarter to one-third that of our evolutionary diet and, if we are genetically identical to the Late Paleolithic Homo sapiens, we may be consuming a calcium-deficient diet our bodies cannot adjust to by physiologic mechanisms. Meta-analyses of calcium and bone mass studies demonstrate supplementation of 500 to 1500 mg calcium daily improves bone mass in adolescents, young adults, older men, and postmenopausal women. Calcium citrate malate has high bioavailability and thus has been the subject of calcium studies in these populations. Positive effects have been seen in prepubertal girls, adolescents, and postmenopausal women. The addition of trace minerals and vitamin D in separate trials has improved the effect of calcium citrate malate on bone density and shown a reduction of fracture risk. (+info)

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is an 8-step process that takes the ... "Citric Acid Cycle" (PDF). Takusagawa's Note. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate

Although lemons contain citric acid, most citric acid is produced by fermentation using microbes that can convert sugars into ... The juice from the lemon is acidic and contains citric acid that helps lower the pH, which additionally restricts microbes that ... citric acid, which is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage and is extensively used in food and pharmaceutical ... "Microbial production of citric acid". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 42 (3): 263-276. doi:10.1590/S1516- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserved_lemon

In another method, isoniazid was claimed to have been made from citric acid starting material. Hydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, Laniazid, ... Baizer, Manuel M.; Dub, Michael; Gister, Sidney; Steinberg, Nathan G. (1956). "Synthesis of Isoniazid from Citric Acid". ... Isonicotinic acid hydrazide is also used in chromatography to differentiate between various degrees of conjugation in organic ... This process inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are required components of the mycobacterial cell wall. A range of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid

"Citric acid detected in sister's body". Dong-A Ilbo. September 2, 1988. Retrieved July 16, 2019. "'Blood' because of debt... 86 ... The police had carried out autopsies on four people who died under suspicious circumstances, finding citric acid in three of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sun-ja_(serial_killer)

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Müller, Ulrich F.; Tor, Yitzhak (2014). "Citric Acid and the RNA World". Angewandte ... providing further evidence for central role of citric acid in primordial metabolism. doi:10.1126/science.1241888 "UMn CBS". ... non enzymatic RNA replication in primitive protocells is only possibly in presence of weak cation chelator like citric acid, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Adamala

cilia circadian rhythm citric acid cycle A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy ... electron transport chain The process of oxidative phosphorylation, by which the NADH and succinate generated by the citric acid ... kingdom Krebs cycle See citric acid cycle. larva (pl.) larvae A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before ... amino acid A class of organic compounds containing an amine group and a carboxylic acid group which function as the fundamental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

When marketed, other ingredients can be added, such as sugar for taste, citric acid for tartness, and other flavors that would ... "EthicalFoods.com , What You Need To Know About Citric Acid". ethicalfoods.com. Retrieved 2016-12-16. Millin, D. J. (1981). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_tea

Berkeley's formula contained pyrogallol, sulfite, and citric acid. Ammonia was added just before use to make the formula ... Around 1717, German polymath Johann Heinrich Schulze accidentally discovered that a slurry of chalk and nitric acid into which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography

Lambeth DO (2002). "What is the function of GTP produced in the Krebs citric acid cycle?". IUBMB Life. 54 (3): 143-4. doi: ... Occurs in glycolysis and in the citric acid cycle. Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation and phosphorylation are not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation

... is an intermediate in the isolation of citric acid from the fungal fermentation process by which citric acid is ... or it may be converted to citric acid using dilute sulfuric acid. In many individuals, bioavailability of calcium citrate is ... The citric acid in the broth solution is neutralized by limewater, precipitating insoluble calcium citrate. This is then ... Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_citrate

reported hydrophilic CQDs through impregnation of citric acid precursor. After pyrolyzing CQDs at 300 °C for 2 hours in air, ... trace levels of H2O2 and nucleic acid. A general example is about nucleic acid lateral flow assays. The discriminating tags on ... Recently, it has been discovered that amine and hydoxamic acid functionalized CD can produce tricolor (green, yellow and red) ... Li, Hailong; Zhang, Yingwei; Wang, Lei; Tian, Jingqi; Sun, Xuping (2011). "Nucleic acid detection using carbon nanoparticles as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_quantum_dots

It is a calcium acid salt of citric acid. It is used as a firming agent in food, and as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocalcium_citrate

It is a calcium acid salt of citric acid. Calcium citrate Monocalcium citrate Food Additives in Europe 2000, pp. 322-324, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicalcium_citrate

Its taste is more acidic (due to citric acid). It has many green seeds in the central pit which is covered in red pigment from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia_matudae

These metabolites include diacetyl and CO₂ from citric acid. Diacetyl is important for dairy because it is the main source of ... This is important as it has the ability to produce lactic acid which lowers the pH of the surrounding environment and, in turn ... Mesenteroides tested also differ by their need for riboflavin, pyridoxal and folic acid, these need to be tested to determine a ... There is also a variation by strain for requirements of riboflavin, pyridoxal and folic acid. Some strains also required a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuconostoc_mesenteroides

This mechanism replenishes the intermediates of the citric acid cycle. The impairment of glucose metabolism by fatty acid ... It is theorized that the overexpression of fatty acids being used makes up for the lack of MCD. Long chain fatty acid uptake is ... By oxidizing fatty acids, mitochondria increase their respiration while increasing the production of ROS. Fatty acids may act ... Fatty acids are preferentially oxidized because of the inactivation of PDH by fatty acid oxidation inhibiting glucose oxidation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_cycle

It is a (hydrated) salt of magnesium and citric acid. It is not very soluble in water and has a bitter taste. It contains 16.2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_citrate_(3:2)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Citric acid cycle - Also known as the Krebs cycle, an important aerobic metabolic pathway. Electron ... Hans Adolf Krebs - Discovered the citric acid cycle in 1937. Konstantin Mereschkowski - Russian botanist who in 1905 described ... DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and ... DNA helicase DNA polymerase DNA ligase RNA - Ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide, in a cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology

... "citric acid cycle". It is also known as the "Krebs cycle" or "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle". Krebs sent a short manuscript ... Krebs continued to add more details to his citric acid cycle. The discovery of acetyl-CoA in 1947 by Fritz Albert Lipmann was ... These two reactions did not follow the normal citric acid cycle, and hence the pathway was named the glyoxylate bypass of the ... In 1953 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of the citric acid cycle." (He shared the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)

Hang, Y. D.; Woodams, E. E. (April 1985). "Grape pomace: A novel substrate for microbial production of citric acid". ... "Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Consecutive Extractions of Fatty Acids and Polyphenols from Vitis Vinifera Grape Wastes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomace

The citric acid cycle is finally identified by Hans Adolf Krebs. Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè at the University of Palermo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_in_science

... usually enters the citric acid cycle in humans as oxaloacetate.[citation needed] In bacteria, the degradation of ... that asparagine and aspartic acid itself are decomposed with a remarkable ease under the influence of nitrous acid, rendering ... Asparagine (symbol Asn or N), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group ( ... Robiquet) and aspartic acid]. Annalen der Chemie (in German). 6: 75-88. doi:10.1002/jlac.18330060111. The empirical formula of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine

It may also contain a sweetening agent, citric acid and salt. In Canada and Mexico, tomato juice is commonly mixed with beer; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_juice

Citric acid is important for a chemical process named Krebs cycle, but Krebs means cancer in German, and it has been suggested ... One of the entries on the list was citric acid (E330). Its name derives from its false claim to have been produced at the ... The leaflet wrongly listed E330, citric acid, as the most dangerous of all carcinogens. The rumour, considered one of the most ... Citric Acid, listed as "most dangerous"), E407, E450 Suspect: E125, E131, E141 (Chlorophyll derivatives), E142, E150, E153, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villejuif_leaflet

Exemplify The citric acid cycle is a part of cellular metabolism. Cellular respiration is another part of cellular metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEE-I

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is a critical enzyme in the citric acid cycle. Mutated forms of IDH produce high levels of the (R)- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enasidenib

... and one of the two unhindered carboxylic acid groups of citric acid. The result is a C2-symmetric hexadentate ligand. A related ... Rhizoferrin is derived from conjugating a pair of citric acid molecules. The pair are connected via a diamide linkage between ... Pierre, J. L.; Gautier-Luneau, I. (2000). "Iron and Citric Acid: A Fuzzy Chemistry of Ubiquitous Biological Relevance". ... where the two citric acid groups are linked by D-ornithine. The structure of rhizoferrin was established by total synthesis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizoferrin

Its main ingredients are sodium carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Eno was first marketed by James Crossley Eno ( ... Embleton often prescribed an effervescent drink made by mixing sodium bicarbonate and citric acid in water, and Eno adopted ... Don't go without a bottle of ENO's "FRUIT SALT". It prevents any over-acid state of the blood. It should be kept in every ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_(drug)

Aspergillus niger can produce some organic acids such as citric acid. This form of leaching does not rely on microbial ... Sulfuric acid and H+ ions that have been formed can leak into the ground and surface water turning it acidic, causing ... Adding concentrated acid reverses the equation, and the copper ions go back into an aqueous solution.[citation needed] Then the ... Heavy ions such as iron, zinc, and arsenic leak during acid mine drainage. When the pH of this solution rises, as a result of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleaching

Other ingredients include citric acid, stevia, beetroot juice, and turmeric for color. Morse is allergic to artificial dyes and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Morse

Corn starch-filled, glucose-sweetened pie with made with sub-standard canned pineapple, artificial (citric acid) lemon flavor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100,000,000_Guinea_Pigs

The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to power ATP synthase. ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

... and either a complete or partial citric acid cycle.[116] These similarities to other organisms probably reflect both early ... Deppenmeier, U. (2002). "The unique biochemistry of methanogenesis". Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. Progress in Nucleic Acid ... acetic acid or formic acid are used as alternative electron acceptors by methanogens. These reactions are common in gut- ... it lacks D-amino acids and N-acetylmuramic acid.[102]. Archaea flagella operate like bacterial flagella-their long stalks are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

... phosphoric acid, citric acid, and hydrobromic acid. Salts of mineral acids with amines are also used as aggressive activators. ... organic acids (monocarboxylic, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and dicarboxylic, e.g. oxalic acid, malonic acid ... A mixture of organic acids (resin acids, predominantly abietic acid, with pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, ... Typical compounds used are carboxylic acids (e.g. fatty acids (most often oleic acid and stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)

citric acid cycle. *Citrate synthase. *Aconitase. *Isocitrate dehydrogenase. *Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. *Succinyl ... MT-TI is a small 69 nucleotide RNA (human mitochondrial map position 4263-4331) that transfers the amino acid isoleucine to a ... May 2003). "A homoplasmic mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acid mutation as a cause of maternally inherited hypertrophic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TI

Voet DJ, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2010). "Chapter 17, Citric Acid Cycle". Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 550. ISBN ... tricarboxylic acid cycle. • oxidation-reduction process. • acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate. • glucose metabolic ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by the buildup of a chemical called lactic acid in the body and a variety of ... The most common feature is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_

The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid and other organic acids[28] giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. ... The acid-free varieties of citrus are completely lacking the red color in all the mentioned spots.[31] This designation was ... These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decrease in acids, softening, and change in the fruit's colour.[ ... "Organic Acids Concentration in Citrus Juice from Conventional versus Organic Farming". Acta Horticulturae. 933: 601-606. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus

... superoxide inactivates the citric acid cycle enzyme aconitase, can poison energy metabolism, and releases potentially toxic ... as all ingested SOD is broken down into amino acids before being absorbed. However, ingestion of SOD bound to wheat proteins ... and their active sites contain the same type and arrangement of amino acid side-chains. They are usually dimers, but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgotein

... citric acid), respectively. The sweet taste lasts for 5 minutes with water and 10 minutes with an acidic solution.[1] Sweetness ... was also observed with other acids such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C)[6] and acetic acid. ... Amino acid sequence of sweet protein curculin adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein sequences.[3] ... Presence of Ca2+ and/or Mg2+, water and acids tune the binding of the active site of curculin to the receptor site and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculin

These chemicals are hydrogen peroxide, citric acid, lemon juice, and vinegar.[6] ... There are a variety of elements that can be used, including tannic acid, oolong tea, wine, cat urine, and pyrogallic acid.[6] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype

Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase) ... A mannose sugar is added to the first tryptophan residue in the sequence W-X-X-W (W indicates tryptophan; X is any amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylated

Citric acid cycle. Main article: Citric acid cycle. This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When ... The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[6] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 ... In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the ... Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_respiration

Citric acid - yiyecek asidi. *Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulgatör ... Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emülgatör. *Dicalcium diphosphate - topaklanmayı ... Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier ... Blackcurrant seed oil - used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Also used in ...

https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gıda_katkı_maddeleri_listesi

Citric acid cycle. *Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. *Fumarase deficiency. Electron transport chain. *Coenzyme Q10 deficiency ... Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ... Succinic acid has been studied, and shown effective for both Leigh syndrome, and MELAS syndrome.[13][14] A high-fat, low- ... Assessing the level of organic acids in urine can also indicate a dysfunction in the metabolic pathway.[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_disease

Top: ascorbic acid (reduced form of Vitamin C). Bottom: dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form of Vitamin C) ... The oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid: Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e−. H2O2 + 2 e− → 2 OH−. ... The reduction of nitrate to nitrogen in the presence of an acid (denitrification): 2 NO−. 3 + 10 e− + 12 H+ → N2 + 6 H2O. ... For example, thiosulfate ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_couple

... "citric acid cycle".[26][27] It is also known as the "Krebs cycle" or "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle". ... Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)[edit]. At the University of Sheffield, Krebs and William Johnson investigated cellular ... Krebs continued to add more details to his citric acid cycle. The discovery of acetyl-CoA in 1947 by Fritz Albert Lipmann was ... With Hans Kornberg, he also discovered the glyoxylate cycle, which is a slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs

... instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are ... If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to muscle fatigue. This occurs ... Acidification by lactic acid may allow recovery of force so that acidosis may protect against fatigue rather than being a cause ... Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

... or fed into the citric acid cycle. This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ... Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

Anfinsen Chromatography Chromite Chromium Chrysoberyl Chrysolite cinnabar Cinnabarite Citric acid Citrine quartz Clay Cleveite ... Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abichite Acetaldehyde Acetaminophen Acetic acid Acetone acetyl ... Carbohydrate carbon carbon dioxide Carbon group carbon monoxide carbonate carbonation Carbonic acid carbonyl carboxylic acid ... Phosphorus Phosphoric acid Phthalates Phyllite Physical chemistry physics physiologically active compound picometre Picric acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_chemistry_articles

It is only the lactate and the waste products of the citric acid cycle that are returned to the blood. The liver can take up ... Main articles: Acid-base homeostasis and Acid-base imbalance. The plasma pH can be altered by respiratory changes in the ... An important function is the production and control of bile acids. Too much bile acid can be toxic to cells and its synthesis ... to glucose-6-phosphate and thence to pyruvate to be fed into the citric acid cycle or turned into lactate. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

Organic acids such as citric acid or sodium citrate are added to the cream prior to homogenization in order to increase the ... Lactic acid bacteria (hereto known as LAB) ferment lactose to lactic acid, they are mesophilic, Gram-positive facultative ... Lefebvre-cases, E.; Fuente, B. TARODO; Cuq, J.L. (2001-05-01). "Effect of SDS on Acid Milk Coagulability". Journal of Food ... Its name comes from the production of lactic acid by bacterial fermentation, which is called souring. Crème fraîche is one type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_cream

Metabolism: Citric acid cycle enzymes. Cycle. *Citrate synthase. *Aconitase. *Isocitrate dehydrogenase. *Oxoglutarate ... 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid and 4-aminoantipyrine. ... Its amino acid sequence is highly conserved in eukaryotes, differing by only a few residues. In more than thirty species, 34 of ... Many higher-order organisms possess a chain of 104 amino acids.[9] The sequences of cytochrome c in humans is identical to that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_C

... at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is ... It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid ... Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. Fumaric acid has a fruit-like ... Maleic acid, the cis-isomer of fumaric acid. References[edit]. *^ Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E297

Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic ... acetic acid, and formic acid. Acetone ((CH. 3). 2CO) and phenol (C. 6H. 5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of ... carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR. 2). There are many important ... Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygène in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اکسیژن?match=en

The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid giving them their characteristic sharp flavour. The genus is commercially ... Before the development of fermentation-based processes, lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid. ... These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decrease in acids and a softening and change in the fruit's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_fruits

coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid ... Notably, it is used in fatty acid synthesis, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoA

Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/l).[67] ... "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products". Journal of ... They are sweet and comparatively low in acid,[55] with a bright orange rind similar to that of other navels, but their flesh is ... The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)

Common sequestering agents are disodium EDTA, citric acid (and citrates), tartaric acid, and lecithin.[1] ... Citric and ascorbic acids target enzymes that degrade fruits and vegetables, e.g., mono/polyphenol oxidase which turns surfaces ... propionic acid and propionates baked goods n/a isothiazolinones (MIT, CMIT, BIT) home and personal care products, paints/ ... benzoic acid and benzoates used in acidic foods such as jams, salad dressing, juices, pickles, carbonated drinks, soy sauce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservatives

Diacetyl can be produced by the LAB through metabolism of sugar or of citric acid.[11] While citric acid is naturally present ... "Transformation of Citric Acid to Acetic Acid, Acetoin and Diacetyl by Wine Making Lactic Acid Bacteria" Agricultural and ... Compared to malic and citric acids, tartaric acid is usually considered microbiologically stable. However, some species of ... Lactic acid bacteria convert malic acid into lactic acid as an indirect means of creating energy for the bacteria by ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation

vitamin C, discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. ... He is credited with discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the ... He received his PhD from Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge in 1927 for work on isolating an organic acid, which he then called " ... identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zoltán Bay, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gyorgyi

The closely related acids isocitric acid, aconitic acid, and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic acid, carballylic ... Citric acid cycle[edit]. Main article: Citric acid cycle. Citrate is an intermediate in the TCA cycle (aka TriCarboxylic Acid ... Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin. Single-use citric acid sachets have been ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula C. 6H. 8O. 7. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate

... citric acid industry has seen a fast growth in China before 2008 due to increasingdemand from both … ... China Citric Acid Market and ProductionAs the natural acid, ... China citric acid industry * 1. China Citric Acid Market and ... Brief introduction to citric acid industry Introduction to key raw materials of citric acid Supply and demand of citric acid ... 1 Brief introduction to citric acid industry 41.1 Development of citric acid in China 41.2 Government policy toward citric acid ...

https://www.slideshare.net/linda3395/china-citric-acid-market-and-production

Brambleberry.com and Amazon.com sell citric acid, offering a variety of size options from 1 pound to 55 pound bags, as of June ... How do you use muriatic acid to clean concrete?. A: Muriatic acid is a strong acid cleaner used on masonry surfaces to clean ... A: Muriatic acid cleans soap scum and hard water deposits on grout and tile. To use muriatic acid as a cleaner, dilute the acid ... Brambleberry.com offers citric acid in three sizes: 1 pound, 10 pounds and 50 pounds, and it also sells additives, bases and ...

https://www.reference.com/home-garden/sells-citric-acid-f27f1e2833ad7570

3-tricarboxylic acid Other names 3-hydroxypentanedioic acid-3-carboxylic acid Hydrogen citrate ... Main article: Citric acid cycle. Citric acid is one of a series of compounds involved in the physiological oxidation of fats, ... Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to increase the solubility of brown heroin. Single-use citric acid sachets have been ... while citric acid is not. Citric acid is the active ingredient in some bathroom and kitchen cleaning solutions. A solution with ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Citric_acid.html

Is it from citric fruits or from animals? I am noticing that Citric Acid is in fruit lollies which are a natural lolly so Im ... orange or grapefruit and Citric Acid is also in Vegetable can soups where all vegetables are in it. I find this acid is be ... Could someone be able to elaborate more for me in regards to what Citric Acid is please? ... Citric Acid? Could someone be able to elaborate more for me in regards to what Citric Acid is please? Is it from citric fruits ...

http://www.veganforum.com/forums/showthread.php?19915-Citric-Acid&s=2d9f52a2ebe031b49c5402eb8c7d0a0c

... occurrence and metabolism of citric acid by lactic acid bacteria from fruits and fermented beverages; and citric acid treatment ... This book discusses the metabolism of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger; biotechnological productions of citric acid ... Occurrence and Metabolism of Citric Acid by Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fruits and Fermented Beverages. (Fabiana María Saguir, ... Metabolism of Citric Acid Production by A. niger: Mathematical Modeling and Optimization. (N. V. Torres, F. Alvarez-Vasquez, J ...

https://novapublishers.com/shop/citric-acid-occurrence-biochemistry-applications-and-processing/

Citric acid from cane sugar can be kosher for Passover, wheat based citric acid is chometz, and the corn based citric acid is ... How is Citric Acid made?. Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits, but producing citric acid from citrus fruits is very ... The sugars that are used for the citric acid can be derived from cane sugar, corn or wheat. In the United States, citric acid ... can be sure that the source of the citric acid is cane sugar when you see the OK-P symbol on a product containing citric acid. ...

https://www.ok.org/kosherspirit/spring-2015/what-is-citric-acid/

The effects of disk rotational speed, initial citric acid concentration and temperature on the effective diffusion co ... Summary The mass transfer process during the reaction of citric acid with calcite was investigated using a rotating disk ... Using various citric acid concentrations (1 wt%, 2 wt%, 5 wt% and 7.5 wt%), the diffusion coefficient of citric acid was ... The effect of temperature on the diffusion coefficient of citric acid at a constant citric acid concentration was found to ...

https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPE-139570-PA

Polarized light micrograph of a section through crystals of citric acid (tricarboxylic acid). Citric acid can be obtained from ... It is also obtained by fermentation of glucose (citric acid cycle) and by synthesis. Magnification: x200 when printed at 10 ... natural products such as the juices of citric fruits e.g.. lemons. ... Citric acid crystals. Polarized light micrograph of a section through crystals of citric acid (tricarboxylic acid). Citric acid ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/680102/view

151 anhydrous citric acid suppliers suppliers & manufacturers from China. ... Buy anhydrous citric acid suppliers from China anhydrous citric acid suppliers suppliers - ... USP24/BP98/E330 Citric acid supplier,Citric Acid Anhydrous Citric Acid is a weak organic acid, and is triprotic acid. It is a ... citric acid monohydrate, citric acid anhydrous, citric acid mono, citric acid anhy...... ...

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The global citric acid market size was worth USD 2.50 billion in 2016. High demand for the product to preserve food is expected ... Citric Acid Market Size, Share & Analysis, Industry Report, 2018-2025 Citric Acid Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report ... Companies such as Pfizer, Inc.; Tate & Lyle plc; and Danisco A/S are involved in the manufacturing of citric acid. Citric acid ... Citric acid imparts tartness & sourness and enhances flavors. The acid, when used as an additive in food products, is effective ...

https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/citric-acid-market

Buy Now Citric Acid - 100% Pure 1 lbs to help maintain Vitamin C content, slow spoiling caused by bacteria, and avoid ... Citric Acid is a good grade acid that is present in many natural foods. It can be used to reduce spoilage in sprouting by ... Now Citric Acid - 100% Pure - 1 lbs. Now CoQ10 50 mg w/ Selenium and Vitamin E - 100 softgels. Now CoQ10 50 mg w/ Selenium and ... Questions on Now Citric Acid - 100% Pure - 1 lbs. No questions asked yet ...

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Is citric acid plus baking soda an endothermic reaction?. Please explain if it is endothermic or exothermic? ...

https://www.wyzant.com/resources/answers/154457/is_citric_acid_plus_baking_soda_an_endothermic_reaction

Hydrogen Citric Acid manufacturers, suppliers ☆ Hydrogen Citric Acid buyers, importers, wholesalers, distributors ... sodium sulphate anhydrous 99%,citric acid anhydrous and mono hydrate, hydrogen peroxide 50%. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 50%, CITRIC ACID ... Citric Acid, Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide, Oxalic Acid, Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium Hydrosulfite, Sodium sulphate Anhydrous, ... Acetic Acid Glacial 2. Caustic Soda 3. Citric Acid 4. Formic Acid 5. Hydrogen... ...

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Get contact details of Citric Acid Manufacturers, Wholesale Citric Acid Exporters, Best Citric Acid Traders & Distributors ... Business Directory for Citric Acid Suppliers in Nashik - ... Citric Acid in Nashik. * * Cities : Delhi , Mumbai , Rajkot , ... citric acid, Boric Acid Powder, Eucalyptus Oil, Liquid Paraffin, Magnesium Sulphate Powder, White Petroleum Jelly, Naphthalene ...

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... and I found other liquid carbon sources based on citrate and citric acid.... ... Similar Threads - Citric acid citrate * Using Urea, Citric acid, MnSO4, etc. in DIY solutions ShadowMac, Nov 28, 2016, in forum ... do citrates and citric acid really act as a carbone source? (I havent found a clear answer to this so far ). -like the ... Citric acid and citrate as liquid carbon source? Discussion in Non-CO2 Methods started by siavash, Nov 11, 2017. ...

https://barrreport.com/threads/citric-acid-and-citrate-as-liquid-carbon-source.14796/

This package contains one pound of citric acid (double bagged to avoid any leaks). Made in USA. ... This package contains one pound of citric acid (double bagged to avoid any leaks). Made in USA. ...

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... how to write essay on Cellular Functions Citric Acid example essay, research paper, custom writing. Write my essay on energy ... how to write essay on Cellular Functions Citric Acid example essay, research paper, custom writing. Write my essay on energy ... The Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA is the starting point for the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle or the cycle). ... The citric acid cycle produces two Co 2 molecules and reduced carriers At the beginning of the citric acid cycle, acetyl ...

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Pure citric acid Food quality ✐ No additives, plastic-free packed ✐ Powder form for descaling, cleaning, cleaning & for food ✐ ... PureNature Pure Citric Acid 1 kg buy in eco economy pack Pure citric acid Food quality ✐ No additives, plastic-free packed ✐ ... Take to the coffee machine decalcify citric acid instead of expensive special cleaner. The washing machine with citric acid ... Add citric acid to elderflower syrup, rounds off the taste and preserves at the same time. A secret tip among cooks, rhubarb ...

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Is citric acid bad for you? Not always. In very large quantities it can damage teeth enamel and upset the stomach. In ... Caution with Citric Acid Supplementation. Is citric acid bad for you? Not really, but if you are thinking of taking citric acid ... It interacts with stomach acid and neutralizes it, reducing the acidity.. Sources of Citric Acid. Citric acid is found in many ... Is Citric Acid Bad for You?. Citric acid is found in many food items, it is added to many foods as a preservative and a flavor ...

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Citric acid cycle variants at MetaCyc. *Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle at Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ... Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle[edit]. Several catabolic pathways converge on the citric acid ... 8 Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle. *9 Citric acid cycle intermediates serve as substrates for ... However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle ...

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... anhydrous citric acid, Citric Acid, Citronensäure, 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid, Citric Acid, Anhydrous, 2- ... For the conjugate base of citric acid, see Category:Citrate ion. For salts of citric acid, see Category:Citrates. ... Citric acid (ur); citrate, H3cit, E330, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, E 330, Anhydrous citric acid, beta- ... e330-citric-acid (en); Zitronensäure, حمض ستريك, Citrate, حمض السيتريك, حمض الستريك, الستريك, حمض ليمون, Citric acid (ar); ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citric_acid?uselang=be-tarask

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Media in category "Citric acid cycle". The following 180 files are in this category, out of 180 total. ... ciclo de Krebs (es); Sítrónsýruhringur (is); Kitar Krebs (ms); citric acid cycle (en-gb); د سېټريک اسيد څرخ (ps); Цикъл на ... Citric acid cycle with aconitate 2 zh-hans.svg 1,335 × 1,062; 368 KB. ... Citric acid cycle with aconitate 2 cs.svg 1,335 × 1,062; 353 KB. ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citric_acid_cycle

Citric acid is naturally found in ci ... read more. About CITRIC ACID: Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid used in personal ... ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID; CITRIC ACID, ANHYDROUS; MONOHYDRATE CITRIC ACID; 1,2,3-PROPANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-; 2-HYDROXY- ... About CITRIC ACID: Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid used in personal care products to adjust the acidity or promote skin ... Citric acid is naturally found in citric fruits and juices, providing the characteristic acidic taste. ...

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CITRIC ACID, H3C6H1O7, H1O=200. This acid occurs in many plants and acidulous fruits, especially in those belonging to ... Citric Acid (Acidum Citricum). ACIDUM CITRICUM - CITRIC ACID, H3C6H1O7, H1O=200.. This acid occurs in many plants and acidulous ... Citric acid is readily absorbed by the stomach and intestines, and is excreted in part by the kidneys in the urine in ... According to Bence Jones and Eylandt, the acidity of urine is increased by citric, as it is by tartaric acid, and a deposit of ...

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Make research projects and school reports about citric acid easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and ... and pictures about citric acid at Encyclopedia.com. ... citric acid An organic acid (chemically a tricarboxylic acid) ... citric acid (sit-rik) n. an organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits. Citric acid is formed in the first stage of the ... citric acid or 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, HO2CCH2C(OH)(CO2H)CH2CO2H, an organic carboxylic acid containing ...

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Citric acid. Regulatory process names 14 Translated names 22 IUPAC names 36 Trade names 4 Other identifiers 14 ... Acide citriqueACIDO CITRICO MONOIDRATOCITRIC ACIDCitric Acid AnhydrousCitric Acid MonohydrateCitronensäure-MonohydratÁcido ... Anhydrous form: 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acidMonohydrated form: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ...

https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.973

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Nomination Summary for Nomination Summary for Citric acid (N81353). Nomination Summary for Citric acid (N81353). Nominated ...

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NOW Citric Acid is a food grade acid that is present in many natural foods. It can be used to reduce spoilage in sprouting by ... Powdered citric acid can be added to dry foods when you want a sour flavor. Citric acid is a dry alternative to lemon juice or ... Citric acids acidic pH makes it useful as a preservative. Citric acid is added to jams, jellies, candy, canned foods and meat ... Citric Acid is useful in sprouting, canning, drying or freezing. NOW Citric Acid can be used to preserve Vitamin C content, ...

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As Shawna Wagman discovers, more and more chefs are wielding the tangy, bright power of citric acid ... Citric acid occurs naturally in such fruits as limes, pineapples and gooseberries. The dry, powdered citric acid used as an ... Thats where wed use citric acid.". Chef Robert Belcham, owner of Campognolo in Vancouver remembers using citric acid more ... "Its got those same sour qualities as citric acid.". At Bar Buca in Toronto, Chef Rob Gentile uses citric acid to brighten the ...

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citric acid, citric acid, anhydrous, citro, anhydrous citric acid, citrate, aciletten, citretten, chemfill, hydrocerol a, 1,2,3 ... citric acid, citric acid, anhydrous, citro, anhydrous citric acid, citrate, aciletten, citretten, chemfill, hydrocerol a, 1,2,3 ... citric acid, citric acid, anhydrous, citro, anhydrous citric acid, citrate, aciletten, citretten, chemfill, hydrocerol a, 1,2,3 ... Citric acid is the most widely used organic acid and pH-control agent in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals and technical ...

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we tried the citric acid solution on some parts after reading hambers success. it works very well. we put a very rusty ... Certo contains citric acid.. Not suggesting you use Certo, just a side light on the citric acid effectiveness. ... I use citric acid a lot. For chrome I prefer oxalic acid ( wood bleach). Quick jobs I reach for phosphoric after wire wheeling ... before introducing them to the citric acid bath. Hopefully that will keep the acid bath a little cleaner. For the degreasing ...

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... the remaining C-phycocyanin concentration without citric acid reduced from 51 to 11%. The use of citric acid as an edible ... Citric acid was added as an edible preservative to increase the thermal stability of C-phycocyanin extracted from A. platensis ... Extraction of C-phycocyanin from Arthrospira (Spirulina) and its thermal stability with citric acid. ... followed by incubation at 80 °C for 1 h. The initial concentration of C-phycocyanin with citric acid was reduced from 65 to 19 ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-017-1155-x

The citric acid cycle (TCA) is a fundamental metabolic pathway to release stored energy in living organisms. Here, the authors ... which convert glyoxylate into CO2 and produce aspartic acid in the presence of ammonia. The reactions proceed from either ... which have focused mainly on the citric acid (TCA) cycle, have languished-primarily due to a lack of experimentally ... First iteration (13C1 malonic acid to 13C2 malonic acid): A total volume of 42 mg of (2-13C1)malonic acid (0.40 mmol, 200 mM) ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02591-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e5bf8ef6-3fe5-4a73-8325-1699be2f2ccf

Commonly used for flavoring, citric acid is also used in cosmetics as... ... Citric acid is a bitter acid found naturally in many fruits. ... Are corn citric acid and fruit citric acid the same thing as ... Peanut butter does not have citric acid in it. It does have another acid in it that is in the same family as citric acid. These ... A few years ago I cut citric acid from my diet totally. Not just citric fruit but everything that had citric acid as an ...

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Citric Acid Cycle[edit]. Other name for citric acid cycle is tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle. The citric acid ... Regulatory Enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle[edit]. In animal cells, the rate of citric acid cycle is regulated to fitted the ... Citric Acid Cycle Links to Glycolysis by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase[edit]. Carbohydrates are mostly processed by glycolysis into ... The citric acid cycle provides the majority, 90 percent, of energy used by aerobic human cells. By acting as the first stage of ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Krebs_Cycle_

... fatty acid methyl esters) manufacturing process: production of 1,3-propanediol, citric acid and single cell oil," Biomass and ... Effect of Plant Oils upon Lipase and Citric Acid Production in Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast. Farshad Darvishi,1 Iraj Nahvi,1 Hamid ... S. V. Kamzolova, I. G. Morgunov, A. Aurich et al., "Lipase secretion and citric acid production in Yarrowia lipolytica yeast ... W. E. Levinson, C. P. Kurtzman, and T. M. Kuo, "Characterization of Yarrowia lipolytica and related species for citric acid ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2009/562943/ref/

Adding citric acid to milk raises the acidity level. Shop citric acid now. ... Citric Acid (Non-GMO Corn based). Features This Citric Acid contains no Glutamate, Glutamic acid or hydrolyzed protein. Glucose ... Citric Acid. I use citric acid from cheesemaking.com because its reasonably priced, more so than elsewhere. I use it with ... Citric Acid is used to make a variety of cheese including 30 Minute Mozzarella, Ricotta and Paneer. Adding citric acid to milk ...

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Group 6: citric acid- or L-malic acid-pretreated group. Rats were orally administered citric acid or L-malic acid at a dose of ... citric acid- or L-malic acid-pretreated group. Rats were orally administered citric acid or L-malic acid at a dose of 500 mg/kg ... and the in vitro experiments confirmed that both organic acids (citric acid, L-malic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid; ... Effects of Citric Acid and L-Malic Acid on Expression of Cleaved Caspase-3. Next we investigated the effects of citric acid and ...

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Citric acid is a strong organic acid found in many fruits, vegetables, and is soluble in water. Citric acids full name is ... Prokaryote cells use citric acid cycle for their cytosol and eurkaryotic cells use the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial ... C. Wehmer in 1893 discovered that penicillium mold from sugar can produce citric acid. Until World War 1 citric acid wasnt ... Acid • Alcohol • Amine • Amino acid • Anion • Base • Carbohydrate • Chloride • Carboxylic acid • Electrolyte • Hydrocarbon • ...

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Canning Supplies). Citric Acid will increase the acidity and reduce spoilage of home canned tomatoes or tomato juice when ... Citric Acid will increase the acidity and reduce spoilage of home canned tomatoes or tomato juice when prepared by the boiling ... Ingredients: Citric Acid, Less Than 2% Silicon Dioxide (Anticaking). 5 oz (141.7g). ... Mrs Wages Citric Acid 5 oz.. Our Products: Canning Supplies Mrs Wages Citric Acid 5 oz. ...

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Industrial-scale citric acid production first began in 1890 based on the Italian citrus fruit industry, where the juice was treated with hydrated lime ( calcium hydroxide ) to precipitate calcium citrate , which was isolated and converted back to the acid using diluted sulfuric acid . (wikipedia.org)
[2] After the mold is filtered out of the resulting solution, citric acid is isolated by precipitating it with lime ( calcium hydroxide ) to yield calcium citrate salt, from which citric acid is regenerated by treatment with sulfuric acid. (bionity.com)
The citrate salt is then treated with sulfuric acid to make useable citric acid. (ok.org)
Using various citric acid concentrations (1 wt%, 2 wt%, 5 wt% and 7.5 wt%), the diffusion coefficient of citric acid was calculated at 25°C, 40°C and 50°C. The effective diffusion coefficient of citric acid was found to be a function of the interplay between the calcium citrate precipitation and the presence of the counter-calcium ions. (onepetro.org)
At high-initial acid concentration (5 wt% and 7.5 wt%), the effects of calcium citrate precipitation and counter-calcium ions were significant and the calculated citric acid diffusion coefficients were not comparable with those obtained using the rotating disk. (onepetro.org)
However, the effects of both the calcium citrate precipitation and the counter-calcium ions on the citric acid diffusivity were minimal at low-initial citric acid concentrations. (onepetro.org)
Ammonium citrate dibasic CAS#: 3012-65-5 Molecular formula:C6H14N2O7 E-C#:221-146-3 General Information Ammonium citrate dibasic is also named diammonium citrate or ammonium hydrogen citrate.It is a dibasic salt of citric acid and produced by. (ecplaza.net)
Keywords:potassium sodium hydrogen citrate,55049-48-4,Utagen,Potassium Sodium Hydrogen Citrate Graunles Product name: potassium sodium hydrogen citrate CAS: 55049-48-4 Description: Potassium citrate is a potassium salt of citric acid with the. (ecplaza.net)
Citric acid and citrate as liquid carbon source? (barrreport.com)
Hi, I've been searching for a liquid carbon, other than glut based products, and I found other liquid carbon sources based on citrate and citric acid. (barrreport.com)
It has therefore been suggested that patients with renal failure taking aluminum compounds to control phosphate absorption should not be prescribed citric acid or citrate-containing products. (chemicalbook.com)
But since citrates have an alkaline effect while citric acid has a neutral effect, it would help to add bicarbonate to the juice to convert the citric acid to a citrate. (raypeatforum.com)
So, by simply adding baking soda to a soft drink with citric acid, am I making it a better substance by making it a citrate? (raypeatforum.com)
I have not heard of this before and have been under the impression that citric acid and citrate are the same thing, that citrate is a bicarbonate precursor in the body, and that drinks such as 7-up and Sprite provide akali to the body. (raypeatforum.com)

The anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, whereas the monohydrate forms when citric acid is crystallized from cold water. (bionity.com)
The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form by heating it above 74 °C. Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 degrees Celsius. (bionity.com)
Citric acid monohydrate occurs as colorless or translucent crystals, or as a white crystalline, efflorescent powder. (chemicalbook.com)
Citric acid (as either the monohydrate or anhydrous material) is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and food products, primarily to adjust the pH of solutions. (chemicalbook.com)
Citric acid monohydrate is used in the preparation of effervescent granules, while anhydrous citric acid is widely used in the preparation of effervescent tablets. (chemicalbook.com)
Citric acid monohydrate is used as a sequestering agent and antioxidant synergist. (chemicalbook.com)

For vitamin C, see ascorbic acid . (wikipedia.org)
Citric acid is different from ascorbic acid, which is also added to various foods as a preservative and is found in many fruits and vegetables. (newhealthguide.org)

[10] In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce citric acid from sugar. (wikipedia.org)
In this production technique, which is still the major industrial route to citric acid used today, cultures of Aspergillus niger are fed on a sucrose or glucose -containing medium to produce citric acid. (bionity.com)

Citric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits . (wikipedia.org)
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. (bionity.com)
Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits, but producing citric acid from citrus fruits is very expensive and the demand for citric acid is greater than the available supply of citrus fruits. (ok.org)
Citric Acid is a limescale remover, containing natural acid which is commonly found in citrus fruits. (thornsdiy.com)
I'm also having doubts about whether citric acid intake (thru supps as well as citrus fruits) will lead to acidic blood/ecf. (raypeatforum.com)
I suppose that if there's concern about lead contamination in industrial citric acid, one could just resort to eating or drinking the juice of citrus fruits. (raypeatforum.com)
Citric acid is a chemical compound derived from citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, grapefruits and limes. (procleanbuildingservice.com)

So main questions are, -do citrates and citric acid really act as a carbone source? (barrreport.com)
When we eat carbohydrates, proteins and fats, these are broken down into citrates (citric acid) and these are then converted into energy. (newhealthguide.org)
Citric acid and citrates also enhance intestinal aluminum absorption in renal patients, which may lead to increased, harmful serum aluminum levels. (chemicalbook.com)

For instance, in December 2017, Jungbunzlauer, a major manufacturer of biodegradable ingredients, announced the construction of a new citric acid plant in Austria. (grandviewresearch.com)
Finding where to buy citric acid in bulk is the first step to saving money while guaranteeing you get the quality ingredients you need. (bulkfoodwarehouse.ca)

Citric Acid (2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid , in IUPAC naming) is a colourless crystalline organic compound belong to carboxylic acid family. (ecplaza.net)
This cannot be said of phosphoric acid, it not being an organic acid. (raypeatforum.com)
It is considered a weak organic acid, meaning that it isn't as aggressive as other types of acids. (procleanbuildingservice.com)

As a food additive, citric acid is used as a flavouring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks. (bionity.com)
The use of the acid as a food additive in the U.S. is governed by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). (grandviewresearch.com)

The global citric acid market size was worth USD 2.50 billion in 2016. (grandviewresearch.com)

At room temperature, citric acid is a white crystalline powder. (bionity.com)
Citric acid is a white powder used to give a sour taste to beverages and food products. (ok.org)
Therefore, when you see citric acid on a product label, you can be sure that it is a powder that was made from the fermentation of sugars. (ok.org)
Citric acid has also been shown to improve the stability of spray-dried insulin powder in inhalation formulations. (chemicalbook.com)

All berries contain naturally occurring citric acid except blue berries. (newhealthguide.org)

The only damaging effect of citric acid is on the teeth, and that too can only happen if you take it in very large quantities and for a very long duration. (newhealthguide.org)
Or, would it only be better if you're needing to be more alkaline and in some cases you may need or prefer the neutral effect of citric acid? (raypeatforum.com)

However, excessive or frequent consumption of citric acid has been associated with erosion of the teeth. (chemicalbook.com)

Contains only pure Citric Acid. (astrosupplements.com)
Pure citric acid in food quality for decalcifying, cleaning, cooking and cleaning . (purenature24.com)
PureNature Pure citric acid contributes to the success of your culinary delicacies. (purenature24.com)

Cheese also contains citric acid. (newhealthguide.org)
The more sour a fruit is, the more it contains citric acid. (raypeatforum.com)

In 1917, American food chemist James Currie discovered certain strains of the mold Aspergillus niger could be efficient citric acid producers, and the pharmaceutical company Pfizer began industrial-level production using this technique two years later, followed by Citrique Belge in 1929. (wikipedia.org)
In 1917, the American food chemist James Currie discovered that certain strains of the mold Aspergillus niger could be efficient citric acid producers, and Pfizer began industrial-level production using this technique two years later. (bionity.com)

Citric acid is also found in all-purpose cleaners, bathroom cleaners, laundry detergents, glass cleaners, carpet cleaners and air fresheners. (procleanbuildingservice.com)

It interacts with stomach acid and neutralizes it, reducing the acidity. (newhealthguide.org)

Acetic Acid Glacial 2. (ecplaza.net)

Phosphate 18.00%min Solubility in 2% Citric acid 90% Calcium 25.50%min Fluorin 0.05%max Arsenic 0.0007%max Plumbum 0.0010%max Cadmium 0.0007%max Vanadium 0.0003%max HCL Acid Insoluble:0.30%Max Moisture 2.0%max Size 16-40, 40-100Mesh(500um). (ecplaza.net)

How strong is the hydrochloric acid in toilet bowl cleaners? (reference.com)
Hydrochloric acid used in toilet bowl cleaners comes in a variety of strengths ranging from a low of seven percent up to a maximum of 40 percent, depending. (reference.com)

Buy Food Grade Citric Acid At Bulk Apothecary we offer 99.9% pure food grade citric acid that can be used. (bulkfoodwarehouse.ca)

The series of reactions is known by various names, including the citric acid cycle , the Krebs cycle , and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (or TCA cycle ). (bionity.com)

Citric acid is found in many food items, it is added to many foods as a preservative and a flavor enhancer. (newhealthguide.org)
Citric acid is a natural preservative that exists in many different fruits, vegetables and other products. (bulkfoodwarehouse.ca)

Does citric acid interfere with the D-Isocitric Acid Assay Kit (K-ISOC)? (megazyme.com)
Citric acid levels of at least 4 g/L (400 micrograms in a 0.1 mL sample) do not interfere with the D-Isocitric Acid Assay Kit , even higher levels of isocitric acid:citric acid ratios of 1:10 can be tolerated. (megazyme.com)

Citric Acid is a good grade acid that is present in many natural foods. (astrosupplements.com)
Wego Chemical Group supplies Citric Acid Anhydrous in Citric Acid Anhydrous USP, Citric Acid Anhydrous FCC grade(s). (wegochem.com)

Citric acid is one of a series of compounds involved in the physiological oxidation of fats, proteins , and carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water. (bionity.com)

Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallized it from lemon juice. (bionity.com)
Citric acid occurs naturally in a number of plant species and may be extracted from lemon juice, which contains 5-8% citric acid, or pineapple waste. (chemicalbook.com)
you could do.I have been known to add lemon juice instead of citric acid. (allotment-garden.org)

Citric acid exists in a variety of fruits and vegetables, but it is most concentrated in lemons and limes, where it can comprise as much as 8% of the dry weight of the fruit. (bionity.com)

In food products, citric acid is used as a flavor enhancer for its tart, acidic taste. (chemicalbook.com)

In chemical structure, citric acid shares the properties of other carboxylic acids. (bionity.com)

One of the reasons why citric acid is such a common ingredient in many cleaning products is because it is a naturally-occurring compound that is widely recognized as being harmless. (procleanbuildingservice.com)
Citric acid as a cleaning ingredient is seeing a resurgence as word gets out about its wonderful benefits over toxic alternatives. (lemishine.com)

Wego Chemical Group is an experienced importer of Citric Acid Anhydrous. (wegochem.com)
Citric acid is a chemical compound that's used to create a wide variety of products for applications across a number of industries, and thanks to its disinfectant properties, it can be used for cleaning. (procleanbuildingservice.com)

However, microbial production of citric acid did not become industrially important until World War I disrupted Italian citrus exports. (wikipedia.org)

What household products contain nitric acid? (reference.com)
The household products that contain nitric acid include the Cascade Automatic Dishwashing Liquigel and Cascade Dishwashing Detergent Gel, Fresh Scent, acco. (reference.com)
The acid, when used as an additive in food products, is effective in inhibiting microbial growth and, therefore, extends their shelf life. (grandviewresearch.com)
The manufacturers are penetrating into various market segments by introducing citric acid-based products such as confectionery, diabetic baked products, ice creams, low-calorie jellies, low-calorie sugar, dietary beverages & snacks, and low-fat dairy products. (grandviewresearch.com)
In personal care products, it's used to add an effervescent quality (e.g., bath bombs), to adjust pH, and to serve as an alpha hydroxy acid (e.g., anti-aging creams). (purefx.co.nz)
Many products in the food and beverage industry also use citric acid to add to a sour taste. (bulkfoodwarehouse.ca)
Citric acid is used in food preservation, as well as in many cleaning products. (procleanbuildingservice.com)
Citric acid is naturally antibacterial and anti-fungal, and it can also help to preserve the other chemicals found in many cleaning products. (procleanbuildingservice.com)
Cleaning products containing citric acid are used to disinfect surfaces, remove soap scum, break down hard water stains and combat rust development. (procleanbuildingservice.com)
Because of citric acid's anti-corrosive properties, it's often found in products used for cleaning metals, and is popular in the automotive industry. (procleanbuildingservice.com)
These citric-based cleaning products do the work versus filling your kitchen with harmful fumes. (lemishine.com)

Seeing phosphoric acid reminds me: most sodas use citric or phosphoric acid-is one better than the other? (raypeatforum.com)

Because it is so widely used across industries, over a million tons of citric acid are produced every year. (procleanbuildingservice.com)

But once they try citric acid cleaners and see the results it's easy to become frustrated at the thought of having used chemicals for years when there's a better alternative. (lemishine.com)
Citric acid cleaners can take away most (if not all) these issues. (lemishine.com)
The citric cleaners are safe so they can do their part with chores. (lemishine.com)
Citric acid cleaners find the perfect pH balance in the laundry room without a vinegar smell. (lemishine.com)
Citric cleaners are great for cleaning appliances, too. (lemishine.com)
What could you use citric cleaners in the bathroom for? (lemishine.com)
Plus, you can skip spending money on multiple cleaners in place of one or two citric cleaners. (lemishine.com)
Who says you need to limit citric acid cleaners to the home? (lemishine.com)

In biochemistry , it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle , which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms . (wikipedia.org)
In biochemistry , it is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and therefore occurs in the metabolism of almost all living things. (bionity.com)

Dilute aqueous solutions of citric acid may ferment on standing. (chemicalbook.com)

Brambleberry.com offers citric acid in three sizes: 1 pound, 10 pounds and 50 pounds, and it also sells additives, bases and oils. (reference.com)

Anhydrous citric acid is very soluble in water and has a pH of 2.3 for a 1% solution. (purefx.co.nz)

Citric acid acts as an antioxidant and it also helps other antioxidants to work properly. (newhealthguide.org)

Bulk apothecary is where to buy citric acid, aromatherapy essential oils and hundreds of other great soap making items. (bulkfoodwarehouse.ca)

Whats more, theprice of citric acid's raw material witnessed the uptrend in the same period. (slideshare.net)

The guidelines for the use of citric acid in food & beverages have been mentioned by the USP in its publication, Food Chemicals Codex. (grandviewresearch.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms9

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes13

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Effect of shellfish calcium on the apparent absorption of calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. (1/1204)

Citric acid production from xylan and xylan hydrolysate by semi-solid culture of Aspergillus niger. (2/1204)

Down regulation by iron of prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial fibroblasts. (3/1204)

Roles of oxygen radicals and elastase in citric acid-induced airway constriction of guinea-pigs. (4/1204)

Citrate ions enhance taste responses to amino acids in the largemouth bass. (5/1204)

Trophoblast cell line resistance to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA class I-independent mechanism. (6/1204)

Regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding. (7/1204)

Comparative absorption of calcium sources and calcium citrate malate for the prevention of osteoporosis. (8/1204)

Citric Acid

Citric Acid Cycle

Citrates

Malates

Aspergillus niger

Cough

Taste

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Oxaloacetates

Antitussive Agents

Aconitate Hydratase

Taste Threshold

Osmeriformes

Ketoglutaric Acids

Fumarate Hydratase

Root Canal Irrigants

Metacercariae

Quinine

Pyruvic Acid

Smear Layer

Citrate (si)-Synthase

Oxaloacetic Acid

Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

Taste Perception

Succinic Acid

Acetic Acid

Malate Dehydrogenase

Carboxylic Acids

Stars, Celestial

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Acetates

Tartrates

Sucrose

Tongue

Carbon Isotopes

Heterophyidae

Glyoxylates

Fumarates

Sodium Hypochlorite

Aconitic Acid

Fluoroacetates

Succinates

Pyruvates

Irritants

Citrus

Succinate-CoA Ligases

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Oxalic Acid

Sodium Chloride

Aluminum

6-Phytase

Evolution, Chemical

Glutamates

Urolithiasis

Phosphoric Acids

Glycolysis

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Acetobacter

Garcinia cambogia

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Chelating Agents

Taste Disorders

Dentin

Tooth Root

Citrus sinensis

Beverages

Edetic Acid

Potassium Citrate

Heptanoates

Gluconeogenesis

Phosphorus, Dietary

Lactic Acid

Oxalates

Isocitrates

Phytic Acid

Culture Media

Carbon Dioxide

Ketone Bodies

Malate Synthase

Chorda Tympani Nerve