Biological mechanism that controls CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. Circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in cyanobacteria and as more complex systems in fungi, plants, and animals. In humans the system includes photoresponsive RETINAL GANGLION CELLS and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS that acts as the central oscillator.
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that contain intrinsic HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE activity and play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. Clock proteins combine with Arntl proteins to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation. This transcriptional activation also sets into motion a time-dependent feedback loop which in turn down-regulates the expression of clock proteins.
The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.
The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.
Circadian rhythm signaling proteins that influence circadian clock by interacting with other circadian regulatory proteins and transporting them into the CELL NUCLEUS.
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. They combine with CLOCK PROTEINS to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation.
Flavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in ANIMALS and as blue-light photoreceptors in PLANTS. They are structurally-related to DNA PHOTOLYASES and it is believed that both classes of proteins may have originated from an earlier protein that played a role in protecting primitive organisms from the cyclical exposure to UV LIGHT.
The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.
A broad category of proteins that regulate the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM of an organism. Included here are proteins that transmit intracellular and intercellular signals in a chronological manner along with proteins that sense light and time-dependent changes in the environment such as the PHOTOPERIOD.
An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
A DNA-binding orphan nuclear receptor that negatively regulates expression of ARNTL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and plays a role as a regulatory component of the circadian clock system. The Nr1d1 nuclear receptor expression is cyclically-regulated by a feedback loop involving its positive regulation by CLOCK PROTEIN; BMAL1 PROTEIN heterodimers and its negative regulation by CRYPTOCHROME and PERIOD PROTEINS.
Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a covalently bound flavin molecule and are involved in various biological processes, including metabolism and redox reactions.
The absence of light.
A mechanism of communication with a physiological system for homeostasis, adaptation, etc. Physiological feedback is mediated through extensive feedback mechanisms that use physiological cues as feedback loop signals to control other systems.
Disruptions of the rhythmic cycle of bodily functions or activities.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
A casein kinase I isoenzyme with specificity for proteins involved the regulation of the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.
A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
A form-genus of spherical to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. They contain THYLAKOIDS and are found in a wide range of habitats.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
A species of ascomycetous fungi of the family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, much used in biochemical, genetic, and physiologic studies.
Bouts of physical irritability or movement alternating with periods of quiescence. It includes biochemical activity and hormonal activity which may be cellular. These cycles are shorter than 24 hours and include sleep-wakefulness cycles and the periodic activation of the digestive system.
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.
A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
DNA locations with the consensus sequence CANNTG. ENHANCER ELEMENTS may contain multiple copies of this element. E-boxes play a regulatory role in the control of transcription. They bind with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. Binding specificity is determined by the specific bHLH heterodimer or homodimer combination and by the specific nucleotides at the 3rd and 4th position of the E-box sequence.
A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other BIOGENIC AMINES and NEUROPEPTIDES.
A casein kinase I isoenzyme that plays a regulatory role in a variety of cellular functions including vesicular transport, CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION; CYTOKINESIS, developmental processes, and the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A chronobiologic disorder resulting from rapid travel across a number of time zones, characterized by insomnia or hypersomnolence, fatigue, behavioral symptoms, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Cooper, Sleep, 1994, pp593-8)
The adaptation of drug administration to the known variations in biological RHYTHMICITY, such as CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms, or modifying the timing of therapy to achieve maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effect.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The measurement of frequency or oscillation changes.
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.
The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, comprising bread molds. They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
The reproductive organs of plants.
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
An acetyltransferase with specificity towards the amine group of aromatic alkylamines (arylalkylamines) such as SEROTONIN. This enzyme is also referred to as serotonin acetylase despite the fact that serotonin acetylation can also occur through the action of broad specificity acetyltransferases such as ARYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Seasonal suspension of insect growth development. It can be either induced by environmental cues (e.g., PHOTOPERIOD) or as a facultative part of the life cycle in order to time development with seasonal changes.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Eye proteins are the biological molecules that make up the various structures of the eye and are essential for its proper function.
A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.
A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.
ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.
A plant photo regulatory protein that exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by LIGHT. In response to light it moves to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates transcription of target genes. Phytochrome B plays an important role in shade avoidance and mediates plant de-etiolation in red light.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)
C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research.
A DNA-binding orphan nuclear receptor that positively regulates expression of ARNTL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and is a regulatory component of the circadian clock system. The protein also has a role in neuron cell survival and differentiation in that loss of function mutations of its gene result in the mouse phenotype referred to as the STAGGERER MOUSE.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Emission of LIGHT when ELECTRONS return to the electronic ground state from an excited state and lose the energy as PHOTONS. It is sometimes called cool light in contrast to INCANDESCENCE. LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS take advantage of this type of light emitted from LUMINESCENT AGENTS.
Biological systems as affected by time. Aging, biological rhythms, and cyclic phenomena are included. Statistical, computer-aided mathematical procedures are used to describe, in mathematical terminology, various biological functions over time.
A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Photosensitive proteins expressed in the ROD PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of rod photoreceptor pigments such as RHODOPSIN.
Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
The adaptation of therapeutic approaches such as pharmacological (DRUG CHRONOTHERAPY), surgical, radiological, or physical to the known variations in biological RHYTHMICITY, such as CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms, or modifying the timing of therapy to achieve maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effect.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
The group of celestial bodies, including the EARTH, orbiting around and gravitationally bound by the sun. It includes eight planets, one minor planet, and 34 natural satellites, more than 1,000 observed comets, and thousands of lesser bodies known as MINOR PLANETS (asteroids) and METEOROIDS. (From Academic American Encyclopedia, 1983)
A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
Proteins found in any species of insect.
The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from LUMINESCENCE.
The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.
The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.
The physiological processes, properties, and states characteristic of plants.
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
A plant family of the order Fagales subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida.
An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.
A suborder of HEMIPTERA, called true bugs, characterized by the possession of two pairs of wings. It includes the medically important families CIMICIDAE and REDUVIIDAE. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. Its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments.
The primary plant photoreceptor responsible for perceiving and mediating responses to far-red light. It is a PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASE that is translocated to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to light signals.
The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for and mediate the effects of MELATONIN. Activation of melatonin receptors has been associated with decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP and increased hydrolysis of PHOSPHOINOSITIDES.
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.
A form-genus of unicellular coccoid to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA, in the order Chroococcales. Three different clusters of strains from diverse habitats are included.

Circadian clock resetting in the mouse changes with age. (1/573)

 (+info)

Chronopharmaceutical drug delivery systems: Hurdles, hype or hope? (2/573)

 (+info)

Interplay between low-temperature pathways and light reduction. (3/573)

Low temperature is one of the major factors that adversely affect crop yields by causing restraints on plant growth and productivity. However, most temperate plants have the ability to acclimate to cooler temperatures. Cold acclimation is a process which increases the freezing tolerance of an organism after exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures. The main trigger is a decrease in temperature levels, but light reduction has also been shown to have an important impact on acquired tolerance. Since the lowest temperatures are commonly reached during the night hours in winter time and is an annually recurring event, a favorable trait for plants is the possibility of sensing an imminent cold period. Consequently, extensive crosstalk between light- and temperature signaling pathways has been demonstrated and in this review interesting interaction points that have been previously reported in the literature are highlighted.  (+info)

Heritable circadian period length in a wild bird population. (4/573)

 (+info)

Circadian rhythms in gene expression: Relationship to physiology, disease, drug disposition and drug action. (5/573)

 (+info)

PERsuading nuclear receptors to dance the circadian rhythm. (6/573)

The recurring light/dark cycle that has a period length of about 24 hours has been internalized in various organisms in the form of a circadian clock. This clock allows a precise orchestration of biochemical and physiological processes in the body thus improving performance. Recently, we found that the clock component PERIOD2 (PER2) can coordinate transcriptional regulation of metabolic, physiological, or behavioral pathways by interacting with nuclear receptors. PER2 appears to act as co-regulator of nuclear receptors linking clock function and transcriptional regulation at the level of protein-protein interactions. Here, we provide additional evidence for modulation of nuclear receptor dependent transcription by PER2 underscoring the broad implication of our finding. Taken together, our findings provide a base for the understanding of various disorders including mood disorders that have their roots in a temporal deregulation of basic metabolic processes.  (+info)

Circadian clocks in the ovary. (7/573)

 (+info)

Similarities in the circadian clock and photoperiodism in plants. (8/573)

 (+info)

In the medical field, circadian clocks refer to the internal biological rhythms that regulate various physiological processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, metabolism, and body temperature. These rhythms are controlled by a complex network of genes and proteins that are primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain. The SCN acts as the master clock, receiving input from light-sensitive cells in the retina and synchronizing the body's internal clock with the external environment. The SCN then sends signals to other parts of the body to regulate various physiological processes in a 24-hour cycle. Disruptions to the circadian clock can lead to a range of health problems, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, metabolic disorders, and increased risk of certain diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate circadian rhythms is an important area of research in medicine and has implications for the development of new treatments for various health conditions.

CLOCK proteins are a group of proteins that play a role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm, or internal clock. The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. The CLOCK proteins are involved in the regulation of this cycle by controlling the expression of genes that are involved in the circadian rhythm. There are two main types of CLOCK proteins: CLOCK and BMAL1. These proteins form a heterodimer, which is a complex of two different proteins, and this complex binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of circadian rhythm-related genes. This binding activates the expression of these genes, which in turn helps to regulate the circadian rhythm. Disruptions in the function of the CLOCK proteins have been linked to various sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep apnea, as well as other conditions, such as depression and obesity.

Circadian rhythm refers to the internal biological clock that regulates various physiological processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, hormone production, and metabolism. This rhythm is controlled by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives input from specialized photoreceptors in the retina that detect changes in light levels. The circadian rhythm is approximately 24 hours long and is influenced by external factors such as light exposure, meal times, and physical activity. Disruptions to the circadian rhythm, such as those caused by jet lag, shift work, or chronic sleep disorders, can have negative effects on health and well-being, including increased risk of mood disorders, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes.

Biological clocks are internal mechanisms that regulate various physiological processes in living organisms, including humans. These clocks are responsible for controlling the timing of events such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, metabolism, and other circadian rhythms. In the medical field, the study of biological clocks is important because disruptions to these rhythms can have negative effects on health. For example, shift work and jet lag can disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to sleep disorders, fatigue, and other health problems. Research has also shown that disruptions to biological clocks can increase the risk of certain diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of biological clocks and how they can be influenced by external factors is an important area of medical research.

Period circadian proteins (PERs) are a group of proteins that play a critical role in regulating the body's internal clock, also known as the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. PERs are produced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small region of the hypothalamus in the brain. The SCN receives input from the retina, which detects changes in light and darkness, and uses this information to synchronize the body's internal clock with the external environment. PERs are involved in the negative feedback loop that regulates the circadian rhythm. When light enters the eye, it inhibits the production of PERs, which in turn leads to the release of other hormones that promote wakefulness. As the day progresses, PER levels increase, leading to the suppression of wakefulness-promoting hormones and the onset of sleep. Disruptions in the regulation of PERs can lead to various sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Additionally, mutations in the genes that encode PERs have been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

ARNTL Transcription Factors are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the circadian rhythm, which is the body's internal clock that controls various physiological processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. ARNTL Transcription Factors are encoded by the ARNTL gene and are composed of a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain and a PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) domain. These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the expression of genes involved in the circadian rhythm. Mutations in the ARNTL gene have been associated with various sleep disorders, including advanced sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep phase syndrome.

Cryptochromes are a class of photoreceptor proteins that are found in a variety of organisms, including plants, insects, and mammals. They are responsible for detecting and responding to blue light, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of around 400-500 nanometers. In the medical field, cryptochromes have been studied for their potential role in regulating circadian rhythms, which are the internal biological clocks that control various physiological processes in the body, such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. Cryptochromes have been shown to play a key role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms to the external environment, and they are thought to be involved in the regulation of mood, memory, and other cognitive functions. In addition to their role in circadian rhythms, cryptochromes have also been implicated in a number of other biological processes, including the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, the protection against oxidative stress, and the prevention of cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of cryptochromes in health and disease.

Circadian rhythm signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that play a crucial role in regulating the body's internal clock, also known as the circadian rhythm. These molecules are involved in the synchronization of various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, metabolism, and body temperature, with the 24-hour day-night cycle. The circadian rhythm is controlled by a complex network of genes and proteins that interact with each other to regulate the timing of various physiological processes. Some of the key signaling peptides and proteins involved in this process include melatonin, cortisol, and the nuclear receptor protein REV-ERBα. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland, plays a role in the body's response to stress and regulates metabolism. REV-ERBα is a nuclear receptor protein that regulates the expression of genes involved in the circadian rhythm. Disruptions in the circadian rhythm signaling peptides and proteins can lead to various health problems, including sleep disorders, metabolic disorders, and mood disorders. Therefore, understanding the role of these molecules in the regulation of the circadian rhythm is important for developing effective treatments for these conditions.

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1, also known as NR1D1 or Rev-ERBα, is a protein that plays a role in regulating gene expression and various physiological processes in the body. It is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, which are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the expression of genes. NR1D1 is primarily expressed in the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle, and is involved in regulating metabolism, circadian rhythms, and inflammation. It has been implicated in a number of diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. NR1D1 functions as a transcriptional repressor, meaning that it can prevent the expression of certain genes by binding to specific DNA sequences and inhibiting the activity of other transcription factors. It is also involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, as it can bind to and regulate the expression of genes involved in the body's internal clock. Overall, NR1D1 plays an important role in regulating gene expression and various physiological processes in the body, and its dysfunction has been implicated in a number of diseases.

Flavoproteins are a class of proteins that contain a covalently bound flavin molecule, which is a prosthetic group consisting of a pyrazine ring and a ribityl side chain. Flavoproteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including metabolism, redox reactions, and signal transduction. Flavoproteins can be classified into two main types based on the type of flavin they contain: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). FMN is a reduced form of flavin, while FAD is an oxidized form. Flavoproteins play important roles in various medical conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. For example, flavoproteins such as NADH dehydrogenase and flavin reductase are involved in the electron transport chain, which is essential for energy production in cells. Mutations in genes encoding flavoproteins can lead to defects in this process, resulting in various diseases. In addition, flavoproteins are also involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins, and are targets for the development of new drugs. For example, flavoproteins such as cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many drugs, and inhibitors of these enzymes can be used to enhance the efficacy of certain drugs or reduce their toxicity.

In the medical field, "darkness" generally refers to a lack of light or visual perception. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including: 1. Retinal detachment: A condition in which the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, separates from the underlying tissue. 2. Retinitis pigmentosa: A genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the retina, leading to vision loss and eventually blindness. 3. Macular degeneration: A condition in which the central part of the retina, called the macula, deteriorates, leading to vision loss. 4. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause vision loss. 5. Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. 6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve can cause vision loss or blindness. 7. Brain injury: Damage to the brain, particularly the visual cortex, can cause blindness or vision loss. In some cases, darkness may also be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as a brain tumor or stroke.

Chronobiology disorders refer to a group of medical conditions that are related to disruptions in the body's internal clock, also known as the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates various physiological processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. Chronobiology disorders can result from a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Some common examples of chronobiology disorders include: 1. Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS): A condition in which a person has difficulty falling asleep at the appropriate time and tends to stay up later than their body's natural sleep-wake cycle. 2. Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS): A condition in which a person tends to fall asleep earlier than their body's natural sleep-wake cycle and wakes up earlier than desired. 3. Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder: A condition in which a person's sleep-wake cycle is not synchronized with the external environment, leading to difficulty falling asleep and waking up at the same time each day. 4. Jet Lag: A temporary condition that occurs when a person travels across multiple time zones and experiences disruptions in their sleep-wake cycle. 5. Shift Work Sleep Disorder: A condition in which a person has difficulty sleeping due to the irregular work schedule of shift work, which can disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle. Chronobiology disorders can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and can lead to a range of physical and mental health problems. Treatment for these disorders typically involves lifestyle changes, such as adjusting sleep schedules and exposure to natural light, as well as medication and other therapies.

Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant species that is widely used as a model organism in the field of plant biology. It is a member of the mustard family and is native to Europe and Asia. Arabidopsis is known for its rapid growth and short life cycle, which makes it an ideal model organism for studying plant development, genetics, and molecular biology. In the medical field, Arabidopsis is used to study a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Researchers use Arabidopsis to study the genetic basis of plant diseases, such as viral infections and bacterial blight, and to develop new strategies for crop improvement. Additionally, Arabidopsis is used to study the effects of environmental factors, such as light and temperature, on plant growth and development. Overall, Arabidopsis is a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of plant biology and has important implications for agriculture and medicine.

Arabidopsis Proteins refer to proteins that are encoded by genes in the genome of the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology research due to its small size, short life cycle, and ease of genetic manipulation. Arabidopsis proteins have been extensively studied in the medical field due to their potential applications in drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. For example, some Arabidopsis proteins have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties, making them potential candidates for the development of new drugs. In addition, Arabidopsis proteins have been used as tools for studying human diseases. For instance, researchers have used Arabidopsis to study the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Overall, Arabidopsis proteins have become an important resource for medical research due to their potential applications in drug discovery and disease research.

Casein kinase I epsilon (CKIε) is a protein kinase enzyme that plays a role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, DNA replication, and gene expression. It is a member of the casein kinase family of enzymes, which are involved in the regulation of protein phosphorylation. In the medical field, CKIε has been implicated in various diseases and conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. For example, studies have shown that CKIε is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer, and that its overexpression is associated with increased cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, CKIε has been shown to play a role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In these conditions, CKIε has been found to be dysregulated, leading to abnormal protein phosphorylation and the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates. Overall, CKIε is a key regulator of cellular processes and its dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of diseases and conditions. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of CKIε in these diseases and to develop targeted therapies for their treatment.

Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. They play a crucial role in the development and function of cells and tissues in the body. In the medical field, transcription factors are often studied as potential targets for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, where their activity is often dysregulated. For example, some transcription factors are overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, and inhibiting their activity may help to slow or stop the growth of these cells. Transcription factors are also important in the development of stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. By understanding how transcription factors regulate gene expression in stem cells, researchers may be able to develop new therapies for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Overall, transcription factors are a critical component of gene regulation and have important implications for the development and treatment of many diseases.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors are a family of proteins that play important roles in regulating gene expression in a variety of biological processes, including development, differentiation, and cell cycle control. These proteins are characterized by a specific DNA-binding domain, known as the bHLH domain, which allows them to bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of target genes. bHLH transcription factors are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including the development of the nervous system, the formation of muscle tissue, and the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. They are also involved in the regulation of various diseases, including cancer, and are being studied as potential therapeutic targets. In the medical field, bHLH transcription factors are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases and for developing new treatments. They are also being studied as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.

Drosophila proteins are proteins that are found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which is a widely used model organism in genetics and molecular biology research. These proteins have been studied extensively because they share many similarities with human proteins, making them useful for understanding the function and regulation of human genes and proteins. In the medical field, Drosophila proteins are often used as a model for studying human diseases, particularly those that are caused by genetic mutations. By studying the effects of these mutations on Drosophila proteins, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. Drosophila proteins have also been used to study a wide range of biological processes, including development, aging, and neurobiology. For example, researchers have used Drosophila to study the role of specific genes and proteins in the development of the nervous system, as well as the mechanisms underlying age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Activity cycles refer to the patterns of physical activity and rest that occur naturally in the human body. These cycles are influenced by various factors, including the body's circadian rhythms, which are the internal biological clocks that regulate sleep-wake cycles, as well as external factors such as daily routines and environmental cues. In the medical field, activity cycles are important for understanding how the body functions and how it responds to different types of physical activity. For example, research has shown that regular physical activity can improve cardiovascular health, reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, and enhance overall physical and mental well-being. Activity cycles can also be used to diagnose and treat certain medical conditions. For example, sleep disorders such as insomnia and sleep apnea can be caused by disruptions in the body's activity cycles, and treating these conditions often involves adjusting sleep patterns and routines to align with the body's natural rhythms. Overall, understanding activity cycles is an important aspect of medical research and practice, as it can help healthcare professionals develop more effective treatment plans and promote better health outcomes for their patients.

Nuclear proteins are proteins that are found within the nucleus of a cell. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, where genetic material is stored and regulated. Nuclear proteins play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and gene regulation. There are many different types of nuclear proteins, each with its own specific function. Some nuclear proteins are involved in the structure and organization of the nucleus itself, while others are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Nuclear proteins can also interact with other proteins, DNA, and RNA molecules to carry out their functions. In the medical field, nuclear proteins are often studied in the context of diseases such as cancer, where changes in the expression or function of nuclear proteins can contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Additionally, nuclear proteins are important targets for drug development, as they can be targeted to treat a variety of diseases.

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain. It plays a role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm. Melatonin levels in the body increase in the evening and decrease in the morning, helping to synchronize the body's internal clock with the external environment. In the medical field, melatonin is used as a supplement to help regulate sleep in people with sleep disorders such as insomnia, jet lag, and shift work disorder. It is also used to treat certain sleep-related conditions, such as delayed sleep phase disorder and advanced sleep phase disorder. Melatonin may also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and is being studied for its potential role in treating a variety of conditions, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

Casein kinase Idelta (CKIdelta) is a protein kinase enzyme that plays a role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, gene expression, and signal transduction. It is a member of the casein kinase family of enzymes, which are involved in the regulation of protein phosphorylation. In the medical field, CKIdelta has been implicated in the development and progression of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. For example, studies have shown that CKIdelta is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer, and that its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and increased tumor aggressiveness. In addition, CKIdelta has been shown to play a role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Overall, CKIdelta is a key regulator of cellular processes that is involved in the development and progression of various diseases, and its study may provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and potential therapeutic targets.

Jet lag syndrome, also known as desynchronosis, is a condition that occurs when a person's internal body clock is disrupted by traveling across multiple time zones. This disruption can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, insomnia, headaches, irritability, and digestive problems. Jet lag syndrome is most common in people who travel long distances, such as across multiple continents, and is more severe when traveling eastward than westward. The severity of jet lag syndrome can vary depending on the individual, the length of the trip, and the number of time zones crossed. Treatment for jet lag syndrome typically involves gradually adjusting the body's internal clock to the new time zone, getting plenty of rest, staying hydrated, and avoiding alcohol and caffeine.

Cell cycle proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of events that a cell goes through in order to divide and produce two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2), and M (Mitosis). Cell cycle proteins are involved in regulating the progression of each phase of the cell cycle, ensuring that the cell divides correctly and that the daughter cells have the correct number of chromosomes. Some of the key cell cycle proteins include cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and checkpoint proteins. Cyclins are proteins that are synthesized and degraded in a cyclic manner throughout the cell cycle. They bind to CDKs, which are enzymes that regulate cell cycle progression by phosphorylating target proteins. The activity of CDKs is tightly regulated by cyclins, ensuring that the cell cycle progresses in a controlled manner. Checkpoint proteins are proteins that monitor the cell cycle and ensure that the cell does not proceed to the next phase until all the necessary conditions are met. If any errors are detected, checkpoint proteins can halt the cell cycle and activate repair mechanisms to correct the problem. Overall, cell cycle proteins play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the cell cycle and ensuring that cells divide correctly. Disruptions in the regulation of cell cycle proteins can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer.

In the medical field, "trans-activators" refer to proteins or molecules that activate the transcription of a gene, which is the process by which the information in a gene is used to produce a functional product, such as a protein. Trans-activators can bind to specific DNA sequences near a gene and recruit other proteins, such as RNA polymerase, to initiate transcription. They can also modify the chromatin structure around a gene to make it more accessible to transcription machinery. Trans-activators play important roles in regulating gene expression and are involved in many biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.

Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase (AANAT) is an enzyme that plays a role in the regulation of melatonin production in the body. Melatonin is a hormone that helps regulate sleep and wake cycles, and is produced by the pineal gland in the brain. AANAT catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the amino group of arylalkylamines, including tryptophan, which is a precursor to melatonin. This reaction is the final step in the biosynthesis of melatonin. AANAT activity is regulated by the availability of tryptophan and by the level of light exposure, which influences the production of melatonin. AANAT is also involved in the metabolism of other arylalkylamines, including serotonin and norepinephrine. Abnormalities in AANAT activity have been associated with various sleep disorders, including insomnia and delayed sleep phase syndrome. Additionally, AANAT has been implicated in the development of certain types of cancer, including breast and prostate cancer.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Eye proteins are proteins that are found in the eye and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of the eye. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and vitreous humor. Some examples of eye proteins include: 1. Collagen: This is a protein that provides strength and support to the cornea and lens. 2. Alpha-crystallin: This protein is found in the lens and helps to maintain its shape and transparency. 3. Rhodopsin: This protein is found in the retina and is responsible for vision in low light conditions. 4. Vitreous humor proteins: These proteins are found in the vitreous humor, a clear gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. They help to maintain the shape of the eye and provide support to the retina. Disruptions in the production or function of these proteins can lead to various eye diseases and conditions, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of eye proteins is important for the development of effective treatments for these conditions.

Phytochrome is a photoreceptor protein found in plants and some bacteria that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and photoperiodic responses. In the medical field, phytochrome has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, some studies have suggested that phytochrome may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and may be useful in the treatment of various diseases. Additionally, phytochrome has been shown to modulate the immune system and may have potential as a treatment for autoimmune disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of phytochrome.

Luciferases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of luciferin, a small molecule, to produce light. In the medical field, luciferases are commonly used as reporters in bioluminescence assays, which are used to measure gene expression, protein-protein interactions, and other biological processes. One of the most well-known examples of luciferases in medicine is the green fluorescent protein (GFP) luciferase, which is derived from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. GFP luciferase is used in a variety of applications, including monitoring gene expression in living cells and tissues, tracking the movement of cells and proteins in vivo, and studying the dynamics of signaling pathways. Another example of a luciferase used in medicine is the firefly luciferase, which is derived from the firefly Photinus pyralis. Firefly luciferase is used in bioluminescence assays to measure the activity of various enzymes and to study the metabolism of drugs and other compounds. Overall, luciferases are valuable tools in the medical field because they allow researchers to visualize and quantify biological processes in a non-invasive and sensitive manner.

Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria that are commonly found in aquatic environments such as freshwater, saltwater, and soil. They are also known as blue-green algae or blue-green bacteria. In the medical field, cyanobacteria are of interest because some species can produce toxins that can cause illness in humans and animals. These toxins can be harmful when ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. Exposure to cyanobacterial toxins can cause a range of symptoms, including skin irritation, respiratory problems, and gastrointestinal issues. In addition to their potential to cause illness, cyanobacteria are also being studied for their potential medical applications. Some species of cyanobacteria produce compounds that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial properties. These compounds are being investigated as potential treatments for a variety of medical conditions, including cancer, diabetes, and infectious diseases.

In the medical field, "Animals, Genetically Modified" refers to animals that have undergone genetic modification, which involves altering the DNA of an organism to introduce new traits or characteristics. This can be done through various techniques, such as gene editing using tools like CRISPR-Cas9, or by introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome through techniques like transgenesis. Genetically modified animals are often used in medical research to study the function of specific genes or to develop new treatments for diseases. For example, genetically modified mice have been used to study the development of cancer, to test new drugs for treating heart disease, and to understand the genetic basis of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease. However, the use of genetically modified animals in medical research is controversial, as some people are concerned about the potential risks to animal welfare and the environment, as well as the ethical implications of altering the genetic makeup of living organisms. As a result, there are strict regulations in place to govern the use of genetically modified animals in research, and scientists must follow strict protocols to ensure the safety and welfare of the animals involved.

Phytochrome B is a photoreceptor protein found in plants that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and flowering time. It is a member of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors, which are responsible for sensing and responding to changes in light quality and quantity. Phytochrome B is activated by red light and deactivated by far-red light. When activated, it undergoes a conformational change that allows it to interact with other proteins in the plant cell, triggering a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. In the medical field, phytochrome B has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, researchers have investigated the use of phytochrome B as a target for cancer therapy, as it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. Additionally, phytochrome B has been shown to play a role in regulating the immune system, and may have potential applications in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1, also known as NR1F1 or PPAR-alpha, is a protein that plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in the body. It is a type of nuclear receptor, which are proteins that act as transcription factors and regulate the expression of genes in response to specific signaling molecules. PPAR-alpha is primarily expressed in tissues that are involved in lipid metabolism, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. It is activated by ligands such as fatty acids and their derivatives, which bind to the protein and cause it to change shape and enter the nucleus of the cell. Once inside the nucleus, PPAR-alpha binds to specific DNA sequences and recruits other proteins to help regulate the expression of target genes. PPAR-alpha plays a critical role in regulating lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis by controlling the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipogenesis, and glucose uptake. It is also involved in regulating the expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune responses. Disruptions in PPAR-alpha function have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. As such, PPAR-alpha is an important target for the development of new drugs for the treatment of these conditions.

Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms and the effects of time on living organisms. In the medical field, chronobiology phenomena refer to the various biological rhythms and timing of events that occur within the body, such as the sleep-wake cycle, hormone secretion, and metabolism. These rhythms are influenced by various factors, including genetics, environmental cues, and lifestyle habits. Understanding chronobiology phenomena is important in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, as disruptions to these rhythms can have negative effects on health. For example, sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep apnea, can be caused by disruptions to the sleep-wake cycle, and chronobiological principles are used to develop effective treatments for these conditions. Additionally, chronobiology is also important in the study of diseases such as cancer, as the timing of treatments can have a significant impact on their effectiveness.

Casein kinase I (CKI) is a family of protein kinases that play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, and gene expression. In the medical field, CKI has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. CKI is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates a wide range of substrates, including casein, histone H1, and other regulatory proteins. There are four subtypes of CKI: CKIα, CKIβ, CKIγ, and CKIδ, each with distinct tissue distribution and functions. In cancer, CKI has been shown to regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis, and its overexpression or activation has been associated with the development and progression of various types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and colon cancer. In neurodegenerative disorders, CKI has been implicated in the regulation of tau protein phosphorylation, which is a key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In cardiovascular diseases, CKI has been shown to regulate cardiac contractility and arrhythmias. Overall, CKI is a critical regulator of cellular processes, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases. Understanding the role of CKI in disease pathogenesis may provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of these conditions.

In the medical field, "Behavior, Animal" refers to the study of the actions, responses, and interactions of animals, including humans, with their environment. This field encompasses a wide range of topics, including animal behavior in the wild, animal behavior in captivity, animal behavior in domestic settings, and animal behavior in laboratory settings. Animal behaviorists study a variety of behaviors, including social behavior, mating behavior, feeding behavior, communication behavior, and aggression. They use a variety of research methods, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to understand the underlying mechanisms that drive animal behavior. Animal behavior research has important applications in fields such as conservation biology, animal welfare, and veterinary medicine. For example, understanding animal behavior can help conservationists develop effective strategies for protecting endangered species, and it can help veterinarians develop more effective treatments for behavioral disorders in animals.

Rod opsins are a type of photopigment found in the retina of the eye. They are responsible for detecting low levels of light and are essential for night vision. Rod opsins are a type of opsin, which is a protein that binds to a molecule called retinal to form a light-sensitive pigment. When light strikes the rod opsin, it causes a chemical reaction that generates an electrical signal, which is then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Rod opsins are found only in the rods, which are specialized cells in the retina that are responsible for detecting low levels of light.

Sleep disorders, circadian rhythm refers to a group of medical conditions that affect the normal sleep-wake cycle of an individual. The circadian rhythm is the body's internal clock that regulates various physiological processes, including sleep, wakefulness, body temperature, and hormone production. Sleep disorders that are related to circadian rhythm include: 1. Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS): A condition where a person has difficulty falling asleep at the expected time and tends to stay up later than usual. 2. Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS): A condition where a person falls asleep earlier than usual and wakes up earlier than desired. 3. Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder: A condition where a person's sleep-wake cycle is not synchronized with the external environment, leading to irregular sleep patterns. 4. Jet Lag: A temporary sleep disorder that occurs when a person travels across multiple time zones, disrupting their circadian rhythm. Treatment for sleep disorders related to circadian rhythm typically involves adjusting the sleep schedule, using light therapy, and in some cases, medication. It is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

RNA, Plant refers to the type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that is found in plants. RNA is a molecule that plays a crucial role in the expression of genes in cells, and there are several types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In plants, RNA plays a critical role in various biological processes, including photosynthesis, growth and development, and defense against pathogens. Plant RNA is also important for the production of proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of plant cells. RNA, Plant can be studied using various techniques, including transcriptomics, which involves the analysis of RNA molecules in a cell or tissue to identify the genes that are being expressed. This information can be used to better understand plant biology and to develop new strategies for improving crop yields, increasing plant resistance to diseases and pests, and developing new plant-based products.

Chronotherapy, also known as time-sensitive therapy, is a medical approach that involves adjusting the timing of medications or other treatments to synchronize with the natural rhythms of the body's internal clock, or circadian rhythm. This approach is based on the idea that the body's physiological processes are influenced by the time of day, and that the timing of treatments can be optimized to enhance their effectiveness and minimize side effects. Chronotherapy is used in a variety of medical conditions, including sleep disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and cancer. For example, in the treatment of depression, chronotherapy may involve adjusting the timing of antidepressant medications to be taken in the morning, when the body's natural levels of serotonin are highest. In the treatment of cancer, chronotherapy may involve administering chemotherapy at a time when the body's immune system is most active, in order to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment and minimize side effects. Chronotherapy is a relatively new and rapidly evolving field of medicine, and more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations. However, initial studies have shown that chronotherapy can be an effective way to optimize the timing of treatments and improve patient outcomes.

Neuropeptides are small, protein-like molecules that are synthesized and secreted by neurons in the nervous system. They play a variety of roles in regulating and modulating various physiological processes, including mood, appetite, pain perception, and hormone release. Neuropeptides are typically composed of 3-50 amino acids and are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of neurons. They are then transported to the synaptic terminals, where they are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron or on other cells in the body. There are many different types of neuropeptides, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples of neuropeptides include dopamine, serotonin, and opioid peptides such as endorphins. Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or hormones, and they play important roles in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Insect proteins refer to the proteins obtained from insects that have potential medical applications. These proteins can be used as a source of nutrition, as a therapeutic agent, or as a component in medical devices. Insects are a rich source of proteins, and some species are being explored as a potential alternative to traditional animal protein sources. Insect proteins have been shown to have a number of potential health benefits, including improved immune function, reduced inflammation, and improved gut health. They are also being studied for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, insect proteins are being investigated as a potential source of biodegradable materials for use in medical devices.

Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane proteins that play a crucial role in transmitting signals from the outside of a cell to the inside. They are found in almost all types of cells and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including sensory perception, neurotransmission, and hormone signaling. GPCRs are activated by a variety of molecules, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and sensory stimuli such as light, sound, and odor. When a molecule binds to a GPCR, it causes a conformational change in the protein that activates a G protein, a small molecule that acts as a molecular switch. The activated G protein then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. Because GPCRs are involved in so many different physiological processes, they are an important target for drug discovery. Many drugs, including those used to treat conditions such as hypertension, depression, and allergies, work by binding to specific GPCRs and modulating their activity.

DNA-binding proteins are a class of proteins that interact with DNA molecules to regulate gene expression. These proteins recognize specific DNA sequences and bind to them, thereby affecting the transcription of genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately the production of proteins. DNA-binding proteins play a crucial role in many biological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and development. They can act as activators or repressors of gene expression, depending on the specific DNA sequence they bind to and the cellular context in which they are expressed. Examples of DNA-binding proteins include transcription factors, histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of genes by recruiting RNA polymerase and other factors to the promoter region of a gene. Histones are proteins that package DNA into chromatin, and non-histone chromosomal proteins help to organize and regulate chromatin structure. DNA-binding proteins are important targets for drug discovery and development, as they play a central role in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases.

Fungal proteins are proteins that are produced by fungi. They can be found in various forms, including extracellular proteins, secreted proteins, and intracellular proteins. Fungal proteins have a wide range of functions, including roles in metabolism, cell wall synthesis, and virulence. In the medical field, fungal proteins are of interest because some of them have potential therapeutic applications, such as in the treatment of fungal infections or as vaccines against fungal diseases. Additionally, some fungal proteins have been shown to have anti-cancer properties, making them potential targets for the development of new cancer treatments.

In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.

Phytochrome A is a photoreceptor protein found in plants that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and flowering time. It is a light-sensitive protein that undergoes reversible photoconversion between two distinct forms, Pr (red-absorbing form) and Pfr (far-red-absorbing form), in response to changes in light intensity and quality. In the medical field, phytochrome A has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, research has shown that phytochrome A can modulate the activity of various signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, which may have implications for cancer treatment. Additionally, phytochrome A has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may be beneficial in the management of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders.

Plant proteins are proteins that are derived from plants. They are an important source of dietary protein for many people and are a key component of a healthy diet. Plant proteins are found in a wide variety of plant-based foods, including legumes, nuts, seeds, grains, and vegetables. They are an important source of essential amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins and are necessary for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. Plant proteins are also a good source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and are generally lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than animal-based proteins. In the medical field, plant proteins are often recommended as part of a healthy diet for people with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II (VIP II receptors) are a type of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). These receptors are primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, but they are also present in other organs such as the pancreas, lungs, and brain. VIP II receptors play a role in regulating a variety of physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and neurotransmission. Activation of VIP II receptors can lead to relaxation of smooth muscle cells, increased secretion of digestive enzymes and mucus, and modulation of neurotransmitter release. In the brain, VIP II receptors have been implicated in the regulation of mood, anxiety, and pain perception. They have also been linked to the development of certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Overall, VIP II receptors are an important target for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of a range of diseases and conditions.

Receptors, Melatonin are proteins found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. When melatonin binds to its receptors, it can affect a variety of physiological processes, including sleep, mood, and immune function. There are two main types of melatonin receptors: MT1 and MT2. These receptors are found in many different tissues throughout the body, including the brain, the heart, and the immune system.

F-box proteins are a family of proteins that play a role in the regulation of protein degradation in cells. They are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which is the primary mechanism by which cells degrade and recycle proteins. F-box proteins are characterized by an F-box domain, which is a protein-protein interaction module that binds to other proteins, often through their ubiquitin modification. F-box proteins are often components of larger protein complexes, such as the SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box) complex, which is involved in the degradation of specific target proteins. Dysregulation of F-box proteins has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and developmental disorders.

I'm sorry, but I'm not aware of any medical field that uses the term "Cyanothece." However, Cyanothece is a genus of cyanobacteria that are known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce oxygen through photosynthesis. They are commonly found in freshwater and marine environments, and have been studied for their potential use in biofuel production and wastewater treatment. If you have any additional context or information about where you heard this term, please let me know and I may be able to provide more information.

A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized ... The circadian clock in plants has completely different components to those in the animal, fungus, or bacterial clocks. The ... Circadian clocks are the central mechanisms that drive circadian rhythms. They consist of three major components: a central ... The autoregulatory feedback loops in clocks take about 24 hours to complete a cycle and constitute a circadian molecular clock ...
"CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL function synergistically in the circadian clock of Arabidopsis". Plant ... Circadian Clock Associated 1 (CCA1) is a gene that is central to the circadian oscillator of angiosperms. It was first ... The evolution of circadian clocks in land plants is not understood, because circadian rhythms have received little attention in ... TOC1 Steve Kay Arabidopsis Oscillating gene Circadian Rhythm Green RM, Tobin EM (March 1999). "Loss of the circadian clock- ...
3) "Circadian Pharmacology" or drugs targeting the circadian clock mechanism have been shown experimentally in rodent models to ... The simplest known circadian clocks are bacterial circadian rhythms, exemplified by the prokaryote cyanobacteria. Recent ... Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies ... A circadian rhythm (/sərˈkeɪdiən/), or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian ...
Buhr ED, Takahashi JS (2013). "Molecular components of the Mammalian circadian clock". Circadian Clocks. Handbook of ... that mediate the period of the circadian clock in plants. The TOC1 protein is involved in the clock's evening loop, which is a ... it was originally thought that the plant circadian clock functioned similarly to the mammalian clock. In mammals, positive and ... Dodd AN, Salathia N, Hall A, Kévei E, Tóth R, Nagy F, Hibberd JM, Millar AJ, Webb AA (July 2005). "Plant circadian clocks ...
"Light and the human circadian clock". In Kramer A, Merrow M (eds.). Circadian Clocks. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. ... This experiment provided evidence that humans have a circadian clock that can run independently from the 24-hour light-dark ... The experiment also established many features of this clock and paved the way for future circadian studies. Before this ... This led Aschoff to believe that humans may have more than one circadian clock, however, the biological basis for ...
"Light and the human circadian clock". Circadian Clocks. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 217. pp. 311-31. doi: ... Kantermann, T; Juda, M; Merrow, M; Roenneberg, T (2007). "The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by ... Allebrandt, K.V.; Roenneberg, T. (2008). "The search for circadian clock components in humans: New perspectives for association ... Allebrandt, K.V.; Roenneberg, T. (2008). "The search for circadian clock components in humans: New perspectives for association ...
Circadian rhythm Chronobiology Cyanobacteria Johnson CH, Golden SS, Ishiura M, Kondo T (July 1996). "Circadian clocks in ... Bacterial circadian rhythms, like other circadian rhythms, are endogenous "biological clocks" that have the following three ... in which the circadian clock orchestrates dramatic circadian changes in DNA topology, which causes a change in the ... that satisfied the criteria of a circadian clock. However, there has yet to be a robust demonstration of a clock in B. subtilis ...
... or failure in the clock entrainment pathway. Among people with typical circadian clock function, there is variation in ... A full circadian cycle can be described as a twenty-four hour circadian day, where circadian time zero (CT 0) marks the ... The second category consists of disorders in which the external environment and the endogenous circadian clock are misaligned, ... Dunlap JC (January 1999). "Molecular bases for circadian clocks". Cell. 96 (2): 271-90. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80566-8. PMID ...
Thus, circadian control of clock controlled genes that function in cell growth control and DNA damage response may affect the ... A homolog of CLOCK plays the same role in the human clock, and CYC is replaced by BMAL1. CRY has two human homologs, CRY1 and ... The mammalian period 1 and period 2 genes play key roles in photoentrainment of the circadian clock to light pulses. This was ... Griffin EA, Staknis D, Weitz CJ (October 1999). "Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock". ...
The molecular circadian clock of D. melanogaster can be described as a feedback loop of transcription and translation, in which ... These results demonstrated a role for BDBT in the circadian clock. When BDBT was overexpressed, Price found that the ... 2017.[1] Archived 2015-03-16 at the Wayback Machine Dunlap, JC (1999). "Molecular bases for circadian clocks". Cell. 96 (2): ... reliable phase markers for the Drosophila circadian clock. Price and Seghal mapped the mutations to chromosome 2 and termed the ...
... which binds mammalian clock proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 involved in generating circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( ... Dunlap JC (January 1999). "Molecular bases for circadian clocks". Cell. 96 (2): 271-90. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80566-8. PMID ... which is an important part of the circadian system that controls the expression of clock genes. AVP has important implications ... "A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock". Cell. 96 (1): 57-68. doi:10.1016/ ...
Despite these genes being identified as necessary genes to the circadian clock, there was a variety of levels of expressions in ... July 1999). "mCRY1 and mCRY2 Are Essential Components of the Negative Limb of the Circadian Clock Feedback Loop". Cell. 98 (2 ... Dunlap, JC (January 1999). "Molecular Bases for Circadian Clocks". Cell. 96 (2): 271-290. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80566-8. ... "Role of the CLOCK Protein in the Mammalian Circadian Mechanism". Science. 280 (5369): 1564-1569. Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1564G. ...
Ebisawa T (February 2007). "Circadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: human sleep disorders and clock genes ... CK1δ seems to be involved in the circadian rhythm, the internal cellular clock, which permits a rhythm of about 24 h. The ... Cunningham PS, Ahern SA, Smith LC, da Silva Santos CS, Wager TT, Bechtold DA (July 2016). "Targeting of the circadian clock via ... Stenvers DJ, Scheer FA, Schrauwen P, la Fleur SE, Kalsbeek A (February 2019). "Circadian clocks and insulin resistance". Nature ...
... is regulated by AVP gene expression which is managed by major clock controlled genes. In this circadian circuit ... Dunlap JC (January 1999). "Molecular bases for circadian clocks". Cell. 96 (2): 271-90. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80566-8. PMID ... "A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock". Cell. 96 (1): 57-68. doi:10.1016/ ... Per2 subsequently inhibits the transcription factors Clock and BMAL1 in order to reduce Per2 protein levels in the cell. At the ...
Mammal circadian systems contain the Clock gene which has been shown to be closely related to dClock. Both have strikingly ... Allada R, White NE, So WV, Hall JC, Rosbash M (May 1998). "A mutant Drosophila homolog of mammalian Clock disrupts circadian ... Another essential component of this circadian clock mechanism is that the PER protein contains a PAS domain, which has been ... Dunlap JC (January 1999). "Molecular bases for circadian clocks". Cell. 96 (2): 271-90. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80566-8. PMID ...
Somers, DE (September 1999). "The physiology and molecular bases of the plant circadian clock". Plant Physiology. 121 (1): 9-20 ... Zordan, Mauro; Costa, Rodolfo; MacIno, Giuseppe; Fukuhara, Chiaki; Tosini, Gianluca (2000). "Circadian Clocks: What Makes Them ... Galileo project entry SEDS Biography At the dawn of chronobiology Biological Clocks - Garden Variety Experiments Clock Classics ... presumably originating from an endogenous clock (See 'Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants' below). In 1731, he also ...
In Circadian Clocks, Jürgen Aschoff, ed. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 3-12. F. A. Brown Jr.· The Biological Clock Phenomenon: ... The Biological Clock. Two Views. Academic Press. 1970. Frank A. Brown Jr. The "Clocks" Timing Biological Rhythms: Recent ... which was focused on the development of the endogenous and bio-chemical model of the circadian clock. Brown envisioned the ... The Living Clocks. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.pp. 259-278. Marchant, Jo (1 September 2020). "The Oysters That Knew What Time It ...
Stenvers DJ, Scheer FA, Schrauwen P, la Fleur SE, Kalsbeek A (February 2019). "Circadian clocks and insulin resistance" (PDF). ... A mismatch between the circadian rhythm and the meals schedule, such as in circadian rhythm disorders, may increase insulin ... Pancreatic beta cell function Chronic Somogyi rebound Hyperinsulinemia Resistin Chronic stress Systemic inflammation Circadian ... Studies have consistently shown that there is a link between insulin resistance and circadian rhythm, with insulin sensitivity ...
Satter, R.L., Schrempf, M., Chaudhri, J. and Galston, A.W. (1977). Phytochrome and circadian clocks in Samanea. Rhythmic ... Mayer, E.-W., Flach, D., Raju, M.V.S., Starrach, N. and Wiech, E. (1985) Mechanics of circadian pulvini movements in Phaseolus ... In this plant, daily leaf movements are influenced by two main factors: an endogenous circadian oscillator and light-induced ... Kiyosawa, K. (1979) Unequal distribution of potassium and anions within the Phaseolus pulvinus during circadian leaf movement. ...
Books Albrecht, Urs (2010). "A History of Chronobiological Concepts". The Circadian Clock. Springer New York. pp. 1-35. doi: ... Eckardt, Nancy A. (2005). "Temperature Entrainment of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock". The Plant Cell. 17 (3): 645-647. doi: ... Since the period was shorter than 24 hours, he hypothesized that a different clock had to be responsible for the rhythm; the ... Building upon earlier work on plant circadian leaf movements contributed by such scientists as Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan ...
Chronobiology Circadian advantage Circadian clock Circadian oscillator Circadian rhythm disorders Electronic media and sleep ... These "clocks" are known as circadian rhythms. They allow maintenance of these processes and behaviors relative to the 24-hour ... Light effects on circadian rhythm are the effects that light has on circadian rhythm. Most animals and other organisms have " ... "Circadian lighting design". WELL Standard. Retrieved 2018-12-10. "Circadian emulation , WELL Standard". standard.wellcertified. ...
Dodd AN, Salathia N, Hall A, Kévei E, Tóth R, Nagy F, Hibberd JM, Millar AJ, Webb AA (July 2005). "Plant circadian clocks ... Spoelstra K, Wikelski M, Daan S, Loudon AS, Hau M (January 2016). "Natural selection against a circadian clock gene mutation in ... It is possible that circadian clocks play a role in the gut microbiota behavior. These microorganisms experience daily changes ... Competition studies in plants provide another example of circadian advantage. These studies have shown that an endogenous clock ...
In those days, nothing was known about the molecular mechanism of circadian clocks in any system. She had been trained as a ... Cryptoproteins regulate the circadian clocks of plants, insects, and mammals in different ways. Green has worked extensively ... Besharse hired her as a postdoctoral student in his lab and she has been studying circadian clocks ever since. Green is married ... The general focus of the Green Lab is to understand the molecular mechanism of the mammalian circadian clock and how it ...
The latter may be based on external time-cues (Zeitgebers), or internally generated circadian rhythms ("biological clock"). TPL ... "Circadian clocks and memory: Time-place learning". Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 6: 1-10. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2013.00008. ... hourglass or circadian clock?". Journal of Biological Rhythms. 6 (4): 353-365. doi:10.1177/074873049100600406. PMID 1773101. ... Van der Zee, E.A.; Havekes, R.; Barf, R.R.; Hut, R.A.; Nijholt, I.M.; Jacobs, E.H.; Gerkema, M.P. (2008). "Circadian time-place ...
Biological clocks and circadian timing in cells". EMBO Reports. 6 Spec No (Suppl 1): S9-13. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400424. PMC ... In 2000, using their rodent model, they discovered the existence of circadian clocks in peripheral organs of mammals. This ... Rensing L, Ruoff P (September 2002). "Temperature effect on entrainment, phase shifting, and amplitude of circadian clocks and ... Fu, Minnie; Yang, Xiaoyong (15 August 2017). "The sweet tooth of the circadian clock". Biochemical Society Transactions. 45 (4 ...
Later work revealed that Bmal1 is the only clock gene without which the circadian clock fails to function in humans. BMAL1 ... The result has been the creation of pages about genes involved in the circadian clock such as ARNTL, as well as pages about ... Scientists Unwind a Circadian Clock Mystery, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, April 16, 2014, retrieved April 23, ... October 2, 2009). "A Genome-wide RNAi Screen for Modifiers of the Circadian Clock in Human Cells". Cell. 139 (1): 199-210. doi: ...
Walton, Zandra E.; Altman, Brian J.; Brooks, Rebekah C.; Dang, Chi V. (4 March 2018). "Circadian Clock's Cancer Connections". ... Institute has begun to support research into the function and regulation of clock genes and interactions between circadian ...
Walton, Zandra E.; Altman, Brian J.; Brooks, Rebekah C.; Dang, Chi V. (4 March 2018). "Circadian Clock's Cancer Connections". ... refers to the coordination of therapeutic treatments with an individual's circadian or other rhythmic cycles. This may be done ...
"Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: reciprocal disturbances". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1243 (1): 30-46. Bibcode: ... The circadian phase is relatively fixed in humans; attempting to shift it so that an individual is alert during the circadian ... Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of the clock each day of ... This may be due to alterations in circadian rhythm: melatonin, a known tumor suppressor, is generally produced at night and ...
Clock gene Period gene Suprachiasmatic nucleus Oscillating gene PDF (gene) Panda S, Hogenesch JB, Kay SA (May 2002). "Circadian ... As part of the circadian clock, timeless is essential for entrainment to light-dark (LD) cycles. The typical period length of ... The timeless gene is an essential component of the molecular circadian clock in Drosophila. It acts as part of an ... Zeng H, Qian Z, Myers MP, Rosbash M (March 1996). "A light-entrainment mechanism for the Drosophila circadian clock". Nature. ...
Dickmeis T (January 2009). "Glucocorticoids and the circadian clock". The Journal of Endocrinology. 200 (1): 3-22. doi:10.1677/ ... Nicolaides NC, Charmandari E, Kino T, Chrousos GP (2017). "Stress-Related and Circadian Secretion and Target Tissue Actions of ... Chung S, Son GH, Kim K (May 2011). "Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: its regulation and clinical implications". ... Koch CE, Leinweber B, Drengberg BC, Blaum C, Oster H (February 2017). "Interaction between circadian rhythms and stress". ...
Metz HS (2003). "Light and the circadian clock". J AAPOS. 7 (4): 229-30. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(03)00119-8. PMID 12917606. Metz ...
A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized ... The circadian clock in plants has completely different components to those in the animal, fungus, or bacterial clocks. The ... Circadian clocks are the central mechanisms that drive circadian rhythms. They consist of three major components: a central ... The autoregulatory feedback loops in clocks take about 24 hours to complete a cycle and constitute a circadian molecular clock ...
... internal clocks running on time through the long nights of winter and the long days of summer. ... Circadian clocks in living creatures usually operate on a time cycle that varies between 22 and 26 hours in artificially ... The human circadian clock tells us when to sleep and awaken and controls important physiologies involving hormones, body ... While manipulating the circadian clock in his fruit flies, Stoleru says he found an intriguing relationship involving morning ...
"Circadian Clock at the Interface of Lung Health and Disease" on Thursday, September 14th 12:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m., Friday, ... www.eventbrite.com/e/circadian-clock-at-the-interface-of-lung-health-and-disease-tickets-700420315017 ... This virtual workshop aims to apply developing advances in circadian science to priorities in lung biology, disease and ... Apply developing advances in circadian science to priorities in lung biology, disease and therapeutics, including (a) normal ...
As the internal clock oscillates in periods of more or less 24 hours, it is also known as the "circadian" clock (circa dian = ... The scientists used this bread mould as a model organism for the investigation of its circadian clock at the molecular level. ... Molecular Sunglasses Regulate Circadian Clock. Press Release No. 220/2010. 7 October 2010 ... Until now, we had no knowledge of how circadian clocks stay precisely synchronised with the day-night sequence despite ...
The cardiomyocyte circadian clock directly regulates multiple myocardial functions in a time-of-day-dependent manner, including ... The cardiomyocyte circadian clock directly regulates multiple myocardial functions in a time-of-day-dependent manner, including ... O-GlcNAcylation, novel post-translational modification linking myocardial metabolism and cardiomyocyte circadian clock J Biol ... Genetic ablation of the circadian clock specifically in cardiomyocytes in vivo abolishes diurnal variations in cardiac O-GlcNAc ...
Abstract: A7.00004 : Stability and Noise in the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock. 9:48 AM-10:24 AM ... Interestingly, these prokaryotes also have the simplest molecular mechanism at the heart of their circadian clock. In the ... These results therefore confirm that the cyanobacterial clock stability is a built-in property: the cyanobacterian clock ... Is the clock stability a built-in property for each bacterium or does a weak intercellular coupling, make them appear like that ...
... and that interrupting this circadian rhythm prevents replication from completing and leaves chromosomes unfinished overnight. ... have implications for understanding how interrupted circadian rhythms can impact human health. ... A new study from the University of Chicago has found that the photosynthetic bacterium Synechococcus elongatus uses a circadian ... Tuning the circadian clock, boosting rhythms may be key to future treatments and medicines. Feb 12, 2021 ...
8, 2016) - The circadian rhythm, or circadian clock, is an internal mechanism that drives the 24-hour cycles that tell our ... UK Researchers: Gut Bacteria Have Own Circadian Clock. By Whitney Harder Aug. 8, 2016 ... "We are the directors of that clock, much like the sun directs our own circadian rhythms!" said Jiffin Paulose, UK post-doctoral ... "This swarming in the presence of melatonin occurs every 24 hours and keyed us toward finding the circadian clock," he said. ...
Tick, Tock, Circadian Clock - A Brains On! Special. Tick, Tock, Circadian Clock - A Brains On! Special. Sun, 12/31/2017 - 9: ... Tick, Tock, Circadian Clock, airing Sunday, December 31, 2017 at 9 p.m. on AM 1370 offers a unique, scientific celebration of ... Host Molly Blooms delves into how humans have a ticking clock inside them, looks at what happens to hibernating animals and ... Brains On!, the public radio science show for kids and curious adults, explores the fascinating science behind circadian ...
Circadian rhythms Is the Subject Area "Circadian rhythms" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Circadian oscillators Is the Subject Area "Circadian oscillators" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
Modelling genetic networks with noisy and varied experimental data: the circadian clock in Arabidopsis thaliana. ... Research Development Fellowship:Professor A J Millar - Mathematical and synthetic models of clock gene regulatory circuits.. ...
We do so by summarizing the effects of IF which through metabolic, cellular, and circadian mechanisms lead to anatomical and ... Hofman, M.A.; Swaab, D.F. Living by the clock: The circadian pacemaker in older people. Ageing Res. Rev. 2006, 5, 33-51. [ ... Gamble, K.L.; Berry, R.; Frank, S.J.; Young, M.E. Circadian clock control of endocrine factors. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2014, 10 ... AMPK regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation. Science 2009, 326, 437-440. [Google Scholar ...
Feeding and circadian clocks Lissia Pardini and Bertrand Kaeffer CRNH de Nantes, INRA - PHAN (UMR 1280), Rue de la Géraudière, ... The human circadian clock and its functioning in central or peripheral tissues are currently being explored to increase the ... Circadian clocks - from genes to complex behaviour Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 39, 277-294 (1999). ... Suprachiasmatic neurons are driving the central circadian clock which is reset by lighting cues captured and integrated by the ...
... Staiger D (2001) Trends in Plant Science 6(7): 293. ... D. Staiger, "Circadian clocks: CONSTANS lends its zinc finger", Trends in Plant Science, vol. 6, 2001, : 293. ... Staiger D. Circadian clocks: CONSTANS lends its zinc finger. Trends in Plant Science. 2001;6(7): 293. ... Staiger, D. (2001). Circadian clocks: CONSTANS lends its zinc finger. Trends in Plant Science 6:293. ...
Cretenet G, Le Clech M, Gachon F. Circadian clock-coordinated 12 Hr period rhythmic activation of the IRE1alpha pathway ... "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"1. This 24-hour "clock" influences many ... The transcription factor XBP1s seems to be the master regulator of the 12-hr clock10. ChIP analysis showed cyclical binding/ ... Most obviously, coastal animals possess a powerful "circatidal clock", which oscillated with the 12.4-hour ebb and flow of the ...
Analog Solar Clock. The Analog Solar Clock is the main feature of the Solar Circadian Clock app. It is a representation of the ... The Event Timings of the Solar Circadian Clock app shows you all the Solar, Circadian, Eat, Sleep & My Scheduler events for the ... Circadian Wheel. The Circadian Wheel is a constantly rotating wheel to give you an easy indicator of where all the Circadian ... the MyScheduler function of the Solar Circadian Clock App allows you to add your own events, linked to a Solar, Circadian, Eat ...
Direct repression of evening genes by CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED1 in the Arabidopsis circadian clock. Plant Cell 28:696-711 ... Photoperiod and circadian clock pathway. Light is one of the main environmental regulators of flowering in plants. Plant sense ... CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) are expressed in the morning and repress evening-phased ... rubrum, a short-day plant, CrCOL1 and CrCOL2 play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock and are downregulated during ...
But because people who are awake all night may be eating at night, these people are fighting against their circadian clocks, ... But, Bailey says, all organs also have their own clocks.. Since the liver is involved in how the body responds to food intake, ... When we think of our "body clock," sleep patterns are probably what first come to mind. But new research in the field of ... "What we now know is that when these circadian rhythms get disrupted, this might underpin a number of liver diseases," said ...
Our findings reveal an unappreciated circadian machinery affecting pain hypersensitivity caused by peripheral nerve injury, ... Clock mutation affects circadian regulation of circulating blood cells. J. Circadian Rhythms 4, 13 (2006). ... The circadian clock system in mammals is composed of a master pacemaker, which is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) ... Wijnen, H. & Young, M. W. Interplay of circadian clocks and metabolic rhythms. Annu. Rev. Genet. 40, 409-448 (2006). ...
However, this is not so true for your body clock - it would need to re-align to the local time through a rather unpleasant ... the host circadian clock. Just a reminder if you travel from UK to New Zealand, you dont really need to re-adjust your watch ... the host circadian clock. Just a reminder if you travel from UK to New Zealand, you dont really need to re-adjust your watch ... The circadian clock controls several aspects of mammalian physiology and orchestrates the daily oscillations of biological ...
Natural selection against a circadian clock gene mutation in mice ... Natural selection against a circadian clock gene mutation in ... Spoelstra, K., Wikelski, M., Daan, S., Loudon, A. S. I., & Hau, M. (2016). Natural selection against a circadian clock gene ...
Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock. Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock. Published on 17 September, ... since bright light at night also delays the human circadian clock). Melatonin is the main sleep hormone and is released from ... but until now no one had looked at whether there is also an effect on the internal circadian body clock. ... has revealed the mechanism by which caffeine affects the human body clock. The bodys internal clock affects many aspects of ...
SIK1 then inhibits further shifts of the clock by phosphorylation and deactivation of CRTC1. Knockdown of Sik1 within the SCN ... Thus SIK1 provides negative feedback, acting to suppress the effects of light on the clock. This pathway provides a potential ... in clock re-setting. An entrainment stimulus causes CRTC1 to coactivate CREB, inducing the expression of Per1 and Sik1. ... Retinal photoreceptors entrain the circadian system to the solar day. This photic resetting involves cAMP response element ...
... "circadian rhythms." These cycles are set by circadian clock genes that are found in nearly every cell in our bodies. The timing ... "circadian disruption." Circadian disruption means our circadian rhythms are not working together, which can make us feel ill, ... Our master clock in the brain controls the timing of our circadian rhythms so they work together: this harmony is important for ... Biologic clocks and circadian disruption. Many of our biologic systems - including our sleep and wake cycle, our appetites and ...
We identified naturally variable loci that altered circadian clock outputs and linked these circadian quantitative trait loci ... Using single-gene isogenic lines, we found that circadian clock output was altered by natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana ... of the plant circadian clock in different populations derived from natural accessions. Using existing microarray data, we ... These groups were used to examine natural variation in circadian clock function using existing single time point microarray ...
Circadian clock clue to infection mechanism in the malaria parasite 6th July 2023 A discovery made first in plants has inspired ...
The recent winner describes the hard work and happy accidents that put him on course to crack the circadian rhythm. ... The Gears Beneath the Circadian Clock Medscape: Can you sum up the main features of circadian rhythm gene expression in the ... Medscape: What are the greatest challenges in the next 15 years in terms of the understanding of the circadian clocks? ... Medscape: You were well positioned to apply cutting-edge molecular genetics techniques to the problem of circadian clocks, as ...
The circadian clock in white and brown adipose tissue: Mechanistic, endocrine, and clinical aspects. / Froy, Oren; Garaulet, ... The circadian clock in white and brown adipose tissue : Mechanistic, endocrine, and clinical aspects. In: Endocrine Reviews. ... Froy O, Garaulet M. The circadian clock in white and brown adipose tissue: Mechanistic, endocrine, and clinical aspects. ... The circadian clock regulates metabolism and energy homeostasis in peripheral tissues by mediating activity and/or expression ...
Home / Health News / Flash therapy may offer a practical option to delay the circadian clock in shift workers and jet travelers ... DLMO showed that one hour of light therapy delayed the circadian clock by 1.13 ± 1.27 hours on average compared to 12 ± 20 min ... Flash therapy may offer a practical option to delay the circadian clock in shift workers and jet travelers. ... Thus, this intervention might help delay the circadian clock in frequent travelers and shift workers. ...
  • Evidence for a genetic basis of circadian rhythms in higher eukaryotes began with the discovery of the period (per) locus in Drosophila melanogaster from forward genetic screens completed by Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer in 1971. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr Rosbash (along with co-recipients Jeffrey Hall and Michael Young) was instrumental in revealing the molecular basis of circadian rhythms. (medscape.com)
  • Unexpectedly, we uncover a profound disruption of the circadian clock and diurnal transcriptome when hypoxic cells are permitted to acidify to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • Interestingly," said Dr. Friedman, some of the differentially expressed genes were related to circadian-clock genes, which suggests disruption of the circadian system in association with e-cigarette and Western diet exposure. (medscape.com)
  • This group discovered circadian rhythms in redox proteins (peroxiredoxins) in cells that lacked a nucleus - human red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the absence of transcriptional activity in vivo, as well alone in vitro, the three clock proteins KaiA, KaiB and KaiC generate a self-sustained circadian oscillation of autophosphorylation and dephosphorylation. (aps.org)
  • At the molecular level, circadian rhythms are regulated through several transcriptional and translational feedback loops by a set of key clock proteins and genes. (nature.com)
  • Using the fruit fly, Drosophila , he identified genes and proteins involved in regulating the clock. (medscape.com)
  • A broad category of proteins that regulate the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM of an organism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Paulose and Professor and Chair of the Department of Biology Vincent Cassone found that a certain class of bacteria found in the human gut, Enterobacter aerogenes, expresses circadian patterns because of its sensitivity to melatonin, the hormone produced at night and stimulating sleep. (uky.edu)
  • This swarming in the presence of melatonin occurs every 24 hours and keyed us toward finding the circadian clock," he said. (uky.edu)
  • Haus E, Dumitriu L, Nicolau GY, Bologa S, Sackett-Lundeen L. Circadian rhythms of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), cortisol, and melatonin in women with breast cancer. (cyagen.com)
  • Finally, we review how commonly used medications and over-the-counter substances (e.g. caffeine, melatonin) complicate the relationship between sleep and circadian disorders and bone health. (cdc.gov)
  • In January 2014, the FDA approved the melatonin receptor agonist tasimelteon (Hetlioz) as the first treatment for non-24- hour sleep-wake disorder ("non-24"), a chronic circadian disorder that affects the timing of sleep, in individuals who are completely blind. (medscape.com)
  • See section "regulation of circadian oscillators" below for more details. (wikipedia.org)
  • Core circadian 'clock' genes are defined as genes whose protein products are necessary components for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms. (wikipedia.org)
  • These time-of-day-dependent variations appear to be mediated by clock-dependent regulation of O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase protein levels, glucose metabolism/uptake, and glutamine synthesis in an NAD-independent manner. (nih.gov)
  • Collectively, these data suggest that the cardiomyocyte circadian clock increases protein O-GlcNAcylation in the heart during the active/awake phase through coordinated regulation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and that protein O-GlcNAcylation in turn influences the timing of the circadian clock. (nih.gov)
  • Abstract - The mammalian genome encodes at least a dozen of genes directly involved in the regulation of the feedback loops constituting the circadian clock. (edpsciences.org)
  • This pathway provides a potential target for the regulation of circadian rhythms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Most genes that have been implicated in seasonal affective disorder are active (expressed) in the brain, where they are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Since the beginning of my research career, I have worked with Boolean gene regulatory network models, the HP model of protein folding, stem cell regulation, circadian clocks in plants, plant-pathogen interactions, evolutionary algorithms, degradation of soil organic matter by fungi and methods for processing spectroscopic imaging data. (lu.se)
  • Circadian oscillators are ubiquitous in tissues of the body where they are synchronized by both endogenous and external signals to regulate transcriptional activity throughout the day in a tissue-specific manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • The SCN maintains control across the body by synchronizing "slave oscillators", which exhibit their own near-24-hour rhythms and control circadian phenomena in local tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Is the Subject Area "Circadian oscillators" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • The circadian system is built up on a multitude of oscillators organized according to a hierarchical model in which neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus may drive the central circadian clock and all the other somatic cells may possess the molecular components allowing tissues and organs to constitute peripheral clocks. (edpsciences.org)
  • Drs Rosbash and Hall proposed a mechanism by which a molecular 24-hour clock might work: a transcriptional negative-feedback loop. (medscape.com)
  • Abstract Recent reports indicate that hypoxia influences the circadian clock through the transcriptional activities of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) at clock genes. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • He employs the tools of Drosophila genetics to understand how the circadian clock ticks and which master neural circuits underlie circadian activity patterns. (hhmi.org)
  • The Solar Circadian Clock App is developed to help us sync our mind and body to its natural state - when we were influenced by the solar patterns on Earth. (theunpopulartraveller.com)
  • When we think of our "body clock," sleep patterns are probably what first come to mind. (wrvo.org)
  • Many of our biologic systems - including our sleep and wake cycle, our appetites and digestive patterns, our body temperatures, and even our moods - follow daily patterns, or "circadian rhythms. (cdc.gov)
  • When our sleep patterns or lightness and darkness cues are severely disrupted-as can happen with night shift work, travel across multiple time zones, or exposure to light during our normal sleeping hours-we can develop what is referred to as "circadian disruption. (cdc.gov)
  • The internal clock of an organism is run by molecular pacemakers in the body cells that adapt metabolism and behaviour to the time of day. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • The cardiomyocyte circadian clock directly regulates multiple myocardial functions in a time-of-day-dependent manner, including gene expression, metabolism, contractility, and ischemic tolerance. (nih.gov)
  • Suprachiasmatic neurons are driving the central circadian clock which is reset by lighting cues captured and integrated by the melanopsin cells of the retina and define the daily rhythms of locomotor activity and associated physiological regulatory pathways like feeding and metabolism. (edpsciences.org)
  • Most obviously, coastal animals possess a powerful "circatidal clock", which oscillated with the 12.4-hour ebb and flow of the tides, influencing locomotion, metabolism, and many other physiological processes 2 . (cyagen.com)
  • Cretenet G, Le Clech M, Gachon F. Circadian clock-coordinated 12 Hr period rhythmic activation of the IRE1alpha pathway controls lipid metabolism in mouse liver. (cyagen.com)
  • We identified naturally variable loci that altered circadian clock outputs and linked these circadian quantitative trait loci to preexisting metabolomics quantitative trait loci, thereby identifying possible links between clock function and metabolism. (plantclock.org)
  • Using single-gene isogenic lines, we found that circadian clock output was altered by natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana secondary metabolism. (plantclock.org)
  • In addition, this review explores the evidence for a link between shift work (and its associated disturbances in sleep duration/quality and circadian alignment) and alterations in bone metabolism and bone health. (cdc.gov)
  • Knockdown and knockout of circadian rhythm genes did not block the 12-hour cycles. (cyagen.com)
  • Their model still holds up, despite discoveries of additional circadian rhythm genes. (medscape.com)
  • These circadian rhythms play an important role in regulating sleep, alertness and physiologic processes. (who.int)
  • Through the analysis of per circadian mutants and additional mutations on Drosophila clock genes, a model encompassing positive and negative autoregulatory feedback loops of transcription and translation has been proposed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The basic molecular mechanisms of the biological clock have been defined in vertebrate species, Drosophila melanogaster, plants, fungi, bacteria, and presumably also in Archaea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Circadian rhythms are the internal 24-hour clock possessed by most organisms on earth, regulating a diversity of biological functions including sleep/wake cycles, hormone production, digestion and body temperature. (phys.org)
  • The biological and clinical significance of this grand scale of circadian coordination will be important to discover in the very near future. (uky.edu)
  • But new research in the field of chronobiology -- the science of biological rhythms -- indicates certain organs have their own rhythm and clock. (wrvo.org)
  • 00:00:53.17 to biological clocks, 00:00:55.13 first talk about the genes, 00:00:57.27 and then about the clocks in cells, 00:01:00.22 and then how they're organized in the body. (ibiology.org)
  • The circadian clock controls several aspects of mammalian physiology and orchestrates the daily oscillations of biological processes and behavior. (nature.com)
  • how biological clocks respond to light and darkness. (cdc.gov)
  • Adequate sleep timed appropriately during the circadian night is important for numerous biological processes and systems. (cdc.gov)
  • The circadian clock is intertwined with most cellular metabolic processes and it is affected by organism aging. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanistic analysis of cycling genes using destabilized luciferase reporters, cultured cells, and animal models demonstrated that these 12-hour rhythms are cell-autonomous, are independent of circadian rhythms, and can be entrained by external cues such as feeding and metabolic stress. (cyagen.com)
  • This week on "Take Care," Shannon Bailey, a professor of pathology and environmental health sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, discusses the importance of the metabolic clock of the liver. (wrvo.org)
  • Our findings thus reveal a model in which acid produced during the cellular metabolic response to hypoxia suppresses the circadian clock through diminished translation of clock constituents. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • In vertebrates, the master circadian clock is contained within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a bilateral nerve cluster of about 20,000 neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their findings also point to the overall circadian organization in vertebrates as being an arrangement of multiple circadian pacemakers organized in a hierarchical system of clocks. (uky.edu)
  • At night, a special protein suppresses the effect of low light intensities from, say, the moon or a lamp, thus playing a crucial role in the precise synchronisation of the internal clock with the day and night sequence outside. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • At the heart of Neurospora's circadian system is the transcription factor WCC, a protein that activates or "switches on" about 1,000 genes depending on the time of day. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Accordingly, the VVD protein functions much like molecular sunglasses ensuring at the molecular level that the circadian clock does not mix up day and night. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Because the circadian clock and protein O-GlcNAcylation have common regulatory roles in the heart, we hypothesized that a relationship exists between the two. (nih.gov)
  • We also identify the clock component Bmal1 as an O-GlcNAc-modified protein. (nih.gov)
  • Increasing protein O-GlcNAcylation (through pharmacological inhibition of O-GlcNAcase) results in diminished Per2 protein levels, time-of-day-dependent induction of bmal1 gene expression, and phase advances in the suprachiasmatic nucleus clock. (nih.gov)
  • Single cell in vivo monitoring reveals that individual cells generate autonomous circadian rhythms in protein abundance. (aps.org)
  • The term circadian derives from the Latin circa (about) dies (a day), since when taken away from external cues (such as environmental light), they do not run to exactly 24 hours. (wikipedia.org)
  • The clock is reset as an organism senses environmental time cues of which the primary one is light. (wikipedia.org)
  • The research, reported in the April 6, 2007, issue of Cell , shows that a specific network of brain cells is the key to synchronizing the circadian clock to environmental cues, and reveals an astonishing degree of flexibility within the system. (hhmi.org)
  • They found that the circadian clock creates rhythms in DNA replication even in the absence of environmental cues, such as the rising and setting sun. (phys.org)
  • This central clock entrains peripheral clocks which can be synchronized by non-photic environmental cues and uncoupled from the central one depending on the nature and the strength of the circadian signal. (edpsciences.org)
  • This internal circadian system functions in a ~24h manner and is entrained by external cues such as natural light. (nature.com)
  • In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" in fruit flies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caffeine's wake-promoting effects are well established and the finding that caffeine influences human circadian physiology may have implications for the pathophysiology and perhaps treatment of some circadian sleep-wake disorders. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Notably, he found that a gene called shaggy, whose human equivalent GSK-3 is a target of lithium therapy for severe affective disorders, is critical to conveying the information on light change to the clock machinery. (hhmi.org)
  • In humans, disruptions to the circadian rhythm-such as working a shift-work job or experiencing frequent jet lag-have been associated with an array of health problems, including obesity, cardiovascular and immune dysfunction, mood disorders and even cancer. (phys.org)
  • Disturbances in circadian rhythm-the approximately 24-hour cycles that are endogenously generated by an organism-can be categorized into 2 main groups: transient disorders (eg, jet lag or a changed sleep schedule due to work, social responsibilities, or illness) and chronic disorders (eg, delayed sleep-phase syndrome [DSPS], advanced sleep-phase syndrome [ASPS], and irregular sleep-wake cycle). (medscape.com)
  • Some of these genes play a role in the expression of certain genes at specific times during the day or night, which helps set circadian rhythms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Research has shown that circadian-clock genes play a key role in fatty liver disease, Dr. Friedman noted. (medscape.com)
  • But, Bailey says, all organs also have their own clocks. (wrvo.org)
  • In the recent NTP report, it was concluded that there is "high confidence" that persistent night shift work that results in circadian disruption can cause human cancer, and IARC concluded that night shift work is "probably carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Since circadian rhythms regulate innate immunity, circadian disruption like shift work or jet-lag may result in an increased susceptibility to diseases. (nature.com)
  • For Volume 124, the scope of the system- cancer in humans and cancer in experimental atic review encompassed a comprehensive animals formed the basis of the Working Group's search of the literature, focusing on an agent evaluation of "shift work that involves circadian name reflecting variations on "night shift work", disruption" as Group 2A. (who.int)
  • This alters exposure to the regular photoperiod ical studies of night shift work and cancer since and may disrupt circadian rhythms in humans. (who.int)
  • When workers are forced to alter their sleep/activity schedule abruptly to correspond to a new work shift, there is usually a mismatch between the body's resources and the demands placed upon it until the circadian phase can adjust. (who.int)
  • A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized with solar time. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA replication cycles are tied to the circadian clock, and interruptions can lead to incomplete chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • The circadian rhythm, or circadian clock, is an internal mechanism that drives the 24-hour cycles that tell our bodies when to sleep, wake and eat - and now, new research has found that bacteria living within the gut also have a clock. (uky.edu)
  • Interestingly, in addition daily circadian cycles, many organisms also display physiological cycles repeating twice a day. (cyagen.com)
  • With evolutionary origins likely extending as far back as circatidal clocks in invertebrates, human 12-hour cycles have important implications for health and disease, and much more still needs to be learned. (cyagen.com)
  • These cycles are set by circadian clock genes that are found in nearly every cell in our bodies. (cdc.gov)
  • Our daily activity is timed in a 24h manner - the circadian rhythm controls our daily sleep/wake and feeding/fasting cycles as well as blood pressure and body temperature fluctuations. (nature.com)
  • In most living things, internally synchronized circadian clocks make it possible for the organism to anticipate daily environmental changes corresponding with the day-night cycle and adjust its biology and behavior accordingly. (wikipedia.org)
  • these hormones enter the circulatory system, and induce clock-driven effects throughout the organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The scientists used this bread mould as a model organism for the investigation of its circadian clock at the molecular level. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • This cyanobacterial system is exciting because it gives us a chance to answer these mechanistic questions about how circadian rhythms are contributing to the health of an organism. (phys.org)
  • This virtual workshop aims to apply developing advances in circadian science to priorities in lung biology, disease and therapeutics research by stimulating multi-disciplinary discussions between exceptional pulmonary and circadian investigators. (nih.gov)
  • Apply developing advances in circadian science to priorities in lung biology, disease and therapeutics, including (a) normal lung cell biology (b) lung pathophysiology, and (c) targets and pathways for lung therapeutics. (nih.gov)
  • Identify the contribution of circadian genomics in lung single cell biology/phenotyping, development, cellular senescence, tissue regeneration and repair, immune response, and pharmacotherapy, in alignment with the new NIH Sleep Research Plan research priorities. (nih.gov)
  • In most species we've studied, if the circadian rhythm is disrupted or permanently changed, it's bad for the animal's health, but no one has really been able to explain what goes wrong if your clock is in the wrong state all the time," said senior author Michael Rust, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology at UChicago. (phys.org)
  • Altogether, this new study suggests that the 12-hour clock is a prominent and important feature of animal biology. (cyagen.com)
  • New research by John O'Neill, in the LMB's Cell Biology Division, and Kenneth Wright, at the University of Colorado, has revealed the mechanism by which caffeine affects the human body clock. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Modern systems biology permits the study of complex networks, such as circadian clocks, and the use of complex methodologies, such as quantitative genetics. (plantclock.org)
  • Clocks in humans in a lab in constant low light, for example, will average about 24.2 hours per day, rather than 24 hours exactly. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the past 25 years he has been defining the machinery that underlies the nearly universal pattern of circadian rhythms in insects, animals, and humans. (hhmi.org)
  • Host Molly Blooms delves into how humans have a ticking clock inside them, looks at what happens to hibernating animals and explores how all life is affected by light and dark. (wxxi.org)
  • Remarkably caffeine has the same effect on the circadian clockwork in human cells, cultured in a petri dish, as can be observed in whole humans. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Studies in cyanobacteria, however, changed our view of the clock mechanism, since it was found by Kondo and colleagues that these single-cell organisms could maintain accurate 24-hour timing in the absence of transcription, i.e. there was no requirement for a transcription-translation autoregulatory feedback loop for rhythms. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the first demonstration of a circadian clock in a prokaryote outside the phylum Cyanobacteria, and the researchers' findings suggest that the cyanobacterial and E. aerogenes clocks share common evolutionary ancestors. (uky.edu)
  • This 24-hour "clock" influences many physiological processes, and has a well-understood biochemical basis elucidated by the work of many researchers over the past few decades. (cyagen.com)
  • Beyond these behavioural and physiological activities, the circadian rhythm reach es into nearly every single cell in our body and orchestrates a self-sustaining, time-regulating machinery. (nature.com)
  • Genetic ablation of the circadian clock specifically in cardiomyocytes in vivo abolishes diurnal variations in cardiac O-GlcNAc levels. (nih.gov)
  • This review examines the diurnal variation of bone turnover markers (BTMs) and the importance of circadian clock genes in regulating bone mass. (cdc.gov)
  • Buffering against acidification or inhibiting lactic acid production fully rescues circadian oscillation. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • Restoring mTORC1 signaling and the translation it governs rescues clock oscillation. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • The CRTC1-SIK1 pathway regulates entrainment of the circadian clock. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is known that caffeine counteracts some of the effects of sleepiness and makes it easier to stay awake, but until now no one had looked at whether there is also an effect on the internal circadian body clock. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Studies led by Stoleru showed that these two cell groups constitute the master network and represent a dual control system over the circadian clock. (hhmi.org)
  • A growing body of evidence has linked viral infections to the host circadian system 1 . (nature.com)
  • Retinal photoreceptors entrain the circadian system to the solar day. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The importance of the circadian system & sleep for bone health. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, this clock was reconstructed in a test tube (i.e., in the absence of any cell components), proving that accurate 24-hour clocks can be formed without the need for genetic feedback circuits. (wikipedia.org)
  • We developed a genomic quantitative genetic approach to overcome this problem, allowing us to examine the function(s) of the plant circadian clock in different populations derived from natural accessions. (plantclock.org)
  • Core circadian clock and light signaling genes brought into genetic linkage across the green lineage. (bvsalud.org)
  • If the clock is in the wrong state, it's the difference between completing the replication event, or the replication machinery falling apart completely. (phys.org)
  • Our findings reveal an unappreciated circadian machinery affecting pain hypersensitivity caused by peripheral nerve injury, thus opening up novel approaches to the management of chronic pain. (nature.com)
  • Targeting the host's cellular circadian machinery instead of the ever-mutating virus therefore provides promising treatment opportunities. (nature.com)
  • The circadian clock components BMAL1 and REV-ERBalpha regulate flavivirus replication. (nature.com)
  • The human circadian clock tells us when to sleep and awaken and controls important physiologies involving hormones, body temperature, heart function, and oxygen consumption. (hhmi.org)
  • Colquhoun WP, Paine MW, Fort A. Circadian rhythm of body temperature during prolonged undersea voyages. (cyagen.com)
  • Rosbash is a leader in the field of circadian research. (hhmi.org)
  • Last month, the Nobel Foundation recognized Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" 1 . (cyagen.com)
  • In addition, in situ entrainment experiments confirm our ability to detect a coupling of the circadian oscillator to an external force and to describe explicitly the dynamic change of the mean phase. (aps.org)
  • The normal body clock oscillates with an endogenous period of exactly 24 hours, it entrains, when it receives sufficient daily corrective signals from the environment, primarily daylight and darkness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Circadian disruption can harm biologic systems that help prevent cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • While the liver can function independently, our bodies do have a master clock in our brain, small set of neurons, that synchronizes a majority of body's rhythms. (wrvo.org)
  • In an experimental study conducted on hamsters, Martino and colleagues13 showed that circadian disruption played a critical role in cardiac and renal disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Fruit flies have two characteristic peaks of activity, one in the morning and the other in the early evening, and each is controlled genetically by a separate group of brain circadian cells. (hhmi.org)
  • While manipulating the circadian clock in his fruit flies, Stoleru says he found an intriguing relationship involving morning cells and evening cells. (hhmi.org)
  • The body's internal clock affects many aspects of human health and disease, such as when we feel sleepy, how we metabolise food, and even when in the day we observe the best athletic and cognitive performance. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly, these prokaryotes also have the simplest molecular mechanism at the heart of their circadian clock. (aps.org)
  • These results therefore confirm that the cyanobacterial clock stability is a built-in property: the cyanobacterian clock mechanism is not only the simplest but also the most robust. (aps.org)
  • However, the molecular mechanism driving and coordinating the central and peripheral clocks through a wide range of synchronizers (lighting, feeding, physical or social activities) remains a mystery. (edpsciences.org)
  • In the fruit fly, the circadian function appears important for regulating periods of activity, analogous to the human sleep-wake cycle. (hhmi.org)
  • The results, published online on May 10 in Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences , have implications for understanding how interrupted circadian rhythms can impact human health. (phys.org)
  • In a post-Industrial Revolution society, surrounded by artificial lights that can be turned on and off at will, these results could have implications for how circadian rhythms impact human health and why extensive disruptions can be so damaging. (phys.org)
  • The human circadian clock and its functioning in central or peripheral tissues are currently being explored to increase the therapeutic efficacy of timed administration of drugs or radiation, and to offer better advice on lighting and meal timing useful for frequent travelers suffering from jet lag and for night workers' comfort. (edpsciences.org)
  • They were given caffeine or a placebo, and dim or bright light (the bright light was a control, since bright light at night also delays the human circadian clock). (cam.ac.uk)
  • The A 1 receptor is the most abundant receptor in the human brain, therefore this new work suggests a simple explanation for how caffeine has its effects on our internal body clock. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Is the clock stability a built-in property for each bacterium or does a weak intercellular coupling, make them appear like that? (aps.org)
  • A new study from the University of Chicago has found that the photosynthetic bacterium Synechococcus elongatus uses a circadian clock to precisely time DNA replication, and that interrupting this circadian rhythm prevents replication from completing and leaves chromosomes unfinished overnight. (phys.org)
  • The evidence suggests that circadian rhythms have evolved multiple times among different species, so there must be something very fundamental and important that's shared among these different species," said first author Yi Liao, a postdoctoral scholar in Rust's lab. (phys.org)
  • Until now, we had no knowledge of how circadian clocks stay precisely synchronised with the day-night sequence despite intrusive light signals from the environment. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • The WCC itself possesses a special switch that reacts to light, the so-called LOV domain, and thus serves as a highly sensitive light receptor synchronising the internal clock with external day. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • The GI system's circadian clock is coordinated to both light and the timing of eating. (uky.edu)
  • For example, beyond increasing daytime exposure to sunlight and reducing evening exposure to electrical light, avoiding evening caffeine may help to treat problematic delayed sleep timing through circadian as well as established wakefulness-sleep mechanisms. (cam.ac.uk)
  • By analyzing the light-regulated transcriptome of the SCN, we have identified a key role for salt inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) and CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) in clock re-setting. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Thus SIK1 provides negative feedback, acting to suppress the effects of light on the clock. (ox.ac.uk)
  • After arrival, light and social contacts influence the timing of internal circadian rhythms. (cdc.gov)
  • This includes participants' habitual sleep (from baseline survey), circadian timing, typical sleep and light exposure, upcoming work roster and personal commitments. (who.int)
  • Properly timed caffeine use may also be of benefit with respect to shifting circadian timing, potentially assisting with circadian adaptation to large phase delays required when flying across many time zones westward, as well as sustaining wakefulness until bedtime in the new time zone. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Tick, Tock, Circadian Clock - A Brains On! (wxxi.org)
  • Tick, Tock, Circadian Clock, airing Sunday, December 31, 2017 at 9 p.m. on AM 1370 offers a unique, scientific celebration of the Winter Solstice. (wxxi.org)
  • It is not, however, clear precisely what signal (or signals) enacts principal entrainment to the many biochemical clocks contained in tissues throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • New research has revealed what keeps animals' internal clocks running on time through the long nights of winter and the long days of summer. (hhmi.org)
  • Molecular "sunglasses" ensure that the so-called internal clock of a fungus does not confuse night and day despite intrusive signals from sources like moonlight or lamplight. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • As the internal clock oscillates in periods of more or less 24 hours, it is also known as the "circadian" clock (circa dian = approximately one day). (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Kenneth Wright's group carried out in vivo experiments in which volunteers were placed in laboratory conditions so that their internal body clock could be observed. (cam.ac.uk)
  • This circadian (roughly daily) rhythm operates in every single cell of the body, turning different genes on and off at different times of day to allow us to best anticipate the external cycle of night and day. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Affected individuals seem to have disrupted daily (circadian) rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle, which are normally regulated to match the night-day cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • DNA replication typically begins when the clock state corresponds to the morning, and is suppressed when the clock predicts the arrival of night. (phys.org)
  • But because people who are awake all night may be eating at night, these people are fighting against their circadian clocks, they are out of sync with the environment, says Bailey. (wrvo.org)
  • Each person lived in the laboratory for 49 days (without a clock, or any knowledge of external night and day). (cam.ac.uk)