Phimosis
Circumcision, Female
Ceremonial Behavior
Penis
Africa, Southern
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Medicine, African Traditional
HIV Infections
Africa, Eastern
Botswana
Kenya
United States Agency for International Development
Herpes Genitalis
Prilocaine
Paraphimosis
Swaziland
South Africa
Somalia
Public Health Nursing
Genitalia, Female
Dominican Republic
Zimbabwe
Genitalia, Male
Culture
Ulcer
Premature Ejaculation
Tanzania
Genital Diseases, Male
Petrolatum
Sex Characteristics
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Sexuality
Disease Transmission, Infectious
Sex Factors
Surgical Instruments
Risk Factors
Dyspareunia
Cross-Sectional Studies
Prevalence
Hygiene
General Surgery
Herpesvirus 2, Human
Religion
Electrocoagulation
Concern mounts over female genital mutilation.(1/48)
(+info)The long-term reproductive health consequences of female genital cutting in rural Gambia: a community-based survey. (2/48)
This paper examines the association between traditional practices of female genital cutting (FGC) and adult women's reproductive morbidity in rural Gambia. In 1999, we conducted a cross-sectional community survey of 1348 women aged 15-54 years, to estimate the prevalence of reproductive morbidity on the basis of women's reports, a gynaecological examination and laboratory analysis of specimens. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to compare the prevalence of each morbidity between cut and uncut women adjusting for possible confounders. A total of 1157 women consented to gynaecological examination and 58% had signs of genital cutting. There was a high level of agreement between reported circumcision status and that found on examination (97% agreement). The majority of operations consisted of clitoridectomy and excision of the labia minora (WHO classification type II) and were performed between the ages of 4 and 7 years. The practice of genital cutting was highly associated with ethnic group for two of the three main ethnic groups, making the effects of ethnic group and cutting difficult to distinguish. Women who had undergone FGC had a significantly higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.18] and a substantially higher prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) [adjusted OR=4.71; 95% CI 3.46-6.42]. The higher prevalence of HSV2 suggests that cut women may be at increased risk of HIV infection. Commonly cited negative consequences of FGC such as damage to the perineum or anus, vulval tumours (such as Bartholin's cysts and excessive keloid formation), painful sex, infertility, prolapse and other reproductive tract infections (RTIs) were not significantly more common in cut women. The relationship between FGC and long-term reproductive morbidity remains unclear, especially in settings where type II cutting predominates. Efforts to eradicate the practice should incorporate a human rights approach rather than rely solely on the damaging health consequences. (+info)Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: changing attitudes? (3/48)
OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence, type, social correlates and attitudes towards female genital cutting (FGC) among urban women in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; and to examine the association between FGC and gynaecological problems, reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and HIV. METHODS: In 1999, 379 women attending reproductive health care clinics were interviewed and underwent pelvic examination. Specimens for RTI/HIV diagnosis were taken. RESULTS: Seventeen per cent had undergone FGC, mostly clitoridectomy (97%). Female genital cutting prevalence was significantly lower among educated, Christian and Chagga women. Women aged >or=35 were twice as likely to be cut as those < 25 years. Seventy-six per cent of those who had undergone FGC intend not to perform the procedure on their daughters. Age < 25 years (P < 0.0001) and low parity (P < 0.01) were predictors of that intention. There was no association between RTIs, HIV or hepatitis B and FGC. CONCLUSION: FGC is still fairly common but there is evidence of a change of attitude towards the practice, especially among young women. The opportunity to educate women who attend reproductive health care facilities on FGC should be taken. (+info)Female genital cutting in southern urban and peri-urban Nigeria: self-reported validity, social determinants and secular decline. (4/48)
Despite growing public resistance to the practice of female genital cutting (FGC), documentation of its prevalence, social correlates or trends in practice are extremely limited, and most available data are based on self-reporting. In three antenatal and three family planning clinics in South-west Nigeria we studied the prevalence, social determinants, and validity of self-reporting for FGC among 1709 women. Women were interviewed on social and demographic history, and whether or not they had undergone FGC. Interviews were followed by clinical examination to affirm the occurrence and extent of circumcision. In total, 45.9% had undergone some form of cutting. Based on WHO classifications by type, 32.6% had Type I cuts, 11.5% Type II, and 1.9% Type III or IV. Self-reported FGC status was valid in 79% of women; 14% were unsure of their status, and 7% reported their status incorrectly. Women are more likely to be unsure of their status if they were not cut, or come from social groups with a lower prevalence of cutting. Ethnicity was the most significant social predictor of FGC, followed by age, religious affiliation and education. Prevalence of FGC was highest among the Bini and Urhobo, among those with the least education, and particularly high among adherents to Pentecostal churches; this was independent of related social factors. There is evidence of a steady and steep secular decline in the prevalence of FGC in this region over the past 25 years, with age-specific prevalence rates of 75.4% among women aged 45-49 years, 48.6% among 30-34-year olds, and 14.5% among girls aged 15-19. Despite wide disparities in FGC prevalence across ethnic, religious and educational groups, the secular decline is evident among all social subgroups. (+info)Risk factors of invasive cervical cancer in Mali. (5/48)
BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women in Mali and the second commonest cause of cancer mortality. METHODS: As part of an international effort to evaluate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the aetiology of cervical cancer, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in three medical centres in Bamako during 1994-1995. A total of 82 cases (invasive cervical cancer patients) and 97 controls matched to the cases for age were included. Information on risk factors was collected through personal interview. Serum antibodies to HPV 16, 18 and 31 virus like particles (VLP) were detected using ELISA assays. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HPV DNA in frozen biopsies of cases. RESULTS: Human papillomavirus 6, 18, 31 VLP were detected in 60.4% of cases and 45.4% of controls (P = 0.03). Overall, HPV DNA was identified in 96.9% of the cervical cancer cases. Risk factors for cervical cancer were parity >10 versus <5 children ([odds ratio] OR = 4.8, 95% CI : 1.5-14.7), never having practised vaginal douching (OR = 17.6, 95% CI : 4.2-74.7), re-using home-made feminine napkins (OR = 45.9, 95% CI : 8.8-238.7) and having a husband with more than two wives (OR = 5.3, 95% CI : 1.3-21.3). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide further evidence on the role of HPV in cervical cancer and show that high parity and poor genital hygiene conditions were the main co-factors for cervical cancer in this population with prevalent HPV infection. (+info)Is there an association between female circumcision and perinatal death? (6/48)
OBJECTIVE: In Sweden, a country with high standards of obstetric care, the high rate of perinatal mortality among children of immigrant women from the Horn of Africa raises the question of whether there is an association between female circumcision and perinatal death. METHOD: To investigate this, we examined a cohort of 63 perinatal deaths of infants born in Sweden over the period 1990-96 to circumcised women. FINDINGS: We found no evidence that female circumcision was related to perinatal death. Obstructed or prolonged labour, caused by scar tissue from circumcision, was not found to have any impact on the number of perinatal deaths. CONCLUSION: The results do not support previous conclusions that genital circumcision is related to perinatal death, regardless of other circumstances, and suggest that other, suboptimal factors contribute to perinatal death among circumcised migrant women. (+info)Female genital mutilation in the Sudan: survey of the attitude of Khartoum university students towards this practice. (7/48)
BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision is the removal of variable amounts of tissue from the female external genitalia. It is practised all over the world on very young girls. This study was conducted in Sudan where FGM is a criminal offence and not a religious dictate. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of this practice among Khartoum university students and compared the differences between male and female student responses. METHODS: An anonymised detailed questionnaire was distributed among the university students. In addition to the participant's age, marital status, course studying, details regarding their attitude, knowledge of the practice of FGM, and their own experiences were collected. RESULTS: Of the 500 questionnaires distributed, 414 (82.8%) were returned from 192 (46%) females and 222 (54%) males. 109 (56.8%) of the female respondents were themselves circumcised.18.8% of the male students and 9.4% of the female students thought FGM was recommended by their religion. Only 90 (46.9%) female students compared with 133 (59.9%) male students thought FGM was illegal. Though 16 (8.3%) female respondents thought FGM would increase their chances of marriage, the majority, 166 (74.8%), of the male students would prefer a non-circumcised female. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that 109 (56.8%) female university students who responded were circumcised. Confusing religious messages and ambiguous laws seem to be responsible for the continuation of this practice. The study highlights the partnership that needs to be established between religious leaders and educationalists to end this medieval practice. (+info)Rationalising circumcision: from tradition to fashion, from public health to individual freedom--critical notes on cultural persistence of the practice of genital mutilation. (8/48)
Despite global and local attempts to end genital mutilation, in their various forms, whether of males or females, the practice has persisted throughout human history in most parts of the world. Various medical, scientific, hygienic, aesthetic, religious, and cultural reasons have been used to justify it. In this symposium on circumcision, against the background of the other articles by Hutson, Short, and Viens, the practice is set by the author within a wider, global context by discussing a range of rationalisations used to support different types of genital mutilation throughout time and across the globe. It is argued that in most cases the rationalisations invented to provide support for continuing the practice of genital mutilation--whether male or female--within various cultural and religious settings have very little to do with finding a critical and reflective moral justification for these practices. In order to question the ethical acceptability of the practice in its non-therapeutic forms, we need to focus on child rights protection. (+info)There are several causes of phimosis, including:
1. Congenital phimosis: This is when the foreskin is too tight or short to retract over the head of the penis, and it is present at birth.
2. Acquired phimosis: This can occur due to inflammation, infection, or injury to the foreskin.
3. Paraphimosis: This is when the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be retracted.
4. Circumcision: This is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin entirely, so it is not possible to have phimosis after circumcision.
Symptoms of phimosis can include:
1. Pain during urination or sexual activity
2. Difficulty retracting the foreskin over the head of the penis
3. Redness, swelling, or discharge in the area
4. Fever or chills
5. Difficulty starting to urinate or stopping urination
Treatment for phimosis depends on the severity of the condition and may include:
1. Topical creams or ointments to reduce inflammation and promote healing
2. Stretching exercises to help loosen the foreskin
3. Steroid injections to reduce swelling
4. Circumcision, if the condition is severe or does not respond to other treatments.
It is important to note that phimosis can be a symptom of other underlying conditions, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or urinary tract infections (UTIs), so it is important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Some common penile diseases include:
1. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
2. Premature Ejaculation (PE): Ejaculation that occurs before or shortly after penetration, with minimal sexual stimulation and before the person wishes it.
3. Penile Cancer: A type of cancer that affects the skin or tissue of the penis.
4. Phimosis: A condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted over the head of the penis.
5. Paraphimosis: A condition in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
6. Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis.
7. Posthetic Syndrome: Pain or discomfort after surgery on the penis.
8. Priapism: A persistent and usually painful erection that lasts for more than four hours and is not relieved by sexual activity or orgasm.
9. Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra, which can be caused by bacterial or viral infections.
10. Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum, which can be caused by bacterial or viral infections.
These diseases can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as blood tests or imaging studies. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease and can include antibiotics, medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as some penile diseases can lead to complications such as scarring, loss of sensation, or erectile dysfunction if left untreated. It is also important to practice safe sex and take steps to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to help prevent the development of penile diseases.
In simpler terms, Balanitis is a condition that causes inflammation in the skin of the penis, specifically around the foreskin and glans. It can be caused by poor hygiene or other medical conditions like diabetes. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, and difficulty pulling back the foreskin. Treatment involves good hygiene practices and sometimes medicine to help clear up the infection.
The symptoms of BXO can vary in severity and may include:
* Redness and swelling of the foreskin and glans
* Pain during sexual activity
* Difficulty retracting the foreskin
* Thickening and tightening of the foreskin
* Foul-smelling discharge
The exact cause of BXO is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including:
* Poor hygiene
* Infection
* Allergies
* Irritation from certain chemicals or substances
* Poor fitting clothing or underwear
There are several treatments for BXO, including:
* Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections
* Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and scarring
* Circumcision to remove the affected tissue
* Dermabrasion or laser therapy to remove scar tissue
It is important for men with BXO to practice good hygiene, avoid irritants, and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper treatment, most men with BXO can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.
There are several different types of penile neoplasms, including:
1. Penile squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of malignant penile neoplasm, and it arises from the squamous cells that line the shaft of the penis.
2. Penile basal cell carcinoma: This is a slower-growing type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the basal cells that are found in the skin of the penis.
3. Penile melanoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.
4. Penile adenocarcinoma: This is a rare type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the glandular cells that are found in the penis.
5. Penile lymphoma: This is a rare type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the immune system's lymphoid tissue.
The symptoms of penile neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the growth, but they may include:
* A firm or hard lump on the penis
* Painless bleeding or discharge from the penis
* Redness or swelling of the skin on the penis
* Difficulty urinating or painful urination
* Pain during sexual activity
If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and may use imaging tests such as ultrasound or biopsy to diagnose the condition. Treatment for penile neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any unusual changes in your penis, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.
There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:
1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)
The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:
1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss
If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:
1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)
HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.
Prevention methods for HIV infection include:
1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.
It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.
STDs can cause a range of symptoms, including genital itching, burning during urination, unusual discharge, and painful sex. Some STDs can also lead to long-term health problems, such as infertility, chronic pain, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.
STDs are usually diagnosed through a physical exam, blood tests, or other diagnostic tests. Treatment for STDs varies depending on the specific infection and can include antibiotics, antiviral medication, or other therapies. It's important to practice safe sex, such as using condoms, to reduce the risk of getting an STD.
Some of the most common STDs include:
* Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and unusual discharge.
* Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms to chlamydia.
* Syphilis: A bacterial infection that can cause a painless sore on the genitals, followed by a rash and other symptoms.
* Herpes: A viral infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and painful sex.
* HPV: A viral infection that can cause genital warts and increase the risk of cervical cancer.
* HIV/AIDS: A viral infection that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, and weight loss, and can lead to AIDS if left untreated.
It's important to note that some STDs can be spread through non-sexual contact, such as sharing needles or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. It's also important to know that many STDs can be asymptomatic, meaning you may not have any symptoms even if you are infected.
If you think you may have been exposed to an STD, it's important to get tested as soon as possible. Many STDs can be easily treated with antibiotics or other medications, but if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems.
It's also important to practice safe sex to reduce the risk of getting an STD. This includes using condoms, as well as getting vaccinated against HPV and Hepatitis B, which are both common causes of STDs.
In addition to getting tested and practicing safe sex, it's important to be aware of your sexual health and the risks associated with sex. This includes being aware of any symptoms you may experience, as well as being aware of your partner's sexual history and any STDs they may have. By being informed and proactive about your sexual health, you can help reduce the risk of getting an STD and maintain good sexual health.
Symptoms include:
* Painful blisters or sores on the genitals, anus, or mouth
* Itching, burning, or tingling sensations in the affected area
* Flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue
* Swollen lymph nodes in the groin
Complications:
* Recurrent episodes of herpes can cause scarring and inflammation of the genitals, anus, or mouth.
* Herpes simplex virus can be transmitted to the eye, leading to a condition called ocular herpes. This can cause vision loss if left untreated.
* Herpes simplex virus can also be transmitted to the central nervous system, leading to a condition called meningitis or encephalitis. This can be life-threatening.
Diagnosis:
* Physical examination and medical history
* Viral culture or PCR test to confirm the presence of the virus
Treatment:
* Antiviral medications such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
* Pain relief medication to manage discomfort.
* Topical creams or ointments to soothe blisters and sores.
Prevention:
* Avoid sexual contact during outbreaks.
* Use condoms or dental dams to reduce the risk of transmission.
* Practice safe oral sex.
* Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or lip balm.
Note: This is a general overview of herpes genitalis and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you suspect you have herpes or have any concerns, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and care.
The condition is often caused by forced retraction of the foreskin, such as during sexual activity or masturbation, or from a tight-fitting circumcision device. It can also be caused by other factors such as infection, allergic reactions, or injury to the genital area.
Treatment for paraphimosis usually involves applying a topical anesthetic and gradually retracting the foreskin over several days. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to release the trapped tissue. Proper hygiene and care of the penis can help prevent the development of paraphimosis and other complications such as infection or gangrene.
Sources:
* American Urological Association. (2018). Paraphimosis. Retrieved from
* Mayo Clinic. (2019). Paraphimosis. Retrieved from
* WebMD. (2019). Paraphimosis. Retrieved from
There are several types of ulcers, including:
1. Peptic ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs in the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Peptic ulcers are caused by excess acid production and are often associated with stress, spicy foods, and certain medications.
2. Stomal ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs in the stoma (the opening) of a surgically created ostomy (a procedure that creates an artificial opening in the abdominal wall).
3. Pressure ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs as a result of prolonged pressure on the skin, often seen in people who are bedridden or have mobility issues.
4. Venous ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs on the legs and is caused by poor blood flow and increased pressure in the veins.
5. Diabetic foot ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs on the feet of people with diabetes, often as a result of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor blood flow.
The symptoms of an ulcer can vary depending on its location and severity, but may include:
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Redness and swelling around the ulcer
* Discharge or pus from the ulcer
* Fever or chills
* Difficulty healing
Treatment for an ulcer will depend on its cause and severity, but may include:
* Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections
* Medications to reduce acid production or protect the stomach lining
* Wound care and dressing changes to promote healing
* Surgery to close the ulcer or remove any dead tissue
* Changes to diet and lifestyle to manage underlying conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure.
* Vaginal discharge (in women) or abnormal semen (in men)
* Itching, burning, or redness of the genitals
* Painful urination
* Discomfort during sex
* Abdominal cramps
If left untreated, trichomoniasis can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men. The infection can also increase the risk of HIV transmission.
Trichomoniasis is typically diagnosed through a physical examination and a wet preparation, where a sample of vaginal fluid is examined under a microscope for the presence of the parasite. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole, which are effective in eliminating the infection. It's important to treat both partners simultaneously to prevent re-infection.
Prevention measures for trichomoniasis include:
* Safe sexual practices such as using condoms and dental dams
* Avoiding sexual contact during outbreaks
* Practicing good hygiene and drying the genital area after sexual activity
* Getting regular STI tests
It's important to note that trichomoniasis can be a recurring infection, so it's important to practice safe sex and get regular check-ups to prevent re-infection.
The exact cause of premature ejaculation is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of psychological, neurological, and hormonal factors. Some potential contributing factors include:
* Anxiety or performance anxiety
* Overactive or hypersensitive reflexes in the pelvic area
* Hormonal imbalances
* Poor communication with one's partner
* Incorrect or incomplete information about sexual health and functioning
* Certain medications or medical conditions
There are several ways to diagnose premature ejaculation, including:
* Medical history and physical examination
* Sexual function questionnaires or rating scales
* Measurement of ejaculatory latency (the time from penetration to ejaculation)
Treatment for premature ejaculation can include:
* Behavioral techniques, such as the "start-stop" method or "squeeze" technique, which involve stopping and starting sexual activity to delay ejaculation
* Medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or topical anesthetics, which can decrease sensitivity and increase latency
* Psychotherapy or counseling to address any underlying psychological issues
* Lifestyle changes, such as reducing stress or improving communication with one's partner
It is important to note that premature ejaculation is a treatable condition, and there are many resources available for men who experience it. If you are experiencing symptoms of premature ejaculation, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider or a sex therapist to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
This definition of 'Genital Diseases, Male' is from the Healthcare Professionals Network (HPN) Thesaurus, a comprehensive collection of terms used in healthcare and related fields.
The diagnosis of dyspareunia typically involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, along with additional tests such as vaginal swabs or ultrasound to determine the underlying cause. Treatment for dyspareunia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, hormone therapy, or surgery.
In addition to its medical definition, 'dyspareunia' can also be used as an adjective to describe a sexual act that is painful or uncomfortable for one or both partners. In this context, the term emphasizes the negative experience of the sexual activity rather than the underlying medical condition causing the pain.
Overall, 'dyspareunia' is a medical term used to describe painful sexual intercourse in women and can be caused by a variety of factors. While it has a specific definition in the medical field, the term may also be used more broadly to describe any sex that is painful or uncomfortable for one or both partners.
Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985
Circumcision controversies
Religion and circumcision
Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
Khitan (circumcision)
Views on circumcision
History of circumcision
Circumcision
Prevalence of circumcision
Forced circumcision
Circumcision in Africa
Circumcision and law
Ethics of circumcision
Prohibitions in Sikhism
Religious views on female genital mutilation
Ina Beasley
Female genital mutilation in the United States
Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf
Phimosis
Joe Rogan
Criticism of religion
Musaylima
Human variability
Judaism and Mormonism
Penile subincision
Ahfad University for Women
Campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya
Women in Kenya
Soninke people
Asiff Hussein
Wesleyan theology
Annika Hernroth-Rothstein
Amina Warsame
Guilliam van Deynum
Glossary of Christianity
Political views of Christopher Hitchens
Religion in India
Temple Mount
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Human sacrifice
Monyohe (Sotho)
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Demographic history of Jerusalem
Isawiyya
Hijab by country
Nsambya Home Care
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History of painting
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Female Circumcision and the Equal Protection
Clause
West African First Ladies to Join Fight Against Female Circumcision
Browsing EB128 by Subject "Circumcision, Female"
Prominent foe of female circumcision wins prestigious $1.4 million Templeton Prize | KTLA
In Kenya, men are challenging the male role in the female circumcision problem | WHO | Regional Office for Africa
Inside a Female-Circumcision Ceremony | Atheist Media Blog
World leaders urged to make female circumcision a priority like HIV - Reuters - AHA Foundation
Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised...
Female Partner Acceptance as a Predictor of Men's Readiness to Undergo Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Zambia: The Spear...
Dear Prime Minister, End Female Circumcision In India | Brut.
Information on Hemophilia for Women | CDC
female circumcision | suesspiciousminds
ConceptNet 5: female circumcision
Uganda bans female circumcision
Female Circumcision | Loving Like God
Female Circumcision In Nigeria | Public Health
Female circumcision; the histories of 3 patients] #1
In Kenya, men are challenging the male role in the female circumcision problem | WHO | Regional Office for Africa
Swiss aid group withdraws from northern Mali - SWI swissinfo.ch
Details for:
The circumcision of women :
āŗ WHO HQ Library catalog
Desert Flower Center to Treat Female Genital Mutilation In Berlin - DER SPIEGEL
Subjects: Circumcision, Female - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Subjects: Circumcision, Female - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Surgical management of a huge post-circumcision epidermoid cyst of the vulva presenting unusually in a postmenopausal woman: a...
Circumcision Information Pages: News: 2002
Female circumcision is no different from other forms of violence against women - SAHIYO
Newborn circumcision decreases incidence and costs of urinary tract infections during the first year of life
The Female Genital Mutilation / Cutting (FGM/C) News Blog: Church Promotes Alternative to Female Circumcision
Why Female Circumcision Violates Islam - God/Allah, Quest for True Islam, True Muslims, Understanding Islam
Voluntary medical male circumcision2
- The results of theses studies led the World Health Organization (WHO) and Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS to recommended the use of voluntary medical male circumcision (MMC) to fight the spread of HIV infection in countries with a low male circumcision prevalence rate and a high HIV prevalence rate. (medscape.com)
- The program promotes HIV testing, counseling, use of ART, and voluntary medical male circumcision to participants in the Rakai Community Cohort Study. (nih.gov)
Africa7
- Ismail, a nurse-midwife, hospital founder, and healthcare advocate who for decades has combatted female circumcision and strived to improve women's health care in East Africa, was named Tuesday, May 16, 2023, as winner of the 2023 Templeton Prize, one of the world's largest annual individual awards. (ktla.com)
- When I read about the recent arrests of Muslims in Michigan for practicing female genital mutilation , a horrific custom that tragically exists in parts of the Middle East and Africa, I was disgusted, appalled and bewildered that such evil had made its way to our shores in America. (god-muslims.com)
- This Book Review tests the applicability of Gerhard's Western feminist theories to the anti female circumcision movements in Africa, and particularly focuses on the limitations of law as a method for claiming women's rights in circumcising communities. (bc.edu)
- Through this analysis, this Review illustrates the limited applicability of Western feminism to the experiences and goals of African feminists and suggests alternate, non-legal approaches to eradicate the practice of female circumcision in Africa. (bc.edu)
- This study outlines key beliefs and principles that defined the course of legal approaches to issues affecting women in the Middle East and North Africa. (stop-stoning.org)
- [ 9 ] Data from a mathematical model suggest that routine circumcision in southern sub-Saharan Africa could prevent 2 million HIV infections over 10 years. (medscape.com)
- 12. Female genital mutilation and reproductive health in Africa. (nih.gov)
Banning female genital mu1
- CNN) -- The Ugandan parliament unanimously passed a bill banning female genital mutilation, a traditional rite that has sparked an international outcry and is practiced in some African and Asian communities. (clitoraid.org)
Practice of female2
- Tony spearheads the Men End FGM campaign from his web page and writes a blog on the need to end the damaging practice of female circumcision often performed without informed consent on girls up to age 15, although younger girls, even infants, and older women are subjected to the procedure. (who.int)
- The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is widespread in Sudan. (who.int)
Male8
- Observational studies have reported an association between male circumcision and reduced risk of HIV infection in female partners. (nih.gov)
- It is going to be worth holding in mind that B was male, and G female. (suesspiciousminds.com)
- While male circumcision has always been a part of Islam as it has Judaism (both religions linking the practice to their ancestor, the biblical patriarch Abraham), female circumcision is not found anywhere in the Qur'an. (god-muslims.com)
- [ 12 ] Further evaluation of these trials has shown no deleterious effects on male erectile function or sexual satisfaction, and 97.1% of female partners reported no change or improved sexual enjoyment after circumcision of their male partner. (medscape.com)
- The results of the African randomized trials also sparked speculative interest in male circumcision to reduce HIV infection in the United States, especially in areas such as New York City. (medscape.com)
- A total of 12,036 (54.4%) were male patients and 10,089 (45.6%) were female patients. (cdc.gov)
- Voluntary, medically performed male circumcision, for example, significantly reduces a man's risk of acquiring HIV from his HIV-positive female partner. (nih.gov)
- Every one or two years from April 1999 until September 2016, participants were tested for HIV and surveyed about their sexual behavior, use of ART, and male circumcision status. (nih.gov)
Phimosis1
- Phimosis may occur after circumcision if redundant inner prepuce slides back over the glans, with subsequent cicatricial scarring and contraction. (medscape.com)
Prevalence1
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the estimated prevalence of FGM among girls and women in northern Sudan in 2000 was 90% (2). (who.int)
Circumcisers1
- Female circumcisers and their attendants waiting in an elementary-school classroom, where they do their work. (atheistmedia.com)
Infant1
- Of note, this decreased risk seems to be associated only with infant circumcision and not with adult procedures. (medscape.com)
Hemophilia7
- A female who inherits one affected X chromosome becomes a "carrier" of hemophilia. (cdc.gov)
- In addition, a female who is a carrier sometimes can have symptoms of hemophilia. (cdc.gov)
- In fact, some doctors describe these women as having mild hemophilia. (cdc.gov)
- Females who carry the hemophilia gene and have any symptoms of the disorder should be checked and cared for by a health care provider. (cdc.gov)
- A woman who is a carrier of the hemophilia gene can have low factor VIII (8) or factor IX (9) levels, and have symptoms of hemophilia. (cdc.gov)
- Bleeding from circumcision is the most common cause of bleeding among babies with hemophilia. (cdc.gov)
- In the baby who may have hemophilia, avoid circumcision if possible. (cdc.gov)
AIDS1
- VANCOUVER, Canada (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Tackling female genital mutilation (FGM) should be made a global priority like HIV/AIDs, according to campaigners concerned about growing evidence that the abusive practice was more widespread than thought. (theahafoundation.org)
Prevention4
- The Spear & Shield project enrolled 668 men and female partners from ten Zambian community health centers into parallel interventions promoting VMMC for HIV prevention or time-matched control conditions. (nih.gov)
- The theory that circumcision contributes to prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was encouraged by a 19th-century report of lower rates of syphilis in Jewish men. (medscape.com)
- 3. [Prevention of female genital mutilation in Sweden]. (nih.gov)
- 17. Female genital mutilation: the role of health professionals in prevention, assessment, and management. (nih.gov)
Widespread1
- First ladies from seven west African countries gather here Monday for a conference on ways to end female circumcision, a widespread practise in the region despite efforts to end it. (medindia.net)
Genitalia4
- Defined by the World Health Organization as "partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons," FGM's immediate complications include severe pain, hemorrhage, bacterial infection and injury to surrounding genital tissue. (spiegel.de)
- Epidermoid cysts of the external genitalia are one of the late complications of female genital mutilation. (bvsalud.org)
- The procedure involves removing part or all of the external female genitalia and is typically performed on girls as a rite of passage into womanhood. (blogspot.com)
- Female genital mutilation is an ancient practice where parts of a girl's genitalia are removed in order to eliminate sexual desire and pleasure in a woman. (god-muslims.com)
Infections2
- This finding might be the result of women having fewer risk factors for contracting mixed genotype infections. (cdc.gov)
- Finally, female genital mutation has been reported to have immediate and prolonged physiological and psychological effects, including frequent infections and chronic inflammation, but similar to most other practices, consequences for preterm birth remain understudied and for the vaginal microbiota, unknown. (nih.gov)
Incidence3
- To assess the effect of newborn circumcision on the incidence and medical costs of urinary tract infection (UTI) during the first year of life for patients in a large health maintenance organization. (nih.gov)
- [ 3 ] Additionally, controlled studies by Tobian et al have shown the efficacy of circumcision in reducing the incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, and a follow-up study suggested that it may protect female partners from acquisition in men already infected. (medscape.com)
- HIV incidence declined by 54% among all men but by only 32% among all women. (nih.gov)
Teachings4
- Ismail, the first African woman to win the prize, "has used the teachings of her faith, family, and scientific education to improve the health and opportunities of some of the world's most vulnerable women and girls," said Heather Templeton Dill, president of the John Templeton Foundation. (ktla.com)
- She has employed her many positions of authority to argue passionately that female circumcision is against the teachings of Islam, and deeply harmful to women. (ktla.com)
- But in reality, female genital mutilation has no basis in the Qur'an and violates the clear teachings of Prophet Muhammad. (god-muslims.com)
- In 2006, Islamic scholars led by the grand Sheikh of Al Azhar University, the highest scholarly authority in the Islamic world, declared that female genital mutilation is a violation of Islam's teachings . (god-muslims.com)
Genital surgeries1
- Responding to traditional female genital surgeries. (nih.gov)
Eradication2
Medical4
- Medical professionals and first responders: you are the front line in the fight against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in the USA. (theahafoundation.org)
- Failure of medical treatment warrants surgical intervention, usually in the traditional form of a circumcision or preputioplasty. (medscape.com)
- 1. Female genital mutilation and female genital schistosomiasis--bourouwel, the worm: traditional belief or medical explanation for a cruel practice? (nih.gov)
- 13. Female genital circumcision: medical and cultural considerations. (nih.gov)
Procedure4
- However, if circumcision is done, then a pediatric hematologist (a doctor who specializes in blood) should be consulted before the procedure to ensure that the child receives proper treatment to prevent excessive bleeding. (cdc.gov)
- She would like to see more funds put to use in the field, with projects geared to raising awareness among public health workers, community elders and, of course, the women who still insist on subjecting their daughters to the procedure. (spiegel.de)
- Circumcision: Routine Procedure or Child Abuse? (cirp.org)
- It is a common occurrence that female relatives of the girl advocate for the practice and make arrangements for a traditional female excisor to conduct the procedure (6). (who.int)
Males3
- All males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY) and all females have two X chromosomes (XX). (cdc.gov)
- The mean total cost of managing UTI was 2 times as high in males ($1111) as in females ($542). (nih.gov)
- Newborn circumcision during the first year of life is, thus, a valuable preventive health measure, particularly in the first 3 months of life, when uncircumcised males are most likely to be hospitalized with severe UTI. (nih.gov)
Dignity1
- Rooted in her Muslim faith, she receives this year's award in recognition of her extraordinary efforts to harness the power of the sciences to affirm the dignity of women and help them to flourish physically and spiritually," said the announcement. (ktla.com)
Undergone7
- Says Tony Mwebia, "Men believe that girls who have undergone female genital mutilation will attract more dowry in terms of cows. (who.int)
- We need to change the mindset that girls who have undergone female genital mutilation are more attractive, beautiful, well mannered, faithful and respectful. (who.int)
- An estimated 513,000 women and girls are either at-risk of FGM or have already undergone FGM in America. (theahafoundation.org)
- About three million women and girls face female genital mutilation globally every year, and nearly 140 million have already undergone the practice, according to the United Nations. (clitoraid.org)
- At least 200 million girls and women have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) in 30 countries around the world (1). (who.int)
- However, according to a Sudan multiple indicator cluster survey, by 2014 the percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who had undergone FGM increased to 86.6% (4). (who.int)
- 19. Caring for women who have undergone genital mutilation. (nih.gov)
Egypt2
- Girls are being circumcised in Egypt despite a ban on female genital mutilation, imposed about six years ago. (medindia.net)
- This is an excerpt from a television program about female circumcision in Egypt, which aired on Egyptian TV on May 10, 2007. (stop-stoning.org)
Debate2
- Debate on Female Circumcision. (sierraexpressmedia.com)
- Gerhard tackles the feminist equality-versus-difference debate and concludes that both concepts are vital to women's efforts to achieve status that is both equal with men but uniquely female at the same time. (bc.edu)
Child Abuse1
- 15. Female genital mutilation: cultural practice or child abuse? (nih.gov)
Postmenopausal3
- The commonly used Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) is not useful for shared clinical decision-making regarding osteoporosis screening in younger postmenopausal women. (medindia.net)
- Surgical management of a huge post-circumcision epidermoid cyst of the vulva presenting unusually in a postmenopausal woman: a case report. (bvsalud.org)
- Huge epidermoid vulvar cysts following genital mutilation are rare and presentation in a postmenopausal woman has not been reported. (bvsalud.org)
Proven1
- Firstly, and importantly, one should note that the Court found that the allegation that G had been subjected to Female Genital Mutilation was not proven, and thus did not happen. (suesspiciousminds.com)
Practices4
- The three-day meeting will "discuss transboundary practices of circumcision in the region to better fight against the scourge," presidential spokesman Saidou Ouedraogo said. (medindia.net)
- Consideration of Cultural Practices When Characterizing the Vaginal Microbiota Among African and African American Women. (nih.gov)
- This manuscript considers intravaginal practices prevalent among African and African-American women, with the aim of providing a framework for how these practices may affect vaginal health and the vaginal microbiota, and consequently, impact pregnancy outcomes. (nih.gov)
- Intravaginal practices are influenced by traditional socio-cultural beliefs and gender norms, with prominent practices including intravaginal insertion of substances (herbs and traditional medicines), intravaginal cleansing (douching), and anatomical modification of the female organs (labia elongation and female genital mutilation). (nih.gov)
Reproductive health1
- Dr Joyce Lavussa, a reproductive health expert with the World Health Organization (WHO), is optimistic that the increased high-level advocacy efforts by such men as Tony and Elias will greatly broaden the needed awareness on the damaging effects of female genital mutilation. (who.int)
Risk1
- Women grapple with the risk of mental illnesses as immense challenge of constantly striving for perfection and balancing multiple roles takes a toll. (medindia.net)
Kenya3
- Two men in Kenya are rallying against the myths that perpetuate the violation of women's and girls' human rights through the centuries-old cultural tradition of female circumcision, more commonly known as female genital mutilation. (who.int)
- Elias is an activist with the Kenya Men Engage Alliance , which uses contemporary channels to reach out to boys and men to fight the acceptance of female genital mutilation, which is banned in Kenya and 24 other African countries. (who.int)
- July 14, 2009 Female genital cutting, or circumcision, is rampant in parts of Kenya. (blogspot.com)
Sexuality3
- It is just one of the many ways society tries to control the female body, sexuality and being. (sahiyo.com)
- The latter hadith is surprising to many people today in the West, where religion is often seen as embarrassed by sexuality, especially female sexuality. (god-muslims.com)
- When I first published my novel " Mother of the Believers " on Aisha, the wife of Prophet Muhammad, I was approached at a book signing in the Midwest by a Pakistani woman who said she liked my book, but was very uncomfortable with the open discussion of sexuality among the female characters. (god-muslims.com)
Feminist1
- She directs her theories to the feminist movements in Europe, and concludes that women must primarily use law to claim their rights. (bc.edu)
Priority2
- She comes from Guinea, where 98 percent of women have suffered FGM, and, although she welcomes the opening of the Desert Flower Center, she believes that female circumcision reversals are not a priority. (spiegel.de)
- In light of this fact, changing females' knowledge and attitude towards the practice should be a priority in any strategy to eliminate the practice of FGM in Sudan. (who.int)
Attitudes1
- Men can foster positive beliefs and attitudes and raise awareness on the impact of female genital mutilation to the health of women and girls, which can promote behaviour change in men and boys through the identification and promotion of positive notions of masculinities," explains Elias. (who.int)
Islam2
- Wait a minute, female circumcision violates Islam? (god-muslims.com)
- And in 2008, the US Agency for International Development published an important paper on the issue, " De-linking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam . (god-muslims.com)
Content2
- This content was published on Sep 26, 2011 Sep 26, 2011 Prostitution is not a respectable profession in Mali, but it is a flourishing one, with poverty pushing many women, even girls as young as 12, into. (swissinfo.ch)
- This content was published on May 29, 2010 May 29, 2010 Mariam Namogo, head of a Swiss charity project against female genital mutilation in Mali, says Africans need to fight against the practice. (swissinfo.ch)
Complications1
- Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) or female circumcision Statistical analysis has received attention because of its health complications and the Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 20.0 (IBM, recognition that it represents human rights abuse and violence against USA). (who.int)
Girls and women3
- They work separately, but both men are ardent campaigners against female genital mutilation and promoting the rights of girls and women. (who.int)
- Some 200 million girls and women are impacted by FGM worldwide, according to U.N. data, but some activists said this was a "massive underestimate" as it ignored the true geographic spread of FGM and omitted children and older women. (theahafoundation.org)
- The very idea that something is wrong with female reproductive organs or that it is not good enough the way it is and that it has to be cut reflects a deep-rooted idea that girls and women have to be controlled and subjected to many restrictions and etc. (sahiyo.com)
Intervention1
- This study aimed to assess the effects of a secondary school-based health education intervention on the knowledge and attitude of female students towards FGM in Sudan. (who.int)
Common1
- Female circumcision, or female genital mutilation (FGM), is common in some 30 African countries despite major awareness-raising campaigns and ever-tougher laws against the practise. (medindia.net)
Traditional1
- 18. Female genital mutilation in the West: traditional circumcision versus genital cosmetic surgery. (nih.gov)
Violence again2
- Sunat perempuan is no different from other forms of violence against women. (sahiyo.com)
- To not see it as a problem is to deny that this is part of a bigger picture of how society condones violence against women and removes women's rights to live on their own terms. (sahiyo.com)
Population1
- In 2017, the overall age-adjusted death rate for female breast cancer was 19.9 per 100,000 population. (cdc.gov)
Boys2
- Using films, role models and Twitter, under the tagline #MenENDFGM, both men are demonstrating the harmfulness of female circumcision through candid discussions with boys and men, including religious leaders. (who.int)
- As this Handbook illustrates, in every country and community in which UNHCR works, women and girls are less likely than men and boys to have access to even the most fundamental of their rights, such as food, health care, shelter or documentation. (stop-stoning.org)
Sexual3
- We assessed whether circumcision in HIV-infected men would reduce transmission of the virus to female sexual partners. (nih.gov)
- But more directly to the issue of female genital mutilation, the practice violates the Prophet's very clear teaching that women have the right sexual fulfillment . (god-muslims.com)
- Percentage of females aged 15-24 with two or more sexual partners. (nationmaster.com)
Approaches1
- The targeted advocacy campaigns with men and the enforcement of policies, laws and guidelines (typically by men), with an emphasis on multidisciplinary and multisector approaches, she says are concrete and realistic efforts in the fight against female genital mutilation. (who.int)
Hospital1
- We'll help treat 1000's of FGM women in the first hospital of its kind! (clitoraid.org)
Prevalent1
- Practitioners in areas where female genital mutilation is prevalent should be aware of the peculiar anatomic and technical aspects of the surgical removal of these giant vulvar cysts for successful therapeutic and cosmetic outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
African4
- Female circumcision, a popular practice in the West African country will soon be banned by the new Sierra Leone government. (medindia.net)
- Female genital mutilation has been banned in some African countries, but it is still practiced in some remote, close-knit communities. (clitoraid.org)
- All of the African tribes do not practice the "cutting" the women, but all of what has been calling itself "church" certainly does. (lovinglikegod.com)
- But the opening this week of the Desert Flower Center marks an invisible bridge between Germany and the dozens of African countries that practice female genital mutilation (FGM). (spiegel.de)
Rite1
- In the town of Meru, Eastern province, the Catholic Church has come up with an alternative rite of passage for girls and young women. (blogspot.com)
Describe1
- Critics describe it as female genital mutilation, or FGM. (blogspot.com)
Involves1
- The practice, which involves cutting off a girl's clitoris, is also called female circumcision. (clitoraid.org)
Daughters1
- Norwegian police accused a Gambian couple on Friday of subjecting five daughters to genital mutilation in the country's first-ever case against the illegal act of female circumcision. (medindia.net)