Cinchona
Quinidine
An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.
Alkaloids
Quinine
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.
Stereoisomerism
Catalysis
Rubiaceae
Biological Products
Capillary Electrochromatography
Silica Gel
Phenylcarbamates
Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane
Cyclization
Phosphines
Tropical Medicine
Malaysia
A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
Intuition
Role of the choline exchanger in Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux from rat erythrocytes. (1/34)
Two types of Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux exist in erythrocytes: (1) Mg(2+) efflux in sucrose medium and (2) Mg(2+) efflux in high Cl(-) media such as KCl-, LiCl- or choline Cl-medium. The mechanism of Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux in choline Cl medium was investigated in this study. Non-selective transport by the following transport mechanisms has been excluded: K(+),Cl(-)- and Na(+),K(+),Cl(-)-symport, Na(+)/H(+)-, Na(+)/Mg(2+)-, Na(+)/Ca(2+)- and K(+)(Na(+))/H(+) antiport, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel and Mg(2+) leak flux. We suggest that, in choline Cl medium, Na(+)-independent Mg(2+) efflux can be performed by non-selective transport via the choline exchanger. This was supported through inhibition of Mg(2+) efflux by hemicholinum-3 (HC-3), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DoTMA) and cinchona alkaloids, which are inhibitors of the choline exchanger. Increasing concentrations of HC-3 inhibited the efflux of choline and efflux of Mg(2+) to the same degree. The K(d) value for inhibition of [(14)C]choline efflux and for inhibition of Mg(2+) efflux by HC-3 were the same within the experimental error. Inhibition of choline efflux and of Mg(2+) efflux in choline medium occurred as follows: quinine>cinchonine>HC-3>DoTMA. Mg(2+) efflux was reduced to the same degree by these inhibitors as was the [(14)C]choline efflux. (+info)Transformation of Cinchona alkaloids into 1-N-oxide derivatives by endophytic Xylaria sp isolated from Cinchona pubescens. (2/34)
The microbial transformation of four Cinchona alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and cinchonine) by endophytic fungi isolated from Cinchona pubescens was investigated. The endophytic filamentous fungus Xylaria sp. was found to transform the Cinchona alkaloids into their 1-N-oxide derivatives. (+info)Highly stereoselective, uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers for cinchona alkaloids in hydro-organic mobile phases. (3/34)
Highly stereoselective, uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for cinchona alkaloids, cinchonine (CN) and cinchonidine (CD), were prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linker. The MIPs were evaluated using a mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The CN- and CD-imprinted MAA-co-EDMA polymers can recognize the respective template molecule more than the other diastereomer, and afford an excellent diastereomer separation of CN and CD. In addition, the MIPs gave diastereomer separations of structurally related compounds, quinidine and quinine. The retentive and stereoselective properties of those compounds on the MIPs suggest that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions can work to recognize these compounds. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies reveal that the entropy-driven effect is significant at mobile-phase pH 5.4, while the enthalpy-driven interactions seem to be dominant at mobile-phase pH 9.6. (+info)The relationship of physico-chemical properties and structure to the differential antiplasmodial activity of the cinchona alkaloids. (4/34)
BACKGROUND: The 8-amino and 9-hydroxy substituents of antimalarial cinchona alkaloids have the erythro orientation while their inactive 9-epimers are threo. From the X-ray structures a 90 degrees difference in torsion angle between the N1-H1 and C9-O12 bonds in the two series is believed to be important. In order to kill the malaria parasite, alkaloids must cross the erythrocyte and parasite membranes to accumulate in the acid digestive vacuole where they prevent detoxication of haematin produced during haemoglobin breakdown. METHODS: Ionization constants, octanol/water distribution and haematin interaction are examined for eight alkaloids to explain the influence of small structural differences on activity. RESULTS: Erythro isomers have a high distribution ratio of 55:1 from plasma to the erythrocyte membrane, while for the more basic threo epimers this is only 4.5:1. This gives an increased transfer rate of the erythro drugs into the erythrocyte and thence into the parasite vacuole where their favourable conformation allows interaction with haematin, inhibiting its dimerization strongly (90 +/- 7%) and thereby killing the parasite. The threo compounds not only enter more slowly but are then severely restricted from binding to haematin by the gauche alignment of their N1-H1 and C9-O12 bonds. Confirmatory molecular models allowed measurement of angles and bond lengths and computation of the electronic spectrum of a quinine-haematin complex. CONCLUSION: Differences in the antiplasmodial activity of the erythro and threo cinchona alkaloids may therefore be attributed to the cumulative effects of lipid/aqueous distribution ratio and drug-haematin interaction. Possible insights into the mechanism of chloroquine-resistance are discussed. (+info)Stereochemical evaluation of the relative activities of the cinchona alkaloids against Plasmodium falciparum. (5/34)
Quinine and quinidine were over 100 times more active than 9-epiquinine and 9-epiquinidine against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and over 10 times more active against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Since the only structural difference between quinine, quinidine, 9-epiquinine, and 9-epiquinidine is their three-dimensional configuration, the three-dimensional structures of these four alkaloids were examined in order to explain the large difference in relative activities between the 9-epi alkaloids and quinine and quinidine. The crystal structure of 9-epiquinidine hydrochloride monohydrate was determined by X-ray diffraction and was compared with the crystal structures of quinine, quinidine sulfate dihydrate, and 9-epiquinine hydrochloride dihydrate. The crystallographic parameters for 9-epiquinidine hydrochloride monohydrate were as follows: chemical formula, C20H25N2O2+.Cl-.H2O; M(r), 378.9; symmetry of unit cell, orthorhombic; space group, P2(1)2(1)2(1); parameters of unit cell, a was 7.042 +/- 0.001 A (1 A = 0.1 nm), b was 9.082 +/- 0.001 A, c was 31.007 +/- 0.005 A; the volume of unit cell was 1,983.1 +/- 0.6 A3; number of molecules per unit cell was 4; the calculated density was 1.27 g cm-3; the source of radiation was Cu K alpha (lambda = 1.54178 A); mu (absorption coefficient) was 18.82 cm-1; F(000) (sum of atomic scattering factors at zero scattering angle) was 808; room temperature was used; final R (residual index) was 5.72% for 1,501 reflections with magnitude of F(o) greater than 3 sigma (F). The intramolecular distance from N-1 to O-12 in 9-epiquinidine and 9-epiquinine, although shorter than the corresponding distance in quinine and quinidine, was similar to those of other active amino alcohol antimalarial agents. In all four alkaloids, both the hydroxyl and amine groups formed intermolecular hydrogen bonds, showing the potential for forming hydrogen bonds with cellular constituents. However, the positioning of the N+-1--H-N1 and O-12--H-O12 groups relative to each other was quite different in the 9-epi alkaloids versus quinidine. This difference in positioning may determine the relative strengths, of the formation of hydrogen bonds with cellular constituents important to antimalarial activity and, therefore, may determine the relative strength of antimalarial activity. (+info)Dose-dependent resorption of quinine after intrarectal administration to children with moderate Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (6/34)
The pharmacokinetics of increasing doses of an intrarectal Cinchona alkaloid combination containing 96.1% quinine, 2.5% quinidine, 0.68% cinchonine, and 0.67% cinchonidine (Quinimax) was compared to that of parenteral regimens in 60 children with moderate malaria. Quinine exhibited a nonlinear pharmacokinetics, suggesting a saturation of rectal resorption. When early rejections appeared, blood quinine concentrations decreased by 30 to 50% and were restored by an immediate half-dose administration of the drug. Rectal administration of doses of 16 or 20 mg/kg of body weight led to concentration-time profiles in blood similar to those of parenteral regimens and could be an early treatment of childhood malaria. (+info)Carbon nanotubes as adsorbent of solid-phase extraction and matrix for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. (7/34)
A method with carbon nanotubes functioning both as the adsorbent of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the matrix for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to analyze small molecules in solution has been developed. In this method, 10 microL suspensions of carbon nanotubes in 50% (vol/vol) methanol were added to the sample solution to extract analytes onto surface of carbon nanotubes because of their dramatic hydrophobicity. Carbon nanotubes in solution are deposited onto the bottom of tube with centrifugation. After removing the supernatant fluid, carbon nanotubes are suspended again with dispersant and pipetted directly onto the sample target of the MALDI-MS to perform a mass spectrometric analysis. It was demonstrated by analysis of a variety of small molecules that the resolution of peaks and the efficiency of desorption/ionization on the carbon nanotubes are better than those on the activated carbon. It is found that with the addition of glycerol and sucrose to the dispersant, the intensity, the ratio of signal to noise (S/N), and the resolution of peaks for analytes by mass spectrometry increased greatly. Compared with the previously reported method by depositing sample solution onto thin layer of carbon nanotubes, it is observed that the detection limit for analytes can be enhanced about 10 to 100 times due to solid-phase extraction of analytes in solution by carbon nanotubes. An acceptable result of simultaneously quantitative analysis of three analytes in solution has been achieved. The application in determining drugs spiked into urine has also been realized. (+info)Cinchonine, a potent efflux inhibitor to circumvent anthracycline resistance in vivo. (8/34)
Circumvention of multidrug resistance is a new field of investigation in cancer chemotherapy, and safe and potent multidrug resistance inhibitors are needed for clinical use. We investigated several analogues of quinine for their ability to increase anthracycline uptake in resistant cancer cells. Cinchonine was the most potent inhibitor of anthracycline resistance in vitro, and its activity was little altered by serum proteins. Serum from rats treated with i.v. cinchonine produced greater uptake of doxorubicin in cancer cells (DHD/K12/PROb rat colon cells and K562/ADM human leukemic cells) than did serum from quinine-treated rats (ex vivo assay). Cinchonine was more effective than quinine in reducing tumor mass and increasing the survival of rats inoculated i.p. with DHD/K12/PROb cells and treated i.p. with deoxydoxorubicin. Moreover, the acute toxicity of cinchonine in rats and mice was lower than that of other quinine-related compounds. The lower toxicity and greater potentiation of in vivo anthracycline activity produced by cinchonine are favorable characteristics for its use as an anti-multidrug resistance agent in future clinical trials. (+info)
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Organocatalysis
The cinchona alkaloids, certain oligopeptides. Synthetic catalysts derived from biomolecules. Hydrogen bonding catalysts, ...
C2-Symmetric ligands
Examples include cinchona alkaloids and certain phosphoramidites. P-Chiral monophosphines have also been investigated. Chiral ...
Cinchonine
... is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis. It is used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a ...
Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation
Chiral Auxiliary: This is usually some kind of cinchona alkaloid. Stoichiometric Oxidant: Peroxides were among the first ... cycloaddition pathways for the bis-cinchona alkaloid-OsO4 catalyzed dihydroxylation of olefins by means of kinetic isotope ... that an enzyme-like binding pocket is crucial to the enantioselective dihydroxylation of olefins by OsO4-bis-cinchona alkaloid ... Additional Evidence That an Enzyme-like Binding Pocket Is Crucial for High Enantioselectivity in the Bis-Cinchona Alkaloid ...
Cinchonidine
... is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis and Gongronema latifolium. It is used in asymmetric synthesis in ...
Alma Levant Hayden
2. A study of the cinchona alkaloids in potassium bromide disks. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc 1960;49:497-502. Hayden AL. ... 2. A study of the cinchona alkaloids in potassium bromide disks". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 49 (8): ... 1. Application of the potassium bromide disk technique to some steroids, alkaloids, barbiturates, and other drugs. J Am Pharm ... 1. Application of the potassium bromide disk technique to some steroids, alkaloids, barbiturates, and other drugs". Journal of ...
Asymmetric hydrogenation
Cinchona alkaloids have been used as chiral modifiers for enantioselectivity hydrogenation. An alternative technique and one ... organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation of quinolines and their application in the synthesis of alkaloids". Angewandte Chemie ...
Vladimir Prelog
He found an ideal topic in the elucidation of the structure of solanine; he continued his work on Cinchona alkaloids and ... He performed research in his spare time, investigating alkaloids in cacao bark.[citation needed] Prelog wanted to work in an ... Later he worked on elucidating the structures of aromatic Erythrina alkaloids with Derek Barton, Oskar Jeger and Robert Burns ... Prelog's main interest was focused on alkaloids. ...
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Protoporphyrin IX Complexes of the Antimalarial Cinchona Alkaloids Quinine and Quinidine". ACS Chemical Biology. 7 (4): 666-71 ... hydrogen bond between a propionate side chain of the porphyrin and the protonated quinuclidine nitrogen atom of either alkaloid ...
Asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidation
Phase-transfer catalysis of nucleophilic epoxidation is also possible using cinchona-based alkaloid catalysts. Phase-transfer ...
Baylis-Hillman reaction
β-ICD, a cinchona alkaloid derivative, is famous among the quinidine framework-based catalysts. 1,1,1,3,3,3,- ...
Dihydroquinidine
... (also called hydroquinidine) is an organic compound, a cinchona alkaloid closely related to quinine. The ...
Hydrogen-bond catalysis
... in tandem asymmetric reactions generating nonadjacent stereocenters with bifunctional catalysis by Cinchona alkaloids". J. Am. ... In the Jacobsen synthesis of (+)-yohimbine, an indole alkaloid, an early enantioselective Pictet-Spengler reaction using a ...
1820 in science
Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier isolate the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from Cinchona bark. Friedrich ...
Electrophilic fluorination
N-fluoroammonium salts of cinchona alkaloids represent the state of the art for reactions of this type. In addition, these ... reagents are easily synthesized from Selectfluor and the parent alkaloids. Electrophilic N-F fluorinating reagents incorporate ...
Amoebic liver abscess
In 1921, John[who?] used quinine hydrochloride, an alkaloid of cinchona in the treatment of amoebic liver abscess. Later when ... The introduction of cinchona into therapeutics was due to the discovery of its efficacy in malaria. ... The medical virtues of ipecac are almost entirely due to the action of its alkaloids-emetine and cephaline. Till today, emetine ...
Dihydroquinine
... , also known as hydroquinine, is an organic compound and as a cinchona alkaloid closely related to quinine. The ...
Kinetic resolution
Dihydroxylation of Secondary Allylic 4-Methoxybenzoate Esters Using a Mechanistically Designed Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyst". J. ...
History of malaria
It would be nearly 200 years before the active principles, quinine and other alkaloids, of cinchona bark were isolated. Quinine ... The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of the cinchona tree, which contains quinine. After the link to ... Ledger managed to get seeds out; in 1865, the Dutch government cultivated 20,000 trees of the Cinchona ledgeriana in Java ( ... Guerra F. (1977). "The introduction of Cinchona in the treatment of malaria". J Trop Med Hyg. 80 (6): 112-18, 135-40. PMID ...
Malaria prophylaxis
The first treatment identified is thought to be Quinine, one of four alkaloids from the bark of the Cinchona tree. Originally ... By the mid-1880s the Dutch had grown vast plantations of cinchona trees and monopolised the world market. Quinine remained the ...
Michael reaction
... such as asymmetric quaternary ammonium salts derived from the Cinchona alkaloids; or organocatalysis, which uses enamine or ...
Procainamide
Due to the loss of Indonesia in World War II, the source for cinchona alkaloids, a precursor of quinidine, was reduced. This ...
Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis
Cinchona alkaloids (BQ and BQd) are readily available and relatively inexpensive natural products that have features making ... Chiral ketene enolate formation via nucleophilic activation by the cinchona alkaloid facilitates enantioselective and ...
Phase-transfer catalyst
... which are catalyzed by chiral quaternary ammonium salts derived from cinchona alkaloids. Ionic transfer Katole DO, Yadav GD. ...
Rubiaceae
The bark of trees in the genus Cinchona is the source of a variety of alkaloids, the most familiar of which is quinine, one of ... Economically important species include Coffea, the source of coffee, Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine ... The leaves of the Kratom plant (Mitragyna speciosa) contain a variety of alkaloids, including several psychoactive alkaloids ... Cinchona is the national tree of Ecuador and Peru. The International Coffee Day is held each year on September 29. Alberta ...
Diaporthe litchicola
"Alkaloid profile of endophytic Diaporthe spp. from Cinchona calisaya." Jurnal Penelitian Teh dan Kina 18.1 (2016). Fan, Xin-Lei ...
Ross Island Penal Colony
During this time the authorities also embarked on testing of pharmaceutical drugs like quinine (cinchona alkaloid) by forcibly ...
James Alexander Gammie
Wood's process for extracting the cinchona alkaloid using a solvent, fusel alcohol, from which the alkaloids were precipitated ... cinchona plantations in Mungpoo in northeastern India and in introducing a process for the extraction of cinchona alkaloids at ... who as Secretary of State also supported his work at the cinchona plantations. The snake Lycodon gammiei was named after him. ... working for about four years until he was selected by the Secretary of State for India in August 1865 to manage the cinchona ...
Helma Wennemers
... to electrophiles using cinchona alkaloid derived catalysts. The introduction of fluorinated MAHTs and MTMs allowed for the ...
Quinidine
... reported in a leading Viennese medical journal that quinidine was the most effective of the four principal cinchona alkaloids ... The effects of cinchona bark (the botanical source from which quinidine is extracted) had been commented on long before the ... It is a stereoisomer of quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The drug causes increased action ...
Quinine
The Jesuits were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. The Spanish were aware of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark by ... O'Connor SE, Maresh JJ (August 2006). "Chemistry and biology of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis". Natural Product ... The US had obtained four million cinchona seeds from the Philippines and began operating cinchona plantations in Costa Rica. ... To maintain their monopoly on cinchona bark, Peru and surrounding countries began outlawing the export of cinchona seeds and ...
Herbalism
Datura stramonium has been used in Ayurveda for various treatments, but contains alkaloids, such as atropine and scopolamine, ... An example of a herbal medicine resource: the bark of the cinchona tree contains quinine, which today is a widely prescribed ... Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in secondary metabolites, such as tannins and alkaloids.[90] Because these ... Müller, JL (1998). "Love potions and the ointment of witches: historical aspects of the nightshade alkaloids". J Toxicol Clin ...
Amoebic liver abscess
In 1921, John[who?] used quinine hydrochloride, an alkaloid of cinchona in the treatment of amoebic liver abscess. Later when ... The medical virtues of ipecac are almost entirely due to the action of its alkaloids-emetine and cephaline. Till today, emetine ... The introduction of cinchona into therapeutics was due to the discovery of its efficacy in malaria. ...
Alkaloid
... cinchona).[173] Furthermore, different tissues of the same plants may contain different alkaloids.[174] ... a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Chemical Encyclopedia: isoquinoline alkaloids. xumuk.ru ... Iboga-type alkaloids[125] Ibogamine, ibogaine, voacangine[125] Aspidosperma-type alkaloids[125] Vincamine, vinca alkaloids,[26] ... a b c d Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids. xumuk.ru *^ Roberts, M. F. (Margaret F.) (1998). Alkaloids : Biochemistry, Ecology, ...
Medicinal plants
The bark of the cinchona tree contains the alkaloid quinine, traditionally given for malaria. ... Alkaloids[edit]. Further information: Alkaloids. Alkaloids are bitter-tasting chemicals, very widespread in nature, and often ... Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. 63. pp. 87-179. doi:10.1016/ ... contain nine groups of alkaloids including galantamine, licensed for use against Alzheimer's disease. The alkaloids are bitter- ...
সিনকোনা - উইকিপিডিয়া
Druilhe, P.; ও অন্যান্য। "Activity of a combination of three Cinchona bark alkaloids against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro"। ... "Genus Cinchona"। Taxonomy। UniProt। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০২-১৩।. *↑ Motley, Cheryl। "Cinchona and its product--Quinine"। ... Peru offers a branch of cinchona to Science (from a 17th-century engraving): Cinchona, the source of Peruvian bark, is an early ... Henry G. Greenish (১৯২০)। "Cinchona Bark (Cortex Cinchonae). Part 3"। A Text Book Of Materia Medica, Being An Account Of The ...
Quinine - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Quinine [1] is an alkaloid which can reduce fever, work against malaria, pain and swelling. The bark of the Cinchona family of ...
Kafeina bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Kafeina[3][4], atau lebih populernya kafein, ialah senyawa alkaloid xantina berbentuk kristal dan berasa pahit yang bekerja ... by several doctors to be a medicine that reduces fevers and because coffee belongs to the same family as the cinchona [quinine ... dijumpai pada berbagai sumber kafeina alami disebabkan oleh sumber-sumber kafeina tersebut juga mengandung campuran alkaloid ...
Phytochemistry
AlkaloidsEdit. Further information: Alkaloids. Alkaloids are bitter-tasting chemicals, very widespread in nature, and often ... Cinchona), vincamine (Vinca minor), and vincristine (Catharanthus roseus).[5][11] ... The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine.[5] ... The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco binds directly to the body's Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, accounting for its ...
Feist-Benary synthesis
... modification is the enantioselective interrupted Feist-Benary reaction with a chiral auxiliary based on the cinchona alkaloid ... This type of alkaloids is also used in asymmetric synthesis in the AD-mix. The alkaloid is protonated throughout the reaction ...
Joseph Bienaimé Caventou
Quinine is the active anti-malarial ingredient in the bark of cinchona tree. Neither of the partners chose to patent their ... In 1823 they discovered nitrogen in alkaloid compounds. Other compounds they discovered include colchicine and veratrine. The ... making a study of alkaloids from vegetables. Among their successes were the isolation of the following compounds: Quinine ...
Charles H. Wood
Government Cinchona nursery. "Obituary". Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Proceedings; Royal ... The process involved the use of fusel alcohol to extract the alkaloids, which were then precipitated as sulphates using ... Hooper, David (1889). "Cinchona cultivation in India". Pharmaceutical Record. IX: 296-299. Retrieved July 17, 2015. "KITLV ... Actual manufacturing operations did not therefore begin until 1875." Wood was succeeded at the Rungbee cinchona plantations in ...
Caffeine
Graham JR (June 1954). "Rectal use of ergotamine tartrate and caffeine alkaloid for the relief of migraine". The New England ... by several doctors to be a medicine that reduces fevers and because coffee belongs to the same family as the cinchona [quinine ... Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine ... Frischknecht PM, Ulmer-Dufek J, Baumann TW (1986). "Purine alkaloid formation in buds and developing leaflets of Coffea arabica ...
Antimalarial medication
As an alkaloid, it is accumulated in the food vacuoles of Plasmodium species, especially Plasmodium falciparum. It acts by ... and the discovery of the cinchona tree, and the potential uses of its bark, to the current day[when?] and a collection of ... Quinine is an alkaloid that acts as a blood schizonticidal and weak gametocide against Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae ... Quinimax and quinidine are the two most commonly used alkaloids related to quinine in the treatment or prevention of malaria. ...
Cinchona Alkaloids | Sigma-Aldrich
In particular, the cinchona alkaloids catalyze many useful processes with high enantioselectivities. Cinchona alkaloids can be ... Jew and Park linked two cinchona alkaloid moieties via spacer units. With such a dimeric cinchona alkaloid (06542), ... Synthetically modified cinchona alkaloids are typical chiral organocatalysts used in asymmetric PTC. Several generations of O- ...
Cinchona Alkaloids | China-Mainland | Sigma-Aldrich
Cinchona Alkaloids. By: William Sommer and Daniel Weibel, Aldrich ChemFiles 2008, 8.2, 74. ... Cinchona alkaloids therefore can be used as bases to deprotonate substrates with relatively acidic protons forming a contact ... Subsequently, these cinchona alkaloids were used for the osmium-catalyzed asymmetric aminohydroxylation of olefins.4 The ... Bis-(cinchona alkaloid) ligands (which are generally the better catalysts) catalyze the formation of diols of high ...
The Cinchona Alkaloids
PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.
Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives | Spectrum Chemical
Functional Polymers. VII. On the C(3)-Control of Stereochemistry in Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Polymeric Cinchona...
... of the alkaloid molecule but also on the β-substituent of the unsaturated systems. The C(3)-control was observed when the ... of dodecanethiol with β-substituted phenyl vinyl ketones were studied using polymeric and monomeric cinchona alkaloids as ... On the C(3)-Control of Stereochemistry in Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Polymeric Cinchona Alkaloids. *Norio Kobayashi1. & ... On the C(3)-Control of Stereochemistry in Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Polymeric Cinchona Alkaloids. Polym J 13, 263-271 ( ...
Final Activity Report Summary - COMULTICAT (New Cooperative Multifunctional Catalysts Derived from Cinchona Alkaloids) | Report...
The distribution of strictosidine-synthase activity and alkaloids in Cinchona plants | SpringerLink
... a key enzyme in alkaloid biosynthesis, was studied in distinct parts of six-month-old plants... ... The relation between the total alkaloid content and the activity of strictosidine synthase (EC 4.3.3.2), ... These results indicate that in young Cinchona plants the alkaloids are mainly synthesized in the axial extremities of the plant ... Keene, A.T., Anderson, L.A., Phillipson, J.D. (1983) Investigation of Cinchona leaf alkaloids by high-performance liquid ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Rapid and Green Analytical Method for the Determination of Quinoline Alkaloids from Cinchona...
Microwave-Integrated Extraction and Leaching (MIEL) is proposed for the extraction of quinoline alkaloids from bark of Cinchona ... MIEL is a green technology that serves as a good alternative for the extraction of Cinchona alkaloids. ... The extracts of quinoline alkaloids from C. succirubra obtained by these two different methods were compared by HPLC. The ... Identified from barks of Cinchona, quinine is still commonly used to treat human malaria. ...
Frontiers | Phylogeny Predicts the Quantity of Antimalarial Alkaloids within the Iconic Yellow Cinchona Bark (Rubiaceae:...
For centuries, Cinchona alkaloids were the primary treatment of malaria. Using Cinchona calisaya as a model, we generated ... A significant phylogenetic signal was found for the content of two out of four major Cinchona alkaloids (quinine and ... A significant phylogenetic signal was found for the content of two out of four major Cinchona alkaloids (quinine and ... Using Cinchona calisaya as a model, we generated genetic profiles of leaf samples from four plastid (trnL-F, matK, rps16 and ...
The Lack of Effect of Oral Doses of Cinchona Alkaloids on the Circulation of Dogs with Renal Hypertension | Circulation
The Lack of Effect of Oral Doses of Cinchona Alkaloids on the Circulation of Dogs with Renal Hypertension. A Contrast to Their ... The Lack of Effect of Oral Doses of Cinchona Alkaloids on the Circulation of Dogs with Renal Hypertension ... The Lack of Effect of Oral Doses of Cinchona Alkaloids on the Circulation of Dogs with Renal Hypertension ... The Lack of Effect of Oral Doses of Cinchona Alkaloids on the Circulation of Dogs with Renal Hypertension ...
illness from cinchona drugs, poisoning caused by any of the cinchona alkaloids | EUdict | English...
... poisoning caused by any of the cinchona alkaloids in English->English dictionary. Search nearly 14 million words and phrases ... illness from cinchona drugs, poisoning caused by any of the cinchona alkaloids poslovica alors que serial transmission asperges ... illness from cinchona drugs, poisoning caused by any of the cinchona alkaloids. cinchonism. ... Results for: illness from cinchona drugs, poisoning caused by any of the cinchona alkaloids. English. English. ...
Chiral helical substituted polyacetylene grafted on hollow polymer particles: preparation and enantioselective adsorption...
... preparation and enantioselective adsorption towards cinchona alkaloids X. Yong, Y. Wu and J. Deng, Polym. Chem., 2019, 10, 4441 ... hollow particles exhibit fascinating optical activity and enantioselective adsorption capacity towards cinchona alkaloids, in ... preparation and enantioselective adsorption towards cinchona alkaloids† ...
Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino ketones by using cinchona alkaloid-based chiral phase transfer catalysts - Organic &...
N-quaternised cinchona alkaloid ammonium salts) has been developed, and the process affords the Mannich reaction products with ... Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino ketones by using cinchona alkaloid-based chiral phase transfer catalysts W. Li, Y. Wang and D. ... Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino ketones by using cinchona alkaloid-based chiral phase transfer catalysts ... N-quaternised cinchona alkaloid ammonium salts) has been developed, and the process affords the Mannich reaction products with ...
Highly tunable arylated cinchona alkaloids as bifunctional catalysts
Exploring the enantiorecognition mechanism of Cinchona alkaloid‐based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases and the basic ...
Cinchona Alkaloid Amide Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal [2+2]Cycloadditions of Allenoates
and Imines Synthesis of 2 4...
Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Enantioselective Fluorination of Allyl Silanes Silyl Enol Ethers and Oxindoles. pdf370 Кб ... forma, synthesis, imine, azetidinyl, amid, cycloadditions, cinchona, alkaloid, allenoates, disubstituted, enantioselectivity, ... Cinchona Alkaloids in Synthesis & Catalysis (2). Ligands Immobilization and Organocatalysis pdf200 Кб ... Cinchona Alkaloid Amide Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal [2+2]Cycloadditions of Allenoates and Imines Synthesis of 2 4- ...
rian.ie - Result: 'The design of biofunctional cinchona alkaloid derived catalysts : a new departure'
Cinchona alkaloid | Article about Cinchona alkaloid by The Free Dictionary
Find out information about Cinchona alkaloid. or , name for species of the genus Cinchona, evergreen trees of the madder madder ... common name for the Rubiaceae, a family of chiefly tropical and... Explanation of Cinchona alkaloid ... Related to Cinchona alkaloid: cinchona tree, Cinchona officinalis cinchona. (sĭngkō`nə) or chinchona. (chĭngkō`nə), name for ... Cinchona alkaloid , Article about Cinchona alkaloid by The Free Dictionary https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Cinchona ...
CINCHONA ALKALOIDS. DTIC Thesaurus
February 20, 1886 - Scientific American
DI-fusion Cinchona-Alkaloids Based Isoselenazolones: Synthesis and...
Cinchona alkaloids: Quinine and quinidine<...
Cinchona alkaloids : Quinine and quinidine. / Sullivan, David J.. Treatment and Prevention of Malaria: Antimalarial Drug ... Cinchona alkaloids: Quinine and quinidine. In Staines H, Krishna S, editors, Treatment and Prevention of Malaria: Antimalarial ... title = "Cinchona alkaloids: Quinine and quinidine",. abstract = "For 400 years, quinine has been the effective antimalarial. ... Sullivan, D. J. (2012). Cinchona alkaloids: Quinine and quinidine. In H. Staines, & S. Krishna (Eds.), Treatment and Prevention ...
Improved Asymmetric S
N
Ar Reaction of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Quaternary Ammonium Salts Derived from...
The antiveratrinic action of cinchona alkaloids, cupreines and synthetic anti-malarial drugs. | IMSEAR
The antiveratrinic action of cinchona alkaloids, cupreines and synthetic anti-malarial dru ... The antiveratrinic action of cinchona alkaloids, cupreines and synthetic anti-malarial drugs. ... Full text: Available Index: IMSEAR (South-East Asia) Main subject: Veratrum Alkaloids Language: English Year: 1955 Type: ... Full text: Available Index: IMSEAR (South-East Asia) Main subject: Veratrum Alkaloids Language: English Year: 1955 Type: ...
Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to a N-diphenylphosphinoylimine employing cinchona alkaloids as chiral ligands.
Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to a N-diphenylphosphinoylimine employing cinchona alkaloids as chiral ligands.
Subject: N-diphenylphospinoylimine, cinchona alkaloids, diethylzinc, enantioselective addition Citation: Beresford, K.J.M. ( ... Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to a N-diphenylphosphinoylimine employing cinchona alkaloids as chiral ligands.. ... Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to a N-diphenylphosphinoylimine employing cinchona alkaloids as chiral ligands.. De ... 2002) Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to a N-diphenylphosphinoylimine employing cinchona alkaloids as chiral ligands. ...
ORGN 52 - Hydrogenation of vicinal diketones over cinchona alkaloid modified platinum<...
ORGN 52 - Hydrogenation of vicinal diketones over cinchona alkaloid modified platinum. I Busygin, E Toukoniitty, V Nieminen, A ... ORGN 52 - Hydrogenation of vicinal diketones over cinchona alkaloid modified platinum. Abstracts of Papers, 235th ACS National ... ORGN 52 - Hydrogenation of vicinal diketones over cinchona alkaloid modified platinum. / Busygin, I; Toukoniitty, E; Nieminen, ... ORGN 52 - Hydrogenation of vicinal diketones over cinchona alkaloid modified platinum. julkaisussa Abstracts of Papers, 235th ...
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur,...
Chapter II: The Relative Merits of the different Alkaloids of Cinchona in Malaria. ... Chapter I: Cinchona Febrifuge. This is evidently a proprietary article, considerably used throughout the British dependencies ... Chapter II: The Relative Merits of the different Alkaloids of Cinchona in Malaria. "In doses of ten grains twice a day, the ... Notes on the Treatment of Malaria with the Alkaloids of Cinchona By William Fletcher, M. D. Camb., Bacteriologist, Institute ...
Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of cinchona alkaloid derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus<...
Skogman M, Kujala J, Busygin I, Leino R, Vuorela P, Fallarero A. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of cinchona alkaloid ... An exploration of the chemical space occupied by the active derivative (red dot) in comparison to the cinchona alkaloid library ... An exploration of the chemical space occupied by the active derivative (red dot) in comparison to the cinchona alkaloid library ... An exploration of the chemical space occupied by the active derivative (red dot) in comparison to the cinchona alkaloid library ...
QuinineQuinidineDerivativesAsymmetricCinchonineEnantioselectiveCrystalline alkaloidMalariaLigandsOfficinalisBiosynthesisRubiaceaeCatalystSpeciesIndoleHPLCSouth AmericaExtractsBark of the cinchona treeSyntheticQuinolineSaltsSynthesisLedgerianaBarksEnantioselectivitiesExtractionPolymersMoleculeCatalyzeEnantioselectivityMedicinalSeedlingsReactionReactionsConstituentsStructuralOverdoseToxicAntibioticsLeafPrimarySulfateCalisayaHeterogeneousQuina
Quinine30
- Identified from barks of Cinchona , quinine is still commonly used to treat human malaria. (mdpi.com)
- A significant phylogenetic signal was found for the content of two out of four major Cinchona alkaloids (quinine and cinchonidine) and their total content. (frontiersin.org)
- The trees are now cultivated elsewhere for "Peruvian bark," the source of quinine quinine , white crystalline alkaloid with a bitter taste. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Several species yield quinine and several other antimalarial alkaloids. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The bark and other parts of the cinchona tree contain quinine, cinchonine, and other alkaloids that have antimalarial, tonic, and antiseptic effects. (thefreedictionary.com)
- From a pulverized bark, which stopped cyclic fevers, to an easily isolated crystal alkaloid, which launched many pharmaceutical companies, tons of quinine are still purified for medicinal and beverage use. (elsevier.com)
- Sullivan, DJ 2012, Cinchona alkaloids: Quinine and quinidine . (elsevier.com)
- Evaluating Cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria. (jameslindlibrary.org)
- Quinine is a toxic alkaloid derived from the cinchona tree. (si.edu)
- From the Quechua kina , "bark," quinine is an alkaloid of cinchona that has antimalarial properties. (cdc.gov)
- The cure was quinine, an alkaloid made from the bitter red bark of the cinchona tree. (goodreads.com)
- From the quest of the Englishmen who smuggled cinchona seeds out of South America to the way in which quinine opened the door to Western imperial adventure in Asia, Africa, and beyond, and to malaria's effects even today, award-winning author Fiammetta Rocco deftly chronicles the story of this historically ravenous disease. (goodreads.com)
- a brownish-black, resinous substance consisting of a mixture of alkaloids, obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of quinine and formerly used as a cheap substitute for it. (dictionary.com)
- A brownish-black mixture of alkaloids remaining after extraction of crystalline alkaloids from cinchona bark, used as a quinine substitute. (dictionary.com)
- Quinine is a plant alkaloid obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree. (sciencephoto.com)
- DetailDesc: Product Name: Quinine CAS: 130-95-0 MF: C20H24N2O2 MW: 324.42 EINECS: 205-003-2 Product Categories: chiral;Alkaloids;Biochemistry;for Resolution of Acids;Optical Resolution;Quinoline Alkaloids;Synthetic Organic Chemistry;Chiral Reagents;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmac. (guidechem.com)
- Cinchona bark is not easy to obtain and this difficulty made quinine a challenge to produce. (encyclopedia.com)
- cinchonism ( sink -ŏ-nizm) n. poisoning caused by an overdose of cinchona or the alkaloids quinine, quinidine, or cinchonine derived from it. (encyclopedia.com)
- An explosion in demand for quinine among Europeans living in the tropics led naturalists to smuggle Cinchona seeds from South America to plantations in Asia in the 1850s and '60s and to conduct intensive research leading to new high-yield strains and improved processing methods. (britannica.com)
- Tonic syrups are usually made with ground up cinchona bark rather than isolated quinine, so they are typically earthy, barky-tasting, and brown rather than clear. (lifehacker.com)
- The amount of cinchona alkaloids (quinine and others) in commercial tonic is regulated, but homemade stuff can easily push the limits," explains English. (lifehacker.com)
- Quinine is a natural, bitter-tasting crystalline alkaloid derived from the bark of various cinchona species (genus Cinchona ) and having antipyretic (fever-reducing), anti-smallpox, analgesic (painkilling), and anti- inflammatory properties. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The natural source of quinine are various species in the genus Cinchona, which are large evergreen shrubs or small trees native to tropical South America . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The medicinally active bark , which is stripped from the tree, dried and powdered, includes other alkaloids that are closely related to quinine but react differently in treating malaria. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Quinine was extracted from the bark of the South American cinchona tree and was isolated and named in 1817 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Cinchona trees remain the only practical source of quinine. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Since then, several more efficient quinine total syntheses have been achieved, but none of them can compete in economic terms with isolation of the alkaloid from natural sources. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The bark of trees in this genus is the source of a variety of alkaloids, the most familiar of which is quinine, an antipyretic (antifever) agent especially useful in treating malaria. (shaman-australis.com.au)
- A bitter alkaloid, C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 , that is a stereoisomer of quinine, used in the form of its salts to treat malaria and certain cardiac arrhythmias. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Pharmacology) a crystalline alkaloid drug that is an optically active diastereoisomer of quinine: used to treat heart arrhythmias. (thefreedictionary.com)
Quinidine3
- Know that quinidine gluconate is the only parenteral cinchona alkaloid antimalarial commercially available in U.S. Because newer antiarrhythmics have replaced quinidine in many cardiac uses, it may not be readily available and prescribers may not be familiar with its use. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Quinidine is an alkaloid extracted from the bark of the genus Cinchona ledgeriana (Moens). (hardware-wholesale.com)
- There are also concerns about quinidine, another alkaloid in cinchona bark, causing issues in people with a certain heart conditions at even lower levels. (lifehacker.com)
Derivatives7
- Cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives have proven to catalyze an astonishing array of enantioselective transformations, providing access to chiral products of high enantiopurity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Experimental procedures for the preparation of two classes of derivatives of the cinchona alkaloids dihydroquinine and dihydroquinidine are described. (elsevier.com)
- Derivatives DHQ-PHN, 1b, and DHQD-PHN, 2b, are prepared through an Ullmann-type coupling between the 9-O-alkaloid sodium alkoxide and 9-iodophenanthrene in the presence of CuI and pyridine. (elsevier.com)
- These four alkaloid derivatives serve as highly enantioselective ligands for the osmium tetraoxide catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) of olefins. (elsevier.com)
- By synthesizing conformationally rigid cinchona alkaloid derivatives, they were able to elucidate a stereochemical model for the desymmetrization, which enabled their development of an improved cinchona-based catalyst that is accessible through a shortened two-step synthesis from menthol. (pnas.org)
- The focus of this thesis was the study of a recently developed class of picolinamide cinchona alkaloid derivatives for the synthesis of Rivastigmine, a biologically active compound used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. (rcaap.pt)
- Six 9-picolinamide-cinchona alkaloid derivatives were successfully synthesized through simple and effective methods. (rcaap.pt)
Asymmetric9
- Synthetically modified cinchona alkaloids are typical chiral organocatalysts used in asymmetric PTC. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Subsequently, these cinchona alkaloids were used for the osmium-catalyzed asymmetric aminohydroxylation of olefins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Asymmetric reactions of dodecanethiol with β-substituted phenyl vinyl ketones were studied using polymeric and monomeric cinchona alkaloids as chiral catalysts. (nature.com)
- An ion-pair catalyst generated by assembly of a chiral flavinium and a cinchona alkaloid dimer for use in asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger oxidation is presented. (elsevier.com)
- Poudel, PP, Arimitsu, K & Yamamoto, K 2016, ' Self-assembled ion-pair organocatalysis - Asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger oxidation mediated by flavinium-cinchona alkaloid dimer ', Chemical Communications , vol. 52, no. 22, pp. 4163-4166. (elsevier.com)
- A mechanistic rationale for the 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi cinchona alkaloids catalyzed asymmetric reactions via iminium ion activation of enones. (shu.ac.uk)
- The 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi cinchona alkaloids have expanded the synthetic potential of asymmetric aminocatalysis, enabling the highly stereoselective functionalization of a variety of sterically hindered carbonyl compounds. (shu.ac.uk)
- This article reviews the applications of cinchona alkaloids as asymmetric catalysts. (worldwidescience.org)
- Since a relative short period (about 50 years) chemist have also used these alkaloids as chiral catalyst for a wide variety of asymmetric transformations. (worldwidescience.org)
Cinchonine1
- The resulting hollow particles exhibit fascinating optical activity and enantioselective adsorption capacity towards cinchona alkaloids, in which (+)-cinchonine/(−)-cinchonidine were used as chiral drug models. (rsc.org)
Enantioselective5
- A highly enantioselective nucleophilic addition of ketones to imines catalyzed by chiral phase-transfer catalysts ( N -quaternised cinchona alkaloid ammonium salts) has been developed, and the process affords the Mannich reaction products with tertiary stereocenters in good to high yields (up to 95%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee). (rsc.org)
- Cinchona Alkaloid Amide Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal [2+2]Cycloadditions of Allenoates and Imines Synthesis of 2 4-Disubstituted Azetidines. (docme.ru)
- Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to a N-diphenylphosphinoylimine employing cinchona alkaloids as chiral ligands. (dmu.ac.uk)
- Cinchona-alkaloid/Selectfluor combinations efficiently fluorinate a variety of carbonyl compounds in a highly enantioselective manner to furnish chiral α-fluorocarbonyl compounds. (elsevier.com)
- The enantioselective extraction of aqueous 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-R,S-leucine (A(R,S)) by a cinchona alkaloid extractant (C) in 1,2-dichloroethane was studied at room temperature (294 K) in a batch system for a range of intake concentrations (10(-4)-10(-3) mol/L) and pH values (3.8-6.6). (worldwidescience.org)
Crystalline alkaloid2
- a bitter crystalline alkaloid extracted from cinchona bark, the salts of which are used as a tonic, antipyretic, analgesic, etc, and in malaria therapy. (dictionary.com)
- A bitter colorless amorphous powder or crystalline alkaloid derived from certain cinchona barks and used to treat malaria. (dictionary.com)
Malaria5
- For centuries, Cinchona alkaloids were the primary treatment of malaria. (frontiersin.org)
- Part XI: The Cinchona alkaloids in the treatment of benign tertian malaria. (jameslindlibrary.org)
- Cinchona alkaloids have a long history as being a powerful medicine against malaria. (worldwidescience.org)
- a white, bitter, slightly water-soluble alkaloid, C 2 0 H 2 4 N 2 O 2 , having needlelike crystals, obtained from cinchona bark: used in medicine chiefly in the treatment of resistant forms of malaria. (dictionary.com)
- A bitter-tasting, colorless drug derived from the bark of certain cinchona trees and used medicinally to treat malaria. (dictionary.com)
Ligands2
- Bis-(cinchona alkaloid) ligands (which are generally the better catalysts) catalyze the formation of diols of high enantiopurity from a very broad range of olefins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Ligands (DHQ)2-PHAL, 1a, and (DHQD) 2 -PHAL, 2a, are conveniently synthesized in good yield by the reaction of the corresponding alkaloid with 1,4-dichlorophthalazine in the presence of K 2 CO 3 and KOH in refluxing toluene. (elsevier.com)
Officinalis2
- Purpose: To evaluate the local anesthetic and antipyretic activities of an aqueous extract of Cinchona officinalis (C. officinalis) in experimental animal models. (worldwidescience.org)
- The antimicrobial activity and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts of Bidens pilosa L., Bixa orellana L., Cecropia peltata L., Cinchona officinalis L., Gliricidia sepium H.B. & K, Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Do n , Justicia secunda Vahl. (biomedcentral.com)
Biosynthesis4
- The relation between the total alkaloid content and the activity of strictosidine synthase (EC 4.3.3.2), a key enzyme in alkaloid biosynthesis, was studied in distinct parts of six-month-old plants of Cinchona ledgeriana Moens. (springer.com)
- As shown in Scheme 1 , enzymatic control of whether guanidinium enolate 1 undergoes an intramolecular conjugate addition or a protonation dictates whether 1 is an intermediate for the biosynthesis of polycyclic guanidine alkaloids ptilocaulin or batzelladine K. In this paper, we wish to describe the development of a small-molecule catalyst system to achieve high stereoselectivity and control of chemoselectivity of two different reaction intermediates. (pnas.org)
- The biosynthesis of alkaloids often follows complex pathways and includes stereospecific steps. (els.net)
- Our efficient Agrobacterium -mediated seedling infiltration (EASI) protocol allows highly efficient, reproducible, and homogenous transformation of C. roseus cotyledons and provides a timely tool for the community to rapidly assess the function of genes in planta , particularly for investigating how transcription factors regulate terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis. (frontiersin.org)
Rubiaceae4
- Quinas" were composed by different plant species belonging to Cinchona or Remijia genius (Rubiaceae). (mdpi.com)
- chĭngkō`nə) , name for species of the genus Cinchona, evergreen trees of the madder madder, common name for the Rubiaceae, a family of chiefly tropical and subtropical trees, shrubs, and herbs, especially abundant in N South America. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Primary alkaloid of various species of Cinchona (Rubiaceae). (guidechem.com)
- Cinchona , genus of about 40 species of plants, mostly trees, in the madder family (Rubiaceae), native to the Andes of South America. (britannica.com)
Catalyst4
- In an attempt to further improve catalyst enantioselectivities, Jew and Park linked two cinchona alkaloid moieties via spacer units. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In connection with our ongoing project that deals with the catalytic potential of the cinchona-alkaloid-derived amides,[17-19] we became interested in examining the reaction of allenoates with imines in the presence of a chiral tertiary amine catalyst. (docme.ru)
- An essential role for the achiral acid cocatalyst is uncovered: upon condensation of the cinchona catalyst with the enone, the resulting covalent imine intermediate and the acid interact to build-up a well-structured ion-pair supramolecular catalytic assembly, which is stabilized by multiple attractive noncovalent interactions. (shu.ac.uk)
- 2 ) through their use of a cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amine catalyst. (pnas.org)
Species6
- Climatic and soil parameters were characterized and bark samples were analyzed for content of the four major alkaloids using HPLC-UV to explore the utility of evolutionary history (phylogeny) in determining variation within species of these compounds under natural conditions. (frontiersin.org)
- X-ray crystallography and 1 H NMR analyses of the cinchona alkaloids/Selectfluor combination have established that the species that mediate this novel reaction are N-fluoroammonium cinchona alkaloid tetrafluoroborates, which adopt open conformations. (elsevier.com)
- It is the main alkaloid present in various Cinchona species. (chegg.com)
- Cinchona anderssonii, a new species from the Yungas forests of the Andes in Bolivia, is described and illustrated. (worldwidescience.org)
- A taxonomic key for the identification of the Cinchona species occurring in Bolivia is presented. (worldwidescience.org)
- Four species of Cinchona were cultivated for many years, primarily in Java and also in India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). (britannica.com)
Indole2
- Frischknecht, P.M., Bättig, M., Baumann, T.W. (1987) Effect of drought and wounding stress on indole alkaloid formation in Catharanthus roseus . (springer.com)
- The Catharanthus roseus plant is the exclusive source of the valuable anticancer terpenoid indole alkaloids, vinblastine (VB) and vincristine (VC). (frontiersin.org)
HPLC2
- The extracts of quinoline alkaloids from C. succirubra obtained by these two different methods were compared by HPLC. (mdpi.com)
- The influence of the particle size of the obtained powders on the recovery of analytes in extracts of Cinchona bark was investigated using HPLC. (worldwidescience.org)
South America2
- The medicinal value of Cinchona bark was first discovered in Loxa (now Loja, Ecuador) in the seventeenth century by Jesuit monks, and soon exports of different varieties of Cinchona pubescens Vahl (red bark) from South America to Europe were reaching half a million kilograms bark per year ( Roersch van der Hoogte and Pieters, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The antipyretic properties of cinchona barks were known since ancient times in South America, particularly in Peru. (worldwidescience.org)
Extracts1
- Alkaloids and extracts of alkaloid‐containing plants have been used throughout human history as remedies, poisons and psychoactive drugs. (els.net)
Bark of the cinchona tree2
- An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. (guidechem.com)
- In 1820, the French chemists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Jean-Bienaimé Caventou isolated two alkaloids from the bark of the cinchona tree. (encyclopedia.com)
Synthetic2
- The antiveratrinic action of cinchona alkaloids, cupreines and synthetic anti-malarial drugs. (bvsalud.org)
- Several alkaloids are used medicinally or provide lead structures for novel synthetic drugs. (els.net)
Quinoline1
- however, the types of alkaloids differed, cinchophyllines being present in the aerial parts and quinoline alkaloids in the roots. (springer.com)
Salts1
- alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. (newspapers.com)
Synthesis2
- These results indicate that in young Cinchona plants the alkaloids are mainly synthesized in the axial extremities of the plant and that they are stored at the site of their synthesis. (springer.com)
- DI-fusion Cinchona-Alkaloids Based Isoselenazolones: Synthesis and. (ac.be)
Ledgeriana2
- Meulen, Multiplant Holding B.V. (Maarssen), for kindly providing us with Cinchona ledgeriana Moens seeds. (springer.com)
- Anderson LA, Keene AT and Phillipson JD (1982) Alkaloid production by leaf organ, root organ and cell suspension cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana. (els.net)
Barks2
- The use of these barks in medicines against "fevers" in Europe in the 17th century made the exploitation of cinchonas of Peru a highly productive process, and those cinchona trees became menaced. (worldwidescience.org)
- Chapter 7 describes the development of an effective grinding device for the grinding of herbal samples such as Cinchona barks. (worldwidescience.org)
Enantioselectivities2
- In particular, the cinchona alkaloids catalyze many useful processes with high enantioselectivities. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In addition, the latter strategy could also be carried out with modest enantioselectivities when using simple cinchona alkaloid catalysts, albeit with relatively low yields. (mdpi.com)
Extraction1
- MIEL is a green technology that serves as a good alternative for the extraction of Cinchona alkaloids. (mdpi.com)
Polymers2
Molecule2
- The mode of stereoregulation (C(8), C(9)-control, C(3)-control) varied depending not only on the substituents at C(3) and C(6′) of the alkaloid molecule but also on the β-substituent of the unsaturated systems. (nature.com)
- The nitrogen in the alkaloid molecule is derived from amino acid metabolism. (els.net)
Catalyze1
- Cinchona alkaloids cat catalyze reactions, such as shown in Reaction 1. (comporgchem.com)
Enantioselectivity1
- With such a dimeric cinchona alkaloid ( 06542 ), enantioselectivity for the above mentioned glycine imine alkylation was optimized to 97-99% ee. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Medicinal1
- As a medicinal herb, cinchona bark is also known as Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Seedlings1
- Despite a ban on export, Europeans sent cinchona seeds and seedlings to Java and India, where plantations were established. (thefreedictionary.com)
Reaction1
- C9-Acylated cinchona alkaloids promote an intramolecular, nucleophile-catalyzed aldol-lactonization (NCAL) reaction leading to optically active bicyclic β-lactones. (mendeley.com)
Reactions1
- The steric course of reactions (1) - (3) is dominated by the configurations of C-8 and C-9 in the alkaloids, but the nature of the C-3 group does have an effect and this probably explains why the optical yields obtained using the polymer-supported catalysts were lower than those obtained using the free alkaloids. (edu.sa)
Constituents1
- Alkaloids are traditionally defined as basic (alkali‐like), nitrogen‐containing organic constituents that occur mainly in plants. (els.net)
Structural1
- Since the amino acid skeleton is often largely retained in the alkaloid structure, alkaloids originating from the same amino acid show similar structural features and can be classified according to their biosynthetic origin. (els.net)
Overdose1
- It's possible to overdose on cinchona alkaloids and give yourself a condition called cinchonism (tinnitus is the top identifiable symptom), especially when testing out recipes over and over. (lifehacker.com)
Toxic2
- Alkaloid concentrations up to the toxic range had little effect on the blood pressure or renal blood flow. (ahajournals.org)
- Owing to their bioactivities, alkaloids are often toxic to herbivoures. (els.net)
Antibiotics1
- An exploration of the chemical space occupied by the active derivative (red dot) in comparison to the cinchona alkaloid library and the structurally related quinolone antibiotics was made using the principal component analysis (PCA)-based model ChemGPS-NP. (abo.fi)
Leaf2
- Using Cinchona calisaya as a model, we generated genetic profiles of leaf samples from four plastid (trnL-F, matK, rps16, and ndhF) and one nuclear (ITS) DNA regions from twenty-two C. calisaya stands sampled in the Yungas region of Bolivia. (frontiersin.org)
- It is unique in Cinchona by having the combination of elliptic leaf blades glossy above, distinct circular pit domatia at secondary vein axils, basipetally dehiscent capsules. (worldwidescience.org)
Primary1
- However, there is a lack of basic understanding of the mechanisms of cinchona-based primary aminocatalysis. (shu.ac.uk)
Sulfate1
- a salt of this alkaloid, especially the sulfate. (dictionary.com)
Calisaya2
- The Bolivian Cinchona calisaya Wedd. (frontiersin.org)
- the latter is called Cinchona flava , or Cinchona calisaya , and it is from this variety that we obtain our tincture, it being made from the dried bark. (homeoint.org)
Heterogeneous1
- Alkaloids are a heterogeneous class of secondary metabolites. (els.net)
Quina1
- The name was derived from the original Quechua (Inca) word for the cinchona tree bark, "Quina" or "Quina-Quina," which roughly means "bark of bark" or "holy bark. (newworldencyclopedia.org)