Circumcision female. Medical search

Excision of the prepuce of the penis (FORESKIN) or part of it.

A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.

A general term encompassing three types of excision of the external female genitalia - Sunna, clitoridectomy, and infibulation. It is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, but continues to be widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa.

Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.

A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.

The double-layered skin fold that covers the GLANS PENIS, the head of the penis.

The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.

The geographical area of Africa comprising ANGOLA; BOTSWANA; LESOTHO; MALAWI; MOZAMBIQUE; NAMIBIA; SOUTH AFRICA; SWAZILAND; ZAMBIA; and ZIMBABWE.

Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.

An atrophic and sclerotic condition of the head of the PENIS, glans penis. Sometimes it leads to stenosis and occasionally obliteration of the external meatal orifice.

Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.

A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.

Sexual activities of humans.

An independent Federal agency established in 1961 as the focal point for economic matters affecting U.S. relations with developing countries.

Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.

Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

A condition in which the FORESKIN, once retracted, cannot return to its original position. If this condition persists, it can lead to painful constriction of GLANS PENIS, swelling, and impaired blood flow to the penis.

A kingdom in southern Africa, west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Mbabane. The area was settled by the Swazi branch of the Zulu nation in the early 1880's, with its independence guaranteed by the British and Transvaal governments in 1881 and 1884. With limited self-government introduced in 1962, it became independent in 1968. Swazi is the Zulu name for the people who call themselves Swati, from Mswati, the name of a 16th century king, from a word meaning stick or rod. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1170 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p527)

A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.

A kingdom in southern Africa, within the republic of SOUTH AFRICA. Its capital is Maseru.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Somalia is located on the east coast of Africa on and north of the Equator and, with Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Kenya, is often referred to as the Horn of Africa. It comprises Italy's former Trust Territory of Somalia and the former British Protectorate of Somaliland. The capital is Mogadishu.

The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the opposite SEX.

A nursing specialty concerned with promoting and protecting the health of populations, using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences to develop local, regional, state, and national health policy and research. It is population-focused and community-oriented, aimed at health promotion and disease prevention through educational, diagnostic, and preventive programs.

The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.

The interrelationship of medicine and religion.

A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Santo Domingo. With Haiti, it forms the island of Hispaniola - the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern two thirds, and Haiti, the western third. It was created in 1844 after a revolt against the rule of President Boyer over the entire island of Hispaniola, itself visited by Columbus in 1492 and settled the next year. Except for a brief period of annexation to Spain (1861-65), it has been independent, though closely associated with the United States. Its name comes from the Spanish Santo Domingo, Holy Sunday, with reference to its discovery on a Sunday. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338, 506 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)

A republic in southern Africa, east of ZAMBIA and BOTSWANA and west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Harare. It was formerly called Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia.

The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS; SCROTUM;and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS; EPIDIDYMIS; VAS DEFERENS; SEMINAL VESICLES; EJACULATORY DUCTS; PROSTATE; and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).

A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.

A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.

Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.

The emission of SEMEN and seminal fluid during the act of preparation for sexual intercourse, i.e. before there is penetration, or shortly after penetration.

All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.

Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).

Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.

A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from PETROLEUM. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

The sexual functions, activities, attitudes, and orientations of an individual. Sexuality, male or female, becomes evident at PUBERTY under the influence of gonadal steroids (TESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL), and social effects.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)

A specialty in which manual or operative procedures are used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities.

A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS associated with genital infections (HERPES GENITALIS). It is transmitted by sexual intercourse and close personal contact.

A set of beliefs concerning the nature, cause, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency. It usually involves devotional and ritual observances and often a moral code for the conduct of human affairs. (Random House Collegiate Dictionary, rev. ed.)

Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.

Sexual activities of animals.

Concern mounts over female genital mutilation.(1/48)

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The long-term reproductive health consequences of female genital cutting in rural Gambia: a community-based survey. (2/48)

This paper examines the association between traditional practices of female genital cutting (FGC) and adult women's reproductive morbidity in rural Gambia. In 1999, we conducted a cross-sectional community survey of 1348 women aged 15-54 years, to estimate the prevalence of reproductive morbidity on the basis of women's reports, a gynaecological examination and laboratory analysis of specimens. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to compare the prevalence of each morbidity between cut and uncut women adjusting for possible confounders. A total of 1157 women consented to gynaecological examination and 58% had signs of genital cutting. There was a high level of agreement between reported circumcision status and that found on examination (97% agreement). The majority of operations consisted of clitoridectomy and excision of the labia minora (WHO classification type II) and were performed between the ages of 4 and 7 years. The practice of genital cutting was highly associated with ethnic group for two of the three main ethnic groups, making the effects of ethnic group and cutting difficult to distinguish. Women who had undergone FGC had a significantly higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.18] and a substantially higher prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) [adjusted OR=4.71; 95% CI 3.46-6.42]. The higher prevalence of HSV2 suggests that cut women may be at increased risk of HIV infection. Commonly cited negative consequences of FGC such as damage to the perineum or anus, vulval tumours (such as Bartholin's cysts and excessive keloid formation), painful sex, infertility, prolapse and other reproductive tract infections (RTIs) were not significantly more common in cut women. The relationship between FGC and long-term reproductive morbidity remains unclear, especially in settings where type II cutting predominates. Efforts to eradicate the practice should incorporate a human rights approach rather than rely solely on the damaging health consequences. (+info)

Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: changing attitudes? (3/48)

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence, type, social correlates and attitudes towards female genital cutting (FGC) among urban women in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; and to examine the association between FGC and gynaecological problems, reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and HIV. METHODS: In 1999, 379 women attending reproductive health care clinics were interviewed and underwent pelvic examination. Specimens for RTI/HIV diagnosis were taken. RESULTS: Seventeen per cent had undergone FGC, mostly clitoridectomy (97%). Female genital cutting prevalence was significantly lower among educated, Christian and Chagga women. Women aged >or=35 were twice as likely to be cut as those < 25 years. Seventy-six per cent of those who had undergone FGC intend not to perform the procedure on their daughters. Age < 25 years (P < 0.0001) and low parity (P < 0.01) were predictors of that intention. There was no association between RTIs, HIV or hepatitis B and FGC. CONCLUSION: FGC is still fairly common but there is evidence of a change of attitude towards the practice, especially among young women. The opportunity to educate women who attend reproductive health care facilities on FGC should be taken. (+info)

Female genital cutting in southern urban and peri-urban Nigeria: self-reported validity, social determinants and secular decline. (4/48)

Despite growing public resistance to the practice of female genital cutting (FGC), documentation of its prevalence, social correlates or trends in practice are extremely limited, and most available data are based on self-reporting. In three antenatal and three family planning clinics in South-west Nigeria we studied the prevalence, social determinants, and validity of self-reporting for FGC among 1709 women. Women were interviewed on social and demographic history, and whether or not they had undergone FGC. Interviews were followed by clinical examination to affirm the occurrence and extent of circumcision. In total, 45.9% had undergone some form of cutting. Based on WHO classifications by type, 32.6% had Type I cuts, 11.5% Type II, and 1.9% Type III or IV. Self-reported FGC status was valid in 79% of women; 14% were unsure of their status, and 7% reported their status incorrectly. Women are more likely to be unsure of their status if they were not cut, or come from social groups with a lower prevalence of cutting. Ethnicity was the most significant social predictor of FGC, followed by age, religious affiliation and education. Prevalence of FGC was highest among the Bini and Urhobo, among those with the least education, and particularly high among adherents to Pentecostal churches; this was independent of related social factors. There is evidence of a steady and steep secular decline in the prevalence of FGC in this region over the past 25 years, with age-specific prevalence rates of 75.4% among women aged 45-49 years, 48.6% among 30-34-year olds, and 14.5% among girls aged 15-19. Despite wide disparities in FGC prevalence across ethnic, religious and educational groups, the secular decline is evident among all social subgroups. (+info)

Risk factors of invasive cervical cancer in Mali. (5/48)

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women in Mali and the second commonest cause of cancer mortality. METHODS: As part of an international effort to evaluate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the aetiology of cervical cancer, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in three medical centres in Bamako during 1994-1995. A total of 82 cases (invasive cervical cancer patients) and 97 controls matched to the cases for age were included. Information on risk factors was collected through personal interview. Serum antibodies to HPV 16, 18 and 31 virus like particles (VLP) were detected using ELISA assays. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HPV DNA in frozen biopsies of cases. RESULTS: Human papillomavirus 6, 18, 31 VLP were detected in 60.4% of cases and 45.4% of controls (P = 0.03). Overall, HPV DNA was identified in 96.9% of the cervical cancer cases. Risk factors for cervical cancer were parity >10 versus <5 children ([odds ratio] OR = 4.8, 95% CI : 1.5-14.7), never having practised vaginal douching (OR = 17.6, 95% CI : 4.2-74.7), re-using home-made feminine napkins (OR = 45.9, 95% CI : 8.8-238.7) and having a husband with more than two wives (OR = 5.3, 95% CI : 1.3-21.3). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide further evidence on the role of HPV in cervical cancer and show that high parity and poor genital hygiene conditions were the main co-factors for cervical cancer in this population with prevalent HPV infection. (+info)

Is there an association between female circumcision and perinatal death? (6/48)

OBJECTIVE: In Sweden, a country with high standards of obstetric care, the high rate of perinatal mortality among children of immigrant women from the Horn of Africa raises the question of whether there is an association between female circumcision and perinatal death. METHOD: To investigate this, we examined a cohort of 63 perinatal deaths of infants born in Sweden over the period 1990-96 to circumcised women. FINDINGS: We found no evidence that female circumcision was related to perinatal death. Obstructed or prolonged labour, caused by scar tissue from circumcision, was not found to have any impact on the number of perinatal deaths. CONCLUSION: The results do not support previous conclusions that genital circumcision is related to perinatal death, regardless of other circumstances, and suggest that other, suboptimal factors contribute to perinatal death among circumcised migrant women. (+info)

Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: survey of the attitude of Khartoum university students towards this practice. (7/48)

BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision is the removal of variable amounts of tissue from the female external genitalia. It is practised all over the world on very young girls. This study was conducted in Sudan where FGM is a criminal offence and not a religious dictate. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of this practice among Khartoum university students and compared the differences between male and female student responses. METHODS: An anonymised detailed questionnaire was distributed among the university students. In addition to the participant's age, marital status, course studying, details regarding their attitude, knowledge of the practice of FGM, and their own experiences were collected. RESULTS: Of the 500 questionnaires distributed, 414 (82.8%) were returned from 192 (46%) females and 222 (54%) males. 109 (56.8%) of the female respondents were themselves circumcised.18.8% of the male students and 9.4% of the female students thought FGM was recommended by their religion. Only 90 (46.9%) female students compared with 133 (59.9%) male students thought FGM was illegal. Though 16 (8.3%) female respondents thought FGM would increase their chances of marriage, the majority, 166 (74.8%), of the male students would prefer a non-circumcised female. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that 109 (56.8%) female university students who responded were circumcised. Confusing religious messages and ambiguous laws seem to be responsible for the continuation of this practice. The study highlights the partnership that needs to be established between religious leaders and educationalists to end this medieval practice. (+info)

Rationalising circumcision: from tradition to fashion, from public health to individual freedom--critical notes on cultural persistence of the practice of genital mutilation. (8/48)

Despite global and local attempts to end genital mutilation, in their various forms, whether of males or females, the practice has persisted throughout human history in most parts of the world. Various medical, scientific, hygienic, aesthetic, religious, and cultural reasons have been used to justify it. In this symposium on circumcision, against the background of the other articles by Hutson, Short, and Viens, the practice is set by the author within a wider, global context by discussing a range of rationalisations used to support different types of genital mutilation throughout time and across the globe. It is argued that in most cases the rationalisations invented to provide support for continuing the practice of genital mutilation--whether male or female--within various cultural and religious settings have very little to do with finding a critical and reflective moral justification for these practices. In order to question the ethical acceptability of the practice in its non-therapeutic forms, we need to focus on child rights protection. (+info)

... circumcision; idol or grave worship; and compulsory wearing of the veil for women. Observation of the five Ks, however, is not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism

Beasley, Ina (1976). "Female Circumcision". Women Speaking: 23. Beasley, Ina M. (1968). "Education Is the Key for Women". The ... Beasley's work in female education had a profound impact on the educational system for women in Sudan, she was also concerned ... she also recognised that it was an important part of cultural identity that affected both men and women. She supported female ... During her time in Burma she worked as a lecturer and as a tutor to women students at Rangoon University. By 1939, there had ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_Beasley

She has researched female circumcision in Africa, in particular foregrounding the experience of indigenous women's voices. She ... "Female Circumcision , Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf". www.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-24. Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva ( ... ISBN 978-1-55587-995-2. Abusharaf, Rogia Mustafa (2001-02-01). "Virtuous Cuts: Female Genital Circumcision in an African ... 2000). Female "circumcision" in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaia_Mustafa_Abusharaf

Male circumcision is required in Judaism, optional in Islam, and not required in Christianity. Globally, male circumcision is ... She wrote that religion "promotes inequality between men and women", that Islam's message for a woman includes that "she will ... restrictions on the rights of women ranging from prohibiting women from certain behaviour and activities to requiring women to ... that women's sexuality should be modest and under the control of their menfolk, and that women should not use contraception or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_religion

... prohibited circumcision. Musaylimah considered men and women equal, and allowed premarital sex. Musaylimah ... In Medina, the deputation stayed with the daughter of al-Harith, a woman of the Ansar from the Banu Najjar. When the delegation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaylimah

... presumably the chance is further increased when the woman is very tall among both women and men). Yet very tall women are not ... In some societies, such as the United States, circumcision is practiced on a majority of males, as well as sex reassignment on ... "Tall women more likely to have twins". livescience. "Taller Women Are More Likely To Have Twins, Obstetrician's Study Confirms ... A trait in women known to greatly increase the chance of multiple births is being a tall woman ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_variability

Women and Jewish Law: An Exploration of Women's Issue's in Halakhic Sources, Rachel Biale, Shocken Books, 1984 On Women and ... Like most Christian churches, Mormonism does not require circumcision as circumcision was done away when Jesus Christ fulfilled ... 1998 Women Who Would Be Rabbis Pamela S. Nadell, 1999 Beacon Press Women and Prayer: An Attempt to Dispel Some Fallacies, ... "Circumcision." LDS Bible Dictionary. Moses 6:64 The Doctrine and Covenants 22 The Many Paths to Greatness "I've heard polygamy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism

M Tractenberg (1999). Male and Female Circumcision. George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges, Marilyn Fayre Milos ( ... Morrison J. (21 January 1967). "The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Australian Aborigines". ... like circumcision) is well documented[citation needed] among the peoples of the central desert of Australia such as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_subincision

The Soninke people have long carried out female genital mutilation (FGM), also called female circumcision. The prevalence rate ... During the rainy season, men and women both cultivate. However, women usually stay at home to cook and take care of their ... the women meet to show the gifts that the couple received from their parents mostly from the woman's mother. Marriage across ... The Soninke practise circumcision and call it birou. Every afternoon, the boys who were circumcised the previous year organize ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_people

"Female Circumcision in Islam". Muslims in Calgary. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 29 ... "Female Circumcision - The Hidden Truth". Asiff Hussein. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ... Daftari, Lisa (25 May 2016). "Following our report, Facebook removes 'Islamic Female Circumcision' page promoting FGM". The ... Blackwell, Tom (7 September 2017). "Calgary Muslim website defends female circumcision and critiques 'Jewish media'". National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiff_Hussein

Article 565 - Female Circumcision; Article 566 - Infibulation of the Female Genitalia "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the ... 2006). "Female circumcision trial may be first in U.S." Archived 2006-11-02 at the Wayback Machine CNN.com. Retrieved November ... who consider circumcision of males and females a part of their distinctive cultural heritage), was quoted by Reuters as saying ... "If a woman is not cut, she remains a baby forever and cannot perform social rites with other women … [Adem] was doing it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Adem

312 Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children: Female Circumcision, Childhood Marriage, Nutritional ... Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.) (2007). Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Somali Women's Democratic Organization, SWDO: Somali Women's Democratic Organization, ... 134 Women's International Network News, Volume 9, Women's International Network, 1983, p. 75 "The Democratic Republic of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqiya_Haji_Dualeh_Abdalla

"Eritrea bans female circumcision". BBC News. 4 April 2007. "Anseba Religious leaders condemn female circumcision". 31 August ... "Religious leaders of Northern Red Sea region condemn female circumcision". 9 September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 ... Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 ... Regional Assemblies and religious leaders also speak out continuously against the use of female cutting. They cite health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eritrea

Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8122-3924-5. ... an influential female poet and theologian in 19th-century Persia who campaigned for women's rights. Layli Miller-Muro founded ... promoting access to asylum for women and girls fleeing gender-based persecution, ending the detention of refugee women and ... Bush as part of the reauthorized Violence Against Women Act. IMBRA enabled foreign women to receive critical information before ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirih_Justice_Center

... the circumcision of John the Baptist; the Nativity of Jesus; the visit of the Magi; the circumcision of Jesus; the Census of ... The Bible indicates that Mary Magdalene (who is never actually said to be a prostitute) is the woman from whom seven demons ... Gospel accounts included in the movie also include the woman caught in adultery; the healing of Jairus' daughter; Jesus helping ... The prostitute and the woman who anoints Jesus' feet with ointment and her hair are combined into one person. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(TV_series)

"Female circumcision act in force". BBC News Online. March 3, 2004. Lakhani, Nina (20 December 2009). "UK fails to halt female ... Building upon (and replacing) the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985, the British Female Genital Mutilation Act of ... The goal of the AHA Foundation is to combat crimes against women and girls such as child marriage, forced marriages, female ... including murder cases of girls and women from honor-related cultures, such as Pakistani, Afghan, Kurdish women) for honor- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHA_Foundation

"Circumcision, Womb, and Spiritual Intimacy." In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly ... "Haftarat Ekev: Isaiah 49:14-51:3." In The Women's Haftarah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Haftarah ... reasoning that it would be better for the woman to be judged as an unmarried woman than as a wife. In Deuteronomy 18:15, Moses ... The king sent the broker to secure a wife for the king, but while the broker was on the road, the woman corrupted herself with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikev

Female circumcision was sometimes thought to get rid of the evil spirit, whereas finding the evil spirits' iyi-uwa, which they ... "NIGERIA: Female circumcision in Igboland". www.fgmnetwork.org. Nnam, Nkuzi Michael (2007). Colonial Mentality in Africa. ... Female ọgbanje die during pregnancies along with the baby, male ọgbanje die before the birth of a wife's baby or the baby dies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbanje

"Changing attitudes to female circumcision". BBC. April 8, 2002. Toubia, Nahid (1998). "Female Circumcision/Female Genital ... Women of the Arab World: The Coming Challenge (1988) Female Circumcision as a Public Health Issue (1994) Female Genital ... A Research and Evaluation Guidebook Using Female Circumcision as a Case Study (1999) Caring for Women with Circumcision: A ... Toubia, Nahid (2000). Caring for Women with Circumcision: A Technical Manual For Healthcare Providers. London: British Medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahid_Toubia

The risk of transmission from woman to man is halved". Lakartidningen. 107 (46): 2881-2883. PMID 21197783. Hanson, S.; Thorson ... Thorson, A.; Ragnarsson, A.; Rosling, H.; Ekström, A. (2010). "Male circumcision reduces HIV transmission. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rosling

He also suggested female circumcision. He also told the workshop, "Women have got more moisture in their organs as compared to ... Nelson, Sara C (14 May 2012). "Curb HIV With Female Circumcision And Shaving Heads, Says Zimbabwe Politician Morgan Femai". The ... "HIV:Senator wants women to stop bathing". ZimEye. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012. ... Share, Felex (15 May 2012). "Women blast MDC-T's Femai". The Herald Online. Retrieved 15 May 2012.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Femai

"Female circumcision 'on the rise'". 24 March 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2020. "Zubeida Malik - inews.co.uk". inews.co.uk. ... Malik has reported on the riots in Genoa, terrorist attacks in Saudi Arabia and was the first female reporter for the BBC to ... 2002 Media Personality of the year at the Asian Women of Achievement Awards. 1997 BT Press Award for Radio News Broadcaster of ... She led an investigation into Female Genital Mutilation, which at the time was a subject rarely discussed. Malik has also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubeida_Malik

Journalist Mae Azango received death threats from several Sande society women for reporting on Sande female circumcision ... It is a woman, the Majo (Mende), or head of a localized Bundu chapter, who usually performs this surgery. [A] Bundu woman told ... The Sande society initiates girls into adulthood by rituals including female circumcision. It is alleged by its supporters to ... Bonnie Allen (March 29, 2012). "Female Circumcision Temporarily Stopped in Liberia". The World. Archived from the original on 7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sande_society

"MPs attack Greer on female circumcision". BBC News. 25 November 1999. Greer 1999, p. 119. Greer 1999, p. 2. Greer 1999, pp. 369 ... The aim of women's liberation is to do as much for female people as has been done for colonized nations. Women's liberation did ... Women don't really like women either, and they too can usually be relied on to employ men in preference to women." Several ... She questioned the view that FGM is imposed by men on women, rather than by women on women, or even freely chosen. In The Whole ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Greer

Rosenberg, Tina (July 17, 2013). "Talking Female Circumcision Out of Existence". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2020 ... Kembatta Women Standing Together). The charity works to serve women in many areas, including preventing female genital ... opening community consultations village by village to protect the rights of women. Women in Ethiopia "Ethiopian Women Rights ... In 2010, The Independent characterized her as "the woman who began the rebellion of Ethiopian women." Along with her sister ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogaletch_Gebre

... also commonly called female circumcision) and bridal abduction, the practice whereby women and girls are kidnapped and raped in ... A video screening of a female circumcision, a surgery locally known as "cutting off the dirt", had a particularly powerful ... Rosenberg, Tina (July 17, 2013). "Talking Female Circumcision Out of Existence". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2014 ... Supported by KMG in speaking up, women at these community conversations in the Kembata region first began pressing for women's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMG_Ethiopia

Bonnie Allen (March 29, 2012). "Female Circumcision Temporarily Stopped in Liberia". The World. Archived from the original on ... On 8 March 2012-International Women's Day-Front Page Africa published a story by Mae Azango telling of a woman who was held ... In 2012, a story by reporter Mae Azango on female genital mutilation sparked national controversy and led to the official ... Danielle Shapiro (23 March 2010). "Liberian Writer Mae Azango Forced Into Hiding for Story on Female Genital Cutting". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrontPage_Africa

Female circumcision is controversial in Iraq. While it is not widespread throughout the country, it is still common practice in ... of women in Kurdistan. A more recent survey of 1,508 women in Kurdistan recorded a prevalence of 23% of women, with the mean ... The decision to perform female circumcision is often made by the mother or grandmother on religious, social, or purity grounds ... In 2011 a law was passed which made female circumcision illegal in Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq: WHO Statistical Profile. (January, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth_in_Iraq

Female genital mutilation was outlawed in the UK by the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985, which made it an offence ... 1985: Female genital mutilation was outlawed in the UK by the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985, which made it an ... The Women's Library @ London School of Economics. Offen, Karen (Summer 1995). "Women in the western world". Journal of Women's ... It completed the Married Women's Property Act 1882 by granting married women the same property rights equal to unmarried women ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_United_Kingdom

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Bonnie Allen (March 29, 2012). "Female Circumcision Temporarily Stopped in Liberia". ... Women's Day-she published a story in Front Page Africa telling of a woman who was held down by five other women while her ... An estimated 58% of Liberian women went through some form of the procedure. Azango wrote her first story on the topic in 2010. ... She is particularly known for her reports on female genital mutilation (FGM), which helped suspend the practice in the nation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Azango

2012). Women and Poverty in 21st Century America. NC, USA: McFarland. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-7864-4903-3. . Archived from the ... "Is it lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision?" (PDF). Journal of Law and Medicine. 19 (2): 335-53. PMID 22320007. ... Women were 60% more likely to have mammograms, and recipients overall were 20% more likely to have their cholesterol checked; ... In 2008, Medicaid provided health coverage and services to approximately 49 million low-income children, pregnant women, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid

The array of medically indicated surgeries differs between trans women (male to female) and trans men (female to male). For ... following a botched circumcision) when the individual's sexual identity (determined by neuroanatomical brain wiring) is ... in which female-to-male individuals masturbated more often than male to female[5] The possible reasons for the differences in ... trans women had a similar sexual satisfaction to non-trans women, but trans men had a lower level of sexual satisfaction to non ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery

When Elisha was a baby, many rabbis were invited to his circumcision. When they began to teach the Talmud and to learn the ... In the 1911 production after Gordin's death, the fallen woman Beata was played by Adler's wife Sara, Ben Abuyah's faithful ... for while it is true that Eliezer and Joshua were present as the geonim par excellence at Elisha's circumcision-which must, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_ben_Abuyah

However, by the end of World War I the colonial empires had become very popular almost everywhere in Europe: public opinion had been convinced of the needs of a colonial empire, although most of the metropolitans would never see a piece of it. Colonial exhibitions were instrumental in this change of popular mentalities brought about by the colonial propaganda, supported by the colonial lobby and by various scientists.[69] Thus, conquests of territories were inevitably followed by public displays of the indigenous people for scientific and leisure purposes. Carl Hagenbeck, a German merchant in wild animals and a future entrepreneur of most Europeans zoos, decided in 1874 to exhibit Samoa and Sami people as "purely natural" populations. In 1876, he sent one of his collaborators to the newly conquered Egyptian Sudan to bring back some wild beasts and Nubians. Presented in Paris, London, and Berlin these Nubians were very successful. Such "human zoos" could be found in Hamburg, Antwerp, Barcelona, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa

... and the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast day together with that of the Feast of the Circumcision on that day. This ... sister Macrina and several other women, joined Basil and devoted themselves to pious lives of prayer and charitable works (some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea

Rodriguez, Sarah (2014). Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of Medical Treatment. ... For a time female circumcision was done as a cure for insanity. Some practitioners of medicine in the Victorian era believed ... Further information: Female genital mutilation and Intersex human rights. Clitoridectomies are the most common form of female ... "New study shows female genital mutilation exposes women and babies to significant risk at childbirth" (Press release). World ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy

Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum ... In women, a comparable condition is known as "clitoral phimosis", whereby the clitoral hood cannot be retracted, limiting ... Circumcision is sometimes performed for phimosis, and is an effective treatment; however, this method has become less common as ... Cuckow PM, Rix G, Mouriquand PD (1994). "Preputial plasty: a good alternative to circumcision". J. Pediatr. Surg. 29 (4): 561- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phimosis

He forbade the selling of women, theft, fighting among the Mongols, and the hunting of animals during the breeding season.[23] ... and cease the rite of circumcision.[30] ... woman, and child executed by Mongol general Subadai, after ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire

The first randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of male circumcision on female to male HIV transmission was ... The trial estimated that male circumcision provided protection of 60% (95% CI: 32%-76%) for female to male HIV transmission. ... Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk (2005)Edit. ... "WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention". WHO. 2007-03-28. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Medicine

Women are more prone to UTIs than men because, in females, the urethra is much shorter and closer to the anus.[30] As a woman's ... Morris, BJ; Wiswell, TE (June 2013). "Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta- ... In women, they are the most common form of bacterial infection.[17] Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection in a ... Female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes, obesity, family history[2]. Diagnostic method. Based on symptoms, urine culture[3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_Tract_Infections

"Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples". BMJ. 304 (6830): 809-813. பப்மெட் ... Weiss HA (February 2007). "Male circumcision as a preventive measure against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases". Curr ... PATH (2006). "The female condom: significant potential for STI and pregnancy prevention". Outlook 22 (2). ... "Coerced first intercourse and reproductive health among adolescent women in Rakai, Uganda". Int Fam Plan Perspect 30 (4): 156- ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/எய்ட்சு

"Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) ( ... Anderson, J (2012 Feb). "Women and HIV: motherhood and more". Current opinion in infectious diseases 25 (1): 58-65. PMID ... "Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (6): CD007496. PMID ... Kim, HH; Li, PS; Goldstein, M (2010 Nov). "Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?". Current opinion in urology 20 (6): 515-9. ...

https://gl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Síndrome_de_inmunodeficiencia_adquirida

About 93.1% of Djibouti's women and girls have undergone female genital mutilation (female circumcision),[97] a pre-marital ... The life expectancy at birth is around 63.2 for both males and females. Fertility is at 2.35 children per woman.[1] In Djibouti ... Hayes, Rose Oldfield (1975). "Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan ... Encouraged and performed by women in the community, circumcision is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti

... reproductive endocrinologists are trained to also test and treat hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility

Ra'anan Abusch, "Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire," in The Covenant of Circumcision: New ... Eva Cantarella, Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Johns Hopkins University Press ... The civis ("citizen") stands in explicit contrast to a peregrina, a foreign or non-Roman woman: A.N. Sherwin-White, Roman ... Lynda L. Coon, Sacred Fictions: Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), side 57. ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer

One form that lactivism takes is the staging of a "nurse-in" (a play on "sit-in"), which involves women gathering in public to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactivism

Pediatric Surgical Conditions and Procedures: Circumcision, Inguinal Hernia & Hydrocele, Undescended Testis, Hypospadias, ... Weight Management and Woman's Health Screening. Women's Surgical Services: Gastroenterology, General Surgery, Minimally ... Danat Al Emarat Hospital (DAE) or Mother of Pearl is a hospital dedicated to women and children in Abu Dhabi, United Arab ... Medical services offered at Danat Al Emarat for women include the following: Obstetrics & Gynecology: Family Planning, Fetal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danat_Al_Emarat_Women_&_Children’s_Hospital

Special care is given to orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) and services are provided that meet the unique needs of women ... PEPFAR directly supported approximately 2 million male circumcision procedures worldwide cumulatively through September 2012. ... The U.S. directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 5.1 million men, women, and children worldwide ... PEPFAR reports that it has supported more than: 14 million men, women, and children on antiretroviral therapy (ART); 2.2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEPFAR

The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy, the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision ... For the female reproductive systems of other animals, see reproductive system.. The female reproductive system is made up of ... Main article: Female genital mutilation. There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures. ... Four-hundred years later, Galen "identified" the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs.[4] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system

"Because registries apply to minors under the age of 18 the words "male / female" have been used instead of "men / women" which ... the putative father registry is a state level legal option for unmarried men to document through a notary public any woman they ... and possible states the female might visit,[9] or relocate to after the possible conception date that also have putative father ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_father_registry

Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985. *Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003. *2005 (Scotland) Act ... Dirie spoke for the first time with Laura Ziv of the women's magazine Marie Claire about the female genital mutilation (FGM) ... Woman of the Year Award (2000) by Glamour magazine.[17]. *Corine Award (2002) of the umbrella association of the German ... "Women's World Awards". Womensworldawards.com. Retrieved 2014-04-17.. *^ Communiqué de la Présidence de la République annonçant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Dirie

China was a destination for Radhanite Jews who brought boys, female slaves and eunuchs from Europe according to the Book of ... and banned them from practicing circumcision.[27][28] ... and cease the rite of circumcision.[29] During the Ming Dynasty ... "Are Jewish Women More Likely to Marry Chinese Men?". Speaking of China.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_China

The added challenge for the most severely affected genetic females, and for genetic males who are being raised as females, is ... after circumcision). The surgeon moves one or both testes, with blood vessels, from an abdominal or inguinal position to the ... Simple bladder exstrophy in a genetic female does not usually involve the vagina. Cloacal exstrophy in a genetic female usually ... who are reassigned and raised as females have not developed a female gender identity and have sought reassignment back to male. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions

"Acceptability of male circumcision and predictors of circumcision preference among men and women in Nyanza province Kenya". ... For the history of male circumcision, see History of male circumcision. For the Early Christian controversy, see Circumcision ... Prevalence of circumcision. References[edit]. *^ a b c Adams, Gregory; Adams, Kristina (2012). "Circumcision in the Early ... circumcision of the flesh was replaced by circumcision of the spirit.[clarification needed (what is "circumcision of the spirit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision

... trans men liking men and trans women liking women) is considerably less common among trans men than among trans women; the vast ... Some trans men date heterosexual women, while other trans men date queer-identified women; the latter might be because queer- ... FTM: Female-to-Male Transsexuals in Society. by Aaron H. Devor. *Second Son: Transitioning Toward My Destiny, Love and Life by ... A trans man is a man who was assigned female at birth. The label of transgender man is not always interchangeable with that of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_man

Women often birth alone or with the help of female relatives or traditional midwives. One study found that 56% of all Nepalese ... Retrieved from http://bossnepal.com/important-ceremonies-life/ "Information package on male circumcision and HIV prevention: ... Furthermore, 78% of women are laborers and 55% of women considered their work to be of a moderate workload. These jobs increase ... As for the second stage of labor, the woman is prone on the hands and knees. This allows the TBA to put pressure on the woman's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth_in_Nepal

They have expressed opposition to both male circumcision and all forms of female circumcision.[6] ... a b c Task force on circumcision. Circumcision policy statement. Pediatrics. 1999;103(3):686-93. doi:10.1542/peds.103.3.686. ... JME symposium on circumcision, June 2004[edit]. The Journal of Medical Ethics published a "symposium on circumcision" in its ... a b Ethics committee rules against infant circumcision. The Bulletin. 2017. "As circumcision is irreversible and therefore a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_circumcision

Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC), female circumcision, or female genital mutilation/ ... There have been at least seven cases of healthy male infants being reassigned as female due to circumcision damaging their ... These insecurities are forced upon women by their partners and other women as well.[35] Also leading to a surge of these types ... This is done in cultures where a high value is placed on female virginity at the time of marriage. In these cultures, a woman ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation

The clitoris is the human female's most sensitive erogenous zone and generally the primary anatomical source of human female ... Circumcision in males may be effective to prevent some infections. During school, comprehensive sex education may also be ... There are both male and female condoms. With proper use-and use at every act of intercourse-women whose partners use male ... He is best known for writing Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), also ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sexuality

Hui have had female Imams, called Nu Ahong for centuries. They are the world's only female Imams. They guide females in prayer ... Circumcision in Islam is known as khitan. Islamic scholars agree that it is required (mandatory), or recommended the practice ... Only low status Han would convert to marry a Hui woman. Ming law allowed Han men and women to marry each other.[120][121][122] ... In Ma Dian 20% of intermarriages were Hui women marrying into Han families, in Tang Fang 11% of intermarriage were Hui women ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people

The Ugandan parliament unanimously passed a bill banning female genital mutilation, a traditional rite that has sparked an ... The practice, which involves cutting off a girls clitoris, is also called female circumcision. In some communities in eastern ... About three million women and girls face female genital mutilation globally every year, and nearly 140 million have already ... The practice, which involves cutting off a girls clitoris, is also called female circumcision ...

http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/12/12/uganda.genital.mutilation/index.html?iref=allsearch

Egyptian prosecutors are investigating the death of a teenage girl during a female circumcision operation at a private hospital ... Egyptian prosecutors are investigating the death of a teenage girl during a female circumcision operation at a private hospital ... While 200 million women and girls worldwide have been subjected to the practice, there have been major strides in Egypt, as ... Despite the ban in 2008, female genital mutilation (FGM) is still widespread in Egypt, especially in rural areas. It is ...

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/30/egyptian-girl-dies-during-female-circumcision-operation/

Researchers find that female circumcision could cause infertility Swedish researchers, say the practice of female circumcision ... New study reveals physicians not discouraging Egyptian women from practicing female circumcision Women in Egypt are seeking out ... Organizations working in Mali to stop female genital cutting -- a practice sometimes referred to as female circumcision or ... Female circumcision banned in Indonesia at physician level Doctors and nurses in Indonesia have been barred from performing ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Female-Circumcision

The traditional practice of female circumcision within the Pokot tribe is a rite of passage that marks the transition to ...

https://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Pics-The-journey-through-female-circumcision-20150430

Representatives in Sengal and Mali villages have agreed to ban the practice of female genital mutilation, reported a local non- ... EU to Eradicate Female Circumcision. The European Union is committed to eradicating female genital mutilation. The foreign ... Approach Against Female Circumcision. The UN childrens agency on Thursday proposed a new approach for ending female genital ... which widely practice female circumcision, a practice that affects between two and three million girls and women every year in ...

http://www.medindia.net/news/African-Communities-Against-Female-Circumcision-82235-1.htm

... sexual and reproductive health of women and girls. ... has approved a resolution urging a global ban on female genital ... Female genital mutilation or female circumcision is commonplace in the western, eastern, and north-eastern regions of Africa, ... Many women who have undergone circumcision suffer anxiety and depression.. In most cases the procedure is carried out in ... UN calls for ban on female circumcision Published time: 27 Nov, 2012 17:44 Edited time: 27 Nov, 2012 21:44 ...

https://www.rt.com/news/un-female-circumcision-resolution-703/

Female genital mutilation in the United Kingdom First reading of Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act, Hansard, 2 March 1983 ... The Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985 (c. 38) is a repealed Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It made ... Text of the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom ... The Act was replaced by the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the Prohibition of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_of_Female_Circumcision_Act_1985

New rites of passage to replace the traditional practice of female genital mutilation offers hope of protecting woman from ... Female circumcision, also called female genital mutilation (FGM), is widely practiced in at least 29 countries in Africa and ... Safe alternative rites to female circumcision. Sorry, but your browser needs Javascript to use this site. If youre not sure ... The rite is called ntanira na mugambo ("circumcision through words").. Young women go through a weeklong program of counseling ...

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/07/28/commentary/world-commentary/safe-alternative-rites-female-circumcision/

... Aug 31st, 2006, in News, Society, by Patung. The Ulema Council, Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), says female ... Female circumcision? Never heard one of those thing but quite funny though, why women always become a victim of mans ... my wife had a female circumcision. Pretty much all Muslim women in Sumatra have it done, or at least whee she comes from. ... This is not as extreme as other forms of female circumcision, because the clitoris itself is not touched. A few Western women ...

https://www.indonesiamatters.com/648/female-circumcision/

Woman, why Do You Weep?: Circumcision and Its Consequences. Third world books. Women in the Third World series: Africa. ... asked bleeding bride Caesarean section child circum circumcise women circumcised girls circumcision of women circumcision scar ... sexual pleasure social sometimes stitched Sudanese women sunna circumcision sunna type survey Table tight circumcision tissue ... Woman, why Do You Weep?: Circumcision and Its Consequences. Asma El Dareer. No preview available - 1982. ...

https://books.google.com/books?id=GWyAAAAAMAAJ&q=Zaghawa&dq=related:UOM39015015063756&lr=&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5

I am not an advocate of female circumcision: I belong to the school of thought that says this injunction is optional. But I ... To begin with, the practice of female circumcision is encouraged, but not compulsory, according to three out of four main ... The Federation therefore, moved that this mutilation ritual, euphamistically termed female circumcision, be outlawed. ... The Mufti declared that the practice of female circumcision in Singapore involves cutting off a tiny part from the outer ...

http://irfi.org/articles/articles_1751_1800/female%20circumcision%201html.htm

... female circumcision, cutting or sunna is when a girls external genitals (private parts) are cut away. This is abuse, and it is ... Female circumcision, FGM, and cutting. Female Genital Mutilation - also called FGM, female circumcision, cutting or sunna - is ... You are here / Home / Info and advice / Bullying, abuse, safety and the law / Abuse and safety / Female circumcision, FGM, and ... FGM, sometimes referred to as female circumcision, is when a girls genitals (private parts) are altered or removed. It can ...

https://childline.org.uk/info-advice/bullying-abuse-safety/abuse-safety/female-circumcision-fgm-cutting/

NOHARMM is a non-profit, direct-action mens network organized against circumcision of healthy male infants and children. Our ... This page contains a 1958 medical journal article describing alleged medical indications for female circumcision. ... Circumcision Exposed. Rethinking a Medical and. Cultural Tradition. FORESKIN RESTORATION with:. The P.U.D. new low pricing!. ... Female circumcision was done. Smegmaliths were cleansed away. Very thankful patients were the reward. For the first time in ...

http://www.noharmm.org/circumfemale.htm

... appears to protect women, too, US and Ugandan researchers have reported.,BR> ... Male circumcision, which has been shown to protect men from infection with the Aids virus, ... Male circumcision cuts female Aids risk. Male circumcision, which has been shown to protect men from infection with the Aids ... In the study of more than 300 Ugandan couples in which the man infected the woman, the researchers found that 299 women caught ...

https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/02/2008410142457835254.html

... which reduces female-to-male HIV transmission by 60 percent, also reduces HIV rates in women, by a smaller margin of 15 percent ... Male circumcision, which has been found to reduce female-to-male transmission of HIV by 60 percent, also reduces womens ... Male Circumcision Lowers HIV Rates in Women as Well. March 25, 2014 ... The HIV prevalence was 22.4 percent among these women, compared with 36.6 percent among women who had sex with some or all ...

https://www.poz.com/article/circumcision-women-25346-9170

Many points to the show here for bringing in the issue of female circumcision, but it was a cruelty too far for me. ... This is a womans world after all.. But this episode belongs to Emily, the handmaid formerly known as Ofglen. No mercifully ... She marches for womens rights. She is there with Moira when the march turns violent. (Wheres Kendall when you need her, eh?) ... Its in the judgemental glare of the woman on the street at June and Moira going for a jog. It builds to the baristas name- ...

https://www.pajiba.com/tv_reviews/the-handmaids-tale-book-readers-review-episodes-13-female-circumcision.php

Male and Female Circumcision. Book Subtitle. Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice. Editors. * ... Male and Female Circumcision. Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice. Editors: Denniston, George C., ... altogether they present an excellent overview of the current debate on circumcision, especially for those who are not so ... familiar with the complexity of the scientific, legal, ethical and political aspects of circumcision.. Medicine, Health Care ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306461316

However, the practice of severe forms of female circumcision is now proven to be a great health risk, and the women of the ... This paper reviews the practice of female circumcision and proposes a plan to reduce the use of harmful forms of circumcision, ... ninety to a hundred million women and girls living today in African countries that have had some form of female circumcision ( ... Lane and Rubinstein 1996). Recent articles in the media have reported the growing practice of female circumcision in the US and ...

http://www.heart-intl.net/HEART/020108/FemaleCircumcision.htm

The Organization aims to provide every child, woman and man with the best chance to lead a healthier, longer life. ... It is still deeply entrenched in the Nigerian society, where critical decision makers are grandmothers, mothers, women, opinion ... Elimination of Female Genital Circumcision in Nigeria. The practice of FGM is widespread covering practically every state of ... Nationwide among women who could identify the type of procedure the commonest type of FGM is type II. Types I, II and III are ...

http://www.afro.who.int/fr/node/5992

"Thus, circumcision of HIV-infected men did not reduce transmission of HIV to female partners, and the possibility of higher ... Circumcision of HIV-infected men did not reduce HIV transmission to female partners over 24 months; longer-term effects could ... 17 (18%) women in the intervention group and eight (12%) women in the control group acquired HIV during follow-up (p=0·36). ... We assessed whether circumcision in HIV-infected men would reduce transmission of the virus to female sexual partners.. Methods ...

http://www.natap.org/2009/HIV/071809_02.htm

Tanzanian Women Urging Partners To Undergo Circumcision To Reduce HIV, HPV Risk. Aug 11, 2014 ... Thomson Reuters Foundation: Tanzanian women lobby male partners to be circumcised. "…In [Efrazia Ngwabis] village, talking ... more women are actively encouraging their male partners to be circumcised, she said…" (Makoye, 8/8). ... candidly about circumcision would have once been unthinkable, but as peoples attitudes begin to change due to awareness ...

https://www.kff.org/news-summary/tanzanian-women-urging-partners-to-undergo-circumcision-to-reduce-hiv-hpv-risk/

Re: Female Circumcision Hide this AdReport bad ads? One may call female circumcision haraam on the grounds of it being self ... Re: Female Circumcision I say that female circumcision is mubaah and you say that it is haraam. Correct me if Im wrong. Then ... Re: Female Circumcision May this message meet all in the best of health and eeman. In my point of view, female circumcision is ... Re: Female Circumcision I do not believe that female circumcision is in the department of those things classified as doubtful. ...

https://www.islamicboard.com/miscellaneous/6519-female-circumcision-2.html

It is now referred to as female genital mutilation (rather than female circumcision) to make it clear that this is an ... Female Genital Mutilation is bad, so why is Male Circumcision for non-medical reasons OK?. ... I think we should change the name of male circumcision in line with the female version ... "Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve altering or injuring the female genitalia for non-medical ...

https://medium.com/@arifakhtar/female-genital-mutilation-is-bad-so-why-is-male-circumcision-for-non-medical-reasons-ok-3d453ee7f1c9

... however some woman live out if the social normality in the United States and have for... ... Woman who live in the United States are not typically circumcised, ... Female circumcision is no more than a way to control woman, because of this teenagers who have undergone female circumcision ... Woman all over the United States are affected by the practice of female circumcision even though it is illegal; being ...

https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Female-Circumcision-Essay-776020

... the procedure is becoming more popular among both women and physicians. ... Is a hooded clitoris to blame for many womens failure to reach orgasm with their sexual partners? Whether it is or not, ... Female Circumcision as Sexual Therapy: The Past and Future of Plastic Surgery?. Is a hooded clitoris to blame for many womens ... The use of female circumcision since the late 1800s to treat a womans lack of orgasm reveals a medical understanding of the ...

https://psmag.com/social-justice/female-circumcision-sexual-therapy-past-future-plastic-surgery-73229

The hypotheses are that male circumcision will be acceptable to and safe in women partners, and will reduce the womens ... Male circumcision. HIV+ males. HIV-negative males. Female partners. STDs such as the following:. HPV. HSV-2. HIV Seronegativity ... Circumcision safety in HIV+ and HIV-neg males. *Behaviors among males and females in couples where the male is randomized to ... Trial of Male Circumcision: HIV, Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) and Behavioral Effects in Men, Women and the Community. The ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00124878?term=hiv+AND+

... the women partners are being followed annually to assess the acceptability and safety of male circumcision in female partners, ... Trial of Male Circumcision: HIV, Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) and Behavioral Effects in Men, Women and the Community. The ... The hypotheses are that male circumcision will be acceptable to and safe in women partners, and will reduce the womens ... Male circumcision. HIV+ males. HIV-negative males. Female partners. STDs such as the following:. HPV. HSV-2. HIV Seronegativity ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00124878?show_desc=Y

Bensinger on female circumcision womens health: The short answer is yes, and really the chinese medicine philosophy of ... Female Circumcision (Definition) Female genital mutilation effects 140 million females across the world. Done w or w/out ... Thus male circumcision is ok for religious, medical or even hygienic indications. Female circumcision is a crime. ...Read more ... Is female circumcision only performed in undeveloped countries? * Is it natural to have trouble urinating after female ...

https://www.healthtap.com/topics/female-circumcision-womens-health

... of the scientific literature to determine the relationship between MC and risk of STIs and associated conditions in women. ... of the scientific literature to determine the relationship between MC and risk of STIs and associated conditions in women. ... Male circumcision (MC) is proven to substantially reduce mens risk of a number of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We ... Male circumcision (MC) is proven to substantially reduce mens risk of a number of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00004/full

Women are excited for medical male circumcision because theyre despe...,New,report,provides,womens,perspectives,on,medical, ... Making Medical Male Circumcision Work for Women is the first report fr...The report highlights community-level support as well ... male,circumcision,for,HIV,prevention,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news, ... New York 13 December 2010A new report from the Womens HIV Prevention... ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/New-report-provides-womens-perspectives-on-medical-male-circumcision-for-HIV-prevention-77805-1/

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While the procedure is usually performed for religious or cultural reasons, the American Academy of Pediatrics states that, while there is some scientific evidence that demonstrates potential medical benefits of male circumcision, the data are not sufficient to recommend routine circumcision in newborns. (go.com)
However, these medical reasons are not sufficient to recommend circumcision for all infant boys, and the American Academy of Pediatrics believes the decision should be left to the parents. (womenshealthofwny.com)
It is important to know that it is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics that all circumcisions be delayed until your newborn is more than 24 hours old and documented to be in a stable condition by a pediatrician. (obgyncapitalwomenscare.com)
Today, the American Academy of Pediatrics released new guidelines that backed availability of circumcision for baby boys. (psmag.com)
In 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which issued a task force report concluding that the health benefits of circumcision outweigh its risks and justify access to the procedure (3) . (womenshealthsection.com)

Changing attitudes have resulted in a decline in female genital mutilation in Africa and the Middle East, where the practice is most prevalent, according to United Nations data released on" the International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation, observed February 6, TrustLaw reports. (news-medical.net)
The villages are largely home to the Mandingo and Soninke communities, which widely practice female circumcision, a practice that affects between two and three million girls and women every year in Africa, according to Tostan. (medindia.net)
Female genital mutilation or female circumcision is commonplace in the western, eastern, and north-eastern regions of Africa, in some countries in Asia and the Middle East, where millions of girls and women suffer from this harmful practice annually. (rt.com)
Female circumcision, also called female genital mutilation (FGM), is widely practiced in at least 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East. (japantimes.co.jp)
More than 125 million women have been subjected to different forms of genital mutilation across Africa and in areas of western and southern Asia, and 2 million women undergo the procedure annually. (japantimes.co.jp)
The study was conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa, the site of the first of three major randomized controlled trials that in the mid-2000s provided proof that male circumcision could be levied as an effective HIV prevention tool. (poz.com)
The problem is that female circumcision is widely connoted to the practises foundin West Africa. (islamicboard.com)
New York, 13 December 2010A new report from the Women's HIV Prevention Tracking Project (WHiPT), a collaborative initiative of AVAC and the ATHENA Network, features an unprecedented collection of voices from Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Uganda reflecting on what male circumcision for HIV prevention means for women. (bio-medicine.org)
Three randomized trials in South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda demonstrated that male circumcision (MC) significantly decreased HIV acquisition in men [ 2 - 4 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Only by doing the initiation will make her "completely woman, completely Africa, completely Olinka. (petra.ac.id)
Evidence supports that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men in sub-Saharan Africa . (wikipedia.org)
[10] [11] Therefore, the WHO recommends considering circumcision as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in areas with high rates of HIV such as sub-Saharan Africa. (wikipedia.org)
[6] Outside the parts of Africa with high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the positions of the world's major medical organizations on non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision range from considering it as having a modest net health benefit that outweighs small risks to viewing it as having no benefit with significant risks for harm. (wikipedia.org)
Better-educated young women are more likely to delay sexual debut, to use condoms more frequently, to delay marriage and childbearing and to have better earning potential, according to studies in a range of countries in southern and eastern Africa. (aidsmap.com)
Prisoners of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa. (doctorsopposingcircumcision.org)
But Hess criticized the accuracy of these studies, including one showing that in Africa, male circumcision reduces a man's chance of contracting HIV by 60 percent . (motherjones.com)
Female circumcision is surprisingly prevalent throughout the world, particularly in Africa, where in some communities it is performed on 98 percent of the female population, despite legal prohibition. (religionnewsblog.com)
Bowers flew to Paris last April (on her own dime) to train with Pierre Foldes, an Ob-Gyn in Paris who reportedly invented the technique of clitoris reconstruction after many years of treating women in Africa. (religionnewsblog.com)
Traditional circumcision is most probably the cause of the HIV epidemic in Africa. (blogspot.com)
This is very exciting news," said Daniel Halperin, an H.I.V. specialist at the Harvard Center for Population and Development, who has argued that circumcision slows the spread of AIDS in the parts of Africa where it is common. (nytimes.com)
Medical male circumcision (MMC) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are proven HIV prevention interventions, but there are limited data on the population-level effect of scale-up of these interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. (popcouncil.org)
Girls in their teen ages are less likely now to have been cut than older women in more than half of the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where the practice is mostly concentrated. (naturallymoi.com)
One cultural practice common in parts Africa and a part of the Middle East is the practice of female genital circumcision (FGC). (aphaih.org)
This presentation was delivered June 10, 2010 at a meeting in Arusha, Tanzania: "Scaling up male circumcision programmes in the Eastern and Southern Africa region: country update. (malecircumcision.org)
According to UNICEF statistics, less than 200 million girls and women alive today living in 30 countries located mainly in Africa, Middle East and Asia, have undergone FGM. (livetimesng.com)

Neonatal circumcision is usually elected by the parents for non-medical reasons, such as religious beliefs or personal preferences, possibly driven by societal norms. (wikipedia.org)
No major medical organization recommends universal neonatal circumcision, and no major medical organization calls for banning it either. (wikipedia.org)
I argue that the fact that the boy who grows up in such a household would most likely choose to become circumcised as an adult tilts the balance of interests decisively in favour of neonatal circumcision. (bmj.com)
Neonatal circumcision is one of the most often executed surgeries in the United States. (123helpme.com)
By contrast, some opponents, particularly of routine neonatal circumcision, question its utility and effectiveness in preventing such diseases, and object to subjecting newborn males, without their consent, to a procedure they consider to have dubious and nonessential benefits, significant risks, and a potentially negative impact on general health and later sexual enjoyment. (wikipedia.org)
Research suggests a benefit in delaying a neonatal circumcision until breast feeding is well established, typically between four and eight days of life. (obgyncapitalwomenscare.com)

Since 2008, when a voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) center was established in Orange Farm, the proportion of circumcised local men has jumped from 15 percent to 53 percent. (poz.com)
Annex 2.2 of the World Health Organization's 2020 guidelines on safe voluntary medical male circumcision presents an abstract about a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of male circumcision on HIV infection among women. (malecircumcision.org)
Voluntary medical male circumcision programs have been supported by the Mozambique Ministry of Health since 2009. (cdc.gov)
In Mozambique, the prevalence of male circumcision was 51% when the voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) program began in 2009. (cdc.gov)
The Clearinghouse's Resource Library contains hundreds of resources on voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention. (malecircumcision.org)
Published in the journal PLoS One, this article reports on the frequency, type, and severity of adverse events after voluntary medical male circumcision in Botswana. (malecircumcision.org)

In parallel to the trial of male circumcision in HIV-uninfected men in Rakai,3 we undertook a randomised controlled trial of male circumcision in HIV-infected men and enrolled their female partners. (natap.org)

Women in Egypt are seeking out doctors' opinions on whether they should circumcise their daughters and, though it is illegal there, physicians are not discouraging the practice, giving legitimacy to a procedure that has serious medical risks, according to a new study led by a former Stanford University School of Medicine researcher. (news-medical.net)
The resolution calls on the 193 UN member states to condemn FGM (Female Genital Mutilation) and to enact legislation prohibiting the dangerous procedure. (rt.com)
FGM can provoke serious psychological and physically harm women who undergo the procedure. (japantimes.co.jp)
Nationwide among women who could identify the type of procedure the commonest type of FGM is type II. (who.int)
It is now referred to as female genital mutilation (rather than female circumcision) to make it clear that this is an unnecessary procedure that results in actual physical and psychological harm . (medium.com)
It may not be as surgically extreme as the female version but it is still an unnecessary medical procedure, carried out without consent on children, who are usually too young to complain about it. (medium.com)
Whether it is or not, the procedure is becoming more popular among both women and physicians. (psmag.com)
This procedure continued to be used to treat women for their inability to orgasm throughout the 20th century. (psmag.com)
HIV-negative men, is designed to answer whether male circumcision is acceptable and safe in HIV-neg men, and whether the procedure reduces the acquisition of HIV and STDs. (knowcancer.com)
Will such programs need to screen out HIV+ men (if circumcision is shown to be unsafe in such men, potentially as a result of delayed healing) or should future programs include HIV+ men, if the procedure is safe in them, and has potential benefits such as reduced STD acquisition, improved genital hygiene and reduced rates of STD symptomatology? (knowcancer.com)
[4] For adults and children, general anesthesia is an option and the procedure may be performed without a specialized circumcision device. (wikipedia.org)
No major medical organization recommends either universal circumcision of all males or banning the procedure. (wikipedia.org)
Circumcision , the surgical removal of the foreskin that normally covers the head of the penis, is a relatively simple procedure, but it's not one you want to see go badly -- especially if your son (or you) is the patient. (howstuffworks.com)
I went through circumcision, and I assure you that me, along with the bulk of Bruneian female population who have undergone the procedure/ritual, can very well testify that our clitoris(es) are safe and very well intact. (iammaurina.com)
The aged lady who conducted the procedure is a trained midwife and have done countless of circumcisions. (iammaurina.com)
Types of Female Circumcision The World Health Organization has classified types of female circumcision into four types that have been categorized according the procedure that takes place. (studentshare.org)
Circumcision is a surgical procedure in which the skin covering the end of the penis (called the foreskin) is removed exposing the glans (head or tip of the penis)"(Love) The procedure is usually done on infants in the first few days of their life. (123helpme.com)
Introduction Circumcision is a minor surgical procedure that involves the removal of the foreskin of the penis. (123helpme.com)
Female Circumcision is a procedure that is a tradition to many cultures. (123helpme.com)
The purpose of this procedure is to make women stay faithful to their husbands and not become promiscuous, as they get older. (123helpme.com)
A multifaceted strategy addressing concerns about the safety of the procedure, cultural norms, and competing priorities could help overcome barriers to circumcision among males aged ≥25 years. (cdc.gov)
Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin-a sleeve of skin covering the head of the penis. (obgyncapitalwomenscare.com)
Adult circumcision is a surgical option for men who did not get circumcised as infants, and there are sound medical reasons for the procedure. (everydayhealth.com)
The cost of adult circumcision varies, but it will be higher if you have general anesthesia instead of local anesthesia and if you have the procedure done in a hospital instead of an ambulatory care center. (everydayhealth.com)
Today, approximately 70 percent of all newborn boys in the United States undergo circumcision making it the most common procedure in this population. (foxnews.com)
For infant circumcision, different clamps can be used, but the same basic procedure is followed. (foxnews.com)
Circumcisions for religious reasons are sometimes done during ceremonies outside of the hospital, by a non-medical person trained in the procedure. (foxnews.com)
While the chance that something can go wrong is relatively low when a circumcision is performed by a trained medical professional, like any procedure, it does carry some risk. (foxnews.com)
but they determined that the data was not sufficient enough to recommend routine circumcision since the procedure "is not essential to the child's current well-being. (foxnews.com)
Having done hundreds of circumcisions in the past, I know first hand how painful (and sometimes dangerous) the procedure can be. (drnorthrup.com)
In the United States, medical authorities have just overturned 40 years of sound science-based policy by deciding that the health benefits of circumcision - while not great enough to recommend the procedure as a routine - are sufficient to allow parental choice in the matter and coverage by medical insurance plans. (theconversation.com)
Although health benefits are not great enough to recommend routine circumcision for all male newborns, the benefits of circumcision are sufficient to justify access to this procedure for families choosing it and to warrant third-party payment for circumcision of male newborns. (psmag.com)
Given that adverse consequences of medical male circumcision, especially when performed in infancy, are rare, this simple prophylactic procedure should be promoted. (hindawi.com)
Circumcision after the newborn period is possible, but at that time, it is a more complex procedure. (womenshealthsection.com)
In the USA, newborn male circumcision is the fourth most common surgical procedure - behind cataract removal, cesarean delivery, and joint replacement (1) . (womenshealthsection.com)
No need for circumcision later in life, when the procedure is more involved and complicated. (womenshealthsection.com)
The United Nations Children's Fund reports that in Egypt, where more women have been cut than in any other nation, 81% of 15 to 19-year-olds underwent the procedure, compared to 96 percent of women in their late forties. (naturallymoi.com)
An external genital examination will reveal whether a girl or woman has undergone this procedure. (cdc.gov)
Although this examination is required on the overseas medical evaluation, it may not have been performed, and the domestic medical screening evaluation presents an opportunity to identify women who have had the procedure. (cdc.gov)
Some people use religious justification for the procedure, but the heart of it is based on gender-violence and inequality that anchors women to future burdens, including forced marriage and domestic violence. (uncommongroundmedia.com)
Male circumcision is an elective surgical procedure that involves the full or partial removal of the foreskin (prepuce). (uncommongroundmedia.com)
furthermore, the benefits of newborn male circumcision justify access to this procedure for families who choose it. (uncommongroundmedia.com)
I was informed by a man from a country that performs this barbaric procedure, that women are the ones who perform it. (thefemaleimperative.com)
He said it as though I should be convinced that because women perform this procedure, they are in agreement with it! (thefemaleimperative.com)
Yes, female genital mutilation is a procedure with unfortunate consequences and it should be addressed by community workers, public health professionals, and humanitarians. (aphaih.org)
With assistance from the University of Wisconsin, the Life/form Infant Circumcision Trainer has been developed to offer realistic training of this delicate procedure. (anatomywarehouse.com)
Circumcision is a surgical procedure performed to remove the loose tissue, known as the foreskin, covering the glans of the penis. (anatomywarehouse.com)
Circumcision thousands of years ago was a vastly different procedure than the one practiced today. (avoiceformen.com)

Male circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the human penis . (wikipedia.org)
Circumcision, where the foreskin of the penis is surgically removed, has been a hot topic for some time. (go.com)
Arguments against circumcision include the risk of surgery, penile adhesions, reduced sexual pleasure and "the hidden penis. (go.com)
decision he must first understand what circumcision is, why it is done, how it is done, how it affects the natural functions of the penis, and what the alternatives are. (123helpme.com)
Circumcision means cutting away the foreskin, a layer of skin that covers the tip of the penis. (womenshealthofwny.com)
Although some circumcised men do report an improvement in sexual functioning, most studies actually suggest a slight decrease in penis sensitivity after circumcision. (everydayhealth.com)
Circumcision in the male refers to the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. (foxnews.com)
They make strident, aggressive and implausible claims for the necessity of circumcision as a tactic against a number of diseases which have defied normal control strategies, particularly HIV-AIDS, and as a means of preventing trivial penis problems in infancy. (circinfo.org)
Male circumcision protects against cancer of the penis, the invasive form of which is a devastating disease confined almost exclusively to uncircumcised men. (hindawi.com)
Male circumcision is surgical removal of skin covering the tip of penis. (womenshealthsection.com)
But out of the entire genitalia, there is one specific area in males and females, which is the most sensitive-the female clitoris and the male glans penis, or the tip of the penis. (uncommongroundmedia.com)

To read a POZ feature article about circumcision as an HIV prevention tool and about the vocal minority of skeptics who question the validity of the research supporting such measures, click here . (poz.com)
Wherever possible, male circumcision should be offered in conjunction with HIV counselling services, condoms, and education on HIV prevention for men and women, to improve the health and safety of circumcised patients and their partners. (natap.org)
Condom use after male circumcision is essential for HIV prevention. (natap.org)
Three trials of male circumcision in HIV-negative men, including one undertaken in Rakai, Uganda, showed that circumcision reduced male acquisition of HIV by 50-60%;1-3 as a result, male circumcision is now a recommended strategy for HIV prevention in men.4 As these prevention programmes are scaled up, it is inevitable that men who are infected with HIV will also request to be circumcised, partly to avoid stigmatisation. (natap.org)
Trial objectives were to assess the safety of circumcision in HIV-infected men and the efficicacy of male circumcision for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in HIV-infected men (reported elsewhere),5, 6 and to test whether male circumcision would reduce transmission of HIV and STIs from HIV-infected men to their uninfected female sexual partners. (natap.org)
The study has enrolled 3,700 female partners of the men in groups 1 and 2 above, as well as of 5,000 HIV-negative men enrolled in a complementary NIH-funded study of male circumcision for HIV prevention (U1 AI51171 which is being separately registered). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Making Medical Male Circumcision Work for Women is the first report from WHiPT, which was launched in 2009 to bring community perspectives, particularly women's voices, to the forefront of biomedical prevention research and the broader response to HIV. (bio-medicine.org)
Women are excited for medical male circumcision because they're desperate for new prevention options, but they lack detailed factual knowledge of its benefits and risks," says Cebile Dlamini of Swaziland for Positive Living. (bio-medicine.org)
The majority of teams conducted their research in settings where male circumcision for HIV prevention had not yet been introduced as part of a national HIV strategy. (bio-medicine.org)
The report also highlights perceptions of male circumcision for HIV prevention in the context of traditional practices. (bio-medicine.org)
Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. (semanticscholar.org)
[4] Prevention of those conditions is not a justification for routine circumcision of infants. (wikipedia.org)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the rate of circumcision among baby boys in the United States seems to be declining. (go.com)
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. --- The Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention -- www.malecircumcision.org -- was launched today. (opposingviews.com)
According to a release issued by participating groups, the Web site is designed to generate and share authoritative information about the role of male circumcision in HIV prevention. (opposingviews.com)
for the most recent news, research, and resources on the use of male circumcision to prevent HIV,' says Dr. Kim Eva Dickson, Medical Officer, HIV Prevention in the Health Sector at WHO in Geneva. (opposingviews.com)
This site will fulfill the needs of the international public health community involved in male circumcision for HIV prevention -- including scientists, civil society groups, policy-makers, health providers, and programme managers. (opposingviews.com)
The Clearinghouse will provide evidence-based guidance to support the delivery of safe male circumcision services as one component in a comprehensive approach to HIV-prevention services. (opposingviews.com)
Providing access to tools and guidance, the Clearinghouse is an essential Web site aid for all those working on male circumcision for HIV prevention. (opposingviews.com)
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that men consider circumcision as an additional measure, along with safe sex, to prevent HIV. (everydayhealth.com)
Based on studies showing circumcision lowers men's risk of urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is considering whether or not to recommend it as an HIV prevention method. (motherjones.com)
Circumcision should be used with other prevention methods, he said, and it does nothing to prevent spread by anal sex or drug injection, ways in which the virus commonly spreads in the United States. (nytimes.com)

Organizations working in Mali to stop female genital cutting -- a practice sometimes referred to as female circumcision or female genital mutilation in which there is a partial or full removal of the labia, clitoris or both -- are beginning to make progress, Afrol News/Daily Nation reports. (news-medical.net)
The Mufti declared that the practice of female circumcision in Singapore 'involves cutting off a tiny part from the outer portion of the clitoris' - about 1mm to 3mm is snipped off the very top of the clitoris. (irfi.org)
When we were interns, 33 years ago, the staffroom conversation one day came around to the clitoris of the female infant. (noharmm.org)
A form of female circumcision called excision involves the removal of all or part of the clitoris, and in some cases other external genitalia. (heart-intl.net)
In the most extreme form of circumcision, called infibulation, the clitoris and both labia are removed and the two sides of the vulva are sewn together- except for a small opening for urine and menstrual blood to go through (Heise 1993). (heart-intl.net)
Another, less severe form of circumcision involves small incisions in the skin covering the clitoris. (heart-intl.net)
Instead women should embrace their sexual life, "FGM is carried out as a way to control women's sexuality, which is sometimes said to be insatiable if parts of the genitalia, especially the clitoris, are not removed. (123helpme.com)
In fact, there is a long history of surgeries on female genitals-especially on the clitoris-as "sexual enhancement" for women, designed to help them achieve their "proper role" as sexual partners. (psmag.com)
The use of female circumcision since the late 1800s to treat a woman's lack of orgasm reveals a medical understanding of the function of the clitoris as sexual--an understanding held decades prior to the physiological evidence supplied by William Masters and Virginia Johnson. (psmag.com)
Understanding the sexual nature of the clitoris and its importance to female sexual pleasure, some physicians have, for well over a century, diagnosed a condition of the clitoris as the physiological cause for a woman's failure to have an orgasm with her husband. (psmag.com)
He circumcised the clitoris and the patient "became a different woman"-she was, the doctor wrote, "lively, contented," and "happy," and sex now brought her satisfaction. (psmag.com)
Upon examination, Stewart found the clitoris of the patient to be "buried" and preceded to circumcise the woman to reveal the organ. (psmag.com)
Charles Lane, a physician in Poughkeepsie, New York, believed the clitoris "a very important organ to the health and happiness of the female," and performed circumcision on women who were unable to reach orgasm. (psmag.com)
In females is pure & simple mutilation as clitoris is amputated to prevent any future erotic sensation from sex or masturbation . (healthtap.com)
Circumcision is always associated with mutilation of the vagina and has received a lot of bad publicity in the "Western world" because many think that it entails the total removal of the clitoris (or worse, sewing up of the vagina ). (iammaurina.com)
These four types of circumcision are carried out by different cultures and communities and include: Type 1 - This involves the removal of the clitoral hood, or the partial or sometimes total removal of the clitoris itself. (studentshare.org)
Renaldus Columbus even argues that the clitoris, a pleasure center for women, is basically "a sort of male member" (qtd. (ipl.org)
From the outset, on such an important and understandably emotive topic, let me reassure my readers, that 'circumcision' in the sense of surgical assault on the clitoris, infibulation etc or indeed any type of tampering with the female clitoris is unequivocally prohibited, (in Arabic terminology 'haraam') and is hideously immoral and this is the unanimous agreement of all within the bounds of orthodox traditional Islam and sharia. (asharisassemble.com)
The key issue here is what was meant by 'khitan' of a woman (or even a man): even amongst the pagan Arabs it meant only taking off part of the labia minora (or as they described it 'that part between the clitoris and urethra which looks like the comb of a rooster' - more on this later) and absolutely nothing else . (asharisassemble.com)
Since many men suffer from premature ejaculation, failure to stimulate the clitoris would make this shortcoming even worse and may cause the woman to not experience orgasm at all during sex. (asharisassemble.com)
Bowers recalls that the woman had the most severe form of genital cutting, called infibulation, in which the clitoris and inner lips of the vulva are completely removed, and the outer lips are sewn partially shut to leave only a small hole. (religionnewsblog.com)
In females, the author has found the application of pure carbolic acid to the clitoris [ YIKES! (mum.org)
The clitoris is a point of female sexual "stimulation. (thefemaleimperative.com)
His remedy for females was, "…the application of pure carbolic acid to the clitoris an excellent means of allaying the abnormal excitement, and preventing the recurrence of the practice in those whose will-power has become so weakened that the patient is unable to exercise entire self-control. (avoiceformen.com)
From the presentation made by Dr. Comfort Momoh, a Nigerian medical practitioner based in the United Kingdom, who runs London's African Well Women's Clinic at St. Thomas' Hospital, I understood that my daughter went through the type 1 circumcision which is called clitoridectomy, a situation where the clitoris, which is the top part of the private part is either removed partially or completely. (livetimesng.com)

In the past few years, I have noticed more and more female offenders victimizing both male and female children, and one other change I have heard of in the mainstream media in Canada is that of immigrants who come to Canada from countries where female genital circumcision is practiced. (child-abuse-effects.com)

Over the past 20 years, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated real medical benefits of circumcision. (womenshealthsection.com)
For many years, the medical benefits of circumcision were scientifically ambiguous. (womenshealthsection.com)

A study published in September 2013 found that the three-year increase in local circumcision rates between 2008 and 2011 was responsible for a 19 percent reduction in HIV prevalence among men when compared to what the prevalence was projected to be had there been no increase in cicrumcision rates. (poz.com)
The HIV prevalence was 22.4 percent among these women, compared with 36.6 percent among women who had sex with some or all uncircumcised men. (poz.com)
Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis C in rural pregnant Egyptian women. (semanticscholar.org)
A study in Malawi found that providing cash transfers to the households of young women reduced HIV prevalence by 60% - but making the payments conditional on school attendance made no difference to the reduction in HIV infection observed. (aidsmap.com)
During 2014-2019, the prevalence of male circumcision increased 42% in Chókwè District in southern Mozambique. (cdc.gov)
The Mozambique Ministry of Health set a goal of 80% circumcision prevalence among males aged 10-49 years by 2019 ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
During 2014-2019, circumcision prevalence among males aged 15-59 years increased 42%, from 50.1% to 73.5% (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.42). (cdc.gov)
By 2019, circumcision prevalence among males aged 15-24 years was 90.2%, exceeding the national goal ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Accurate facts and figures about the prevalence and incidence of circumcision in Australia - past, present, and future trends. (circinfo.org)
This study aimed to determine prevalence and associated factors of circumcision among daughters of reproductive aged women. (biomedcentral.com)
For prevalence of circumcision, see Prevalence of circumcision . (wikipedia.org)
The 2013 National Demographic Health survey (NDHS) on National prevalence rate of FGM in Nigeria shows that 24% of women and girls in Nigeria aged 15-48 years have gone through FGM which has been described as a crime against the female folks in Nigeria, where most of the victims get circumcised between age zero and 15. (livetimesng.com)

(CNN) -- The Ugandan parliament unanimously passed a bill banning female genital mutilation, a traditional rite that has sparked an international outcry and is practiced in some African and Asian communities. (cnn.com)

Circumcision is one of the commonest surgical procedures performed on males. (news-medical.net)
The rule of circumcision is a matter of disagreement .The most favored opinion is that it is obligatory for males and voluntary (sunnah) for females. (islamicboard.com)
HSV-2-negative, human immunodeficiency virus-negative female partners of 368 males who were and 372 males who were not randomized to receive male circumcision were enrolled. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Contrary to findings in males, male circumcision did not affect HSV-2 acquisition among female partners. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
We used data from a randomized controlled trial of MC in HIV-negative males in Rakai, Uganda, to assess the efficacy of MC for reducing the incidence of HSV-2 infection among female partners. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The primary objective of this analysis was to assess the efficacy of MC of HIV-negative males on the incidence of HSV-2 infection among female partners. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Circumcision is an important ritual in the Jewish faith, where it is performed on 8-day-old males. (go.com)
The ethics of circumcision of males are controversial. (wikipedia.org)
Circumcision reduces the risk for heterosexually acquired HIV infection among males and is an important HIV-preventive strategy in Mozambique. (cdc.gov)
Fear of complications, cultural reasons, and lack of time were among the most common reasons reported for not undergoing circumcision by males aged 25-59 years. (cdc.gov)
Male circumcision is an important preventive strategy that confers lifelong partial protection (approximately 60% reduced risk) against heterosexually acquired HIV infection among males ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
During 2014-2019, a total of 19,201 males aged ≥10 years in Chókwè District underwent voluntary medical circumcision. (cdc.gov)
Prevalences of male circumcision and HIV infection among males were assessed with five independent, annual cross-sectional surveys of approximately 13% (survey rounds R1 and R2) or 23% (survey rounds R3-R5) of randomly selected CHDSS catchment area households. (cdc.gov)
Median community MMC coverage increased from 19% to 39%, and median community ART coverage rose from 0% to 21% in males and from 0% to 26% in females. (popcouncil.org)
Median community HIV incidence declined from 1.25 to 0.84 per 100 person-years in males, and from 1.25 to 0.99 per 100 person-years in females. (popcouncil.org)
In Rakai, Uganda, increasing community MMC and female ART coverage was associated with lower community HIV incidence in males. (popcouncil.org)
A randomized trial of male circumcision (MC) was conducted among HIV-infected males to test the hypothesis that MC would reduce HIV transmission to female sexual partners. (blogspot.com)
In 1910 the Journal of the American Medical Association published an article by S.L. Kistler MD, of Los Angeles, on the need for circumcision in both males and females, along with a vigorous advocacy his own patent bloodless method. (historyofcircumcision.net)
Among many controversial practices, one of the most highly debated treatments recommended by Kellogg was circumcision of males. (avoiceformen.com)
There is no other healthy body part, on males or females, which is legally allowed to be amputated without immediate medical need. (avoiceformen.com)
While females are protected from even a prick of their foreskin, males continue to be subjected to ancient barbaric practices with no medical or legal basis. (avoiceformen.com)

They say it hurts a lot when a non-muslim converts, and they have to undergo circumcision. (iammaurina.com)
All members of selected households aged 15-59 years were eligible to participate in an interview, which included each male's self-reported circumcision status, reasons for not being circumcised, and intention to undergo circumcision in the next 12 months (if applicable). (cdc.gov)
Non-Israelites had to undergo circumcision before they could be allowed to take part in the feast of Passover ( Exodus 12:48 ). (wikipedia.org)

Now, they told the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, it appears that among infected men, circumcision reduces the likelihood they will transmit the virus through sex. (aljazeera.com)
Male circumcision, which has been found to reduce female-to-male transmission of HIV by 60 percent, also reduces women's likelihood of acquiring the virus, although by a smaller 15 percent margin, according to a study reported by aidsmap and presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in Boston. (poz.com)
MC reduces risk of oncogenic HPV genotypes, cervical cancer, T. vaginalis , bacterial vaginosis and possibly genital ulcer disease in women. (frontiersin.org)
Male circumcision reduces acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in men. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
We assessed whether male circumcision reduces HSV-2 infection among female partners. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The likelihood of the child choosing circumcision in the religious case also reduces the extent to which infant circumcision violates his interest in self-determination. (bmj.com)
Modern proponents say that circumcision reduces the risks of a range of infections and diseases, and confers sexual benefits. (wikipedia.org)
A random-effects meta-analysis of data from the one randomised controlled trial and six longitudinal analyses showed little evidence that male circumcision directly reduces risk of HIV in women (summary relative risk 0.80, 95% CI 0.53-1.36). (blogspot.com)
Still, we must not forget the indirect benefit to women: reducing the risk of a male acquiring HIV in turn reduces the probability that he will pass it on to a partner. (blogspot.com)

The claims in letter by opponents of infant male circumcision are highly misleading and overtly fallacious. (aappublications.org)

Kawango Agot -- project coordinator of a collaborative research project among the University of Nairobi , University of Illinois and the University of Manitoba -- and colleagues conducted the study among 324 recently circumcised men and 324 uncircumcised men to determine the effect of circumcision on sexual behavior. (khn.org)
The protective effect of circumcision against female-to-male transmission of HIV has received a lot of attention, but also relevant is the effect on male-to-female transmission. (blogspot.com)

Eighty- five percent of worldwide female circumcision involves this less severe form or excision, and fifteen percent includes infibulation. (heart-intl.net)
This type is commonly referred to as pharaonic circumcision or infibulation. (studentshare.org)
I am surprised by your female contributor, Michelle Clare, writing one-and-a-half pages on circumcision without one word about female infibulation, which is much more serious, painful and ill. (wddty.com)

But those numbers did not include procedures performed outside of hospitals, including Jewish rituals that are usually performed in the home, or circumcisions that were not reimbursed by insurance. (go.com)
If the ban is enacted, doctors, mohels (who circumcise Jewish boys) and any other person who performs circumcisions could face a $1,000 fine or one year in jail. (go.com)
But Hess insists he did not attack rabbis or the Jewish faith any more than he did doctors and medicalized circumcision. (go.com)
Jewish circumcision is just one part of an ongoing series. (go.com)
Some scholars look elsewhere for the origin of Jewish circumcision. (wikipedia.org)
The Jewish and Islamic traditions both see circumcision as a way to distinguish a group from its neighbours. (wikipedia.org)
The Bible records "uncircumcised" being used as a derogatory reference for opponents[1Sam 17:26] and Jewish victory in battle that culminated in mass post-mortem circumcision, to provide an account of the number of enemy casualties. (wikipedia.org)
Antiochus' decree also outlawed Jewish circumcision, and parents who violated his order were hanged along with their infants. (wikipedia.org)
Overall, the rite of circumcision was especially execrable in Classical civilization, also because it was the custom to spend an hour a day or so exercising nude in the gymnasium and in Roman baths, therefore Jewish men did not want to be seen in public deprived of their foreskins. (wikipedia.org)
Then when the time comes, ask the surgeon or the mohel (the man who performs circumcisions for Jewish families) to take off the least amount of foreskin possible. (drnorthrup.com)
The second issue of "Foreskin Man" was particularly controversial because it criticizes the Jewish circumcision tradition and features a villainous orthodox rabbi called Monster Mohel whom "nothing excites… more than cutting into the penile flesh of an eight-day-old infant boy. (motherjones.com)
There is such dripping anti-Semitism and anti-female rhetoric in this [comic]," Abby Porth, the associate director of the San Francisco Jewish Community Relations Council , said. (motherjones.com)
So in the next issue, [when] we dealt with Jewish circumcision… naturally the villain was also drawn evil, and it was done intentionally-to make a point. (motherjones.com)
Against this, a growing number of Jews believe that circumcision is inconsistent with Jewish ethics and has no place in contemporary religious practice. (theconversation.com)
Jewish critics of circumcision first emerged in Germany in the 1840s, igniting a debate within the religion that has flared on and off right up to the present. (theconversation.com)
Circumcision violates several Jewish laws and beliefs, including the law that the human body must no. (wddty.com)
According to Halakha (Jewish law), ritual circumcision of male children is a commandment from God that Jews are obligated to follow, and is only postponed or abrogated in the case of threat to the life or health of the child. (wikipedia.org)

NOHARMM note: This 1959 medical journal article describes a female condition that is analogous to phimosis of the male foreskin and reveals how American medicine condoned genital interventions on females with arguments similar to those still used today to justify male circumcision. (noharmm.org)
A skin disease that affects the foreskin, glans and sometimes the urethra, balanitis xerotica obliterans , requires circumcision to prevent pain and worsening phimosis. (howstuffworks.com)
Unless adult circumcision is being performed for specific medical reasons, such as infection or phimosis, it will probably not be covered by insurance, so it may be expensive. (everydayhealth.com)
A remedy which is almost always successful in small boys is circumcision, especially when there is any degree of phimosis [tight foreskin]. (mum.org)

The goals are to assess the safety and acceptability of male circumcision among HIV+ men, and to assess potential effects of male circumcision on the acquisition of STDs such as HSV-2. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Following informed consent, the women partners are being followed annually to assess the acceptability and safety of male circumcision in female partners, and potential effects of male circumcision on HIV and STD acquisition. (knowcancer.com)

Adult circumcision is an option for men who were not circumcised as infants. (everydayhealth.com)
The stress may be due, in part, to the fact that infants are restrained prior to a circumcision. (foxnews.com)
Hess wrote the San Francisco circumcision ban, and he's an outspoken member of the intactivist movement, a cleverly named group of activists seeking to end all medical and religious circumcisions of infants. (motherjones.com)
Non-therapeutic circumcision of male infants and boys has always been a controversial issue - and never has opinion been more polarised. (theconversation.com)
Renaud Becquet of the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale Unite in France and colleagues conducted the study from 2001 through 2005 among 557 infants born to HIV-positive women in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. (khn.org)
After their infants were born, the women, who underwent prenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis, either received breastmilk substitutes or exclusively breast-fed for four months. (khn.org)
The most recent statement (October 2010) from the Royal Australasian College of Physicians states clearly that routine circumcision of infants is not warranted in Australia or New Zealand. (circinfo.org)
Circumcision advocates attempt to exploit public fears of AIDS and cancer by demanding universal circumcision of male infants as a public health measure. (circinfo.org)
However, modern circumcisions are performed on infants as opposed to older children or teens. (avoiceformen.com)

Senegal passed a law banning excision in 1999, but the practice persists in some communities, where girls are circumcised in secret or led to neighbouring countries where female genital mutilation is not illegal, the Tostan activists said. (medindia.net)
An important shared cultural factor among Somali women is the traditional practice of Female Genital Cutting (FGC), otherwise known as Female Circumcision (FC) or Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), which consists of varying degrees of excision of tissue involving the periclitoral region, labia minora, and/or majora. (hindawi.com)

Female Genital Mutilation is bad, so why is Male Circumcision for non-medical reasons OK? (medium.com)
The Elephant in the Room - why is non-medical male circumcision OK? (medium.com)
Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve altering or injuring the female genitalia for non-medical reasons and is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. (medium.com)
being circumcised is illegal because there are no medical benefits as a woman . (123helpme.com)
Practitioners who removed clitoral hoods to enable female orgasm included Chicago gynecologist Denslow Lewis, who presented evidence for the benefits of female circumcision at a meeting of the American Medical Association in 1899. (psmag.com)
Making Medical Male Circumcision Work for Women is the first report fr. (bio-medicine.org)
Women are excited for medical male circumcision because they're despe. (bio-medicine.org)
Almost 40 focus groups provided additional information about women's attitudes about medical male circumcision. (bio-medicine.org)
The report documents women's concerns that medical male circumcision might lead to an increase in heightened stigma for women living with HIV. (bio-medicine.org)
Specifically, it underscores the need for communications campaigns that directly address the distinctions between medical male circumcision, traditional circumcision and female genital mutilation. (bio-medicine.org)
The myths and misunderstandings identified by WHiPT teams such as the perception that medical male circumcision is directly protective for women underscore the urgent need for adequate education campaigns directed at women. (bio-medicine.org)
Further, for women to access and act on information related to medical male circumcision and HIV, the information needs to be specifically tailored to women, and the socio-cultural context and realities of women's lived experience need to be taken into account. (bio-medicine.org)
The positions of the world's major medical organizations range from considering elective circumcision of babies and children as having no benefit and significant risks to having a modest health benefit that outweighs small risks. (wikipedia.org)
A 2010 review found circumcisions performed by medical providers to have a typical complication rate of 1.5% for babies and 6% for older children, with few cases of severe complications. (wikipedia.org)
This is the main medical determinant for circumcision. (howstuffworks.com)
i In addition to considerations regarding pain and the medical costs and benefits associated with circumcision, I consider two interests relevant to this analysis that have not received sufficient attention in the literature: the child's interest in avoiding a moderate decrease in future sexual pleasure and his interest in-as opposed to 'right to'-self-determination. (bmj.com)
No medical association promotes circumcision," said Schofield. (go.com)
Complications Involving Female Circumcision There are a number of medical complications that women who have undergone female circumcision may experience as a result. (studentshare.org)
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the primary justification for circumcision was to prevent masturbation and intentionally reduce male sexual pleasure, which was believed to cause a wide range of medical problems. (wikipedia.org)
There is some evidence in the medical literature that circumcision can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections such as HPV, HIV and Herpes. (obgyncapitalwomenscare.com)
In the absence of certain medical conditions or anatomic abnormalities, circumcision during the newborn period is an option you may want to consider for your baby. (foxnews.com)
Circumcision has been associated with a number of medical benefits for the newborn and later in life. (foxnews.com)
This is also seen early in medical history as women were considered to be a slightly distorted male figure, rather than separate from men. (ipl.org)
In Europe and elsewhere, the question is no longer about whether there are any good "medical" justifications for routine circumcision - the consensus is that there are not. (theconversation.com)
Although circumcision was common from the 1920s to the 1960s, medical authorities have discouraged the practice since the 1970s, and it is now pretty much a thing of the past. (circinfo.org)
This propaganda is contrary to the advice issued by responsible medical bodies and the warnings of bioethics and human rights advocates and is intended to confuse and mislead parents, and scare them into demanding circumcision for their boys. (circinfo.org)
Most doctors are opposed to medically unnecessary circumcision of minors and will not perform the operation without genuine medical need (a rare situation). (circinfo.org)
All competent medical authorities that have issued statements or policies on routine circumcision of children are opposed to the practice. (circinfo.org)
Circumcision is more than a medical or health issue. (circinfo.org)
Routine or preventive circumcision was a Victorian medical fad which should have gone out with neck-to-knee bathing costumes, blood-letting, frontal lobotomies, and the idea that children should be seen and not heard. (circinfo.org)
With no clear answers, some thought that parents should base their decision for or against circumcision not on any potential medical benefit but rather on their family or religious traditions, or on a social standard, that is, what the majority of families in their community do. (womenshealthsection.com)
Circumcision done in a medical setting is preferable to tradisional. (blogspot.com)
World Health Organization (WHO) defines Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female organs for non-medical reasons [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The comparison between Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and male circumcision on a medical basis is false and endangers women who are subjected to it. (uncommongroundmedia.com)
To fully understand the medical differences between male circumcision and FGM, we first need to compare the anatomy of the male and female genitalia. (uncommongroundmedia.com)
[6] The bio-ethical and medical sanction of male circumcision is predicated by a valid, long established and tested medical tradition. (uncommongroundmedia.com)
As noted by the AAP Task Force, male circumcision may have medical benefits, [7] including better and easier hygiene, decreased risk of urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases and even penile cancer. (uncommongroundmedia.com)
The vast majority of the circumcisions had been done soon after birth for non-medical reasons. (wisewomanwayofbirth.com)

An alternative - and safe - rite to traditional female genital mutilation has been used for many years in some African countries. (japantimes.co.jp)
This new rite was initiated in the Tharaka district of Kenya in 1996, and grew out of the collaboration between a women's Kenyan group - the Maendeleo Ya Wanawake Organization (MYWO) - and the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), a nonprofit, international organization whose aim is to improve the health of women and children in developing countries. (japantimes.co.jp)
What circumcision really, is a rite of passage. (iammaurina.com)
Most societies that practise circumcision of boys as a customary rite also practice circumcision of girls, also known as female genital mutilation. (circinfo.org)
Religious male circumcision generally occurs shortly after birth , during childhood or around puberty as part of a rite of passage . (wikipedia.org)
While the Catholic Church has condemned religious circumcision for its members, and currently maintains a neutral position on the practice of non-religious circumcision, [4] Coptic Christianity and Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Eritrean Orthodoxy still observe male circumcision and practice circumcision as a rite of passage . (wikipedia.org)
Male circumcision practised as a religious rite is found in texts of the Hebrew Bible , as part of the Abrahamic covenant , such as in Genesis 17 , and is therefore practised by Jews, Muslims, and some Christians, who constitute the Abrahamic religions . (wikipedia.org)
Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights? (guttmacher.org)

Women and girls are not informed of these health risks. (heart-intl.net)
Since the duration of the study was limited and not all female partners completed 24 months of follow-up, we could not assess the long-term benefits or risks of male circumcision for HIV transmission to women. (natap.org)
Awareness for fgm/c female genital cutting===what are the health risks? (healthtap.com)
Determining potential circumcision risks in these men (such as, potentially delayed healing because of their higher risk behaviors) or benefits (such as potentially, reduced rates of HIV and STD acquisition) is thus very important for the design of any future large scale circumcision programs. (knowcancer.com)
Although these health risks are low, they are higher than for infant circumcision. (everydayhealth.com)
If you are considering an adult circumcision, talk to your doctor and go over all the risks and benefits carefully. (everydayhealth.com)
Despite this, a few die-hard enthusiasts for circumcision keep popping up in the media, full of alarmist claims about the terrible risks of retaining the foreskin. (circinfo.org)
It is important to note that clinicians routinely counsel parents of the health benefits and risks of male newborn circumcision in an unbiased and accurate manner. (womenshealthsection.com)

Male and female circumcision associated with prevalent HIV infection in virgins and adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania. (semanticscholar.org)
Circumcision is most prevalent in the religions of Judaism , Islam , Coptic Orthodox Church , Ethiopian Orthodox Church [1] and Eritrean Orthodox Church . (wikipedia.org)
Risk factors associated with prevalent HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Rwanda. (blogspot.com)
There seems to be a ludicrous and growing "debate" among some men that "male oppression" permeates this planet and is, in fact, just as horrible and prevalent as female oppression! (thefemaleimperative.com)

About three million women and girls face female genital mutilation globally every year, and nearly 140 million have already undergone the practice, according to the United Nations. (cnn.com)
Female genital mutilation has been banned in some African countries, but it is still practiced in some remote, close-knit communities. (cnn.com)
Despite the ban in 2008, female genital mutilation (FGM) is still widespread in Egypt, especially in rural areas. (telegraph.co.uk)
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on Thursday urging countries to ban female genital mutilation, calling it an 'irreparable, irreversible abuse' that threatens about three million girls annually," Reuters reports. (news-medical.net)
that there is no cultural justification for female genital cutting, a practice that is sometimes referred to as female circumcision," and that "governments and non-governmental organizations are making progress toward ending female genital mutilation, or FGM, by reaching out to those who still practice it," VOA News reports. (news-medical.net)
U.N. officials on Sunday called for countries to renew their commitment to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), a practice which endangers the lives of women and girls, Inter Press Service reports (Deen, 2/7). (news-medical.net)
Doctors and nurses in Indonesia have been barred from performing female genital cutting -- a practice sometimes referred to as female circumcision or female genital mutilation. (news-medical.net)
Representatives in Sengal and Mali villages have agreed to ban the practice of female genital mutilation, reported a local non-governmental organization. (medindia.net)
Tostan campaigns for an end to female genital mutilation. (medindia.net)
The European Union is committed to eradicating female genital mutilation. (medindia.net)
The UN children's agency on Thursday proposed a new approach for ending female genital mutilation, saying campaigns should work with communities instead of fighting local traditions. (medindia.net)
A two-day conference has been convened by lawmakers from 27 African countries in Dakar to push for a UN ban on female genital mutilation as a breach of human rights. (medindia.net)
The UN General Assembly's human rights committee has approved a resolution urging a global ban on female genital mutilation, calling it harmful practice and a serious threat to the psychological, sexual and reproductive health of women and girls. (rt.com)
In the UK some 6,500 girls are at risk of female genital mutilation every year. (rt.com)
The main cause of female genital mutilation is a mix of cultural, social and religious factors. (rt.com)
Egypt to revive female genital mutilation in the name of Islam? (rt.com)
Female genital mutilation is internationally recognized as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. (japantimes.co.jp)
Logic was then applied to justifying the practice, known often as female genital mutilation (FGM) or female genital cutting (FGC). (indonesiamatters.com)
Female Genital Mutilation is wrong and sick on so many levels it is astounding! (indonesiamatters.com)
The Federation therefore, moved that this mutilation ritual, euphamistically termed 'female circumcision', be outlawed. (irfi.org)
It made female genital mutilation a crime throughout the UK, allowing for sentences of up to five years' imprisonment. (wikipedia.org)
The Act was replaced by the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005 in Scotland, both of which extend the legislation to cover acts committed by UK nationals outside of the UK's borders, so that it became a crime to take a girl abroad to undergo FGM. (wikipedia.org)
Female genital mutilation in the United Kingdom First reading of Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act, Hansard, 2 March 1983 S. 1(2) S. 4 Kerbaj, Richard (16 March 2009). (wikipedia.org)
Female Genital Mutilation - also called FGM, female circumcision, cutting or sunna - is when a girl's external genitals (private parts) are cut away. (childline.org.uk)
Hadas experienced female genital mutilation (FGM) and wants this practice to stop. (childline.org.uk)
Female Genital Mutilation was traditionally the specialization of traditional healers, traditional birth attendants or members of the community known for the trade. (who.int)
Female genital mutilation effects 140 million females across the world. (healthtap.com)
Are male circumcision and female genital mutilation equivalent? (healthtap.com)
In each country, research took place in different locales, selected to reflect a diversity of circumcision practices, including communities that practice traditional male circumcision and those that do not circumcise, as well as those practicing female genital mutilation. (bio-medicine.org)
Some women report the concern that the promotion of circumcision for men would increase the promotion of female genital mutilation," says Allen Kuteesa from Health Rights Action Group in Uganda. (bio-medicine.org)
In the few years since it has been launched, the campaign Stop FGM in Kurdistan has created the conditions for an effective struggle against female genital mutilation (FGM) in Kurdish northern Iraq. (theapricity.com)
However there is another, covert threat facing Kurdish women, many of whom undergo female genital mutilation (FGM). (theapricity.com)
More than 200 students from Farafenni and Ngain Sanjal Senior Secondary schools and 100 Islamic scholars, Quranic teachers and Imams were sensitised on the health effects of Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting (FGM/C). (thepoint.gm)
A case-control study on the association between female genital mutilation and sexually transmitted infections in Sudan. (semanticscholar.org)
In fact, under no circumstances am I defending female genital mutilation. (dawoodi-bohras.com)
If all who today practice female genital mutilation can be persuaded to substitute the pinprick, as some groups have done, much good will be achieved. (dawoodi-bohras.com)
For female circumcision, see Female genital mutilation . (wikipedia.org)
Female Genital Mutilation and Male circumcision varies greatly in terms of why it is done and so on. (iammaurina.com)
While male circumcision is obligatory in most cases, female circumcision or female genital mutilation has no place in islam. (iammaurina.com)
There has not been any ayats in the quran or hadeeth that talks about female genital mutilation or circumcision. (iammaurina.com)
It has been originally made to discriminate women to the extent that they get sewed up (female genital mutilation type3) to make women not to enjoy sexual intercourse. (iammaurina.com)
Community leaders gathered in Mali on Thursday to publicly renounce the practice of female genital mutilation to mark an international day of campaigning against female circumcision. (medindia.net)
But I think it's also brought a lot more people in by getting more people to talk about it and look into it," said Hess, president of MGMBill.org , a group against male genital mutilation, which, in its view, includes circumcision. (go.com)
Since 1999, Senegal passed a law prohibiting the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) with sentences ranging from 6 months to 5 years. (unfpa.org)
Rape of Innocence: Female genital mutilation and circumcision in the USA. (doctorsopposingcircumcision.org)
Others have been deeply offended by the comic's equation of male circumcision to female genital mutilation and its vilification of those who perform circumcisions-including doctors (Issue No. 1), Jews (Issue No. 2), and African tribes (Issue No. 3). (motherjones.com)
Female genital mutilation : a call for global action / Nahid Toubia. (who.int)
Against the mutilation of women : the struggle to end unnecessary suffering / by Lilian Passmore Sanderson. (who.int)
Female genital mutilation is currently a public health problem which needs investigation and immediate action. (biomedcentral.com)
26, 95 % CI: 0.16-0.43), being literate (AOR = 0.50, CI: 0.28-0.91) and living in urban area (AOR = 0.30, 95 % CI: 0.17-0.51) had a lower odds of female genital mutilation. (biomedcentral.com)
Studies revealed that knowledge, attitudes and perception about female genital mutilation in the communities and those of health care providers are big challenges in eliminating its practice in developing countries [ 1 , 5 - 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, this study provides information on female genital mutilation and associated factors of circumcision among daughters of reproductive aged women in the Hababo Guduru district, Western Ethiopia. (biomedcentral.com)
Unicef, in its first major report on the practice since 2005, found that the greatest declines in the practice of female circumcision, also known as female g*nital mutilation, have occurred in Kenya, and in the Central African Republic. (naturallymoi.com)
The April 2017 federal indictment of multiple Muslim physicians for the crime of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Michigan is spurring honest conversations in the United States about the nature, origins, and criminality of FGM. (uncommongroundmedia.com)
[4] Thus, when done properly, male circumcision does not affect a man's sexual function and health [5] , which is in contrast to FGM (see Female Genital Mutilation below). (uncommongroundmedia.com)
Does Circumcision Equate With Female Genital Mutilation? (thefemaleimperative.com)
They are trying to equate male circumcision with female genital mutilation to prove they are also oppressed! (thefemaleimperative.com)
Even after the pain stopped and she resumed her normal life, I continued to wonder if I made the right decision because I started to have interactions with anti-female genital mutilation campaigners. (livetimesng.com)
She said "there is a fourth type which refers to the unclassified forms of female genital mutilation, which may involve pricking, stretching, cauterisation, or inserting herbs into the vagina. (livetimesng.com)

To help explain the mystery of why circumcision persists, take the Circumcision Quiz developed by the organization Doctors Opposing Circumcision . (drnorthrup.com)

A modified intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, which included all concurrently enrolled couples in which the female partner had at least one follow-up visit over 24 months, assessed female HIV acquisition by use of survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards modelling. (natap.org)
The hypotheses are that male circumcision will be acceptable to and safe in both groups and will reduce the rates of STD acquisition in both groups and of HIV acquisition in HIV- negative men. (clinicaltrials.gov)
There was an non-significantly higher rate of HIV acquisition in women partners of HIV + men in couples who had resumed sex prior to certified post-surgical wound healing. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The hypotheses are that male circumcision will be acceptable to and safe in women partners, and will reduce the women's acquisition of HIV and STDs such as herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Hypotheses are that male circumcision will be acceptable to and safe in HIV+ men, will reduce the rate of acquisition of STDs, and will reduce the frequency of STD symptoms, such as genital ulceration. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Hypotheses are that circumcision will be acceptable and safe in men who decline their HIV results, and will reduce the rate of acquisition of HIV and STDs, and the frequency of STD symptoms such as genital ulcers. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Male circumcision (MC) decreases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in men. (ovid.com)
Using Cox proportional hazards models, we compared time to STI acquisition for women according to their partner's MC status. (ovid.com)
Is male circumcision acceptable to and safe in HIV-infected men, and will it reduce the rates of acquisition of STDs in these men? (knowcancer.com)
Is male circumcision acceptable and safe in men who decline their HIV results, and will it reduce rates of acquisition of HIV and STDS in these men? (knowcancer.com)
The decrease in GUD among females may be due to decreased HSV-2 acquisition among female partners of circumcised men. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The researchers concluded that during the first year following circumcision, men did not report an increased number of risky sexual acts compared with uncircumcised men -- indicating that "any protective effect of male circumcision on HIV acquisition is unlikely to be offset by an adverse behavioral impact" (Kawango et al. (khn.org)
Concurrently enrolled HIV-negative female partners were followed up at 6, 12 and 24 months, to assess HIV acquisition by male MC assignment (primary outcome). (blogspot.com)

FGM, sometimes referred to as female circumcision, is when a girl's genitals (private parts) are altered or removed. (childline.org.uk)

altogether they present an excellent overview of the current debate on circumcision, especially for those who are not so familiar with the complexity of the scientific, legal, ethical and political aspects of circumcision. (springer.com)

It will be continually updated with emerging information on country progress in expanding access to safe male circumcision services, including lessons learned in implementation,' says Dr. Catherine Hankins, Chief Scientific Adviser to UNAIDS. (opposingviews.com)
Along with images illustrating key concepts, this counselling guide provides messages about safe male circumcision for health care providers. (malecircumcision.org)
The inside panels of a brochure created for women in Botswana provide information about safe male circumcision for the female partners of potential clients. (malecircumcision.org)

Opponents argue that infant circumcision can cause both physical and psychological harm, while recent evidence shows that circumcision is medically beneficial. (news-medical.net)
If more extensively used, it can contribute to putting an end to a practice that has caused considerable harm and suffering to millions of women worldwide. (japantimes.co.jp)
The use of alternative and safer procedures can protect women from harm and help them lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. (japantimes.co.jp)
Those who said that circumcision caused harm had to prove their case, he said. (indonesiamatters.com)
Female Circumcision: Where's the harm? (shiftingsands.org.uk)
Download file to see previous pages These cultures do not do so to harm the woman but believe that it is a main definition between a girl and a mature woman (Momoh 56). (studentshare.org)
In Germany, a court recently found that non-medically-indicated circumcision constitutes bodily harm and is thus unlawful. (theconversation.com)
Despite concerns that outlawing circumcision may harm efforts to limit the spread of AIDS, San Francisco's intactivists have gotten a proposed ban on the ballot. (psmag.com)

I conclude that male infant circumcision falls within the prerogative of parental decision-making in the secular case and even more clearly so in the religious case. (bmj.com)

The purpose of this document is to review common questions and controversy of newborn male circumcision and provide evidence-based answers to them. (womenshealthsection.com)

Female circumcision is no more than a way to control woman, because of this teenagers who have undergone female circumcision are being forced to submit to religious believes that they themselves may not agree with, "The controversial tradition of FGC sets these immigrants apart from the mainstream culture and may complicate their efforts to adjust to life in the United States and cause intergenerational conflict in some families. (123helpme.com)

Circumcision also reduced the risk of infection with other sexually-transmitted diseases such as trichomonas and bacterial vaginosis, but not syphilis, gonorrhea or chlamydia, the researchers told an Aids meeting in Denver. (aljazeera.com)
They re-analysed previous studies and found that circumcision reduced the risk of HIV infection in men by 50% - and by 70% in the highest-risk men. (aljazeera.com)
After controlling for various factors, the researchers found that male circumcision conferred a 15 percent reduction in the risk of women acquiring HIV. (poz.com)
However, the practice of severe forms of female circumcision is now proven to be a great health risk, and the women of the societies that still practice female circumcision risk severe health problems. (heart-intl.net)
Thus, circumcision of HIV-infected men did not reduce transmission of HIV to female partners, and the possibility of higher risk of transmission in couples who resumed sexual intercourse before complete wound healing cannot be excluded. (natap.org)
Observational studies have reported an association between male circumcision and reduced risk of HIV infection in female partners. (natap.org)
Does Male Circumcision Reduce Women's Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Cervical Cancer, and Associated Conditions? (frontiersin.org)
Male circumcision (MC) is proven to substantially reduce men's risk of a number of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). (frontiersin.org)
We conducted a detailed systematic review of the scientific literature to determine the relationship between MC and risk of STIs and associated conditions in women. (frontiersin.org)
Evaluation of the data from the studies retrieved showed that MC is associated with a reduced risk in women of being infected by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and of contracting cervical cancer. (frontiersin.org)
Male partner MC did not reduce risk of gonorrhea, Mycoplasma genitalium , dysuria or vaginal discharge in women. (frontiersin.org)
The WHO emphasizes that STIs in women often have no symptoms, cause adverse birth outcomes, can increase susceptibility to HIV infection, can have long-term morbidity, exhibit drug resistance in the case of gonorrhea, and can cause infertility, risk mother-to-child transmission of STIs, and increase premature mortality ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Reports from women reached by the Kenyan WHiPT team underscore women's fears that male circumcision may lead to changes in men's behaviors and perception of risk. (bio-medicine.org)
Thus sex and or safer sex would be less negotiable than before circumcision, putting women at greater risk for gender-based violence and HIV. (bio-medicine.org)
The hypothesis is that male circumcision will be acceptable in the community and will not result in behavioral disinhibition (increased rates of high risk behaviors). (knowcancer.com)
At each study visit (enrollment, year 1, and year 2), females were interviewed to ascertain sociodemographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and health status. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (semanticscholar.org)
Does circumcision really lower the risk of being infected with a STD? (howstuffworks.com)
Circumcision has been shown to reduce the risk of several infections," said Diekema. (go.com)
During the first year of life, a low rate of adverse events (AEs) was associated with male circumcision (MC), but the risk was 10 to 20 times higher when boys were circumcised after infancy. (medindia.net)
Quite apart from the general economic and social benefits of education for young women, education has been associated with a range of outcomes that could reduce the risk of HIV infection. (aidsmap.com)
Several international studies show that circumcision lowers the risk of HIV transmission. (everydayhealth.com)
A good argument in support of adult circumcision can be made from the standpoint of reducing the risk of STDs and HIV. (everydayhealth.com)
Circumcision is not a simple snip without risk. (circinfo.org)
The risk of transmission is 1 in 2000 for a man who has vaginal intercourse with a woman. (blogspot.com)
Circumcision appears to reduce a man's risk of contracting AIDS from heterosexual sex by half, United States government health officials said yesterday, and the directors of the two largest funds for fighting the disease said they would consider paying for circumcisions in high-risk countries. (nytimes.com)
There are now 2 Research studies that show women who have sex with a circumcised man are at greater risk for contracting HIV! (blogspot.com)
male circumcision may be a risk factor for women? (blogspot.com)
Circumcision of HIV-infected men did not reduce HIV transmission to female partners over 24 months, and transmission risk may be increased with early post-surgical resumption of intercourse. (blogspot.com)
Why not state the truth and say that evidence exists that male circumcision increases the risk of HIV for females ) Longer-term effects could not be assessed. (blogspot.com)
They could'nt be assessed because you ended the trial early, male circumcison might be an important risk factor for females, dont women of the world need to know this? (blogspot.com)
It is estimated that more than 125 million girls and women have undergone the practice and that 30 million girls are at risk of it. (naturallymoi.com)

Finally, the study is also following ~3,000 men and women in the ~50 communities where the circumcision trials are taking place, in order to assess community attitudes towards and knowledge of male circumcision, and to assess whether other preventive behaviors (abstinence, monogamy, numbers of partners, condom use, etc...) change in the community once circumcision becomes available. (knowcancer.com)
Circumcision as a primary HIV preventive: extrapolating from the available data. (semanticscholar.org)
Male circumcision (MC) is an effective preventive health intervention. (intechopen.com)
Whether to promote neonatal male circumcision (NMC) as a preventive health measure has long been a contentious subject among health professionals and the general public. (intechopen.com)

The study, being conducted in Rakai District, Uganda, has enrolled 997 HIV+ and following a detailed informed consent process, randomizing them to receive either immediate (within several days or weeks) or delayed (two years) circumcision. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We analyzed data from a prospective study on hormonal contraception and incident human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infection (STI) among women from Uganda, Zimbabwe, and Thailand. (ovid.com)
Among 5925 women (2180 from Uganda, 2228 from Zimbabwe, and 1517 from Thailand), 18.6% reported a circumcised primary partner at baseline, 70.8% reported an uncircumcised partner, and 9.7% did not know their partner's circumcision status. (ovid.com)
The announcement was made by officials of the National Institutes of Health as they halted two clinical trials, in Kenya and Uganda , on the ground that not offering circumcision to all the men taking part would be unethical. (nytimes.com)

A similar ritual in which the girl is declared a woman without being maimed for life is carried out in Ugandaamong the Sabiny tribe of farmers. (japantimes.co.jp)
For some parents, circumcision is a religious ritual. (womenshealthofwny.com)
Only a third of teenage girls surveyed thought the circumcision ritual should still continue, compared with almost two-thirds of older women. (naturallymoi.com)

Immigration of cultures that practice female circumcision to cultures that do not practice female circumcision has also raised questions in countries such as France, Italy, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Canada and the US. (heart-intl.net)

The Ulema Council, Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), says female circumcision is necessary for Muslims. (indonesiamatters.com)
H. Amidhan of the MUI, speaking in Banjarmasin, said that his august organisation had no problems with female circumcision, because it was a duty for Muslims, was safe and did not cause any health problems for those who underwent it. (indonesiamatters.com)
Not done he went on to say that circumcision was beneficial to Muslims, both men and women, because it removed the filth from the genital area. (indonesiamatters.com)
He advised Muslims who work in the health field to be on their guard and not co-operate in the effort to stamp out female circumcision. (indonesiamatters.com)
2. Circumcision is a distinguishing mark between Muslims and Christians. (islamicboard.com)
On the other extreme we have Knowlegable Muslims completely denying that female circumcision has anything to do with Islam at all and it is merely cultural. (muftisays.com)
Practice Of Female Circumcision Among Bohra Muslims. (dawoodi-bohras.com)
Since these procedures are ostensibly being performed under the sanction of physicians, we feel ethically obligated-as doctors, Muslims, and human rights advocates-to speak out and set the record straight about the realities of FGM, and how it is medically different any form of male circumcision. (uncommongroundmedia.com)

A large percentage of circumcised women are of the Islamic faith, although circumcision is not mentioned in the Islamic holy book, the Koran. (heart-intl.net)
Oustass Khalifa Jammeh also of region 3 said FGM and early marriage is un-Islamic and a violation of women and child's rights. (thepoint.gm)
He called on Islamic scholars to clarify the Islamic point of view on the practice as more women continue to encounter serious health complications due to religious misinterpretation. (thepoint.gm)
But then why is 'circumcision' (or 'khitan') mentioned for women in Islamic sources at all? (asharisassemble.com)
It was clearly widespread in pre-Islamic Arabia and there is a narration that Hadrat Uthman (RA), the third Caliph, allowed women to be circumcised when it was requested. (asharisassemble.com)

Why on earth, God who create vagina for women order such religion to mutilate that part? (indonesiamatters.com)
Instructor Date Female Vagina Circumcision Female circumcision has been a topic of concern among women especially in countries that still hold on to their cultural practices and beliefs which include this act. (studentshare.org)
Discussion about Female Vagina Circumcision Research Paper", n.d. https://studentshare.org/gender-sexual-studies/1468774-discussion-about-female-vagina-circumcision. (studentshare.org)
It includes the partial or total removal of the external female genital, near complete sewing-up the vagina with only a small opening for urination and menstruation, introduction of corrosive substances into the vagina, and other injury for non-therapeutic reasons (WHO, 1997). (aphaih.org)

Among Hindu and Buddhist women living in regions of Nepal and Southern India, girls are kept in the dark for 12 days immediately following menarche, during which they are not allowed to see a man's face or to take a bath. (japantimes.co.jp)
Never heard one of those thing but quite funny though, why women always become a victim of man's superiority? (indonesiamatters.com)

Together with your obstetrician and pediatrician, you should discuss the pros and cons of circumcision to determine what's best for your child. (foxnews.com)

The rate of circumcision in men in the United States has increased to 81% over the past decade. (medindia.net)

Mrs Obelawo stated further that another side effect of the Type 1 and indeed other types of circumcision, is painful sexual encounters which lead to lack of urge or interest in sex. (livetimesng.com)

Aldeeb's work presents readers with an awe-inspiring wealth of information on many pertinent aspects of circumcision. (arclaw.org)

Addressing a major concern of skeptics, the study also found that circumcision did not affect rates of extramarital condom use. (poz.com)

This highlights the considerable barriers to circumcision later, and explains the motivation of opponents who invoke consent and rights since they know that delay will mean it will be unlikely to happen even if the male wants it. (aappublications.org)

The government agency found that the incidence of circumcision declined from 56 percent in 2006 to 32.5 percent in 2009. (go.com)

I was made to believe that circumcision will stop the genital discomfort my daughter was suffering, and that it will also ensure that she does not become promiscuous in future. (livetimesng.com)

FGM is mostly carried out on young girls, between infancy and age 15 and occasionally on adult women. (rt.com)
These findings have led to calls for promotion of male circumcision, especially in infancy, to help reduce the global burden of penile cancer. (hindawi.com)

Swedish researchers, say the practice of female circumcision, which is practised in more than 30 countries and affects 2 million girls each year, could cause infertility. (news-medical.net)
Male circumcision, which has been shown to protect men from infection with the Aids virus, appears to protect women, too, US and Ugandan researchers have reported. (aljazeera.com)
Circumcising men reduced infections in their female partners by 30%, the researchers found. (aljazeera.com)
In the study of more than 300 Ugandan couples in which the man infected the woman, the researchers found that 299 women caught HIV from uncircumcised partners and only 44 were infected by circumcised men. (aljazeera.com)
On one hand some researchers try and justify the practice of circumcision with arguments of hygienic issues, ideology, parental rights, cultural identity, and freedom of religion. (123helpme.com)
On the other hand some researchers argue that circumcision violates morality, making the point that an infant being circumcised is absolutely unable to give consent, calling circumcision a form of abuse. (123helpme.com)
The researchers compared the two groups' sexual behaviors at one, three, six, nine and 12 months following circumcision or study enrollment. (khn.org)
The researchers also found that during the first month following circumcision, men were 61% less likely to report having more than 0.5 risky sexual acts weekly than uncircumcised men. (khn.org)
Researchers held focus groups with men, women, and community leaders in Botswana to discuss perceptions related to men resuming sexual activity before a circumcision wound is. (malecircumcision.org)

Anatomy4

Organisms1

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology9

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Humanities2

Information Science1

Named Groups2

Health Care9

Geographicals13

Concern mounts over female genital mutilation.(1/48)

The long-term reproductive health consequences of female genital cutting in rural Gambia: a community-based survey. (2/48)

Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: changing attitudes? (3/48)

Female genital cutting in southern urban and peri-urban Nigeria: self-reported validity, social determinants and secular decline. (4/48)

Risk factors of invasive cervical cancer in Mali. (5/48)

Is there an association between female circumcision and perinatal death? (6/48)

Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: survey of the attitude of Khartoum university students towards this practice. (7/48)

Rationalising circumcision: from tradition to fashion, from public health to individual freedom--critical notes on cultural persistence of the practice of genital mutilation. (8/48)

Circumcision, Male

Phimosis

Circumcision, Female

Penile Diseases

Ceremonial Behavior

Foreskin

Penis

Africa, Southern

Balanitis

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans

Penile Neoplasms

Medicine, African Traditional

HIV Infections

Africa, Eastern

Uganda

Botswana

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Kenya

Sexual Behavior

United States Agency for International Development

Sexual Partners

Herpes Genitalis

Prilocaine

Paraphimosis

Swaziland

South Africa

Lesotho

Infant, Newborn

Somalia

Heterosexuality

Public Health Nursing

Genitalia, Female

Religion and Medicine

Dominican Republic

Zimbabwe

Genitalia, Male

Culture

Ulcer

Trichomonas Infections

Premature Ejaculation

Africa South of the Sahara

Tanzania

Genital Diseases, Male

Attitude to Health

Petrolatum

Sex Characteristics

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Sexuality

Disease Transmission, Infectious

Sex Factors

Surgical Instruments

Risk Factors

Dyspareunia

Cross-Sectional Studies

Prevalence

Hygiene

General Surgery

Herpesvirus 2, Human

Religion

Electrocoagulation

Sexual Behavior, Animal

Concern mounts over female genital mutilation.(1/48)

The long-term reproductive health consequences of female genital cutting in rural Gambia: a community-based survey. (2/48)

Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: changing attitudes? (3/48)

Female genital cutting in southern urban and peri-urban Nigeria: self-reported validity, social determinants and secular decline. (4/48)

Risk factors of invasive cervical cancer in Mali. (5/48)

Is there an association between female circumcision and perinatal death? (6/48)

Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: survey of the attitude of Khartoum university students towards this practice. (7/48)

Rationalising circumcision: from tradition to fashion, from public health to individual freedom--critical notes on cultural persistence of the practice of genital mutilation. (8/48)

Listening to African Voices - Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among Immigrants in Hamburg: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice ...

The effectiveness of a community-based education program on abandoning female genital mutilation/cutting in Senegal | ...

Female genital cutting in Norway - prevalence assessment and suggested future strategies - Institute for Social Research

Interventions to Reduce the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in African Countries | Resource Centre

Female genital cutting. Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys. | AfWORO - African Womens Research Observatory

Female Circumcision

The Female Genital Mutilation / Cutting (FGM/C) News Blog: Prevalence and associated factors of female genital mutilation among...

Female genital cutting in southern urban and peri-urban Nigeria: self-reported validity, social determinants and secular decline

Female genital mutilation

Genital modification and mutilation - Wikipedia

Male & Female Circumcision Among Jews, Christians and Muslims: Religious, Medical, Social and Legal Debate - Attorneys for the...