Cinchona
Quinidine
An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.
Alkaloids
Quinine
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.
Role of the choline exchanger in Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux from rat erythrocytes. (1/34)
Two types of Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux exist in erythrocytes: (1) Mg(2+) efflux in sucrose medium and (2) Mg(2+) efflux in high Cl(-) media such as KCl-, LiCl- or choline Cl-medium. The mechanism of Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux in choline Cl medium was investigated in this study. Non-selective transport by the following transport mechanisms has been excluded: K(+),Cl(-)- and Na(+),K(+),Cl(-)-symport, Na(+)/H(+)-, Na(+)/Mg(2+)-, Na(+)/Ca(2+)- and K(+)(Na(+))/H(+) antiport, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel and Mg(2+) leak flux. We suggest that, in choline Cl medium, Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux can be performed by non-selective transport via the choline exchanger. This was supported through inhibition of Mg(2+) efflux by hemicholinum-3 (HC-3), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DoTMA) and cinchona alkaloids, which are inhibitors of the choline exchanger. Increasing concentrations of HC-3 inhibited the efflux of choline and efflux of Mg(2+) to the same degree. The K(d) value for inhibition of [(14)C]choline efflux and for inhibition of Mg(2+) efflux by HC-3 were the same within the experimental error. Inhibition of choline efflux and of Mg(2+) efflux in choline medium occurred as follows: quinine>cinchonine>HC-3>DoTMA. Mg(2+) efflux was reduced to the same degree by these inhibitors as was the [(14)C]choline efflux. (+info)Transformation of Cinchona alkaloids into 1-N-oxide derivatives by endophytic Xylaria sp isolated from Cinchona pubescens. (2/34)
The microbial transformation of four Cinchona alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and cinchonine) by endophytic fungi isolated from Cinchona pubescens was investigated. The endophytic filamentous fungus Xylaria sp. was found to transform the Cinchona alkaloids into their 1-N-oxide derivatives. (+info)Highly stereoselective, uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers for cinchona alkaloids in hydro-organic mobile phases. (3/34)
Highly stereoselective, uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for cinchona alkaloids, cinchonine (CN) and cinchonidine (CD), were prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linker. The MIPs were evaluated using a mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The CN- and CD-imprinted MAA-co-EDMA polymers can recognize the respective template molecule more than the other diastereomer, and afford an excellent diastereomer separation of CN and CD. In addition, the MIPs gave diastereomer separations of structurally related compounds, quinidine and quinine. The retentive and stereoselective properties of those compounds on the MIPs suggest that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions can work to recognize these compounds. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies reveal that the entropy-driven effect is significant at mobile-phase pH 5.4, while the enthalpy-driven interactions seem to be dominant at mobile-phase pH 9.6. (+info)The relationship of physico-chemical properties and structure to the differential antiplasmodial activity of the cinchona alkaloids. (4/34)
BACKGROUND: The 8-amino and 9-hydroxy substituents of antimalarial cinchona alkaloids have the erythro orientation while their inactive 9-epimers are threo. From the X-ray structures a 90 degrees difference in torsion angle between the N1-H1 and C9-O12 bonds in the two series is believed to be important. In order to kill the malaria parasite, alkaloids must cross the erythrocyte and parasite membranes to accumulate in the acid digestive vacuole where they prevent detoxication of haematin produced during haemoglobin breakdown. METHODS: Ionization constants, octanol/water distribution and haematin interaction are examined for eight alkaloids to explain the influence of small structural differences on activity. RESULTS: Erythro isomers have a high distribution ratio of 55:1 from plasma to the erythrocyte membrane, while for the more basic threo epimers this is only 4.5:1. This gives an increased transfer rate of the erythro drugs into the erythrocyte and thence into the parasite vacuole where their favourable conformation allows interaction with haematin, inhibiting its dimerization strongly (90 +/- 7%) and thereby killing the parasite. The threo compounds not only enter more slowly but are then severely restricted from binding to haematin by the gauche alignment of their N1-H1 and C9-O12 bonds. Confirmatory molecular models allowed measurement of angles and bond lengths and computation of the electronic spectrum of a quinine-haematin complex. CONCLUSION: Differences in the antiplasmodial activity of the erythro and threo cinchona alkaloids may therefore be attributed to the cumulative effects of lipid/aqueous distribution ratio and drug-haematin interaction. Possible insights into the mechanism of chloroquine-resistance are discussed. (+info)Stereochemical evaluation of the relative activities of the cinchona alkaloids against Plasmodium falciparum. (5/34)
Quinine and quinidine were over 100 times more active than 9-epiquinine and 9-epiquinidine against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and over 10 times more active against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Since the only structural difference between quinine, quinidine, 9-epiquinine, and 9-epiquinidine is their three-dimensional configuration, the three-dimensional structures of these four alkaloids were examined in order to explain the large difference in relative activities between the 9-epi alkaloids and quinine and quinidine. The crystal structure of 9-epiquinidine hydrochloride monohydrate was determined by X-ray diffraction and was compared with the crystal structures of quinine, quinidine sulfate dihydrate, and 9-epiquinine hydrochloride dihydrate. The crystallographic parameters for 9-epiquinidine hydrochloride monohydrate were as follows: chemical formula, C20H25N2O2+.Cl-.H2O; M(r), 378.9; symmetry of unit cell, orthorhombic; space group, P2(1)2(1)2(1); parameters of unit cell, a was 7.042 +/- 0.001 A (1 A = 0.1 nm), b was 9.082 +/- 0.001 A, c was 31.007 +/- 0.005 A; the volume of unit cell was 1,983.1 +/- 0.6 A3; number of molecules per unit cell was 4; the calculated density was 1.27 g cm-3; the source of radiation was Cu K alpha (lambda = 1.54178 A); mu (absorption coefficient) was 18.82 cm-1; F(000) (sum of atomic scattering factors at zero scattering angle) was 808; room temperature was used; final R (residual index) was 5.72% for 1,501 reflections with magnitude of F(o) greater than 3 sigma (F). The intramolecular distance from N-1 to O-12 in 9-epiquinidine and 9-epiquinine, although shorter than the corresponding distance in quinine and quinidine, was similar to those of other active amino alcohol antimalarial agents. In all four alkaloids, both the hydroxyl and amine groups formed intermolecular hydrogen bonds, showing the potential for forming hydrogen bonds with cellular constituents. However, the positioning of the N+-1--H-N1 and O-12--H-O12 groups relative to each other was quite different in the 9-epi alkaloids versus quinidine. This difference in positioning may determine the relative strengths, of the formation of hydrogen bonds with cellular constituents important to antimalarial activity and, therefore, may determine the relative strength of antimalarial activity. (+info)Dose-dependent resorption of quinine after intrarectal administration to children with moderate Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (6/34)
The pharmacokinetics of increasing doses of an intrarectal Cinchona alkaloid combination containing 96.1% quinine, 2.5% quinidine, 0.68% cinchonine, and 0.67% cinchonidine (Quinimax) was compared to that of parenteral regimens in 60 children with moderate malaria. Quinine exhibited a nonlinear pharmacokinetics, suggesting a saturation of rectal resorption. When early rejections appeared, blood quinine concentrations decreased by 30 to 50% and were restored by an immediate half-dose administration of the drug. Rectal administration of doses of 16 or 20 mg/kg of body weight led to concentration-time profiles in blood similar to those of parenteral regimens and could be an early treatment of childhood malaria. (+info)Carbon nanotubes as adsorbent of solid-phase extraction and matrix for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. (7/34)
A method with carbon nanotubes functioning both as the adsorbent of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the matrix for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to analyze small molecules in solution has been developed. In this method, 10 microL suspensions of carbon nanotubes in 50% (vol/vol) methanol were added to the sample solution to extract analytes onto surface of carbon nanotubes because of their dramatic hydrophobicity. Carbon nanotubes in solution are deposited onto the bottom of tube with centrifugation. After removing the supernatant fluid, carbon nanotubes are suspended again with dispersant and pipetted directly onto the sample target of the MALDI-MS to perform a mass spectrometric analysis. It was demonstrated by analysis of a variety of small molecules that the resolution of peaks and the efficiency of desorption/ionization on the carbon nanotubes are better than those on the activated carbon. It is found that with the addition of glycerol and sucrose to the dispersant, the intensity, the ratio of signal to noise (S/N), and the resolution of peaks for analytes by mass spectrometry increased greatly. Compared with the previously reported method by depositing sample solution onto thin layer of carbon nanotubes, it is observed that the detection limit for analytes can be enhanced about 10 to 100 times due to solid-phase extraction of analytes in solution by carbon nanotubes. An acceptable result of simultaneously quantitative analysis of three analytes in solution has been achieved. The application in determining drugs spiked into urine has also been realized. (+info)Cinchonine, a potent efflux inhibitor to circumvent anthracycline resistance in vivo. (8/34)
Circumvention of multidrug resistance is a new field of investigation in cancer chemotherapy, and safe and potent multidrug resistance inhibitors are needed for clinical use. We investigated several analogues of quinine for their ability to increase anthracycline uptake in resistant cancer cells. Cinchonine was the most potent inhibitor of anthracycline resistance in vitro, and its activity was little altered by serum proteins. Serum from rats treated with i.v. cinchonine produced greater uptake of doxorubicin in cancer cells (DHD/K12/PROb rat colon cells and K562/ADM human leukemic cells) than did serum from quinine-treated rats (ex vivo assay). Cinchonine was more effective than quinine in reducing tumor mass and increasing the survival of rats inoculated i.p. with DHD/K12/PROb cells and treated i.p. with deoxydoxorubicin. Moreover, the acute toxicity of cinchonine in rats and mice was lower than that of other quinine-related compounds. The lower toxicity and greater potentiation of in vivo anthracycline activity produced by cinchonine are favorable characteristics for its use as an anti-multidrug resistance agent in future clinical trials. (+info)
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Organocatalysis
The cinchona alkaloids, certain oligopeptides. Synthetic catalysts derived from biomolecules. Hydrogen bonding catalysts, ...
C2-Symmetric ligands
Examples include cinchona alkaloids and certain phosphoramidites. P-chiral monophosphines have also been investigated. Chiral ...
Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation
Chiral Auxiliary: This is usually some kind of cinchona alkaloid. Stoichiometric Oxidant: Peroxides were among the first ... cycloaddition pathways for the bis-cinchona alkaloid-OsO4 catalyzed dihydroxylation of olefins by means of kinetic isotope ... that an enzyme-like binding pocket is crucial to the enantioselective dihydroxylation of olefins by OsO4-bis-cinchona alkaloid ... Additional Evidence That an Enzyme-like Binding Pocket Is Crucial for High Enantioselectivity in the Bis-Cinchona Alkaloid ...
Alma Levant Hayden
2. A study of the cinchona alkaloids in potassium bromide disks. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc 1960;49:497-502. Hayden AL. ... 2. A study of the cinchona alkaloids in potassium bromide disks". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 49 (8): ... 1. Application of the potassium bromide disk technique to some steroids, alkaloids, barbiturates, and other drugs. J Am Pharm ... 1. Application of the potassium bromide disk technique to some steroids, alkaloids, barbiturates, and other drugs". Journal of ...
Asymmetric hydrogenation
Cinchona alkaloids have been used as chiral modifiers for enantioselectivity hydrogenation. An alternative technique and one ... organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation of quinolines and their application in the synthesis of alkaloids". Angewandte Chemie ...
Cinchonine
... is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis. It is used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a ... Quinoline alkaloids, Quinuclidine alkaloids, All stub articles, Alkaloid stubs). ...
Asymmetric catalytic oxidation
Muñiz, Kilian; Nieger, Martin (2003-10-01). "Ferrocenoyl-Substituted Cinchona Alkaloids: Synthesis, Structure, and Application ...
Vladimir Prelog
He found an ideal topic in the elucidation of the structure of solanine; he continued his work on Cinchona alkaloids and ... He performed research in his spare time, investigating alkaloids in cacao bark.[citation needed] Prelog wanted to work in an ... Later he worked on elucidating the structures of aromatic Erythrina alkaloids with Derek Barton, Oskar Jeger and Robert Burns ... Prelog's main interest was focused on alkaloids. ...
Cinchona calisaya
"Ability of endophytic filamentous fungi associated with Cinchona ledgeriana to produce Cinchona alkaloids". Journal of Natural ... Cinchona calisaya is a species of shrub or tree in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the forests of the eastern slopes of ... Andersson, Lennart (1997). A Revision of the Genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae-Cinchoneae). New York Botanical Garden. pp. 51-54. ISBN ... Cinchona, Flora of the Andes, Flora of the Amazon, Flora of Bolivia, Flora of Colombia, Trees of the Amazon, Trees of Peru, ...
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Protoporphyrin IX Complexes of the Antimalarial Cinchona Alkaloids Quinine and Quinidine". ACS Chemical Biology. 7 (4): 666-71 ... hydrogen bond between a propionate side chain of the porphyrin and the protonated quinuclidine nitrogen atom of either alkaloid ...
Asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidation
Phase-transfer catalysis of nucleophilic epoxidation is also possible using cinchona-based alkaloid catalysts. Phase-transfer ...
Baylis-Hillman reaction
β-ICD, a cinchona alkaloid derivative, is famous among the quinidine framework-based catalysts. 1,1,1,3,3,3,- ...
Cinchonidine
... is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis and Gongronema latifolium. It is used in asymmetric synthesis in ... Quinoline alkaloids, Quinuclidine alkaloids, All stub articles, Alkaloid stubs). ...
Cinchona
For a while the extraction of a mixture of alkaloids from the cinchona bark, known in India as the cinchona febrifuge, was used ... Cinchona mutisii Lamb. Cinchona nitida Ruiz & Pav. Cinchona officinalis L. Cinchona parabolica Pav. in J.E.Howard Cinchona ... Cinchona barbacoensis H.Karst. Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Cinchona capuli L.Andersson Cinchona fruticosa L.Andersson Cinchona ... Cinchona pubescens Vahl Cinchona pyrifolia L.Andersson Cinchona rugosa Pav. in J.E.Howard Cinchona scrobiculata Humb. & Bonpl. ...
Quinine
... and other Cinchona alkaloids can be used as catalysts for stereoselective reactions in organic synthesis.: Table 3B ... The class of chemical compounds to which it belongs is thus called the cinchona alkaloids. Bark extracts had been used to treat ... Sappington began importing cinchona bark from Peru in 1820. In 1832, using quinine derived from the cinchona bark, Sappington ... The Spanish had observed the Quechua's use of cinchona and were aware of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark by the 1570s ...
Cinchona Missions
Bark of species from the genus Cinchona produces the alkaloid quinine, a potent anti-malarial treatment. Although originally ... "Cinchona Missions Expedition". Steere, William Campbell (1945). "The Cinchona-Bark Industry of South America". The Scientific ... Wild populations of cinchona were also to be exploited. At its peak, as many as 30 American botanists were involved with the ... The Cinchona Missions (1942-1945) were a series of expeditions led by the United States to find natural sources of quinine in ...
Hydrogen-bond catalysis
... in tandem asymmetric reactions generating nonadjacent stereocenters with bifunctional catalysis by Cinchona alkaloids". J. Am. ... In the Jacobsen synthesis of (+)-yohimbine, an indole alkaloid, an early enantioselective Pictet-Spengler reaction using a ...
1820 in science
Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier isolate the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from Cinchona bark. Friedrich ...
Methylcyclohexene
The ratioof hydroxylation products to epoxidation products was shown to be 2:1. In the presence of a Cinchona alkaloid, ...
Quinoline alkaloids
Among the quinoline alkaloids are the cinchona alkaloids quinine and quinidine, which are important due to their therapeutic ... as well as some furoquinoline alkaloids and acridine alkaloids. Strychnine and brucine, alkaloids of the nux vomica, which have ... The second precursor molecule is either a hemiterpene or a monoterpene (e.g. secologanine in cinchona alkaloids). Entry on ... Quinoline alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds from the group of alkaloids, which are chemically derived from ...
Electrophilic fluorination
N-fluoroammonium salts of cinchona alkaloids represent the state of the art for reactions of this type. In addition, these ... reagents are easily synthesized from Selectfluor and the parent alkaloids. Electrophilic N-F fluorinating reagents incorporate ...
Kinetic resolution
Dihydroxylation of Secondary Allylic 4-Methoxybenzoate Esters Using a Mechanistically Designed Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyst". J. ...
Dihydroquinidine
... (also called hydroquinidine) is an organic compound, a cinchona alkaloid closely related to quinine. The ... Dihydroquinine Buchler a company focussing solely on cinchona alkaloids as catalysts such as Dihydroquinidine or Dihydroquinine ...
History of malaria
It would be nearly 200 years before the active principles, quinine and other alkaloids, of cinchona bark were isolated. Quinine ... The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of the cinchona tree, which contains quinine. After the link to ... They sold them to the Dutch government, who cultivated 20,000 trees of the Cinchona ledgeriana in Java (Indonesia). By the end ... "The weird and wonderful world of the plant hunters - part 4: Quinine, the cinchona tree and empires in competition". Trees for ...
Dihydroquinine
... , also known as hydroquinine, is an organic compound and as a cinchona alkaloid closely related to quinine. The ... Dihydroquinidine Buchler a company focussing solely on cinchona alkaloids as catalysts such as Dihydroquinine or ...
Michael reaction
... such as quaternary ammonium salts derived from the Cinchona alkaloids; or organocatalysis, which is activated by enamine or ...
Malaria prophylaxis
The first treatment identified is thought to be Quinine, one of four alkaloids from the bark of the Cinchona tree. Originally ... By the mid-1880s the Dutch had grown vast plantations of cinchona trees and monopolised the world market. Quinine remained the ...
Procainamide
Due to the loss of Indonesia in World War II, the source for cinchona alkaloids, a precursor of quinidine, was reduced. This ...
Nitro-Mannich reaction
Also the bifunctional thioureas 64 and 65, again derived from the cinchona alkaloids, are very effective catalysts in Michael ... McCooey, Séamus H.; Connon, Stephen J. (2005-10-07). "Urea- and Thiourea-Substituted Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives as Highly ... C Bond Formation with New Bifunctional Organic Catalysts Based on Cinchona Alkaloids". Journal of the American Chemical Society ... numerous other bifunctional organocatalysts were developed derived from the readily available cinchona alkaloid scaffold. The ...
Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis
Cinchona alkaloids (BQ and BQd) are readily available and relatively inexpensive natural products that have features making ... Chiral ketene enolate formation via nucleophilic activation by the cinchona alkaloid facilitates enantioselective and ...
List of sequenced plant genomes
2022-10-06). "A highly contiguous, scaffold-level nuclear genome assembly for the fever tree (Cinchona pubescens Vahl) as a ... November 2021). "The Clausena lansium (Wampee) genome reveal new insights into the carbazole alkaloids biosynthesis pathway". ...
Feist-Benary synthesis
... modification is the enantioselective interrupted Feist-Benary reaction with a chiral auxiliary based on the cinchona alkaloid ... This type of alkaloids is also used in asymmetric synthesis in the AD-mix. The alkaloid is protonated throughout the reaction ...
Joseph Bienaimé Caventou
Quinine is the active anti-malarial ingredient in the bark of cinchona tree. Neither of the partners chose to patent their ... In 1823 they discovered nitrogen in alkaloid compounds. Other compounds they discovered include colchicine and veratrine. The ... making a study of alkaloids from vegetables. Among their successes were the isolation of the following compounds: Quinine ...
Charles H. Wood
Government Cinchona nursery. "Obituary". Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Proceedings; Royal ... The process involved the use of fusel alcohol to extract the alkaloids, which were then precipitated as sulphates using ... Hooper, David (1889). "Cinchona cultivation in India". Pharmaceutical Record. IX: 296-299. Retrieved 17 July 2015. "KITLV 80286 ... Actual manufacturing operations did not therefore begin until 1875." Wood was succeeded at the Rungbee cinchona plantations in ...
Caffeine
Graham JR (June 1954). "Rectal use of ergotamine tartrate and caffeine alkaloid for the relief of migraine". The New England ... by several doctors to be a medicine that reduces fevers and because coffee belongs to the same family as the cinchona [quinine ... Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine ... Frischknecht PM, Ulmer-Dufek J, Baumann TW (1986). "Purine alkaloid formation in buds and developing leaflets of Coffea arabica ...
Alkaloid
... cinchona). Furthermore, different tissues of the same plants may contain different alkaloids. Beside plants, alkaloids are ... of those contain alkaloids. Therefore, in the past the term "alkaloid" was associated with plants. The alkaloids content in ... attributed to isoquinoline alkaloids. Main classes of monomeric alkaloids are listed in the table below: Most alkaloids contain ... Most alkaloids are present in the raw plants in the form of salts of organic acids. The extracted alkaloids may remain salts or ...
Ross Island Penal Colony
During this time the authorities also embarked on testing of pharmaceutical drugs like quinine (cinchona alkaloid) by forcibly ...
James Alexander Gammie
Wood's process for extracting the cinchona alkaloid using a solvent, fusel alcohol, from which the alkaloids were precipitated ... cinchona plantations in Mungpoo in northeastern India and in introducing a process for the extraction of cinchona alkaloids at ... who as Secretary of State also supported his work at the cinchona plantations. The snake Lycodon gammiei was named after him. ... working for about four years until he was selected by the Secretary of State for India in August 1865 to manage the cinchona ...
Medicinal plants
The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine. The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco ... quinine from the cinchona tree, and then many others. As chemistry progressed, additional classes of pharmacologically active ... "Chemical and Biological Aspects of Narcissus Alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Vol. 63 ... The alkaloids are bitter-tasting and toxic, and concentrated in the parts of the plant such as the stem most likely to be eaten ...
Antimalarial medication
As an alkaloid, it is accumulated in the food vacuoles of Plasmodium species, especially Plasmodium falciparum. It acts by ... and the discovery of the cinchona tree, and the potential uses of its bark, to the current day[when?] and a collection of ... Quinine is an alkaloid that acts as a blood schizonticidal and weak gametocide against Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae ... Quinimax and quinidine are the two most commonly used alkaloids related to quinine in the treatment or prevention of malaria. ...
Helma Wennemers
... to electrophiles using cinchona alkaloid derived catalysts. The introduction of fluorinated MAHTs and MTMs allowed for the ...
Cinchona officinalis
Other alkaloids that are extracted from this tree include cinchonine, cinchonidine and quinidine. Standley, Paul C. (1936). " ... Cinchona officinalis is a medicinal plant, one of several Cinchona species used for the production of quinine, which is an anti ... English: quinine, red cinchona, cinchona bark, Jesuit's bark, loxa bark, Jesuit's powder, countess powder, Peruvian bark. ... Media related to Cinchona officinalis at Wikimedia Commons Tropical Plants Database: Cinchona officinalis Data related to ...
Quinidine
... reported in a leading Viennese medical journal that quinidine was the most effective of the four principal cinchona alkaloids ... Quinoline alkaloids, Quinuclidine alkaloids, Secondary alcohols, Sigma receptor ligands, Sodium channel blockers). ... The effects of cinchona bark (the botanical source from which quinidine is extracted) had been commented on long before the ... It is a stereoisomer of antimalarial agent quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The drug causes ...
Diaporthe litchicola
"Alkaloid profile of endophytic Diaporthe spp. from Cinchona calisaya." Jurnal Penelitian Teh dan Kina 18.1 (2016). Fan, Xin-Lei ...
Treatment with Quinidine Gluconate of
Persons with Severe
Plasmodium falciparum Infection:
Discontinuation of Parenteral...
Etymologia: Quinine - Volume 21, Number 7-July 2015 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
Handbook of the Polariscope and Its Practical Applications - Hans Landolt - Google B ker
The specific rotation of the cinchona alkaloids and of their most important salts has been studied in detail by Hesse. The ... 1 If [a], be the specific rotation of a compound and [a], that of the active group (e.g., alkaloid) contained in it, then ... A + B where d is the amount of essential active substance (alkaloid) in e parts by weight of the compound. (Hesse : Liebigs ... alkaloids, and for their salts either water, dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid of known strength, the latter being added in ...
cinchonism: Meaning and Definition of | Infoplease
IndexCat
Toxics | Free Full-Text | Chemical Characteristics and Source-Specific Health Risks of the Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban...
Forays into the Synthesis of Zoanthenol: Intriguing Patterns in Reactivity and Selectivity - CaltechTHESIS
How is cinchonism treated? - Pursuantmedia.com
"The Popular Dose with Doctors": Quinine and the American Civil War | Science History...
Quinine is an alkaloid synthesized from the bark of cinchona, a tree native to South America. The Northern blockade of Southern ... After French chemists first isolated the alkaloid from cinchona bark, Philadelphia-based Zeitler and Rosengarten (later ... Both firms obtained cinchona in bulk at low cost and processed it to obtain the quinine, which was then extracted into sulfate ... cinchona bark, which has been known for centuries, and its quinine derivative; and the other, "one of the most terrible and ...
Titles list | Archive ouverte UNIGE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pivotal and New Lupus Therapies, Emergency...
"Novel Cinchona Alkoloid Derived Ammonium Salts as Phase-Transfer Catal" by Bing Ma
Cinchona alkaloid-derived quaternary ammonium salts have been successfully used as phase-transfer catalysts, particularly in ... Cinchona alkaloids, beta-Hydroxy alpha-amino acids, Sonogashira coupling, Heck reaction, Asymmetric aldol reaction, natural ... Project I. Cinchona alkaloid-derived quaternary ammonium salts have been successfully used as phase-transfer catalysts, ... Novel Cinchona Alkoloid Derived Ammonium Salts as Phase-Transfer Catalysts for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Beta-Hydroxy Alpha- ...
Publications
Current Science
Determinants of relapse periodicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria | Malaria Journal | Full Text
An Even-Handed Approach to Odd Hydrogen Bonds - ChemistryViews
Baiker and colleagues have found that adding just trace quantities of cinchona alkaloids to the reaction medium can boost the ... study provides the first in situ spectroscopic evidence for the possible role of the C9-OH functionality in cinchona alkaloids ... that might occur between catalytic substrate and the chiral modifier in heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation on cinchona- ...
Code System Concept
Product containing Cinchona alkaloid Active Synonym false false 3651206015 Cinchona alkaloid product Active Synonym false false ... Product containing Cinchona alkaloid (product). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Product containing Cinchona alkaloid ( ... Cinchona alkaloid Active Synonym false false 3650689014 ... Cinchona alkaloid-containing product Active Synonym false false ...
DeCS
Find Research outputs
- Yonsei University
PPT - Medicinal Plants PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:1207356
Medicine in pre-scientific times Synthetic organic chemistry and medicine Alkaloids glycosides Foxglove (digoxin) Willow bark ( ... Quinine • Quinine is an alkaloid found in the bark of the cinchona tree, which grows in the Andes Mountains, mostly in Peru. It ... It is an alkaloid derived from plants in the genus Ephedra, which (unlike almost all other plants we are examining) is a ... Vinca Alkaloids • The Madagascar periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (used to be Vinca rosea) was used as a traditional Chinese ...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Search
Terms defined in 'UMLS. CSP-HL7-ICD9CM-NCI-NDFRT-RXNORM' - MEDINDEX.AM
alkaloid; Antimalarials; Cinchona Alkaloids; 1 benzazine; quinuclidine; =QUININE SULFATE 13. (+)-6-((4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4- ... alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata; this compound selectively inhibits the nuclear ... Solanaceous Alkaloids; cholinergic agent; [AD900] ANTIDOTES/DETERRENTS, OTHER; =nicotine replacement; Nicotine Polacrilex; ... very poisonous alkaloid; the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons ...
Alfa Chemistry Catalysts Releases Asymmetric Organocatalysts for Chemical Reactions - Florida Times Daily
Products - page53 | Alsachim
Pharma Org. Chem.-I - Vallabh Prakashan
Cinchona alkaloids. 12. Quinine. 13. Reserpine. 14. Morphine. 15. Morphine analogues-structure activity relationships 14. ... Alkaloids 1. Introduction and occurrence. 2. Isolation. 3. General properties. 4. Classification. 5. General methods to ... alkaloids, purines and important reagents employed in organic syntheses. It also contains problems at the end of book, which ...
DeCS Ingl s
Constant Controversy: Cod Liver Oil and Our Changing Food Paradigms - The Weston A. Price Foundation
Pharmacognosy Lecture Notes Pdf
... alkaloids of the market in infusion or phloem portions of pharmacognosy lecture notes pdf. ... Cinchona alkaloids are toxic alkaloids are boiled with human body to pharmacognosy lecture notes pdf download lecture notes. In ... Alkaloids are contained in all the various cells, etc. Jul 0 2020 1 Exam A V5 Free PDF ebook Download Exam A V5 Download or ... Alkaloids author of the pharmacognosy notes apply to the best examined by boiling various calculations of. This serves to give ...
CCDC 909467: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination : Methyl 2-methylene-3-phenyl-4-(2-thienylcarbonyl)hex-5-enoate -...
AntimalarialGlycosidesDerived from cinchona barkDerivativesQuinidineCalisayaSynthesized from the barkBark of the cinchona treeJesuit'sQuinine from cinchonaLedgerianaQuina-quinaHarvesting cinchona barkOfficinalisQuaternarySuccirubraAsymmetricMalariaChemistsChinchonaCinchonidineSyntheticSpeciesCinchonic1630sSaltsQuechuaCompoundsIndigenousTreePeruDutchOrganicSpanishYellowTreesLeadBitterFoundImportant
Antimalarial6
- From the Quechua kina , "bark," quinine is an alkaloid of cinchona that has antimalarial properties. (cdc.gov)
- In 1820 two scientists, Pelletier and Caventou, isolated an alkaloid chemical in the bark which provided the highest antimalarial effect and named it quinine. (raintree-health.com)
- Once discovered, methods were developed to extract only the quinine alkaloid from the natural bark to sell as an antimalarial drug. (raintree-health.com)
- The Emperor Shen Nung (2735 BC) compiled what may be called a pharmacopeia including ch'ang shang, an antimalarial alkaloid. (hktechnical.com)
- Quinine is an antimalarial alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree. (hktechnical.com)
- In addition to the familiar antimalarial alkaloid quinine, there is its stereoisomer quinidine, used in cardiac medicine, as well as other pairs of alkaloids that are useful building blocks in synthetic chemistry: cinchonine and cinchonidine, and dihydroquinidine and dihydroquinine. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Glycosides1
- Medicine in pre-scientific times Synthetic organic chemistry and medicine Alkaloids glycosides Foxglove (digoxin) Willow bark (aspirin) quinine Ephidrine Schizophrenia and resperine cancer treatment Chapter 19. (slideserve.com)
Derived from cinchona bark1
- The alkaloid is derived from cinchona bark and can lead to quinine toxicity in high doses. (liquortalkclub.com)
Derivatives2
- Over these fields, cinchona alkaloids as well as their derivatives participate in a significant part. (easyfie.com)
- This small evaluate focuses on the latest triumphs in the area of uneven carbon-nitrogen atom connection enhancement side effects using cinchona alkaloids as well as their derivatives.Nonmelanoma cancer of the skin (NMSC) is regarded as the widespread cancer in the Ough.Ersus.Any. (easyfie.com)
Quinidine2
- Further notes on the treatment of malaria with cinchona febrifuge, quinidine and cinchonine. (nih.gov)
- Cinchonism refers to a syndrome caused by any of the cinchona alkaloids, including quinidine. (pursuantmedia.com)
Calisaya3
- Cinchona ledgeriana Moens, C. calisaya Wedd. (fda.gov)
- In the middle of the 19th century, though, seeds of Cinchona calisaya and Cinchona pubescens were smuggled out of South America by the British and the Dutch. (raintree-health.com)
- any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Cinchona, of the madder family, especially C. calisaya, native to the Andes, cultivated there and in Java and India for its bark, which yields quinine and other alkaloids. (dictionary.com)
Synthesized from the bark1
- Quinine is an alkaloid synthesized from the bark of cinchona, a tree native to South America. (sciencehistory.org)
Bark of the cinchona tree2
- Legend has it that the name cinchona came from the countess of Chinchon, the wife of a Peruvian viceroy, who was cured of a malarial type of fever by using the bark of the cinchona tree in 1638. (raintree-health.com)
- A key component of tonic water is quinine, an anti-malarial alkaloid from the bark of the cinchona tree. (edina.ac.uk)
Jesuit's1
- No matter its origins, Europeans began to call ground cinchona bark "Countess' powder," "Jesuit's powder," or simply the "fever tree. (edina.ac.uk)
Quinine from cinchona2
- Some strains of malaria have become resistant to the synthetic quinine which has instigated renewed interest in sourcing natural quinine from cinchona. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
- By the early nineteenth century, chemists had isolated quinine from cinchona bark. (edina.ac.uk)
Ledgeriana2
- At least three of these species ( C. officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C. succirubra ) have a high enough concentration of quinine alkaloids to be cultivated commercially for their medicinal value. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
- The active ingredient against malaria, the alkaloid quinine, was isolated in the 1820s, prompting further cultivation of trees, especially C. ledgeriana and C. succirubra . (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Quina-quina1
- Bitter-tasting alkaloid from the bark of cinchona (quina-quina) trees, indigenous to South America and Peru. (adoseofhistory.com)
Harvesting cinchona bark1
- The South American rainforests benefited from the income generated by harvesting cinchona bark for the extraction of this alkaloid from the bark for the manufacture of quinine drugs. (raintree-health.com)
Officinalis1
- These are relationship sections of other remedies that refer to Cinchona ( China ) Officinalis . (abchomeopathy.com)
Quaternary1
- Project I. Cinchona alkaloid-derived quaternary ammonium salts have been successfully used as phase-transfer catalysts, particularly in asymmetric alkylations. (byu.edu)
Succirubra1
- Cinchona succirubra Pav. (fda.gov)
Asymmetric2
- Novel Cinchona Alkoloid Derived Ammonium Salts as Phase-Transfer Catalysts for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Beta-Hydroxy Alpha-Amino Acids Via Aldol Reactions and Total Synthesis of Celogentin C. (byu.edu)
- Fabian Meemken, Nobutaka Maeda, Konrad Hungerbühler, and Alfons Baiker have used in situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) together with modulation excitation spectroscopy (MES) to investigate the hypothetical O-H-O type hydrogen bonding that might occur between catalytic substrate and the chiral modifier in heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation on cinchona-modified platinum. (chemistryviews.org)
Malaria4
- Notes on the treatment of malaria with the alkaloids of cinchona. (nih.gov)
- The constant need for malaria medicine motivated the British and Dutch to bring cinchona to their colonies by smuggling it out of the Spanish colonies and establishing plantations in Asia. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
- The native Quechua people, living in what is now Peru, had been using the bark of cinchona trees for treating hypothermia and fever and this is what led to its development as a drug for malaria. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
- The Jesuits in colonial Peru, knowing of the local use of cinchona for treating fever, began to use concoctions of the powdered bark to treat malaria patients, beginning in the 1630s. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Chemists1
- The zoanthamine family of alkaloids has attracted the attention of synthetic chemists for over two decades, beginning with the first report of their isolation in 1984. (caltech.edu)
Chinchona1
- The scientific name was later modified from Chinchona to Cinchona, which is the accepted spelling today. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Cinchonidine1
- The team concludes that, "Our study provides the first in situ spectroscopic evidence for the possible role of the C 9 -OH functionality in cinchona alkaloids in the enantiodifferentiating diastereomeric complex formed between ketopantolactone and cinchonidine. (chemistryviews.org)
Synthetic1
- In the 1940s, after the active alkaloid was isolated and identified drug companies were able to develop synthetic quinine. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Species4
- Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona. (bvsalud.org)
- The genus Cinchona contains about forty species of trees. (raintree-health.com)
- The native range of cinchona species are the lower to mid-elevations of the Andes in South America. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
- Species of cinchona are all evergreen, with waxy, dark green leaves resembling other species of the Rubiaceae family (such as coffee). (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Cinchonic1
- Cinchona bark also contains a tannin, cinchonic acid, which is used to perform protein assays in laboratory work. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
1630s1
- From the 1630s onwards a specific treatment (Cinchona bark) was available for agues (although for most of those infected it was unaffordable). (biomedcentral.com)
Salts1
- The present arrangement shall also apply to cinchona bark and salts of quinine. (dictionary.com)
Quechua1
- The Quechua (Inca) peoples of Peru and Bolivia had long understood the cinchona tree's ability to stop shivers in cold temperatures. (edina.ac.uk)
Compounds1
- The medicinally active compounds in cinchona bark are mostly alkaloids. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Indigenous1
- All cinchonas are indigenous to the eastern slopes of the Amazonian area of the Andes, where they grow from 1,500-3,000 meters in elevation on either side of the equator (from Colombia to Bolivia). (raintree-health.com)
Tree1
- Cinchona is the national tree of both Peru and Ecuador. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Peru1
- Supposedly, the planting of cinchona trees outside of South America was initiated by the Jesuits, who had long collected the bark in Peru and promoted its use wherever there were Jesuit missions. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Dutch1
- The account of the Dutch cinchona -plantations, which now furnish quinine of the best quality, is full of interest. (dictionary.com)
Organic1
- 51515).il6 constitutional organic drugs.group of quinine.the group is composed of quinine and other alkaloids extracted from the cinchona bark. (avclark.com)
Spanish1
- The first who wrote upon the therapy of cinchona was Barba, a Spanish physician, whose work was printed in Seville in 1642. (dictionary.com)
Yellow1
- The red and yellow cinchona barks are scarcely ever used for making extracts. (dictionary.com)
Trees3
- In the cinchona bark plantations, the trees that are stripped regrow some of their bark and are harvested again before they are cut down. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
- In cultivation, it is sometimes a practice to grow moss on the cinchona trees. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
- however, it is still often sourced from the cinchona trees. (herbal-supplement-resource.com)
Lead1
- Cinchona alkaloids lead to only a modest amount of epimerization. (journalfeeds.online)
Bitter1
- There was one practical problem: ground cinchona bark tasted awful-way too bitter for the gentle European palate. (dictionary.com)
Found1
- Baiker and colleagues have found that adding just trace quantities of cinchona alkaloids to the reaction medium can boost the enantiomeric excess considerably in hydrogenation reactions of ketones on platinum catalysts. (chemistryviews.org)
Important1
- Cinchona, or quinine bark, is one of the rainforest's most famous plants and most important discoveries. (raintree-health.com)