Ciliary neurotrophic factor. Medical search

A neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of various neuronal cell types and may play an important role in the injury response in the nervous system.

Cell surface receptors for CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR. They are heterotrimeric proteins formed by the association of the CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT with the LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130. Although the receptor regulates neuronal development, it is structurally similar to the cytokine receptor for INTERLEUKIN-6; (RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-6).

A ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit. It is anchored to the cell surface via GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE and has specificity for binding to CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR. It lacks signal transducing domains which are found on the other two subunits of the receptor.

A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

An INTERLEUKIN-6 related cytokine that exhibits pleiotrophic effects on many physiological systems that involve cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Leukemia inhibitory factor binds to and acts through the lif receptor.

A receptor subunit that combines with CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130 to form the dual specificity receptor for LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR and ONCOSTATIN M. The subunit is also a component of the CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR. Both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms of the receptor subunit exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. The secreted isoform is believed to act as an inhibitory receptor, while the membrane-bound form is a signaling receptor.

Cell surface receptors formed from the dimerization of LIF RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT with CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130. Although originally described as receptors for LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR these receptors also bind the closely-related protein ONCOSTATIN M and are referred to as both LIF receptors and type I oncostatin M receptors.

The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.

A cytokine receptor that acts through the formation of oligomeric complexes of itself with a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS.

Nerve tissue proteins are the structural and functional components of neurons and glial cells that make up the nervous system.

Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).

A cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions that depend upon the cellular microenvironment. Oncostatin M is a 28 kDa monomeric glycoprotein that is similar in structure to LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR. Its name derives from the the observation that it inhibited the growth of tumor cells and augmented the growth of normal fibroblasts.

Cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4 and neurotrophin 5. It is widely expressed in nervous tissue and plays a role in mediating the effects of neurotrophins on growth and differentiation of neuronal cells.

A neurotrophic factor involved in regulating the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. It is closely homologous to nerve growth factor beta and BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A family of GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-anchored cell surface receptors that are specific for GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. They form a multi-component receptor complex with PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-RET and regulate a variety of intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS in conjunction with c-ret protein.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.

Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Cell surface receptors with specificity for ONCOSTATIN M. Two subtypes of receptors have been identified and are defined by their subunit composition.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.

Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-11. They consist of heterodimers of the INTERLEUKIN-11 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.

A low affinity interleukin-11 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130 to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-11. Multiple isoforms of this protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its MRNA.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.

Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

A DNA-binding orphan nuclear receptor that has specificity for directly repeated (DR) AGGTCA sequences. It binds DNA as either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with the closely-related orphan nuclear receptor NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY 2, GROUP C, MEMBER 2. The protein was originally identified as a PROSTATE-specific protein and is involved in the regulation of variety of cellular processes, including CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; and APOPTOSIS.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research.

A family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling cascade of cytokines by associating with specific CYTOKINE RECEPTORS. They act upon STAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS in signaling pathway referred to as the JAK/STAT pathway. The name Janus kinase refers to the fact the proteins have two phosphate-transferring domains.

Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ligands. They contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with GDNF RECEPTORS. Mutations in ret protein are responsible for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE and MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2.

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-6. They are present on T-LYMPHOCYTES, mitogen-activated B-LYMPHOCYTES, and peripheral MONOCYTES. The receptors are heterodimers of the INTERLEUKIN-6 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.

A lymphohematopoietic cytokine that plays a role in regulating the proliferation of ERYTHROID PRECURSOR CELLS. It induces maturation of MEGAKARYOCYTES which results in increased production of BLOOD PLATELETS. Interleukin-11 was also initially described as an inhibitor of ADIPOGENESIS of cultured preadipocytes.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

A single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. Several different forms of the human protein exist ranging from 18-24 kDa in size due to the use of alternative start sites within the fgf-2 gene. It has a 55 percent amino acid residue identity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1 and has potent heparin-binding activity. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages. It was originally named basic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from acidic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1).

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ligand that is specific for the GFRA2 RECEPTOR. Neurturin is essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic NEURONS.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A low affinity receptor that binds NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; and neurotrophin 4.

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUROTROPHIN 3. It is widely expressed in nervous tissue and may play a role in mediating the effects of NEUROTROPHIN 3 on the proliferation and differentiation of NEURONS.

Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor cause dendritic retraction in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. (1/406)

Dendritic retraction occurs in many regions of the developing brain and also after neural injury. However, the molecules that regulate this important regressive process remain largely unknown. Our data indicate that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) cause sympathetic neurons to retract their dendrites in vitro, ultimately leading to an approximately 80% reduction in the size of the arbor. The dendritic retraction induced by LIF exhibited substantial specificity because it was not accompanied by changes in cell number, in the rate of axonal growth, or in the expression of axonal cytoskeletal elements. An antibody to gp130 blocked the effects of LIF and CNTF, and both cytokines induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of stat3. Moreover, addition of soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor to the medium endowed IL-6 with the ability to cause dendritic regression. These data indicate that ligands activating the gp130 pathway have the ability to profoundly alter neuronal cell shape and polarity by selectively causing the retraction of dendrites. (+info)

CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. (2/406)

PURPOSE: To investigate the in vivo effects of trophic factors on the axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. METHODS: The left optic nerve was transected intracranially or intraorbitally, and a peripheral nerve graft was apposed or sutured to the axotomized optic nerve to enhance regeneration. Trophic factors were applied intravitreally every 5 days. Animals were allowed to survive for 3 or 4 weeks. Regenerating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were labeled by applying the dye Fluoro-Gold to the distal end of the peripheral nerve graft 3 days before the animals were killed. RESULTS: Intravitreal application of ciliary neurotrophic factor substantially enhanced the regeneration of damaged axons into a sciatic nerve graft in both experimental conditions (intracranial and intraorbital optic nerve transections) but did not increase the survival of distally axotomized RGCs. Basic fibroblast growth factor and neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5 failed to enhance axonal regeneration of distally axotomized RGCs. CONCLUSIONS: Neurons of the adult central nervous system can regenerate in response to trophic supply after injury, and ciliary neurotrophic factor is at least one of the trophic factors that can promote axonal regeneration of axotomized RGCs. (+info)

Receptor recognition sites of cytokines are organized as exchangeable modules. Transfer of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor-binding site from ciliary neurotrophic factor to interleukin-6. (3/406)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are "4-helical bundle" cytokines of the IL-6 type family of neuropoietic and hematopoietic cytokines. IL-6 signals by induction of a gp130 homodimer (e.g. IL-6), whereas CNTF and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signal via a heterodimer of gp130 and LIF receptor (LIFR). Despite binding to the same receptor component (gp130) and a similar protein structure, IL-6 and CNTF share only 6% sequence identity. Using molecular modeling we defined a putative LIFR binding epitope on CNTF that consists of three distinct regions (C-terminal A-helix/N-terminal AB loop, BC loop, C-terminal CD-loop/N-terminal D-helix). A corresponding gp130-binding site on IL-6 was exchanged with this epitope. The resulting IL-6/CNTF chimera lost the capacity to signal via gp130 on cells without LIFR, but acquired the ability to signal via the gp130/LIFR heterodimer and STAT3 on responsive cells. Besides identifying a specific LIFR binding epitope on CNTF, our results suggest that receptor recognition sites of cytokines are organized as modules that are exchangeable even between cytokines with limited sequence homology. (+info)

Repeated injections of a ciliary neurotrophic factor analogue leading to long-term photoreceptor survival in hereditary retinal degeneration. (4/406)

PURPOSE: To determine whether ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment leads to long-term photoreceptor survival in hereditary retinal degeneration. METHODS: An autosomal dominant feline model of rod-cone dystrophy was used throughout the study with two normal animals. In the first experiment, intravitreal injections of a human CNTF analogue (Axokine; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY) were administered to one eye of each animal (n = 10) beginning on postnatal day 10 and were repeated every 4 weeks. Clinical and histopathologic examinations were performed at 5.5, 9.5, and 13.5 weeks. In the second experiment, animals (n = 17) were randomly assigned to receive intravitreal injections of either Axokine (at half the initial dose), human BDNF, or the vehicle for Axokine to one eye at 5.5 weeks. The same therapy was repeated every 4 weeks in each group. Clinical and histopathologic examinations were performed at 9.5, 13.5, and 17.5 weeks. Photoreceptor survival was assessed by cell counting. Apoptotic cells were identified by morphology and a modified TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique. In the third experiment, two normal animals were treated with Axokine as in the first experiment. Glial fibrillary acidic protein ((GFAP) immunohistochemistry was performed to assess glial cell reaction. RESULTS: In the first two experiments, Axokine significantly prolonged photoreceptor survival (P < 0.01) and reduced the presence of apoptotic cells (P < 0.05) and TUNEL-positive cells (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, results in the the BDNF- and sham-injected eyes were not significantly different from those in the untreated eyes. Minimal posterior subcapsular cataract and mild retinal folds were found in all Axokine-treated eyes in both dystrophic and normal animals. These complications were milder in the second experiment when injections were started later and at a reduced dose. GFAP immunolabeling was also increased in all Axokine-treated eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Axokine, but not BDNF, delays photoreceptor loss in this hereditary retinal degeneration. Repeated injections maintain the protective effect. (+info)

Signalling by the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and its role in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system. (5/406)

RET is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily, which can transduce signalling by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) in cultured cells. In order to determine whether in addition to being sufficient, RET is also necessary for signalling by these growth factors, we studied the response to GDNF and NTN of primary neuronal cultures (peripheral sensory and central dopaminergic neurons) derived from wild-type and RET-deficient mice. Our experiments show that absence of a functional RET receptor abrogates the biological responses of neuronal cells to both GDNF and NTN. Despite the established role of the RET signal transduction pathway in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system (ENS), very little is known regarding its cellular mechanism(s) of action. Here, we have studied the effects of GDNF and NTN on cultures of neural crest (NC)-derived cells isolated from the gut of rat embryos. Our findings suggest that GDNF and NTN promote the survival of enteric neurons as well as the survival, proliferation and differentiation of multipotential ENS progenitors present in the gut of E12.5-13.5 rat embryos. However, the effects of these growth factors are stage-specific, since similar ENS cultures established from later stage embryos (E14. 5-15.5), show markedly diminished response to GDNF and NTN. To examine whether the in vitro effects of RET activation reflect the in vivo function(s) of this receptor, the extent of programmed cell death was examined in the gut of wild-type and RET-deficient mouse embryos by TUNEL histochemistry. Our experiments show that a subpopulation of enteric NC undergoes apoptotic cell death specifically in the foregut of embryos lacking the RET receptor. We suggest that normal function of the RET RTK is required in vivo during early stages of ENS histogenesis for the survival of undifferentiated enteric NC and their derivatives. (+info)

Target-dependent regulation of acetylcholine secretion at developing motoneurons in Xenopus cell cultures. (6/406)

1. Myocyte-dependent regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) quantal secretion from developing motoneurons was studied in day-3 Xenopus nerve-muscle co-cultures. Spontaneous synaptic currents (SSCs) were measured in manipulated synapses by using whole-cell voltage-clamped myocytes. Changes in SSC amplitude were assumed to reflect changes in the ACh content of secreted quantal packets. Compared with natural synapses, motoneurons without any contact with a myocyte (naive neurons) released ACh in smaller quantal packets. 2. Bipolar cultured motoneurons, which were in contact with a myocyte with one axon branch (contact-end) but remained free at another axon branch (free-end), were further used to examine quantal ACh secretion. The ACh quantal size recorded at free-end terminals was similar to that of naive neurons and was smaller than that at the contact-end, indicating that myocyte contact exerts differential regulation on quantal secretion in the same neuron. 3. Some of the neurons that formed a natural synapse with a myocyte continued to grow forward and ACh quantal secretion from the free growth cone was examined. The ACh quantal size recorded at free growth cones was inversely proportional to the distance to the natural synapse, implying localized regulation of quantal secretion by the myocyte. 4. Chronic treatment of day-1 cultures with veratridine and d-tubocurarine, respectively, increased and decreased the neurotrophic action of myocytes when assayed on day 3. 5. Taken together, these findings suggest that the myocyte is an important postsynaptic target in the regulation of quantal secretion and that the trophic action is spatially restricted to the neighbourhood of the neuromuscular junction. (+info)

Dynamic regulation of expression and phosphorylation of tau by fibroblast growth factor-2 in neural progenitor cells from adult rat hippocampus. (7/406)

The nature of the extracellular signals that regulate the expression and the phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, which is aberrantly hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer disease and other adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases, is not known. We have found that neural progenitor cells from adult rat hippocampus express adult isoforms of tau and that the expression and the phosphorylation of tau are regulated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Astrocytes that are differentiated from these cells by stimulation with ciliary neurotrophic factor express phosphorylated tau similarly when cultured in the presence of FGF-2. In fetal progenitor cells that express only the fetal tau isoform, expression, but not the phosphorylation, of this protein is regulated by FGF-2 in cultures of higher passages. The FGF-2-mediated tau hyperphosphorylation is inhibited by lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), but not by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase or the cyclin-dependent kinases. Furthermore, both GSK-3 activity and the phosphorylation of tau increase when the concentration of FGF-2 is increased up to 40 ng/ml. These results demonstrate that proliferating adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells express adult isoforms of tau stably and that FGF-2 upregulates the expression and, by upregulating GSK-3 activity, the phosphorylation of tau. (+info)

Activation of TrkA by nerve growth factor upregulates expression of the cholinergic gene locus but attenuates the response to ciliary neurotrophic growth factor. (8/406)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulates the expression of the cholinergic gene locus, which encodes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), the proteins necessary for the synthesis and storage of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). To determine whether this action of NGF is mediated by the p140TrkA NGF receptor (a member of the Trk tyrosine kinase family) we used a murine basal forebrain cholinergic cell line, SN56, stably transfected with rat trkA cDNA. Treatment of these transfectants with NGF activated mitogen-activated protein kinase and increased cytosolic free calcium concentrations, confirming the reconstitution of TrkA-mediated signalling pathways. The expression of ChAT and VAChT mRNA, as well as ACh content, were coordinately up-regulated by NGF in SN56-trkA transfectants. None of these responses occurred in the parental SN56 cells, which do not express endogenous TrkA, indicating that these actions of NGF required TrkA. We previously reported that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) upregulates the expression of ChAT and VAChT, as well as ACh production, in SN56 cells. The combined treatment of SN56-trkA cells with CNTF and NGF revealed a complex interaction of these factors in the regulation of cholinergic gene locus expression. At low concentrations of CNTF (<1 ng/ml), the upregulation of ACh synthesis evoked by these factors was additive. However, at higher concentrations of CNTF (>1 ng/ml), NGF attenuated the stimulatory effect of CNTF on ChAT and VAChT mRNA and ACh content. This attenuation was not due to interference with early steps of CNTF receptor signalling, as pre-treatment of SN56-trkA cells with NGF did not affect the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor, Stat3, evoked by CNTF. (+info)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is produced by various cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, and acts on neurons to promote their survival, differentiation, and function. CNTF has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It has also been studied as a potential treatment for retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, as it can promote the survival and differentiation of retinal ganglion cells. In addition to its effects on neurons, CNTF has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and to play a role in the regulation of energy metabolism. It is a member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines and is encoded by the CNTF gene.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a protein that plays a role in the development and maintenance of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is produced by various cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and acts on specific receptors on the surface of neurons to regulate their growth, survival, and function. In the medical field, CNTF has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in a variety of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It has also been investigated as a potential treatment for retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. The receptor for CNTF is a complex protein that consists of several subunits, including the CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFRα), the glycoprotein 130 (gp130), and the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta (LIFRβ). These subunits form a heterotrimeric receptor complex that is activated by binding of CNTF, leading to a cascade of intracellular signaling events that regulate various cellular processes, including gene expression, cell survival, and differentiation.

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor alpha Subunit (CNTF-Rα) is a protein that plays a role in the development and maintenance of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a receptor for the cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which is a protein that promotes the survival and differentiation of neurons. CNTF-Rα is expressed on the surface of neurons and is involved in the regulation of neuronal growth, survival, and function. It is also involved in the development of the retina and the maintenance of the structure and function of the optic nerve. In the medical field, CNTF-Rα is being studied as a potential target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and survival of neurons in the brain. It is produced by neurons themselves and acts as a growth factor, promoting the growth and differentiation of new neurons, as well as the survival of existing ones. BDNF is involved in a wide range of brain functions, including learning, memory, mood regulation, and neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and environmental stimuli. It has also been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. BDNF is synthesized in the brain and released into the extracellular space, where it binds to specific receptors on the surface of neurons, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that promote neuronal growth and survival. It is also involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of synapses (connections between neurons) to strengthen or weaken in response to changes in their activity. Overall, BDNF is a critical factor in the maintenance and function of the brain, and its dysregulation has been linked to a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Nerve growth factors (NGFs) are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and repair of the nervous system. They are primarily produced by neurons and Schwann cells, which are glial cells that wrap around and support neurons. NGFs are involved in a variety of processes related to the nervous system, including the growth and survival of neurons, the regulation of synaptic plasticity, and the modulation of pain perception. They also play a role in the development of the peripheral nervous system, including the formation of sensory and motor neurons. In the medical field, NGFs have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. They have also been investigated as a potential treatment for peripheral neuropathy, a condition characterized by damage to the nerves that carry sensory and motor signals to and from the body's extremities.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a cytokine protein that plays a role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, which is the process of blood cell formation. It is produced by a variety of cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and some types of cancer cells. LIF has several functions in the body, including promoting the survival and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, which are the cells that give rise to all types of blood cells. It also plays a role in the differentiation of these cells into specific types of blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In the medical field, LIF is being studied as a potential therapeutic agent for a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. It has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may be useful in treating inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit (LIFR-alpha) is a protein that plays a role in the development and differentiation of various cell types, including cells of the immune system. It is a receptor for the cytokine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), which is involved in the regulation of cell growth, survival, and differentiation. LIFR-alpha is expressed on the surface of cells and binds to LIF, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation. In the immune system, LIFR-alpha is expressed on various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, and plays a role in the development and function of these cells. Abnormalities in the expression or function of LIFR-alpha have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurological disorders. For example, mutations in the LIFR-alpha gene have been associated with certain types of leukemia, and LIFR-alpha has been shown to play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis.

Receptors, OSM-LIF are a type of cell surface receptors that are expressed on certain cells in the body, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These receptors are activated by the binding of specific molecules, such as growth factors or hormones, and play a role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. OSM-LIF receptors are a sub-type of the LIF receptor family, which also includes the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor and the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor. These receptors are activated by the binding of specific ligands, such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), respectively. In the context of the nervous system, OSM-LIF receptors play a role in regulating the development and function of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. For example, LIF has been shown to promote the survival and differentiation of neurons, while also inhibiting their apoptosis (programmed cell death). Additionally, LIF has been shown to play a role in the regulation of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte function, including the promotion of their proliferation and differentiation. Overall, the OSM-LIF receptor family plays an important role in regulating various cellular processes in the body, including those related to the development and function of the nervous system.

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. It is produced by glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons. GDNF is a neurotrophic factor, which means that it promotes the survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons. It is particularly important for the survival of neurons in the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system, where it helps to maintain the health of sensory and motor neurons. GDNF has been shown to have a number of therapeutic potential applications in the treatment of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as depression and anxiety.

Cytokine Receptor gp130 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the immune system and other physiological processes. It is a type I transmembrane receptor that is expressed on various cell types, including immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. gp130 is a component of several cytokine receptor complexes, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), and the oncostatin M receptor (OSMR). These receptors bind to specific cytokines, such as IL-6, LIF, and OSM, and activate gp130, leading to downstream signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. gp130 is also involved in the development and progression of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory diseases. Dysregulation of gp130 signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and targeting gp130 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy.

Nerve tissue proteins are proteins that are found in nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins play important roles in the structure and function of neurons, including the transmission of electrical signals along the length of the neuron and the communication between neurons. There are many different types of nerve tissue proteins, each with its own specific function. Some examples of nerve tissue proteins include neurofilaments, which provide structural support for the neuron; microtubules, which help to maintain the shape of the neuron and transport materials within the neuron; and neurofilament light chain, which is involved in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which are a hallmark of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Nerve tissue proteins are important for the proper functioning of the nervous system and any disruption in their production or function can lead to neurological disorders.

Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) are proteins found on the surface of certain types of neurons and other cells in the body. NGF receptors play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, particularly in the growth and survival of sensory neurons. There are two main types of NGF receptors: TrkA and p75NTR. TrkA receptors are primarily responsible for mediating the growth-promoting effects of NGF, while p75NTR receptors can have either growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting effects, depending on the context in which they are expressed. NGF receptors are also involved in a variety of other physiological processes, including pain sensation, inflammation, and cancer progression. In the context of cancer, NGF receptors have been shown to play a role in promoting the growth and survival of certain types of tumors, making them an attractive target for cancer therapy.

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of proteins. It is primarily produced by activated immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, and has been shown to play a role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and cancer. In the context of cancer, OSM has been shown to promote tumor growth and invasion by stimulating the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, as well as by promoting angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels that supply tumors with nutrients and oxygen). OSM has also been shown to suppress the immune response against cancer cells, allowing them to evade detection and destruction by the immune system. As a result, OSM has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer. Several drugs that target OSM or its receptor have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials.

Receptors, Cytokine are proteins that are present on the surface of cells and are responsible for binding to specific cytokines, which are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in regulating immune responses, cell growth, and differentiation. Cytokine receptors are typically found on the surface of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, as well as on other cell types, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. When a cytokine binds to its specific receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade within the cell that can lead to a variety of cellular responses, such as the activation or suppression of immune cells, the promotion of cell growth or differentiation, or the regulation of inflammation. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling can contribute to a variety of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of cytokine receptors is an important area of research in the medical field.

The receptor, trkB, is a type of protein receptor that is found on the surface of cells in the brain and other parts of the body. It is a member of the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) family of receptors, which are activated by neurotrophins, a group of signaling molecules that play important roles in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. The trkB receptor is primarily activated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin that is involved in the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons. Activation of the trkB receptor by BDNF can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including the promotion of neurite outgrowth, the protection of neurons from apoptosis (cell death), and the regulation of synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of synapses (connections between neurons) to change in strength in response to experience. Abnormalities in the function of the trkB receptor have been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. As such, the trkB receptor is an important target for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. It is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are secreted by neurons and other cells to support the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons. NT-3 is primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is involved in the development and maintenance of sensory and motor neurons. It is also found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and has been implicated in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons in the skin and other tissues. In addition to its role in neurodevelopment, NT-3 has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It has also been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for these conditions, as well as for other neurological disorders such as spinal cord injury and stroke.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptors (GDNF receptors) are a group of proteins found on the surface of certain cells in the nervous system. These receptors are responsible for binding to and responding to a protein called glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is produced by glial cells and plays an important role in the development and maintenance of neurons. GDNF receptors are important for the survival and differentiation of neurons, and they are also involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and the formation of synapses. In the context of the nervous system, GDNF receptors are thought to play a role in the development and maintenance of the peripheral nervous system, as well as in the central nervous system. Abnormalities in the expression or function of GDNF receptors have been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. As such, GDNF receptors are an important area of research in the field of neurology, and efforts are underway to develop therapies that target these receptors in order to treat or prevent these disorders.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine, a type of signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is produced by a variety of cells, including immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and T cells, as well as non-immune cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. IL-6 has a wide range of functions in the body, including regulating the immune response, promoting inflammation, and stimulating the growth and differentiation of immune cells. It is also involved in the regulation of metabolism, bone metabolism, and hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells). In the medical field, IL-6 is often measured as a marker of inflammation and is used to diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancer. It is also being studied as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these conditions, as well as for the management of chronic pain and other conditions.

STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to various signaling pathways, including cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. In the medical field, STAT3 is often studied in the context of cancer, as it is frequently activated in many types of tumors and is involved in promoting cell proliferation, survival, and invasion. Dysregulation of STAT3 signaling has been implicated in the development and progression of various cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Additionally, STAT3 has been shown to play a role in other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases. Targeting STAT3 signaling is therefore an active area of research in the development of new cancer therapies and other treatments.

Lymphokines are a type of cytokine, which are signaling molecules secreted by immune cells such as T cells and B cells. They play a crucial role in regulating the immune response and are involved in various immune-related processes, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Lymphokines are produced in response to infections, injuries, or other stimuli that activate the immune system. They can be classified into several categories based on their function, including interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors. Interleukins are a group of lymphokines that regulate the activity of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages. They are involved in various immune responses, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Interferons are another group of lymphokines that are produced in response to viral infections. They have antiviral properties and can also stimulate the immune system to fight off infections. Tumor necrosis factors are a group of lymphokines that are involved in the immune response to infections and tumors. They can stimulate the production of other cytokines and chemokines, which help to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or tumor. Overall, lymphokines play a critical role in the immune response and are involved in many different aspects of immune function.

Receptors, Oncostatin M (OSMR) are a type of cell surface receptor protein that are expressed on various types of cells, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Oncostatin M is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and other immune cells, and it binds to OSMR to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In the context of cancer, OSMR has been shown to play a role in the development and progression of certain types of tumors. For example, OSMR has been found to be overexpressed in some types of breast cancer, and its overexpression has been associated with a poor prognosis for patients with these tumors. Additionally, OSMR has been shown to regulate the activity of immune cells, such as T cells and macrophages, which can impact the immune response to cancer. Overall, OSMR is an important regulator of cellular processes that can impact the development and progression of cancer, and it is a potential target for the development of new cancer therapies.

In the medical field, "cell survival" refers to the ability of cells to survive and continue to function despite exposure to harmful stimuli or conditions. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, or other forms of stress that can damage or kill cells. Cell survival is an important concept in many areas of medicine, including cancer research, where understanding how cells survive and resist treatment is crucial for developing effective therapies. In addition, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell survival can also have implications for other areas of medicine, such as tissue repair and regeneration.

Axotomy refers to the surgical or traumatic severing of a nerve or nerve fiber. This can result in the loss of function in the affected area, as the nerve is no longer able to transmit signals to or from the brain or spinal cord. Axotomy can occur in a variety of medical conditions, including traumatic injuries, surgical procedures, and certain diseases such as multiple sclerosis or peripheral neuropathy. Treatment for axotomy may involve medications, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgical repair or reconstruction of the damaged nerve.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

Astrocytes are a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They are star-shaped cells that play a crucial role in supporting and maintaining the health of neurons, which are the nerve cells that transmit information throughout the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes have many functions in the brain, including: 1. Providing structural support to neurons and synapses, the connections between neurons. 2. Regulating the extracellular environment by controlling the levels of ions, neurotransmitters, and other molecules in the brain. 3. Maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream. 4. Participating in the formation and repair of blood vessels in the brain. 5. Modulating the activity of neurons by releasing signaling molecules called gliotransmitters. Astrocytes are also involved in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Understanding the role of astrocytes in the brain is an active area of research in neuroscience and may lead to new treatments for these and other neurological conditions.

Optic nerve injuries refer to any damage or trauma that affects the optic nerve, which is the main nerve responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain. These injuries can result from a variety of causes, including blunt or penetrating trauma to the eye, head or brain, infections, tumors, or other medical conditions. Optic nerve injuries can cause a range of visual symptoms, including loss of vision, decreased visual acuity, double vision, and sensitivity to light. In some cases, optic nerve injuries can be temporary and resolve on their own, while in other cases, they can be permanent and result in significant vision loss or blindness. Treatment for optic nerve injuries depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the injury. In some cases, treatment may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying cause of the injury. In other cases, treatment may focus on managing symptoms and preserving remaining vision.

Receptors, Interleukin-11 (IL-11R) are proteins that are found on the surface of certain cells in the body. They are responsible for binding to the cytokine Interleukin-11 (IL-11), which is a signaling molecule that plays a role in regulating immune responses and other physiological processes. IL-11R is composed of two subunits: a ligand-binding subunit (IL-11Rα) and a signal-transducing subunit (IL-11Rβ). The ligand-binding subunit binds to IL-11, while the signal-transducing subunit interacts with other proteins to transmit the signal from the receptor to the cell interior. IL-11R is expressed on a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells. Activation of IL-11R has been shown to have a number of effects on these cells, including promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In the medical field, IL-11R has been studied as a potential target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and bone disorders. For example, drugs that block the interaction between IL-11 and its receptor have been shown to have anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of IL-11R in health and disease and to develop effective therapies that target this receptor.

Interleukin-11 Receptor alpha Subunit (IL11RA) is a protein that plays a role in the immune system. It is a subunit of the interleukin-11 receptor, which is a cell surface receptor that is activated by the cytokine interleukin-11 (IL-11). IL-11 is a signaling molecule that is involved in the regulation of various processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. IL11RA is encoded by the IL11RA gene, which is located on chromosome 19 in humans. The protein is composed of two extracellular domains, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. The extracellular domains of IL11RA bind to IL-11, while the intracellular domain interacts with other signaling molecules to transmit the signal from the receptor to the cell interior. IL11RA is expressed on a variety of cell types, including hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. It is involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are produced, and has been implicated in the development of certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is a protein that is primarily found in astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system. GFAP is a structural protein that helps to maintain the shape and stability of astrocytes, and it is also involved in various cellular processes such as cell signaling and communication. In the medical field, GFAP is often used as a diagnostic marker for certain neurological conditions, particularly those that involve damage or dysfunction of astrocytes. For example, increased levels of GFAP in the cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue have been associated with a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. Additionally, GFAP has been studied as a potential therapeutic target for these and other neurological conditions, as it plays a key role in astrocyte function and may be involved in the development and progression of disease.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Choline O-Acetyltransferase (ChAT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in many important functions in the body, including muscle movement, memory, and learning. In the medical field, ChAT is often studied in relation to various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and myasthenia gravis. In these conditions, the levels of ChAT may be reduced or abnormal, leading to a deficiency in acetylcholine and potentially contributing to the symptoms of the disease. ChAT is also used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis, where it can be measured in the blood or in muscle tissue. Additionally, ChAT inhibitors are being studied as potential treatments for certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, where they may help to increase acetylcholine levels in the brain.

In the medical field, an axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell (neuron) that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath, which is a fatty substance that insulates the axon and helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals. Axons are responsible for transmitting information throughout the nervous system, allowing the brain and spinal cord to communicate with other parts of the body. They are essential for many bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and cognition. Damage to axons can result in a variety of neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy. Treatments for these conditions often focus on preserving and regenerating axons to restore normal function.

Quinolinic acid is a naturally occurring compound that is found in the body and is also produced by certain bacteria. It is a derivative of the quinoline ring, which is a type of aromatic heterocyclic compound. Quinolinic acid is involved in a number of biological processes, including the metabolism of tryptophan and the production of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a coenzyme that plays a key role in energy metabolism. In the medical field, quinolinic acid has been studied for its potential role in a number of conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as certain types of cancer. Some research has suggested that high levels of quinolinic acid may be associated with an increased risk of these conditions, while other studies have found that quinolinic acid may have potential therapeutic benefits. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of quinolinic acid in health and disease.

In the medical field, "Animals, Newborn" typically refers to animals that are less than 28 days old. This age range is often used to describe the developmental stage of animals, particularly in the context of research or veterinary medicine. Newborn animals may require specialized care and attention, as they are often more vulnerable to illness and injury than older animals. They may also have unique nutritional and behavioral needs that must be addressed in order to promote their growth and development. In some cases, newborn animals may be used in medical research to study various biological processes, such as development, growth, and disease. However, the use of animals in research is highly regulated, and strict ethical guidelines must be followed to ensure the welfare and safety of the animals involved.

Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by various cells of the immune system, including white blood cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. They play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and inflammation, and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cytokines can be classified into different groups based on their function, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and regulatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), promote inflammation and recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), help to dampen the immune response and prevent excessive inflammation. Regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), help to regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Cytokines play a critical role in many diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. They are also important in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.

Cell differentiation is the process by which cells acquire specialized functions and characteristics during development. It is a fundamental process that occurs in all multicellular organisms, allowing cells to differentiate into various types of cells with specific functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. During cell differentiation, cells undergo changes in their shape, size, and function, as well as changes in the proteins and other molecules they produce. These changes are controlled by a complex network of genes and signaling pathways that regulate the expression of specific genes in different cell types. Cell differentiation is a critical process for the proper development and function of tissues and organs in the body. It is also involved in tissue repair and regeneration, as well as in the progression of diseases such as cancer, where cells lose their normal differentiation and become cancerous.

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited eye diseases that cause progressive damage to the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. RP is characterized by the accumulation of pigmented material in the retina, which leads to the death of photoreceptor cells, the specialized cells that detect light and send signals to the brain. As a result, people with RP experience progressive vision loss, typically starting with night blindness and gradually leading to tunnel vision and eventually complete blindness. RP can affect both eyes and is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, although some forms of the disease may not be diagnosed until later in life. There is currently no cure for RP, but treatments such as low-vision aids and gene therapy are being studied as potential treatments.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a hormone that is produced by the cells of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as by neurons in the brain and other parts of the body. It is a polypeptide hormone, which means that it is made up of chains of amino acids. VIP has a number of effects on the body, including: 1. Relaxing smooth muscle: VIP can cause the muscles in blood vessels to relax, which can lead to a decrease in blood pressure. 2. Increasing the production of insulin: VIP can stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin, which is a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels. 3. Regulating the digestive system: VIP can stimulate the production of digestive enzymes and the movement of food through the digestive tract. 4. Modulating the immune system: VIP can help to regulate the immune system and reduce inflammation. VIP is also involved in a number of other physiological processes, including the regulation of heart rate and the contraction of the uterus during childbirth. It is sometimes used as a medication to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and certain types of diarrhea.

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1, also known as NR2C1 or GRPR, is a protein that plays a role in the regulation of various physiological processes in the body, including metabolism, stress response, and reproduction. It is a type of nuclear receptor, which are proteins that bind to specific molecules called ligands and regulate gene expression in response to hormonal signals. NR2C1 is primarily expressed in the brain, where it is involved in the regulation of mood, anxiety, and addiction. It is also expressed in other tissues, including the liver, adipose tissue, and immune cells, where it plays a role in metabolism and inflammation. Abnormalities in NR2C1 function have been linked to a number of medical conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Research is ongoing to better understand the role of NR2C1 in health and disease and to develop targeted therapies based on its function.

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (RPTKs) are a class of cell surface receptors that play a crucial role in cell signaling and communication. These receptors are transmembrane proteins that span the cell membrane and have an extracellular domain that binds to specific ligands, such as hormones, growth factors, or neurotransmitters. When a ligand binds to an RPTK, it triggers a conformational change in the receptor, which activates its intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. This domain then phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues on intracellular proteins, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. RPTKs are involved in many important physiological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and immune responses. However, they can also contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, as mutations in RPTKs can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Therefore, RPTKs are an important target for the development of new therapeutic strategies for treating cancer and other diseases.

Retinal degeneration is a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The retina contains specialized cells called photoreceptors that convert light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, where they are interpreted as visual images. When the photoreceptors are damaged or destroyed, the retina loses its ability to detect light, leading to vision loss or blindness. Retinal degeneration can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, aging, exposure to toxins or radiation, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes or hypertension. There are several types of retinal degeneration, including age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, and retinitis pigmentosa, each with its own specific characteristics and progression. Treatment for retinal degeneration depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. In some cases, medications or lifestyle changes may be recommended to slow the progression of the disease. In other cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to preserve or restore vision.

Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of intracellular protein kinases that play a critical role in signal transduction pathways in the immune system and other tissues. JAKs are activated by the binding of cytokines and growth factors to their respective receptors on the cell surface, and they then phosphorylate and activate downstream signaling molecules, such as STATs (signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins), which regulate gene expression and cellular responses. JAKs are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including inflammation, immune response, hematopoiesis, and cancer. Dysregulation of JAK signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, JAK inhibitors are being developed as potential therapeutic agents for these conditions.

In the medical field, "cell count" refers to the measurement of the number of cells present in a specific sample of tissue or fluid. This measurement is typically performed using a microscope and a specialized staining technique to distinguish between different types of cells. For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a common laboratory test that measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Similarly, a urine analysis may include a cell count to measure the number of white blood cells or bacteria present in the urine. Cell counts can be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or cancer. They can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments or to detect any changes in the body's cellular makeup over time.

Proto-oncogene proteins c-ret is a protein that is involved in the development and progression of cancer. It is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family of proteins, which are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. The c-ret protein is encoded by the RET gene, which is located on chromosome 10. Mutations in the RET gene can lead to the production of a constitutively active c-ret protein, which can cause uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer. The c-ret protein is primarily found in cells of the nervous system, but it has also been found in other types of cells, including those in the thyroid gland, lung, and kidney.

Receptors, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) are proteins that are found on the surface of cells in the body. They are responsible for binding to the cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is a signaling molecule that plays a role in the immune response and inflammation. When IL-6 binds to its receptor, it triggers a cascade of signaling events within the cell that can lead to a variety of effects, including the activation of immune cells, the production of other cytokines, and the regulation of metabolism. In the medical field, the study of IL-6 receptors is important for understanding the role of IL-6 in various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions.

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein, that plays a role in the immune system and regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types. It is primarily produced by immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, as well as by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. IL-11 has several functions in the body, including promoting the growth and survival of hematopoietic stem cells, which are responsible for producing blood cells. It also stimulates the production of other cytokines and growth factors, and has anti-inflammatory effects. In the medical field, IL-11 has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and anemia. It has been shown to promote the growth of certain types of cancer cells, and may be useful in treating certain types of anemia by stimulating the production of red blood cells. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using IL-11 as a therapeutic agent.

In the medical field, a chick embryo refers to a fertilized egg of a chicken that has been incubated for a certain period of time, typically between 4 and 21 days, until it has developed into an embryo. Chick embryos are commonly used in scientific research as a model system for studying developmental biology, genetics, and other areas of biology. They are particularly useful for studying the early stages of development, as they can be easily manipulated and observed under a microscope. Chick embryos are also used in some medical treatments, such as in the development of new drugs and therapies.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the growth and development of various tissues in the human body. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family of proteins, which are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. In the medical field, FGF2 is often studied in relation to various diseases and conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. For example, FGF2 has been shown to promote the growth and survival of cancer cells, making it a potential target for cancer therapy. It has also been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, as it can stimulate the growth of blood vessels and contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, FGF2 plays a role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, and has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It is also involved in the regulation of bone growth and remodeling, and has been studied in the context of osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Overall, FGF2 is a complex and multifaceted protein that plays a critical role in many different biological processes, and its function and regulation are the subject of ongoing research in the medical field.

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. It is produced by various cells, including neurons, glial cells, and some immune cells. NGF is involved in the survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons, particularly sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. It also plays a role in the development of the sympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. In addition to its role in the nervous system, NGF has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. NGF is also involved in the development and progression of cancer, and it has been shown to promote the growth and survival of some cancer cells. As a result, it has been targeted as a potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment.

Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by genetically engineering bacteria, yeast, or other organisms to express a specific gene. These proteins are typically used in medical research and drug development because they can be produced in large quantities and are often more pure and consistent than proteins that are extracted from natural sources. Recombinant proteins can be used for a variety of purposes in medicine, including as diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and research tools. For example, recombinant versions of human proteins such as insulin, growth hormones, and clotting factors are used to treat a variety of medical conditions. Recombinant proteins can also be used to study the function of specific genes and proteins, which can help researchers understand the underlying causes of diseases and develop new treatments.

Indole alkaloids are a class of organic compounds that contain an indole ring, which is a six-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom. These compounds are found in a wide variety of plants, including the opium poppy, yew trees, and certain species of fungi. Indole alkaloids have a variety of biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Some indole alkaloids, such as morphine and codeine, are used as pain relievers in medicine. Others, such as vincristine and vinblastine, are used as anti-cancer drugs.

In the medical field, a cell line refers to a group of cells that have been derived from a single parent cell and have the ability to divide and grow indefinitely in culture. These cells are typically grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the effects of drugs or investigating the underlying mechanisms of diseases. Cell lines are often derived from cancerous cells, as these cells tend to divide and grow more rapidly than normal cells. However, they can also be derived from normal cells, such as fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Cell lines are characterized by their unique genetic makeup, which can be used to identify them and compare them to other cell lines. Because cell lines can be grown in large quantities and are relatively easy to maintain, they are a valuable tool in medical research. They allow researchers to study the effects of drugs and other treatments on specific cell types, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of diseases at the cellular level.

In the medical field, cell death refers to the process by which a cell ceases to function and eventually disintegrates. There are two main types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death that occurs naturally in the body as a way to eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells. It is a highly regulated process that involves the activation of specific genes and proteins within the cell. Apoptosis is often triggered by signals from the surrounding environment or by internal cellular stress. Necrosis, on the other hand, is an uncontrolled form of cell death that occurs when cells are damaged or stressed beyond repair. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis is not a programmed process and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, toxins, and physical trauma. Both apoptosis and necrosis can have important implications for health and disease. For example, the loss of cells through apoptosis is a normal part of tissue turnover and development, while the uncontrolled death of cells through necrosis can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation in conditions such as infection, trauma, and cancer.

In the medical field, "trans-activators" refer to proteins or molecules that activate the transcription of a gene, which is the process by which the information in a gene is used to produce a functional product, such as a protein. Trans-activators can bind to specific DNA sequences near a gene and recruit other proteins, such as RNA polymerase, to initiate transcription. They can also modify the chromatin structure around a gene to make it more accessible to transcription machinery. Trans-activators play important roles in regulating gene expression and are involved in many biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.

Neurturin is a protein that is involved in the development and function of the nervous system. It is a member of the GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) family of proteins, which are important for the survival and differentiation of neurons. Neurturin is primarily produced by glial cells, which are a type of cell that supports and protects neurons in the nervous system. Neurturin has been shown to play a role in a number of different neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for these conditions, as it may help to protect neurons and promote their survival and function. In addition to its role in neurological disorders, neurturin has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may be involved in the regulation of immune responses. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as cancer and diabetes.

In the medical field, the brain is the most complex and vital organ in the human body. It is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, emotion, and memory. The brain is located in the skull and is protected by the skull bones and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, or neurons, which communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. These neurons are organized into different regions of the brain, each with its own specific functions. The brain is also divided into two hemispheres, the left and right, which are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Damage to the brain can result in a wide range of neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Treatment for brain disorders often involves medications, surgery, and rehabilitation therapies to help restore function and improve quality of life.

Nerve degeneration refers to the progressive loss of function and structure of a nerve over time. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including injury, disease, or aging. Nerve degeneration can lead to a range of symptoms, depending on which nerves are affected and the severity of the degeneration. Common symptoms of nerve degeneration include pain, numbness, weakness, and tingling sensations. In some cases, nerve degeneration can lead to more serious complications, such as muscle atrophy or paralysis. Treatment for nerve degeneration typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the degeneration, as well as managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the affected nerves.

Blotting, Western is a laboratory technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample by transferring proteins from a gel to a membrane and then incubating the membrane with a specific antibody that binds to the protein of interest. The antibody is then detected using an enzyme or fluorescent label, which produces a visible signal that can be quantified. This technique is commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry to study protein expression, localization, and function. It is also used in medical research to diagnose diseases and monitor treatment responses.

In the medical field, "Antigens, CD" refers to a group of proteins found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system. These proteins, known as CD antigens, are recognized by other immune cells and play a crucial role in the immune response to infections and diseases. CD antigens are classified into different families based on their structure and function. Some CD antigens are expressed on the surface of immune cells themselves, while others are found on the surface of cells that are targeted by the immune system, such as cancer cells or cells infected with viruses. The identification and characterization of CD antigens has been important for the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies for a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, monoclonal antibodies that target specific CD antigens have been used in cancer immunotherapy to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.

Membrane glycoproteins are proteins that are attached to the cell membrane through a glycosyl group, which is a complex carbohydrate. These proteins play important roles in cell signaling, cell adhesion, and cell recognition. They are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including immune response, cell growth and differentiation, and nerve transmission. Membrane glycoproteins can be classified into two main types: transmembrane glycoproteins, which span the entire cell membrane, and peripheral glycoproteins, which are located on one side of the membrane.

In the medical field, peptides are short chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. They are typically composed of 2-50 amino acids and can be found in a variety of biological molecules, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes. Peptides play important roles in many physiological processes, including growth and development, immune function, and metabolism. They can also be used as therapeutic agents to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the pharmaceutical industry, peptides are often synthesized using chemical methods and are used as drugs or as components of drugs. They can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the specific peptide and the condition being treated.

In the medical field, a receptor, nerve growth factor (NGF) is a type of protein receptor that is found on the surface of certain cells in the nervous system. NGF receptors are responsible for binding to nerve growth factor, a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. NGF receptors are found on the surface of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit signals throughout the body. When NGF binds to its receptor, it triggers a series of signaling pathways within the neuron that promote growth, survival, and differentiation. NGF is also involved in the repair and regeneration of damaged neurons, and it has been shown to play a role in the development of certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. In addition to its role in the nervous system, NGF has also been shown to have effects on other types of cells, including immune cells and cancer cells. As a result, NGF and its receptors have become the focus of extensive research in the fields of neuroscience, immunology, and oncology.

TrkC is a type of receptor protein that is found on the surface of certain cells in the body. It is a member of the tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family of receptors, which are activated by neurotrophins, a group of signaling molecules that play important roles in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. TrkC receptors are primarily expressed in cells of the peripheral nervous system, such as sensory neurons, and are involved in the development and maintenance of these cells. They are also found in some cells of the central nervous system, although in lower levels. When a neurotrophin binds to a TrkC receptor on the surface of a cell, it triggers a signaling cascade within the cell that leads to a variety of cellular responses, including cell survival, growth, and differentiation. Dysregulation of TrkC signaling has been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as peripheral neuropathies.

Receptors, Growth Factor are proteins that are present on the surface of cells and bind to specific growth factors, which are signaling molecules that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. These receptors are activated by the binding of growth factors, which triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. Growth factor receptors play a critical role in many physiological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. Dysregulation of growth factor receptor signaling has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.

Human ciliary neurotrophic factor has been shown to interact with the Interleukin 6 receptor. Ciliary neurotrophic factor ... 1996). "Binding interactions of leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor with the different subunits of their ... Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... "Entrez Gene: CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor". McGregor NE, Poulton IJ, Walker EC, Pompolo S, Quinn JM, Martin TJ, Sims NA ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor

The ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, also known as CNTFR, binds the ciliary neurotrophic factor. This receptor and its ... Ciliary+Neurotrophic+Factor+Receptor+alpha+Subunit at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t ... Sleeman MW, Anderson KD, Lambert PD, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ (2000). "The ciliary neurotrophic factor and its receptor, ... "The receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor". Science. 253 (5015): 59-63. Bibcode:1991Sci...253...59D. doi:10.1126/science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor_receptor

July 1991). "The receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor". Science. 253 (5015): 59-63. Bibcode:1991Sci...253...59D. doi: ... March 1990). "Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF". Science. 247 (4949 Pt 1): 1446-51. Bibcode: ... Yancopoulos has cloned novel families of growth factors, including ephrins/Ephs and angiopoietins, and elucidated the basis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Yancopoulos

... ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF ... March 2003). "Signaling of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) revisited. The interleukin-6 receptor can serve as an alpha ... BDNF is a neurotrophic factor implicated in spine formation, density, and morphology on neurons. Downregulation of BDNF, ... The effects of IL-6 on depression are mediated through the repression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6

Schooltink H, Stoyan T, Roeb E, Heinrich PC, Rose-John S (Dec 1992). "Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces acute-phase protein ... Schooltink H, Stoyan T, Roeb E, Heinrich PC, Rose-John S (1992). "Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces acute-phase protein ... Interleukin-6 receptor has been shown to interact with Interleukin 6 and ciliary neurotrophic factor. Cluster of ... "Signaling of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) revisited. The interleukin-6 receptor can serve as an alpha-receptor for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-6_receptor

Kuroda H, Sugimoto T, Horii Y, Sawada T (2001). "Signaling pathway of ciliary neurotrophic factor in neuroblastoma cell lines ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRPPRC

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a cytosolic protein that is not secreted. CNTF has been shown to promote the survival of ... 1995). "A role for ciliary neurotrophic factor as an inducer of reactive gliosis, the glial response to central nervous system ... and neurotrophic factors. The expression of these molecules depends on the location of the microglial cells relative to the ... Particularly, the response of the astrocytes to the injury varies depending on factors such as the nature of the injury and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_scar

Zinc finger protein 91 homolog (mouse), ciliary neurotrophic factor transcription unit, also known as ZFP91-CNTF, is a human ... "Entrez Gene: ZFP91-CNTF zinc finger protein 91 homolog (mouse), ciliary neurotrophic factor transcription unit". Iuchi S (2001 ... 1991). "Sequence and structural organization of the human gene encoding ciliary neurotrophic factor". Gene. 102 (2): 271-6. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFP91-CNTF

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a cytokine used to combat diabetes symptoms such as appetite reduction and weight loss. A ... Efficacy of PEGylated ciliary neurotrophic factor superagonist variant in diet-induced obesity mice. PLOS One, 17(3), e0265749 ... Gold-bound tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is in phase I trials for treatment of solid tumors. The trial found that gold-bound TNF ... The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) causes rapid hemorrhagic tumor necrosis in both animal models and patients but is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_delivery_systems

2001). "The ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha component induces the secretion of and is required for functional ... CLCF1 is closely related to other proteins called cardiotrophin-1 and ciliary neurotrophic factor. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... 2006). "Inactivation of cardiotrophin-like cytokine, a second ligand for ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, leads to cold- ... specific requirement of the membrane-bound form of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha component". J. Biol. Chem. 276 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLCF1

The CNTF family of neurotrophic factors includes ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ... Most neurotrophic factors belong to one of three families: (1) neurotrophins, (2) glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor ... "Neurotrophic factors". Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 31 May 2016. Neurotrophic factors are molecules that enhance the ... Ciliary neurotrophic factor affects embryonic motor neurons, dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons, and ciliary neuron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic_factors

CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor is another protein that acts as a survival factor for motor neurons. CNTF acts via a receptor ... GDNF: Glial derived neurotrophic factor is a member of the TGFb family of proteins, and is a potent trophic factor for striatal ... The survival of neurons is regulated by survival factors, called trophic factors. The neurotrophic hypothesis was formulated by ... Nerve Growth Factor (NGF): Rita Levi Montalcini and Stanley Cohen purified the first trophic factor, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system

Setoguchi T, Kondo T (Sep 2004). "Nuclear export of OLIG2 in neural stem cells is essential for ciliary neurotrophic factor- ... Oligodendrocyte transcription factor (OLIG2) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor encoded by the OLIG2 gene ... Lin YW, Deveney R, Barbara M, Iscove NN, Nimer SD, Slape C, Aplan PD (Aug 2005). "OLIG2 (BHLHB1), a bHLH transcription factor, ... Lin YW, Deveney R, Barbara M, Iscove NN, Nimer SD, Slape C, Aplan PD (Aug 2005). "OLIG2 (BHLHB1), a bHLH transcription factor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLIG2

Successful experiments in animals have also been carried out using ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and CNTF is currently ... "Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for human retinal degeneration: Phase I trial of CNTF delivered by encapsulated cell ... McGee Sanftner LH, Abel H, Hauswirth WW, Flannery JG (December 2001). "Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor delays ... but such activity is lost with other angiogenic factors. Many angiostatic factors have been shown to counteract the effect of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy_of_the_human_retina

His group conducted the first human clinical trial of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) as a rescue factor for retinitis ... "Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for human retinal degeneration: Phase I trial of CNTF delivered by encapsulated cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_A._Sieving

Young WJ, Smith SM, Chang C (Jan 1997). "Induction of the intronic enhancer of the human ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor ( ... The testicular receptor 4 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Testicular receptor 4 has been ... Transcription factors, All stub articles, Human chromosome 3 gene stubs). ... shown to interact with Androgen receptor, Estrogen receptor alpha, and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha. Testicular receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_receptor_4

Schwann cells play an important role in not only producing neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary ... Neurotrophic factors are those that promote survival and growth of neurons. A trophic factor can be described as a factor that ... MacLennan AJ, Devlin BK, Neitzel KL, McLaurin DL, Anderson KJ, Lee N (1999). "Regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor ... growing neurons that are contacted with a trophic factor to promote further growth and regeneration Ciliary neurotrophic factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_injury

Boulton TG, Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD (April 1994). "Ciliary neurotrophic factor/leukemia inhibitory factor/interleukin 6/ ... including the ciliary neurotrophic factor, growth hormone and prolactin. Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor has been shown to ... "The ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha component induces the secretion of and is required for functional responses to ... "Structure of the gene encoding the human differentiation-stimulating factor/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor_receptor

... forms a secreted complex with cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 and acts on cells expressing ciliary neurotrophic factor ... a second ligand for ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, leads to cold-induced sweating syndrome in a patient". Proc. Natl. ... specific requirement of the membrane-bound form of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha component". J. Biol. Chem. 276 ( ... Cytokine receptor-like factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRLF1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRLF1

Upregulation of GFAP, which is induced by FGF, TGFB, and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), is a classic marker for reactive ... Molecular triggers that lead to this scar formation include epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), ... One specific drug candidate is BB14, which is a nerve growth factor-like peptide that acts as a TrkA agonist. BB14 was shown to ... For example, a few studies have used nerve growth factors to regain some cholinergic function in patients with Alzheimer's. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrogliosis

Signaling of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Related Helical Type 1 Cytokines Targeting the gp130/Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ... Glerup, S.; Nykjaer, A.; Vaegter, C. B. (2014), "Sortilins in Neurotrophic Factor Signaling", Neurotrophic Factors, Springer ... Examples of ligands are neurotrophic factors, amyloid precursor protein (APP), lipoproteins, and cytokines. In addition to ... brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and TrkB (BDNF receptor tyrosine kinase) inside neurons in the hippocampal region of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SorCS2

... and ciliary neurotrophic factor. Muse cells can spontaneously differentiate in vitro into hepatocyte lineage cells positive for ... In the presence of insulin-transferrin-selenium, dexamethasone, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor-4, Muse ... trophic factors and anti-inflammatory factors. In 2009, a study showed that only SSEA-3+ cells generate induced pluripotent ... Suppression of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by RNAi abolished the beneficial effects of Muse cells, leading to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse_cell

... including the cloning of brain derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor. Almost all his subsequent research ... At Basel, his attention turned to nerve growth factor and other neurotrophins. His laboratory made a series of groundbreaking ... including other growth factors, the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters, glucocorticosteroids, and stress. His work has ... focused on this class of proteins, the elucidation of their physiological functions, and the factors that influenced their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Thoenen

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is believed to have neuroprotective properties and could thus be able to slow down the ... "is a semipermeable fiber membrane filled with human retinal pigment epithelium cells that secrete ciliary neurotrophic factor ... or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. Photocoagulation was recommended by Gass and remains to date the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_telangiectasia

... ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Although many of these specific modulatory ... Neuroprotective effects - Reactive astrocytes release neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor ( ... In addition, active microglia release anti-inflammatory factors and other molecules, such as IL-6 and TGF-β, which regulate ... One potential trigger is transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). TGF-β2, whose expression is gradually increased as gliosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosis

... ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), oncostatin M (OSM), and IL-11. There are also several other proteins which have structural ... There are many other proteins which associate with gp130, such as cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ... Glycoprotein 130 has been shown to interact with: Grb2, HER2/neu, Janus kinase 1 Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, PTPN11, ... The phosphorylation leads to association with JAK/Tyk tyrosine kinases and STAT protein transcription factors. In particular, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein_130

Other factors are ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF) and acidic and basic ... Neurotrophic factors can influence development, survival, outgrowth, and branching. Neurotrophins include nerve growth factor ( ... Cells are also effective delivery vehicles for ECM components, neurotrophic factors and cell adhesion molecules. Olfactory ... NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_engineering

... hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Notch-1, sonic hedgehog (SHH), noggin, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and a soluble ... fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), epidermal growth factor (EGF), neuregulins (NRGs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF ... Enhancing neurogenesis can be done by injecting growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and epidermal growth ... Other factors that contribute of the migration are slit proteins (produced at the choroid plexus) and their gradient (generated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_regeneration

... human glial precursor cells and astrocytes generated from these cells by being in contact with ciliary neurotrophic factors, ... Just as with neuronal cell specification, canonical signaling factors like sonic hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor (FGFs ... brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, and vasopressin are all ... and down-regulated by a number of different factors. One factor at the forefront of recent research is in the pain-potentiating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte

JAK/STAT signaling is also known to promote gliogenesis Significant levels of the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are ... These transcription factors function to interact with transcription factors generated from Notch signaling. Consequently, this ... Proneural factors are expressed in high concentrations during times in which glial cells are not to form or neuron development ... Transcription factors synthesized as a result of the Notch signaling cascade bind to promoters of genes responsible for glial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliogenesis

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for neuronal and muscle development, and genetic variation in the CNTF gene has ... Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for neuronal and muscle development, and genetic variation in the CNTF gene has ... The relationship between ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and motor unit physiology: preliminary studies ... The relationship between ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and motor unit physiology: preliminary studies. BMC ...

https://drum.lib.umd.edu/items/1cf6e4c6-169f-4e7a-8aa9-4ba7de939b59

Optimized DNA sequence encoding Rat Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor mature chain was expressed in Escherichia Coli. ... Rat Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Recombinant. Home/Growth Factors/Neurotrophic factors/Rat Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ... mannose (50 μM), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; 25 ng/ml, , ), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF; 10 ng/ml) and ... Recombinant Rat Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor was lyophilized from a.2 μm filtered PBS pH.5. ...

https://reprokine.com/product/rat-ciliary-neurotrophic-factor-recombinant/

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease answers are found in the Evidence- ... factor__CNTF__for_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_motor_neuron_disease. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic ... factor__CNTF__for_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_motor_neuron_disease. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) for Amyotrophic ... "Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/motor Neuron Disease." Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines ...

https://evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/EBMG/455451/all/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor__CNTF__for_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_motor_neuron_disease

Home » SB » UCB2011Lowy Phase I Multicenter Open Label Safety and Tolerability Clinical Trial of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ( ... UCB2011Lowy Phase I Multicenter Open Label Safety and Tolerability Clinical Trial of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) in ...

https://globalprojects.ucsf.edu/project/ucb2011lowy-phase-i-multicenter-open-label-safety-and-tolerability-clinical-trial-ciliary

Ciliary neurotrophic factors enhances peripheral nerve regeneration. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 Apr. 122(4):399-403 ... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and collagen tubulization enhance functional recovery after peripheral nerve transection and ... Many different growth factors and cytokines affect this process of degeneration-regeneration. Nerve growth factor (NGF) has ... Other contributing factors explain the statistical probability in the distribution of acute nerve injury. The anatomic ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249621-overview

Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor regulation of adult forebrain neurogenesis. Lee N, Batt MK, Cronier BA, Jackson MC, Bruno ... The contribution of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptors to adult motor neuron survival in vivo is specific to insult type and ... Muscle ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor α contributes to motor neuron STAT3 activation following peripheral nerve lesion. ... Adult ciliary neurotrophic factor receptors help maintain facial motor neuron choline acetyltransferase expression in vivo ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=22959240+30995501+27696410+21813676+22700469+30554447+23325260+22518062+21547424+23695797+22834781+23504871+24592394+27600775+25472829

Biological Effects of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor on HMADS Adipocytes. Front. Endocrinol. 2019, 10, 768. [Google Scholar] [ ... This process involved the inhibition of genes that encode the early adipogenic transcription factors, e.g., Krüppel-like factor ... Diet has been known for many years to play a key role as a risk factor for chronic diseases [3]. Hence, there are continuous ... The mentioned factors, in turn, cause the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). These processes decrease lipid ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/2/639

ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha. *ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit alpha. *ciliary neurotrophic factor ...

https://www.novusbio.com/products/cntfr-antibody-mm0190-10l29_nbp2-12196af594

1995) Potentiation of transmitter release by ciliary neurotrophic factor requires somatic signaling. Science 267:695-699. ... A two-factor ANOVA indicated an overall significant effect of treatment and location (F(2,18) = 47.155;p , 0.001). One-factor ... A two-factor ANOVA indicated an overall effect of treatment (F(2,15) = 17.616; p , 0.001). One-factor ANOVAs indicated that ... A one-factor ANOVA indicated a significant effect of treatment (F(2,12) = 46.714; p , 0.001). ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/23/7540

NT-501, consists of encapsulated human cells genetically modified to secrete ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). NT-501 is ... long-term release formulation of the therapeutic protein Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF), designed to be released into the ... neurotrophic factors for the treatment of retinal degeneration in Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), Geographic Atrophy (serious ... a well-established neurotrophic factor, into the back of the eye. The Company believes that CNTF activates dying retinal ...

https://www.medgadget.com/2008/09/neurotechs_ect_technology_wants_to_rid_the_world_of_intraocular_problems.html

The CLCF1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1). Learn about this ... This complex attaches (binds) to a receptor protein known as the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) on the surface of ... a second ligand for ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, leads to cold-induced sweating syndrome in a patient. Proc Natl Acad ... Novel neurotrophin-1/B cell-stimulating factor-3: a cytokine of the IL-6 family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Sep 28;96(20): ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/clcf1/

Solution Structure of the Carboxyl Terminal Domain of the Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor. ... Crystal structure of leukemia inhibitory factor in complex with gp130. 1qg3. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A TANDEM PAIR OF FIBRONECTIN ... A special vector, containing a fragment encoding the cleavage site for Factor Xa, Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg, inserted immediately before ... Crystal structure of the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor in complex with an adnectin. ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=FN3&START=22804&END=22888&E_VALUE=8.88e-17&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=PGPPSAPRVVDTTKRSISLAWTKPMYDGGTDIIGYVLEMQEKDTDQWCRVHTNATIRNNEFTVPDLKMGQKYSFRVAAVNAKGMS

Recombinant variant of ciliary neurotrophic factor for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized, dose-ranging study. JAMA. ... Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a. randomized controlled trial. ...

https://www.pbrc.edu/research-and-faculty/faculty/heymsfield-steven-phd.aspx?faculty=4060

Induction of motor neuron sprouting in vivo by ciliary neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurosci. 12, ... Wright, M. C., Son, Y. J. Ciliary neurotrophic factor is not required for terminal sprouting and compensatory reinnervation of ... Distinct patterns of motor nerve terminal sprouting induced by ciliary neurotrophic factor vs. botulinum toxin. J Comp Neurol. ... Witzemann, V., Brenner, H. R., Sakmann, B. Neural factors regulate AChR subunit mRNAs at rat neuromuscular synapses. J Cell ...

https://www.jove.com/t/3124/subcutaneous-administration-muscarinic-antagonists-triple?language=Arabic

... ciliary neurotrophic factor). ...

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/labs/mayer-proschel/news.aspx?start=01-01-2011&end=12-31-2011

... administration of neurotrophic factors, such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF ... induced by sciatic nerve axotomy in the neonatal rat is counteracted by nerve growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor," ... G. Terenghi, "Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors," Journal of Anatomy, vol. 194, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 1999. ... This is particularly because of the interruption of neurotrophic factors production and retrograde flow, mostly at the target ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2016/9028126/

Modulation of matrix metalloproteases by ciliary neurotrophic factor in human placental development. Cell Tissue Res. 390:113- ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/or.2023.8616/abstract

Alterations in ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling in rapsyn deficient mice. Bartlett, S. E., Banks, G. B. and Noakes P. G. ( ... Alterations in ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling in rapsyn deficient mice. Bartlett, Selena E., Banks, Glen B., Reynolds, ... Erratum: Alterations in ciliary neurotrophic factor signalling in rapsyn deficient mice (Journal of Neuroscience Research (64) ... Alterations in ciliary neurotrophic factor signalling in rapsyn deficient mice (Journal of Neuroscience Research (64) 6 (575- ...

https://researchers.uq.edu.au/researcher/510

We validated the functional significance of the cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1)-ciliary neurotrophic factor ... Once bound to ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR), CLCF1 mediates interactions to coreceptors glycoprotein 130 (gp130 ... An engineered dimeric fragment of hepatocyte growth factor is a potent c-MET agonist FEBS LETTERS Liu, C. J., Jones, D. S., ... Engineering growth factors for regenerative medicine applications ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Mitchell, A. C., Briquez, P. S., Hubbell, ...

https://profiles.stanford.edu/jennifer-cochran?tab=bio

ciliary neurotrophic factor. ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. Image. Gene Ontology Annotations. Cellular Component. * ... cg ciliary compares converge defines deprived evident extensively feel glia hematopoiesis increasingly jak jak1 neurotrophic ol ... acidic afgf albino bfgf ciliary college dystrophy fgf fgfr1 fibrillary gfap hybridizations igfr inherited injured minimize ... neurotrophic persisted photoreceptor prompt rcs retina royal slower subretinal surgeons trkb vicinity ...

http://severus.dbmi.pitt.edu/wiki-pi/index.php/pair/view/1270/1271

Learn about the many proteins, growth factors, transcription factors it contains. ... Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor. Pluripotent neurotrophic factor that plays a role in neuronal differentiation and survival.. ... Placental growth factor. Pro-angiogenic factor. POU5F1 (OCT3,OCT4). POU class 5 homeobox 1. Yamanaka Factor vital for ... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical ...

https://plurisomes.com/composition

Ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling in the rat orbitofrontal cortex ameliorates stress-induced deficits in reversal learning ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/persons/david-a-morilak-2/publications/

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor 18. Clusterin 19. Complement C3 20. Complement Factor H - Related Protein 1 ... Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB 44. Prolactin 45. Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products 46. S100 calcium-binding ...

https://rbm.q2labsolutions.com/products-services/therapy-indications/neuroscience-and-neurological-disease/

RECEPTOR, CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR DE FACTOR CILIAR NEUROTROFICO RECEPTOR DO FATOR NEUTRÓFICO CILIAR ... FACTOR 2 DE ELONGACION PEPTIDA FATOR 2 DE ELONGAÇÃO DE PEPTÍDIOS PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR G FACTOR G DE ELONGACION PEPTIDA ... FACTOR 1 DE RIBOSILACION-ADP FATOR 1 DE RIBOSILAÇÃO DO ADP ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTORS FACTORES DE RIBOSILACION-ADP FATORES DE ... FACTOR 1 DE ELONGACION PEPTIDA FATOR 1 DE ELONGAÇÃO DE PEPTÍDIOS PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 ...

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/I/news2000iep.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/I/news2000iep.htm

https://decs2010.bvsalud.org/I/news2000iep.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/news2000iep.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/I/news2000iep.htm

https://decs2007.bvsalud.org/I/news2000iep.htm

https://decs.bvsalud.org/I/news2000iep.htm

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for neuronal and muscle development, and genetic variation in the CNTF gene has been associated with muscle strength. (umd.edu)
Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/EBMG/455451/all/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor__CNTF__for_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_motor_neuron_disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
Such designations should allow the company to accelerate clinical development of its continuous, long-term release formulation of the therapeutic protein Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF), designed to be released into the vitreous body from a proprietary Encapsulated Cell Technology (ECT) device. (medgadget.com)
NT-501, consists of encapsulated human cells genetically modified to secrete ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). (medgadget.com)
NT-501 is designed to continually deliver a low, safe and therapeutic dose of CNTF, a well-established neurotrophic factor, into the back of the eye. (medgadget.com)
To create the different types of astrocytes used in the experiment, researchers isolated human glial precursor cells, first identified by Margot Mayer-Proschel, Ph.D. , associate professor of Genetics at the University of Rochester Medical Center, and exposed these precursor cells to two different signaling molecules used to instruct different astrocytic cell fate - BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) or CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor). (rochester.edu)

This protein partners with a similar protein called cytokine receptor-like factor 1 (CRLF1), which is produced from the CRLF1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
This complex attaches (binds) to a receptor protein known as the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) on the surface of many types of cells. (medlineplus.gov)

The CLCF1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1). (medlineplus.gov)
This study evaluated a novel immune modulator (PD2024) that targets the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) to alleviate sensorimotor gating deficits and microglial activation employing two different rodent models of SCHZ. (bvsalud.org)

Recombinant Rat Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor was lyophilized from a.2 μm filtered PBS pH.5. (reprokine.com)

In Experiment 3, all F1 generation animals demonstrated enhanced nicotine behavioral sensitization and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein. (bvsalud.org)

The CNTFR pathway also plays a role in a part of the nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system, specifically in the regulation of sweating in response to temperature changes and other factors. (medlineplus.gov)

In the neonate, such injuries are even more harmful, since surgical treatment is limited and neuronal loss is particularly enhanced by neurotrophic factors deprivation. (hindawi.com)
Pluripotent neurotrophic factor that plays a role in neuronal differentiation and survival. (plurisomes.com)

Adult ciliary neurotrophic factor receptors help maintain facial motor neuron choline acetyltransferase expression in vivo following nerve crush. (nih.gov)
In particular, this project is aimed at looking at the signalling pathways that are activated when these growth factors activate their receptors, which are on these stem and tumor cells. (edu.au)

The roles of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1, IGF-2), as well as insulin. (edu.au)
It will also have links through our USA collaborators to understanding the role of such growth factors in the proliferation tumor cells within the brain (U87 a nasty brain tumor). (edu.au)
Below is a small sample of the many proteins, growth factors, transcription factors it contains. (plurisomes.com)

ECT therefore enables the controlled, continuous delivery of therapeutic factors directly to the retina, bypassing the blood-retina barrier. (medgadget.com)

Pool-specific regulation of motor neuron survival by neurotrophic support. (nih.gov)

On the contrary, reconnection of transected stumps by using biocompatible sealants may significantly facilitate the process, as well as taking the advantage of employing the adhesive as scaffold to engraft stem cells, as well as neurotrophic substances, to the injury site. (hindawi.com)

anti-angiogenic factors for the treatment of vascular proliferation in Diabetic Retinopathy and the Wet form of AMD, and for the treatment of abnormal vascular permeability for various forms of Macular Edema. (medgadget.com)

A number of proteins have been discovered in the field of ophthalmology that possess powerful neurotrophic, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. (medgadget.com)

Optimized DNA sequence encoding Rat Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor mature chain was expressed in Escherichia Coli. (reprokine.com)

ECT implants consist of cells that have been genetically modified to produce a desired therapeutic factor that are encapsulated in a section of semi-permeable hollow fiber membrane. (medgadget.com)

Native Human Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor is generated by the proteolytic removal of the signal peptide and propeptide, the molecule has a calculated molecular mass of approximately 15 kDa. (reprokine.com)
Vision loss was due to aberrant synaptic structure, blunted responsiveness to glial-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor, and eventual apoptotic cell loss. (jci.org)

Pro-inflammatory phenotype М1 produces neuronal cytotoxic cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-, interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-1, and NO that induce apoptosis while phenotype М2 secretes IL-4 and IL-13 that may supposedly reduce inflammation and improve recovery of brain tissues. (annaly-nevrologii.com)

The CLCF1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1). (medlineplus.gov)

FIG. 11 provides an amino acid sequence of brain derived neurotrophic factor. (justia.com)

13. Activation and inactivation of signal transducers and activators of transcription by ciliary neurotrophic factor in neuroblastoma cells. (nih.gov)
[ 4 ] The Hox genes, well described as the master regulators of development, encode a set of transcription factors that specify the identity of particular segments during embryogenesis. (medscape.com)

4. Signaling pathway of ciliary neurotrophic factor in neuroblastoma cell lines. (nih.gov)

Expression of key growth factors in human endometrium. (reprokine.com)

Growth factors as therapeutics for diabetic neuropathy. (wikigenes.org)

Neurotrophic signaling was restored by exogenous cholesterol delivery. (jci.org)

As complement system seems to play an essential role in this disease, the complement factor H (CFH) gene located at chromosome 1q32, and others as CFB, CFI, C2 and C3, have been implicated in the development of both forms of AMD (21-23) . (amdbook.org)

The most consistent risk factors are age, familiar history and tobacco smoking, like in other forms of AMD( (2,4,13) . (amdbook.org)

RecombinantGlial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor was lyophilized from a.2 μm filtered solution in.5% glycine,.5% sucrose,.01% Tween80, mM Glutamic acid, pH.5. (reprokine.com)

She was also involved in the James Lind Alliance (JLA) Multiple Conditions in Life Priority Setting Partnership that identified psychosocial factors as an important but overlooked area for research. (ncl.ac.uk)

Anatomy24

Organisms5

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor cause dendritic retraction in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. (1/406)

CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. (2/406)

Receptor recognition sites of cytokines are organized as exchangeable modules. Transfer of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor-binding site from ciliary neurotrophic factor to interleukin-6. (3/406)

Repeated injections of a ciliary neurotrophic factor analogue leading to long-term photoreceptor survival in hereditary retinal degeneration. (4/406)

Signalling by the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and its role in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system. (5/406)

Target-dependent regulation of acetylcholine secretion at developing motoneurons in Xenopus cell cultures. (6/406)

Dynamic regulation of expression and phosphorylation of tau by fibroblast growth factor-2 in neural progenitor cells from adult rat hippocampus. (7/406)

Activation of TrkA by nerve growth factor upregulates expression of the cholinergic gene locus but attenuates the response to ciliary neurotrophic growth factor. (8/406)

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor

Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor alpha Subunit

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Nerve Growth Factors

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit

Receptors, OSM-LIF

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Cytokine Receptor gp130

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor

Growth Inhibitors

Oncostatin M

Receptors, Cytokine

Receptor, trkB

Neurotrophin 3

Neurons

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors

Interleukin-6

STAT3 Transcription Factor

Lymphokines

Nerve Regeneration

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Receptors, Oncostatin M

Cell Survival

Axotomy

Cells, Cultured

Astrocytes

Optic Nerve Injuries

Receptors, Interleukin-11

Interleukin-11 Receptor alpha Subunit

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

Signal Transduction

Motor Neurons

RNA, Messenger

Retina

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Axons

Quinolinic Acid

Neuroglia

Facial Nerve

Sciatic Nerve

Animals, Newborn

Oligodendroglia

Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate

Spinal Cord

Cytokines

Cell Differentiation

Stem Cells

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Neuroprotective Agents

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Optic Nerve

Nerve Crush

Drug Implants

Gene Expression Regulation

Immunohistochemistry

Retinal Ganglion Cells

Retinal Degeneration

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Janus Kinases

Schwann Cells

Cell Count

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret

Electroretinography

Receptors, Interleukin-6

Interleukin-11

Chick Embryo

Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells

Disease Models, Animal

Injections

Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

Nerve Growth Factor

Molecular Sequence Data

Recombinant Proteins

Indole Alkaloids

Cell Line