Cilia
Photoreceptor Connecting Cilium
Axoneme
Ciliary Motility Disorders
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
Centrioles
Kartagener Syndrome
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
TRPP Cation Channels
Flagella
Hedgehog Proteins
Dyneins
Ependyma
Kinesin
Paramecium
Olfactory Mucosa
Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Situs Inversus
Centrosome
Zebrafish
Microtubules
Mechanotransduction, Cellular
Body Patterning
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Tubulin
Protein Transport
Rana ridibunda
Signal Transduction
Interactions of membrane potential and cations in regulation of ciliary activity in Paramecium. (1/2505)
Ciliary activity in Paramecium was investigated in different external solutions using techniques of voltage clamp and high frequency cinematography. An increase in the external concentration of K, Ca or Mg ions decreased the resting potential. It had no effect on ciliary activity. When the membrane potential was fixed, an increase in external Ca or Mg and, to a lesser extent, an increase in K concentration, raised the frequency of normal beating or decreased the frequency of reversed beating of the cilia. Similar effects resulted from membrane hyperpolarization with constant ionic conditions. Increase in concentration of Ca, but not of Mg or K, enhanced hyperpolarization-induced augmentation of ciliary frequency. Increase in Ca concentration also specifically augmented the delayed increase in inward current during rapid hyperpolarizing clamp. The results support the view that [Ca]i regulates the frequency and direction of ciliary beating. It is suggested that the insensitivity of the ciliary motor system to elevations of the external concentrations of ions results from compensation of their effects on [Ca]i. Depolarization itself appears to increase [Ca]i while elevation of the external ion concentrations at a fixed membrane potential appears to decrease [Ca]i. (+info)Involvement of protein kinase C in 5-HT-stimulated ciliary activity in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. (2/2505)
1. During development, embryos of the pulmonate gastropod, Helisoma trivolvis, undergo a rotation behaviour due to the co-ordinated beating of three bands of ciliated epithelial cells. This behaviour is in part mediated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) released from a pair of identified embryonic neurons. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy to measure ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in response to pharmacological manipulations, we determined whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in mediating 5-HT-stimulated ciliary beating. 2. Diacylglycerol (DAG) analogues sn-1,2-dioctanoyl glycerol (DiC8; 100 microM) and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG; 100 microM), partially mimicked the 5-HT-induced increase in CBF. In contrast, application of OAG in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ did not result in an increase in CBF. 3. 5-HT-stimulated CBF was effectively blocked by PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide (10 and 100 nM) and calphostin C (10 nM). In addition, bisindolylmaleimide (100 nM) inhibited DiC8-induced increases in CBF. At a higher concentration (200 nM), bisindolylmaleimide did not significantly reduce 5-HT-stimulated cilio-excitation. 4. Two different phorbol esters, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA; 0.1, 10 or 1000 nM) and phorbol 12beta, 13alpha-dibenzoate (PDBn; 10 microM) did not alter basal CBF. TPA (1 microM) did not alter 5-HT-stimulated CBF. Likewise, the synthetic form of phosphatidylserine, N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (SC-9; 10 microM), did not increase CBF, whereas a strong increase in CBF was observed upon exposure to 5-HT. 5. The results suggest that a DAG-dependent, phorbol ester-insensitive isoform of PKC mediates 5-HT-stimulated CBF in ciliated epithelial cells from embryos of Helisoma trivolvis. (+info)Immunocytochemical and morphological evidence for intracellular self-repair as an important contributor to mammalian hair cell recovery. (3/2505)
Although recent studies have provided evidence for hair cell regeneration in mammalian inner ears, the mechanism underlying this regenerative process is still under debate. Here we report immunocytochemical, histological, electron microscopic, and autoradiographic evidence that, in cultured postnatal rat utricles, a substantial number of hair cells can survive gentamicin insult even their stereocilia are lost. These partially damaged hair cells can survive for a prolonged time and regrow the stereocilia. Although the number of stereocilia-bearing hair cells increases over time after gentamicin insult, hair cell and supporting cell numbers remain essentially unchanged. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography and bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry of the cultures demonstrate that cell proliferation in the sensory epithelium is very limited and is far below the number of recovered hair cells. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling analysis indicates that gentamicin-induced apoptosis in the sensory epithelium occurs mainly during a 2 d treatment period, and additional cell death is minimal 2-11 d after treatment. Considered together, intracellular repair of partially damaged hair cells can be an important contributor to spontaneous hair cell recovery in mammalian inner ears. (+info)Interplay between the NO pathway and elevated [Ca2+]i enhances ciliary activity in rabbit trachea. (4/2505)
1. Average intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were simultaneously measured in rabbit airway ciliated cells in order to elucidate the molecular events that lead to ciliary activation by purinergic stimulation. 2. Extracellular ATP and extracellular UTP caused a rapid increase in both [Ca2+]i and CBF. These effects were practically abolished by a phospholipase C inhibitor (U-73122) or by suramin. 3. The effects of extracellular ATP were not altered: when protein kinase C (PKC) was inhibited by either GF 109203X or chelerythrine chloride, or when protein kinase A (PKA) was inhibited by RP-adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS). 4. Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (TPA) had little effect on CBF or on [Ca2+]i, while activation of PKA by forskolin or by dibutyryl-cAMP led to a small rise in CBF without affecting [Ca2+]i. 5. Direct activation of protein kinase G (PKG) with dibutyryl-cGMP had a negligible effect on CBF when [Ca2+]i was at basal level. However, dibutyryl-cGMP strongly elevated CBF when [Ca2+]i was elevated either by extracellular ATP or by ionomycin. 6. The findings suggest that the initial rise in [Ca2+]i induced by extracellular ATP activates the NO pathway, thus leading to PKG activation. In the continuous presence of elevated [Ca2+]i the stimulated PKG then induces a robust enhancement in CBF. In parallel, activated PKG plays a central role in Ca2+ influx via a still unidentified mechanism, and thus, through positive feedback, maintains CBF close to its maximal level in the continuous presence of ATP. (+info)Scanning electron microscopy of lithium-induced exogastrulae of Xenopus laevis. (5/2505)
Lithium-induced exogastrulae are abnormal embryos which fail to complete gastrulation and do not form normal neural structures. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to compare the surface structure of the ectoderm cells of exogastrulae with that of the ectoderm cells of normal embryos and has shown that the appearance of ciliated cells is delayed in exogastrulae. In addition, the structure of endoderm cells, which remain exposed in these embryos, has been studied. (+info)Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing. (6/2505)
Fragments of tracheal epithelium alone or in continuity with connective tissues, can be maintained in culture medium and used for short term or long term studies of toxicity of a variety of chemicals. Large numbers of uniform cultures are prepared with the aid of a slicing device or by application of simple method for dissecting sheets of epithelium free from underlying cartilage. The cultures may be placed in an exposure chamber-incubator mounted on a microscope stage and monitored continually for ciliostasis and exfoliation of cells. Morphology is further studied by fixation of selected specimens and preparation for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Synthetic functions are evaluated by autoradiographic measurement of incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules and other dynamic features are indirectly assessed by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Short-term studies using these several techniques have shown that ciliostasis does not correlate with cell injury in all instances, and a long-term study has demonstrated dose dependence of a cytotoxic agent when duration of culture viability is measured. The method lends itself to a broad range of investigations in which dose, period of exposure, and role of cofactors must be independently and quantitatively assessed. (+info)Situs inversus and embryonic ciliary morphogenesis defects in mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II. (7/2505)
The embryonic cellular events that set the asymmetry of the genetic control circuit controlling left-right (L-R) axis determination in mammals are poorly understood. New insight into this problem was obtained by analyzing mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A motor subunit of the kinesin-II motor complex. Embryos lacking KIF3A die at 10 days postcoitum, exhibit randomized establishment of L-R asymmetry, and display numerous structural abnormalities. The earliest detectable abnormality in KIF3A mutant embryos is found at day 7.5, where scanning electron microscopy reveals loss of cilia ordinarily present on cells of the wild-type embryonic node, which is thought to play an important role in setting the initial L-R asymmetry. This cellular phenotype is observed before the earliest reported time of asymmetric expression of markers of the L-R signaling pathway. These observations demonstrate that the kinesin-based transport pathway needed for flagellar and ciliary morphogenesis is conserved from Chlamydomonas to mammals and support the view that embryonic cilia play a role in the earliest cellular determinative events establishing L-R asymmetry. (+info)Characterization and expression of the laminin gamma3 chain: a novel, non-basement membrane-associated, laminin chain. (8/2505)
Laminins are heterotrimeric molecules composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma chain; they have broad functional roles in development and in stabilizing epithelial structures. Here, we identified a novel laminin, composed of known alpha and beta chains but containing a novel gamma chain, gamma3. We have cloned gene encoding this chain, LAMC3, which maps to chromosome 9 at q31-34. Protein and cDNA analyses demonstrate that gamma3 contains all the expected domains of a gamma chain, including two consensus glycosylation sites and a putative nidogen-binding site. This suggests that gamma3-containing laminins are likely to exist in a stable matrix. Studies of the tissue distribution of gamma3 chain show that it is broadly expressed in: skin, heart, lung, and the reproductive tracts. In skin, gamma3 protein is seen within the basement membrane of the dermal-epidermal junction at points of nerve penetration. The gamma3 chain is also a prominent element of the apical surface of ciliated epithelial cells of: lung, oviduct, epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminiferous tubules. The distribution of gamma3-containing laminins on the apical surfaces of a variety of epithelial tissues is novel and suggests that they are not found within ultrastructurally defined basement membranes. It seems likely that these apical laminins are important in the morphogenesis and structural stability of the ciliated processes of these cells. (+info)Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures that protrude from the surface of many types of cells in the body. They are composed of a core bundle of microtubules surrounded by a protein matrix and are covered with a membrane. Cilia are involved in various cellular functions, including movement of fluid or mucus across the cell surface, detection of external stimuli, and regulation of signaling pathways.
There are two types of cilia: motile and non-motile. Motile cilia are able to move in a coordinated manner to propel fluids or particles across a surface, such as those found in the respiratory tract and reproductive organs. Non-motile cilia, also known as primary cilia, are present on most cells in the body and serve as sensory organelles that detect chemical and mechanical signals from the environment.
Defects in cilia structure or function can lead to a variety of diseases, collectively known as ciliopathies. These conditions can affect multiple organs and systems in the body, including the brain, kidneys, liver, and eyes. Examples of ciliopathies include polycystic kidney disease, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and Meckel-Gruber syndrome.
A photoreceptor connecting cilium, also known as the connecting cilium or the outer segment initial segment, is a specialized structure found in the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). It is a thin, non-motile cilium that connects the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell to the outer segment. The outer segment contains the visual pigments that absorb light and initiate the process of vision.
The connecting cilium plays a crucial role in the maintenance and function of the outer segment by providing a passageway for the transport of proteins, lipids, and other molecules from the inner segment to the outer segment. This process is essential for the renewal and turnover of the visual pigments and other components of the outer segment. The connecting cilium also helps maintain the structural integrity of the photoreceptor cells and their sensitivity to light.
Defects in the connecting cilium can lead to various retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis, which are characterized by progressive vision loss due to the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells.
An axoneme is the microtubular structure that forms the core of a cilium or flagellum in eukaryotic cells. It is composed of nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, known as doublets, surrounding two central single microtubules, forming a "9+2" arrangement. The axoneme is anchored to the cell membrane through a basal body and provides the structural framework for the movement of cilia and flagella. It is composed of tubulin proteins and accessory structures such as dynein arms, which are responsible for generating the force required for ciliary or flagellar movement.
Ciliary motility disorders are a group of rare genetic conditions that affect the function of cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures on the surface of cells in the body. Cilia play an important role in moving fluids and particles across the cell surface, including the movement of mucus and other substances in the respiratory system, the movement of eggs and sperm in the reproductive system, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear.
Ciliary motility disorders are caused by mutations in genes that are responsible for the proper functioning of cilia. These mutations can lead to abnormalities in the structure or function of cilia, which can result in a range of symptoms depending on the specific disorder and the parts of the body that are affected.
Some common symptoms of ciliary motility disorders include recurrent respiratory infections, chronic sinusitis, hearing loss, infertility, and situs inversus, a condition in which the major organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. There are several different types of ciliary motility disorders, including primary ciliary dyskinesia, Kartagener syndrome, and immotile cilia syndrome.
Treatment for ciliary motility disorders typically involves addressing the specific symptoms and underlying causes of the disorder. This may include antibiotics to treat respiratory infections, surgery to correct structural abnormalities, or assisted reproductive technologies to help with infertility.
Cystic kidney diseases are a group of genetic disorders that cause fluid-filled sacs called cysts to form in the kidneys. These cysts can vary in size and can grow over time, which can lead to damage in the kidneys and affect their function. There are two main types of cystic kidney diseases: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).
ADPKD is the most common type and is characterized by the presence of numerous cysts in both kidneys. It is usually diagnosed in adulthood, but it can also occur in children. The cysts can cause high blood pressure, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and eventually kidney failure.
ARPKD is a rare, inherited disorder that affects both the kidneys and liver. It is characterized by the presence of numerous cysts in the kidneys and abnormalities in the bile ducts of the liver. ARPKD is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood and can cause serious complications such as respiratory distress, kidney failure, and liver fibrosis.
Other types of cystic kidney diseases include nephronophthisis, medullary cystic kidney disease, and glomerulocystic kidney disease. These conditions are also inherited and can cause kidney damage and kidney failure.
Treatment for cystic kidney diseases typically involves managing symptoms such as high blood pressure, pain, and infections. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove large cysts or to treat complications such as kidney stones. For individuals with advanced kidney disease, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.
Centrioles are small, cylindrical structures found in the centrosome of animal cells. They play a crucial role in organizing the microtubules that make up the cell's cytoskeleton and are also involved in the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division. A typical centriole is made up of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring-like fashion around a central hub or core.
Centrioles have two main functions:
1. Microtubule Organization: Centrioles serve as the primary site for microtubule nucleation and organization within the cell. They help to form the mitotic spindle during cell division, which is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into two identical sets that are distributed equally between the two daughter cells.
2. Formation of Cilia and Flagella: In specialized cells, centrioles can also function as basal bodies for the formation of cilia and flagella. These hair-like structures protrude from the cell surface and play a role in cell movement and the movement of extracellular fluids over the cell surface.
It is important to note that plants and fungi do not have centrioles, and their cells use alternative mechanisms for microtubule organization and cell division.
Kartagener Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is characterized by the triad of chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis (damage and widening of the airways in the lungs), and situs inversus totalis - a condition where the major visceral organs are mirrored or reversed from their normal positions.
In Kartagener Syndrome, the cilia (tiny hair-like structures) lining the respiratory tract are abnormal or dysfunctional, which impairs their ability to clear mucus and other particles. This leads to recurrent respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, and ultimately, progressive lung damage.
The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene - one from each parent - to develop the syndrome. Kartagener Syndrome is a subtype of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a group of disorders affecting ciliary structure and function.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of multiple cysts in the kidneys. These cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can vary in size and can multiply, leading to enlarged kidneys. The increased size and number of cysts can result in reduced kidney function, high blood pressure, and eventually kidney failure.
There are two main types of PKD: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD). ADPKD is the most common form, affecting approximately 1 in every 500 people. It typically develops in adulthood. On the other hand, ARPKD is a rarer form, affecting about 1 in every 20,000 children, and it often presents in infancy or early childhood.
In addition to kidney problems, PKD can also affect other organs, such as the liver and the heart. It's important to note that while there is no cure for PKD, various treatments can help manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease.
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple organs and systems in the body. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms including:
1. Obesity: Excessive weight gain, especially around the trunk and face, is a common feature of BBS.
2. Polydactyly: Extra fingers or toes are present at birth in about 70% of individuals with BBS.
3. Retinal degeneration: Progressive loss of vision due to retinal dystrophy is a hallmark of the syndrome.
4. Renal abnormalities: Structural and functional kidney problems, such as cysts, nephronophthisis, and chronic kidney disease, are common in BBS patients.
5. Learning difficulties: Intellectual disability or developmental delay is often present in individuals with BBS.
6. Hypogonadism: Abnormalities of the reproductive system, such as small genitals, delayed puberty, and infertility, are common in both males and females with BBS.
7. Other features: Additional symptoms may include speech and language delay, behavioral problems, diabetes mellitus, heart defects, and hearing loss.
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the syndrome. The disorder affects both males and females equally and has a prevalence of about 1 in 100,000-160,000 individuals worldwide.
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are a type of ion channel that play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including sensory perception, cellular signaling, and regulation of intracellular calcium levels. TRPP cation channels, also known as TRPP subfamily or polycystin channels, are a specific subgroup within the TRP channel family.
TRPP channels consist of two members: TRPP1 (also known as PKD1 or polycystin-1) and TRPP2 (also known as PKD2 or polycystin-2). These channels form heterodimers, meaning they are composed of two different subunits that come together to create a functional channel.
TRPP channels are primarily located in the primary cilium, a hair-like structure protruding from the cell surface, and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an intracellular organelle involved in protein folding and calcium storage. They function as mechano- and chemosensors, responding to various stimuli such as mechanical forces, changes in temperature, pH, or chemical ligands.
TRPP channels are particularly important in the context of renal physiology and pathophysiology. Mutations in TRPP1 and TRPP2 have been linked to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a genetic disorder characterized by the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, leading to progressive loss of renal function.
In summary, TRPP cation channels are a subfamily of TRP channels formed by the heterodimerization of TRPP1 and TRPP2 subunits. They play essential roles in sensory perception, cellular signaling, and calcium homeostasis, with particular significance in renal physiology and pathophysiology.
Flagella are long, thin, whip-like structures that some types of cells use to move themselves around. They are made up of a protein called tubulin and are surrounded by a membrane. In bacteria, flagella rotate like a propeller to push the cell through its environment. In eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus), such as sperm cells or certain types of algae, flagella move in a wave-like motion to achieve locomotion. The ability to produce flagella is called flagellation.
Hedgehog proteins are a group of signaling molecules that play crucial roles in the development and regulation of various biological processes in animals. They are named after the hedgehog mutant fruit flies, which have spiky bristles due to defects in this pathway. These proteins are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and tissue regeneration. They exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, leading to a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately influence gene expression and cell behavior.
There are three main types of Hedgehog proteins in mammals: Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). These protecules undergo post-translational modifications, including cleavage and lipid modification, which are essential for their activity. Dysregulation of Hedgehog signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, developmental abnormalities, and degenerative disorders.
Dyneins are a type of motor protein that play an essential role in the movement of cellular components and structures within eukaryotic cells. They are responsible for generating force and motion along microtubules, which are critical components of the cell's cytoskeleton. Dyneins are involved in various cellular processes, including intracellular transport, organelle positioning, and cell division.
There are several types of dyneins, but the two main categories are cytoplasmic dyneins and axonemal dyneins. Cytoplasmic dyneins are responsible for moving various cargoes, such as vesicles, organelles, and mRNA complexes, toward the minus-end of microtubules, which is usually located near the cell center. Axonemal dyneins, on the other hand, are found in cilia and flagella and are responsible for their movement by sliding adjacent microtubules past each other.
Dyneins consist of multiple subunits, including heavy chains, intermediate chains, light-intermediate chains, and light chains. The heavy chains contain the motor domain that binds to microtubules and hydrolyzes ATP to generate force. Dysfunction in dynein proteins has been linked to various human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders, ciliopathies, and cancer.
The ependyma is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cells are specialized glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier, regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and provide support and protection for the nervous tissue.
Ependymal cells have a cuboidal or columnar shape and possess numerous cilia on their apical surface, which helps to circulate CSF within the ventricles. They also have tight junctions that help to form the blood-brain barrier and prevent the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the CSF.
In addition to their role in maintaining the integrity of the CNS, ependymal cells can also differentiate into other types of cells, such as neurons and glial cells, under certain conditions. This property has made them a topic of interest in regenerative medicine and the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Axonemal dyneins are motor proteins that are located in the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. The axoneme is the internal structure of these cellular appendages, and it is composed of nine microtubule doublets arranged in a ring around two central single microtubules.
Dyneins are large protein complexes that use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along microtubules, generating force and motion. Axonemal dyneins are responsible for the sliding of the microtubule doublets relative to each other, which leads to the bending and movement of cilia and flagella.
There are several types of axonemal dyneins, classified based on their structure and function. The outer dynein arms are larger complexes that generate the power stroke for ciliary beating, while the inner dynein arms are smaller complexes involved in regulating the beat pattern and frequency.
Defects in axonemal dyneins can lead to a variety of genetic disorders known as ciliopathies, which affect the structure and function of cilia and flagella. These disorders can cause a range of symptoms, including respiratory problems, infertility, and developmental abnormalities.
Kinesin is not a medical term per se, but a term from the field of cellular biology. However, understanding how kinesins work is important in the context of medical and cellular research.
Kinesins are a family of motor proteins that play a crucial role in transporting various cargoes within cells, such as vesicles, organelles, and chromosomes. They move along microtubule filaments, using the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force and motion. This process is essential for several cellular functions, including intracellular transport, mitosis, and meiosis.
In a medical context, understanding kinesin function can provide insights into various diseases and conditions related to impaired intracellular transport, such as neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease) and certain genetic disorders affecting motor neurons. Research on kinesins can potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these conditions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Paramecium" is not a medical term. It is a genus of unicellular organisms commonly found in freshwater environments. Paramecia are classified as ciliates due to the presence of hair-like structures called cilia on their surface. They use these cilia for locomotion and feeding. If you have any questions about biology or another topic, I'd be happy to try to help!
The olfactory mucosa is a specialized mucous membrane that is located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the septum and the superior turbinate. It contains the olfactory receptor neurons, which are responsible for the sense of smell. These neurons have hair-like projections called cilia that are covered in a mucus layer, which helps to trap and identify odor molecules present in the air we breathe. The olfactory mucosa also contains supporting cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers that help to maintain the health and function of the olfactory receptor neurons. Damage to the olfactory mucosa can result in a loss of smell or anosmia.
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are specialized sensory nerve cells located in the olfactory epithelium, a patch of tissue inside the nasal cavity. These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odors to the brain. Each ORN expresses only one type of olfactory receptor protein, which is specific to certain types of odor molecules. When an odor molecule binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a signal transduction pathway that generates an electrical impulse in the neuron. This impulse is then transmitted to the brain via the olfactory nerve, where it is processed and interpreted as a specific smell. ORNs are continuously replaced throughout an individual's lifetime due to their exposure to environmental toxins and other damaging agents.
Tetrahymena pyriformis is not a medical term, but rather it's a species of ciliated protozoan that is commonly used in biological research. Here's a scientific definition:
Tetrahymena pyriformis is a free-living, freshwater ciliate protozoan species with a pear-shaped (pyriform) morphology. It belongs to the genus Tetrahymena and the family Euplotidae in the phylum Ciliophora. This microorganism is widely used as a model organism in various research fields, including cell biology, genetics, and molecular biology. Its relatively large size (50-60 µm), rapid growth rate, and ease of culturing make it an ideal subject for experimental studies. Tetrahymena pyriformis has complex cellular structures, such as macronuclei and micronuclei, which are involved in its reproduction and genetic inheritance. Additionally, this species is known for its ability to undergo rapid evolutionary changes, making it a valuable tool for studying evolution and adaptation.
Situs Inversus is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are situated in mirror-image positions to their normal locations. Instead of being on the left side, the heart and its large blood vessels are on the right side, while the liver is on the left side and the lungs are reversed. The stomach, spleen, and pancreas may also be affected. It's important to note that this condition is generally asymptomatic and often goes unnoticed unless there are complications or associated abnormalities.
There are two types of Situs Inversus: total (complete reversal of all organs) and partial (reversal of only some organs). Total Situs Inversus is also sometimes referred to as "mirror-image dextrocardia" because the heart, which is usually on the left side, is located on the right side in a mirrored position.
While Situs Inversus itself does not typically cause health problems, people with this condition may have an increased risk for certain medical conditions, such as congenital heart defects or primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), which can lead to chronic respiratory infections and infertility.
A centrosome is a microtubule-organizing center found in animal cells. It consists of two barrel-shaped structures called centrioles, which are surrounded by a protein matrix called the pericentriolar material. The centrosome plays a crucial role in organizing the microtubules that form the cell's cytoskeleton and help to shape the cell, as well as in separating the chromosomes during cell division.
During mitosis, the two centrioles of the centrosome separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, where they nucleate the formation of the spindle fibers that pull the chromosomes apart. The centrosome also helps to ensure that the genetic material is equally distributed between the two resulting daughter cells.
It's worth noting that while centrioles are present in many animal cells, they are not always present in all types of cells. For example, plant cells do not have centrioles or centrosomes, and instead rely on other mechanisms to organize their microtubules.
A zebrafish is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae and the genus Danio. Its name is derived from its distinctive striped pattern that resembles a zebra's. Zebrafish are often used as model organisms in scientific research, particularly in developmental biology, genetics, and toxicology studies. They have a high fecundity rate, transparent embryos, and a rapid development process, making them an ideal choice for researchers. However, it is important to note that providing a medical definition for zebrafish may not be entirely accurate or relevant since they are primarily used in biological research rather than clinical medicine.
Microtubules are hollow, cylindrical structures composed of tubulin proteins in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as maintaining cell shape, intracellular transport, and cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Microtubules are dynamic, undergoing continuous assembly and disassembly, which allows them to rapidly reorganize in response to cellular needs. They also form part of important cellular structures like centrioles, basal bodies, and cilia/flagella.
Cellular mechanotransduction is the process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, resulting in changes in cell behavior and function. This complex process involves various molecular components, including transmembrane receptors, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins, and signaling molecules. Mechanical forces such as tension, compression, or fluid flow can activate these components, leading to alterations in gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell shape or movement. Cellular mechanotransduction plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including tissue development, homeostasis, and repair, as well as in pathological conditions such as fibrosis and cancer progression.
"Body patterning" is a general term that refers to the process of forming and organizing various tissues and structures into specific patterns during embryonic development. This complex process involves a variety of molecular mechanisms, including gene expression, cell signaling, and cell-cell interactions. It results in the creation of distinct body regions, such as the head, trunk, and limbs, as well as the organization of internal organs and systems.
In medical terminology, "body patterning" may refer to specific developmental processes or abnormalities related to embryonic development. For example, in genetic disorders such as Poland syndrome or Holt-Oram syndrome, mutations in certain genes can lead to abnormal body patterning, resulting in the absence or underdevelopment of certain muscles, bones, or other structures.
It's important to note that "body patterning" is not a formal medical term with a specific definition, but rather a general concept used in developmental biology and genetics.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.
Tubulin is a type of protein that forms microtubules, which are hollow cylindrical structures involved in the cell's cytoskeleton. These structures play important roles in various cellular processes, including maintaining cell shape, cell division, and intracellular transport. There are two main types of tubulin proteins: alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. They polymerize to form heterodimers, which then assemble into microtubules. The assembly and disassembly of microtubules are dynamic processes that are regulated by various factors, including GTP hydrolysis, motor proteins, and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Tubulin is an essential component of the eukaryotic cell and has been a target for anti-cancer drugs such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids.
Protein transport, in the context of cellular biology, refers to the process by which proteins are actively moved from one location to another within or between cells. This is a crucial mechanism for maintaining proper cell function and regulation.
Intracellular protein transport involves the movement of proteins within a single cell. Proteins can be transported across membranes (such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane) via specialized transport systems like vesicles and transport channels.
Intercellular protein transport refers to the movement of proteins from one cell to another, often facilitated by exocytosis (release of proteins in vesicles) and endocytosis (uptake of extracellular substances via membrane-bound vesicles). This is essential for communication between cells, immune response, and other physiological processes.
It's important to note that any disruption in protein transport can lead to various diseases, including neurological disorders, cancer, and metabolic conditions.
"Rana ridibunda" is the scientific name for the European green frog or marsh frog. It's a species of true frog that is native to parts of Europe and Asia. These frogs are typically green in color, but they can also be brown or gray. They have smooth skin and long, powerful legs that they use to jump long distances. They are semiaquatic animals, living near bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, and rivers.
It is worth noting that the common name for this species may vary based on the region and the specific population of frogs being referred to. In some areas, they may be commonly called "green frogs" or "marsh frogs," while in other regions, these names may refer to different species entirely.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.
The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.
Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
Tetrahymena is not a medical term itself, but it is a genus of unicellular organisms known as ciliates. They are commonly found in freshwater environments and can be studied in the field of biology and microbiology. Some species of Tetrahymena have been used in scientific research, including studies on genetics, cell division, and protein function. It is not a term that would typically be used in a medical context.
Cilia Flores - Wikipedia
How does Cilia obtain energy? - Answers
Microbiology] Cilia video...
Proteomic analysis of mammalian primary cilia
Tag: Cilia Flores - MercoPress
Cilium
Gelasii di Cilia ... Locupletissimus thesaurus, continens varias, et ... - Gelasius di CILIA - Google Books
CFAP57 cilia and flagella associated protein 57 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
Cilia link seeing and peeing | The Scientist Magazine®
Cfap20 cilia and flagella associated protein 20 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI
CNI with Cilium | Ubuntu
2019 Cilia, Mucus and Mucociliary Interactions Conference GRC
cilia - Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Alteration of primary cilia in COPD | European Respiratory Society
An Unconventional Secretory Pathway Mediates the Cilia Targeting of Peripherin/rds | Journal of Neuroscience
Cilia Derese
Cfap70 MGI Mouse Gene Detail - MGI:1923920 - cilia and flagella associated protein 70
Platform Provider Announces Cilio Partners Portal | Supply & Demand Chain Executive
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A new step in understanding the mechanisms that control cilia length - News from the Institut Pasteur
Abstract] Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Human Nasal Cilia in the Periciliary Liquid Layer
Intestinal Cilia in the Rabbit | FUJIFILM VisualSonics
cilia Archives - Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences
Eupatilin improves cilia defects in human CEP290 ciliopathy models | bioRxiv
Regulation of cilia abundance in multiciliated cells | eLife
How to Safely Configure Cilium on DOKS | DigitalOcean
General Availability: Isovalent Cilium Enterprise through Azure Marketplace | Azure updates | Microsoft Azure
Public Preview: Isovalent Cilium Enterprise through Azure Marketplace | Azure updates | Microsoft Azure
How intraflagellar transport shapes the cilium: a single-molecule systems study | HITSCIL | Project | Fact sheet | H2020 |...
Hair-like projections called cilia2
- The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. (medlineplus.gov)
- Many human cells are adorned with hair-like projections called cilia. (nih.gov)
Defects18
- The finding adds to our knowledge about ciliopathies, a class of genetic disorders that arise from defects in the structure or function of cilia. (nih.gov)
- Defects in genes that are involved in cilia development or function can cause complicated syndromes, called ciliopathies, that involve multiple organs and tissues. (nih.gov)
- Further study of how these proteins function could yield insights into the impact that cilia defects cause throughout the body. (nih.gov)
- The finding may help explain how genetic defects in cilia play a role in developmental abnormalities, kidney disease and other disorders. (sciencedaily.com)
- A new study of a protein found in cilia -- the hair-like projections on the cell surface -- may help explain how genetic defects in cilia play a role in developmental abnormalities, kidney disease and a number of other disorders. (sciencedaily.com)
- Cilia genetic defects are linked to a number of human diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, respiratory distress, hearing loss, infertility, and left-right patterning disorders such as the one Burdine studies. (sciencedaily.com)
- Because cilia are such a key element of cells, defects in genes that are involved in cilia development or function can cause complicated syndromes involving multiple organs and tissues. (nih.gov)
- By continuing to study how these genes work and interact, Dr. Swaroop said he hopes to gain further insight into not just how defects in genes related to cilia development in the retina cause vision problems, but the wider impact of these defects across body system and organs. (nih.gov)
- Airway epithelial cilia show structural defects and a decrease in ciliary beat frequency and cilia-driven flow. (jax.org)
- The diseases affecting these projections, ciliopathies, result from defects linked to cilia and flagella length. (pasteur.fr)
- This grow-and-lock model will be used to study the causes of cilia and flagella length defects in patients with ciliopathies in the hope of better diagnosing these complex medical conditions and possibly developing new approaches for their treatment. (pasteur.fr)
- Human genetics links obesity to defects in an organelle called the primary cilium, where G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit extracellular information across the cell membrane to direct cell signaling events. (nih.gov)
- Ciliary ultrastructural defects were found in less than 5% of cilia. (bmj.com)
- Acquired or congenital ciliary ultrastructural defects result in cilia which are either stationary or beat in a slow or dyskinetic fashion. (bmj.com)
- Making a confident diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia can at times be very difficult as abnormalities of the epithelium and cilia may also be found purely as a result of acquired ciliary defects. (bmj.com)
- Data suggest that 5% of cilia have abnormalities, 7, 13 with reports only analysing microtubular defects. (bmj.com)
- Defects in cilia biogenesis or function lead to pleiotropic phenotypes. (nih.gov)
- Disruption of cilia structure or function is linked with a plethora of diseases termed ciliopathies, many of which are characterized by sensory defects. (nih.gov)
Motile cilia5
- Some single-celled creatures have structures called motile cilia that beat rhythmically to allow the cells to move. (nih.gov)
- Motile cilia are also found in larger organisms, including people. (nih.gov)
- For example, motile cilia are on cells that line the trachea, where their coordinated wave-like motions carry mucus-along with the inhaled dust, bacteria, and other small particles it contains-toward the mouth to be coughed or sneezed out of the body. (nih.gov)
- Stronger functional evidence comes from the Xenopus GRP, where we show that perturbation of VANGL2 protein function disrupts the posterior localization of motile cilia that is required for leftward fluid flow, and causes aberrant expression of the left side-specific gene Nodal. (nih.gov)
- This image highlights a healthy patch of motile cilia (yellow) on embryonic skin cells (red) of Xenopus laevis . (nih.gov)
Ciliary6
- [ 42 ] Depletion of Cep123 using Cep 123 siRNA perturbed ciliary vesicle formation at the distal end of the basal body which suggests that distal appendage proteins are critical for progression of cilia beyond the early stages of ciliogenesis. (medscape.com)
- Beating cilia were recorded using a digital high speed video camera which allowed analysis of ciliary beat pattern and beat frequency. (bmj.com)
- This suggests that deacetylase activity is critical for both HDAC3 and HDAC8 function in cilia assembly and ciliary length control. (biologists.com)
- Changes are seen in the fixed active preparation that are not present in the inactive control, i.e ., in the packing of the cilia, the position of the axis of the ciliary cross-section, and the diameter of the ring of peripheral filaments. (rupress.org)
- Our findings further demonstrate that targeting of MC4R to neuronal primary cilia is essential for the control of long-term energy homeostasis and suggest that genetic disruption of MC4R ciliary localization may frequently underlie inherited forms of obesity. (jci.org)
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia, or PCD, is a rare disease that affects the tiny, hairlike structures (cilia) that line the airways. (nih.gov)
Neuronal primary cilia1
- One B9-C2 family gene in particular named Stumpy (or B9d2 ) is required for mammalian ciliogenesis where knockout mutants displayed near-complete loss of neuronal primary cilia with remaining cilia displaying dysmorphic stump-like ultrastructures. (medscape.com)
Microtubule-based organelles2
Structures9
- Looking closely at where the cilia should exist, the researchers saw that the supporting structures needed for cilia to grow were either completely missing or abnormal. (nih.gov)
- Other experiments showed that CC2D2A is part of structures called subdistal appendages, which help anchor the basal body at the cell membrane to stabilize cilia and allow them to form. (nih.gov)
- Supporting structures called distal and subdistal appendages, which are like the flying buttresses supporting Notre Dame Cathedral, anchor the platform in the basal body, priming it for the growth of cilia. (nih.gov)
- Once anchored, the structures that form the cilium begin to extend from the site. (nih.gov)
- Within these structures, each epithelial cell bears a single motile cilium, and the concerted beating of these cilia produces a leftward fluid flow that is required to initiate left-right asymmetric gene expression. (nih.gov)
- Cilia arise from the centrosome, a cellular organelle composed of two barrel-shaped microtubule-based structures called the centrioles. (biorxiv.org)
- The cilia found in humans and all other vertebrates are built from essentially the same elongated structures known as microtubules . (nih.gov)
- Most of the diseases affect these little hair-like structures that stick out of our cells - cilia,' said Megraw, noting that interest in cilia has experienced a renaissance in recent years. (fsu.edu)
- In particular, many sensory neurons in C. elegans exhibit remarkably complex cilia structures, providing an excellent system in which to explore the conserved pathways that couple the generation of specialized cilia morphology to unique cellular and signaling functions. (nih.gov)
Biogenesis2
- Ciliopathy-associated gene Cc2d2a promotes assembly of subdistal appendages on the mother centriole during cilia biogenesis. (nih.gov)
- In this review, I summarize the results of genetic studies that deduced the function of PC1/2 on cilia and of cilia themselves in cyst formation in ADPKD, and I discuss studies regarding regulation of polycystin biogenesis and cilia trafficking. (nih.gov)
Mother centriole2
- The primary cilium originates from a mother centriole in a quiescent G0/G1 cell. (biologists.com)
- The primary cilium originates from the mother centriole and participates in critical functions during organogenesis. (nih.gov)
Proteins4
- Researchers in Burdine's laboratory found that Kurly's role in cilia movement stems from its ability to ensure proteins called dynein arms are correctly located in the cilia. (sciencedaily.com)
- Inside are a variety of proteins essential to maintain the cilium. (nih.gov)
- PC1/2 are multi-pass transmembrane proteins that form a complex localized in the primary cilium. (nih.gov)
- More generally, our study also reveals that GPCR localization to primary cilia can require specific accessory proteins that may not be present in heterologous cell culture systems. (jci.org)
Human cilia2
- The gene for Kurly has also been detected in relation to human cilia disorders, so the work may have an impact on understanding the mechanisms of human disease, Grimes added. (sciencedaily.com)
- That's why researchers can learn a lot about human cilia by studying frogs. (nih.gov)
Martin Cilia1
- During the Covid lockdowns Sydney's Martin Cilia and Melbourne's Joe Matera have teamed to remotely record a couple of surf instrumentals. (noise11.com)
Maintain cilia2
- Researchers have identified several genes that are essential to form and maintain cilia. (nih.gov)
- In her presentation, Dr. Sengupta will describe recent and ongoing work in the lab on mechanisms that generate and maintain cilia structural diversity in C. elegans, and discuss the complex interplay between cilia architecture and sensory neuron function. (nih.gov)
Projections2
- Cilia and flagella - cellular projections attached to the membrane - are involved in numerous processes, for example sensory signal reception or cell movement. (pasteur.fr)
- Our work solves this mystery, showing that HYLS1 is a centriolar protein required for the formation of cilia, small hair-like cellular projections that execute a variety of essential motile and sensory functions," explained Dr. Karen Oegema, an author of the study. (bioquicknews.com)
Sensory7
- Researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI) have described the functions of a gene responsible for anchoring cilia - sensory hair-like extensions present on almost every cell of the body. (nih.gov)
- Cilia are responsible for cell communication and play a key role in the receptor cells of sensory systems. (nih.gov)
- Primary cilia are sensory organelles that are crucial for cell signaling during development and organ homeostasis. (biorxiv.org)
- Primary cilia are sensory organelles that have a crucial role in cell signaling, polarity and protein trafficking during development and organ homeostasis. (biorxiv.org)
- The primary cilium is a non-motile, sensory organelle that protrudes from the cell surface. (biologists.com)
- Despite increased focus on this critically important cellular structure, the mechanisms that link ciliogenesis and cilia structure to cilia-based signaling remain to be fully elucidated.The nematode C. elegans provides an excellent model for the study of ciliogenesis and sensory signaling. (nih.gov)
- Cilia are present only on sensory neurons in C. elegans, and as in other organisms, are essential for the unique functions of these neuron types. (nih.gov)
Researchers6
- Researchers gained insights into a key protein involved in forming cilia-hair-like extensions found on cells throughout the body. (nih.gov)
- The researchers at Princeton University and Northwestern University found that the protein, which goes by the name C21orf59 or "Kurly," is needed for cilia to undulate to keep fluid moving over the surface of cells. (sciencedaily.com)
- In the zebrafish kidney, the researchers found that the Kurly protein enabled cilia to orient themselves in a uniform direction, and most importantly, in the proper direction to facilitate the flow of fluid along the narrow channels in the kidney. (sciencedaily.com)
- The researchers also found that the mutation they discovered rendered the Kurly protein sensitive to temperature, and used this trait to find that the Kurly protein may be involved in initiating movement rather than keeping the cilia moving once they've started. (sciencedaily.com)
- When they looked at the tissues of the mutant mice in very early stages of development, researchers found very few to no cilia, suggesting the gene plays a critical role at an early time. (nih.gov)
- This achievement may help researchers learn more about how cilia grow and function and better understand their role in disease. (nih.gov)
Protein10
- Chavez JD*, Cilia M *, Weisbrod CR, Ju HJ, Eng JK, Gray SM, and Bruce JE (2012) Cross-linking measurements of the Potato leafroll virus reveal protein interaction topologies required for virion stability, aphid transmission, and virus-plant interactions. (usda.gov)
- The CC2D2A protein was thought to be a structural protein needed for cilia growth, but its precise functions have been unclear. (nih.gov)
- The protein is part of a complex structure called the basal body, from which cilia grow. (nih.gov)
- A protein called Kurly is needed for cilia to undulate and face in the correct direction to keep fluid moving over the surface of cells. (sciencedaily.com)
- They also found that the protein is needed during development to properly orient the cilia so that they are facing the right direction to move the fluid. (sciencedaily.com)
- It's extremely exciting that we've found a single protein that is responsible for these two functions -- orientation and motility -- in cilia," said Rebecca Burdine, an associate professor of molecular biology at Princeton University. (sciencedaily.com)
- Despite their importance in human disease, very little is known about how cilia motility and orientation are coordinated, so this protein will provide an important gateway into looking at this process. (sciencedaily.com)
- Multiple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are trafficked to the primary cilium where they carry extracellular signals across the membrane to initiate intracellular signaling events. (nih.gov)
- FPC is a type I transmembrane protein, localizing to the cilium and basal body, in addition to other compartments, and DZIP1L encodes a transition zone/basal body protein. (nih.gov)
- In the current work, Dr. Oegema and colleagues showed that the evolutionarily conserved HYLS1 protein is, in fact, a centriolar protein that is specifically required for cilia formation in both C. elegans and vertebrates. (bioquicknews.com)
Cc2d2a5
- Liver cells from wild-type embryos (left) and embryos lacking Cc2d2a (right) show cilia in green (arrowheads point to examples). (nih.gov)
- Cilia were underdeveloped or absent in embryos without Cc2d2a. (nih.gov)
- They show in a mouse model that without the gene Cc2d2a, cilia throughout the body failed to grow, and the mice died during the embryonic stage. (nih.gov)
- More than 50 genes, including Cc2d2a have been discovered that, when defective, can lead to abnormal cilia development and ciliopathy in humans. (nih.gov)
- Mutations in centrosome-cilia gene CC2D2A result in Meckel and Joubert syndromes. (nih.gov)
Antennae2
- Cilia and flagella are antennae present on the surface of cells. (pasteur.fr)
- Some pick up signals like antennae, such as cilia in our ears that help detect sounds. (nih.gov)
Eukaryotic Cells1
- Primary cilia are highly conserved organelles found on almost all eukaryotic cells. (auckland.ac.nz)
Basal body1
- On individual cells, cilia grow from the basal body, a circular dent on the outer membrane acting as a platform. (nih.gov)
Epithelial1
- [ 42 ] Sillibourne and colleagues (2013) showed that Cep123 is required for assembly of a primary cilium but not the maintenance of the axoneme in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE1) cells. (medscape.com)
Kubernetes5
- Cilium is an open-source project that provides networking, security and observability for cloud-native environments such as Kubernetes clusters and other container orchestration platforms. (thoughtworks.com)
- Get a practical introduction to using Cilium as the networking plug-in for Kubernetes, including installation, observability with Hubble, securing network connections, and multi-cluster support - all based on eBPF for scalability, performance, and security. (edx.org)
- Cilium is a popular and widely-deployed CNI solution that is now the default across many Kubernetes distributions and cloud provider offerings. (edx.org)
- In this course, you will learn the basics of Cilium and how it can be used to connect, observe, and secure Kubernetes clusters. (edx.org)
- You can find instructions for setting up a kubernetes cluster that meets the requirements in the Cilium.io documentation . (edx.org)
Defective2
- TBS is characterized by digit, heart and kidney malformations and is linked in part to defective cilia. (biorxiv.org)
- I have trouble keeping up with the list of diseases that are now associated with defective cilia. (fsu.edu)
Structurally2
- The expression of a primary cilium relies on two main events: 1) activation of ciliogenesis and 2) orderly progression through a series of developmental stages so that a structurally and functionally competent mature cilium is formed. (medscape.com)
- Second, despite having a membrane that is structurally continuous with the PM, the primary cilium maintains a distinct membrane composition that is critical for GPCR signaling through unknown mechanisms. (nih.gov)
Motility1
- Does anyone know of a reference laboratory that performs EM on cilia biopsies for motility? (utsouthwestern.edu)
Abstract1
- Abstract: The primary cilium is a cell surface organelle that plays critical roles in human health. (nih.gov)
Gene2
- This gene appears to play a key role in building structural support for the development of the cilia. (nih.gov)
- In both cases, knocking out the gene for Kurly caused the cilia to orient incorrectly thereby losing their ability to move in the waving fashion that helps push fluid along. (sciencedaily.com)
Airways4
- Respiratory cilia beat in a coordinated manner with a specific frequency and pattern, clearing mucus and debris from the airways. (bmj.com)
- Those cilia line the inner surface of the airways and help to clear mucus (yellow-green) containing dust and other debris from the lungs. (nih.gov)
- Some people are born with problems with the cilia that prevent them from moving the mucus out of the airways. (nih.gov)
- Currently, there is no treatment to fix the cilia, but an early diagnosis can allow you or your child to treat sinus and lung infections and take other steps needed to keep the airways and lungs as healthy as possible. (nih.gov)
Homeostasis1
- Cilia house signaling molecules that transduce environmental cues and regulate cellular homeostasis and organismal development. (nih.gov)
Signaling molecules1
- Apparently, PC1/2 and FPC are signaling molecules, while the mechanism that cilia employ to govern renal tubule morphology and prevent cyst formation is unclear. (nih.gov)
Membrane9
- In this proposal I will test how the primary cilium membrane composition controls GPCR signaling. (nih.gov)
- First, despite its importance in regulating metabolism, it is unknown whether the primary cilia membrane is altered by dietary lipids. (nih.gov)
- To test this at cilia, I will treat cells with fatty acids or cholesterol to mimic the human diet and ask whether the membrane composition is altered. (nih.gov)
- I will test whether lipids exchange between the PM and cilia membrane, and then determine how lipids are delivered to cilia by disrupting membrane trafficking pathways (Aim 2). (nih.gov)
- FFAR4 is a GPCR that intimately relies on the integrity of the cilia membrane environment for signaling. (nih.gov)
- Through this research I will develop robust methodologies that can be utilized to study cilia in diverse contexts, and I will advance our understanding of cilia biology, membrane biology, and GPCR signaling. (nih.gov)
- This project will decipher how the primary cilium membrane controls GPCR activity and how it responds to dietary lipid consumption with the long-term goal of finding better strategies to treat metabolic disease. (nih.gov)
- Microtubule-membrane interactions in cilia. (ku.edu)
- Electron microscopy of detergent-extracted cilia reveals that the cross-linked complex remains attached to the outer-doublet microtubules by a microtubule-membrane bridge. (ku.edu)
Disruption1
- disruption of cilia-dependent Shh signalling appears to underlie exencephaly in mutant embryos. (nih.gov)
EBPF5
- In addition, applying Cilium also requires eBPF-related experience. (thoughtworks.com)
- By leveraging Linux eBPF , Cilium provides API-aware networking and security by transparently inserting security in a way that is based on service, pod or container identity in contrast to IP address identification. (thoughtworks.com)
- We'll move on to discussing the architecture of Cilium and how it uses eBPF to address those challenges. (edx.org)
- We'll provide an overview of what eBPF is and how Cilium uses it to benefit cloud native networking. (edx.org)
- Cilium is a container networking plugin built on top of eBPF, bringing modern SDN technologies to accelerate your pods. (libsyn.com)
Function5
- As the team investigated kur, they noted that the mutation also affected the function of cilia. (sciencedaily.com)
- Studying the function and structure of cilia has become an active field of research that touches on many different organs and biological systems. (nih.gov)
- Describe two different ways in which cilia can function in organi. (pearson.com)
- Alteration of LUZP1 levels may be a contributing factor to TBS, suggesting possible therapies using modulators of cilia and cytoskeletal function. (biorxiv.org)
- Cby1 promotes Ahi1 recruitment to a ring-shaped domain at the centriole-cilium interface and facilitates proper cilium formation and function. (nih.gov)
Singular1
- Cilia ( cilium in singular) are complex organelles found on all of our cells except red blood cells. (nih.gov)
Glioblastoma3
- [ 33 ] Specifically, they showed that dysregulated high levels of CCRK are present in U-251 MG glioblastoma cells whereby knockdown of CCRK led to the formation of primary cilia indicating that CCRK depletion restored primary ciliogenesis. (medscape.com)
- Biophysical characterization of EVs derived from glioblastoma cells are unchanged following cilia loss. (nih.gov)
- These data suggest a novel role for primary cilia in modulating glioblastoma-mediated immunosuppression and likely, cancer-mediated immunosuppression more broadly. (nih.gov)
GPCR2
Flagella2
- Eloïse Bertiaux, a PhD student in the Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit at the Institut Pasteur (Paris), directed by Philippe Bastin, wanted to understand how cilia and flagella length could be controlled. (pasteur.fr)
- The trypanosome is already known to be responsible for sleeping sickness in Africa but also constitutes a prime working model for studying cilia and flagella", points out Philippe Bastin. (pasteur.fr)
Orientation2
- The discovery of Kurly's role in cilia movement and orientation stemmed from work in the Burdine lab on fetal organ development, specifically an investigation of mutations that alter the left-right asymmetric orientation of the heart. (sciencedaily.com)
- Wild-type chondrocytes throughout the developing epiphysis and growth plate expressed primary cilia, which showed a specific orientation away from the articular surface in the first 7-10 cell layers. (auckland.ac.nz)
Extracellular signals1
- MC4R localizes and functions at the neuronal primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that senses and relays extracellular signals. (jci.org)
Frogs1
- In frogs, the cilia on skin cells help move fluid along the surface of the animal during its larval stage. (sciencedaily.com)
Ciliogenesis3
- [ 27-29 ] Our study illustrates that ciliogenesis was activated in all the GBM samples examined but cilium morphogenesis beyond stage 1 was rare in the majority of tumors. (medscape.com)
- These findings are compatible with previous studies of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and pancreatic cancer, which found that primary cilia loss was independent of Ki67 staining (cell proliferation marker) suggesting that cilia loss is not the result of altered cellular proliferation rates but rather may be due to aberrations in another mechanism that is inherent to ciliogenesis. (medscape.com)
- Loss of LUZP1 reduces F-actin levels, facilitating ciliogenesis and altering Sonic Hedgehog signaling, pointing to a key role in the cytoskeleton-cilia interdependency. (biorxiv.org)
Cells7
- Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cilia are extended from mother centrioles in quiescent G0/G1 cells and retracted in dividing cells. (biologists.com)
- Here, we examined class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) as positive regulators of cilia assembly in serum-deprived RPE1 and HK2 cells. (biologists.com)
- We observed that the number of cells with cilia was significantly reduced in HDAC3- and HDAC8-depleted cells. (biologists.com)
- This colorized scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shows SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung cells (purple) covered in hair-like cilia (blue). (nih.gov)
- In orpk mice, primary cilia were identified on very few cells and were significantly shorter. (auckland.ac.nz)
- Once cilia is forcefully removed, from continued shaving for example, the cells are then exposed to natural environmental effects, such dusts, germs, rashes and other distresses. (nih.gov)
Lungs2
- It has been known for some time that cilia are important for a number of jobs, from sensing the environment to facilitating fluid flow, to ensuring that the lungs excrete inhaled contaminants. (sciencedaily.com)
- For example, cilia in our windpipe prevent bacteria and mucous from traveling to the lungs. (nih.gov)
Studying1
- Studying cilia in people can be pretty challenging. (nih.gov)
Reveals1
- Cilia M , Peter K, Bereman M, Howe K, Fish T, Smith D, Gildow F, MacCoss MJ, Thannhauser T, and Gray S (2012) Discovery and targeted LC-MS/MS of purified polerovirus reveals differences in the virus-host interactome associated with altered aphid transmission. (usda.gov)
Scientists1
- Each cilium or flagellum has a set length - a process that has fascinated scientists for years. (pasteur.fr)
Found2
Cell4
- These cilia are responsible for cell communication. (nih.gov)
- Without this support, cilia are prevented from anchoring in the cell," Swaroop says. (nih.gov)
- Loss of primary cilia also rescues impairment of T-cell proliferation and activation. (nih.gov)
- That's why a Florida State University College of Medicine researcher has been awarded a $1.2 million grant to explore the role of centrosomes and cilia in cell division and development and their connections to human disease. (fsu.edu)
Tissues1
- An examination of tissues in early development revealed few to no cilia. (nih.gov)
Electron1
- One per cent osmium tetroxide quickly pipetted onto a fully activated gill fixes the lateral cilia in a pattern that preserves the form and arrangement of the metachronal wave, and permits the cilia to be studied with the electron microscope in all stages of their beat cycle. (rupress.org)
Mice1
- Cilia lipids will be further examined in mice fed different chow diets and in mice with metabolic disease (Aim 1). (nih.gov)
Cluster1
- Finally, we will discuss some of the commonly used features of Cilium, such as support for FQDN-based and L7 protocol-aware network policies, and cluster mesh networking. (edx.org)