Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The bridge between the inner and the outer segments of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell. Through it, proteins synthesized in the inner segment are transported to the outer segment.
A bundle of MICROTUBULES and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS forming the core of each CILIUM or FLAGELLUM. In most eukaryotic cilia or flagella, an axoneme shaft has 20 microtubules arranged in nine doublets and two singlets.
Conditions caused by abnormal CILIA movement in the body, usually causing KARTAGENER SYNDROME, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic SINUSITIS, and chronic OTITIS. Abnormal ciliary beating is likely due to defects in any of the 200 plus ciliary proteins, such as missing motor enzyme DYNEIN arms.
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).
Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a triad of DEXTROCARDIA; INFERTILITY; and SINUSITIS. The syndrome is caused by mutations of DYNEIN genes encoding motility proteins which are components of sperm tails, and CILIA in the respiratory and the reproductive tracts.
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)
A subgroup of TRP cation channels that are widely expressed in various cell types. Defects are associated with POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES.
A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.
A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
Dyneins that are responsible for ciliary and flagellar beating.
A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.
A genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.
That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. The yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS; brush cells; STEM CELLS; and the associated olfactory glands.
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.
A species of ciliate protozoa used extensively in genetic research.
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.
The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).
An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.
Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.
The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.
The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
A species of the family Ranidae which occurs primarily in Europe and is used widely in biomedical research.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
A genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.
The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Facilities or services which are especially devoted to providing palliative and supportive care to the patient with a terminal illness and to the patient's family.
A former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.
A family of structurally-related proteins that were originally identified by their ability to complex with cyclin proteins (CYCLINS). They share a common domain that binds specifically to F-BOX MOTIFS. They take part in SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, where they can bind to a variety of F-BOX PROTEINS.
The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.

Interactions of membrane potential and cations in regulation of ciliary activity in Paramecium. (1/2505)

Ciliary activity in Paramecium was investigated in different external solutions using techniques of voltage clamp and high frequency cinematography. An increase in the external concentration of K, Ca or Mg ions decreased the resting potential. It had no effect on ciliary activity. When the membrane potential was fixed, an increase in external Ca or Mg and, to a lesser extent, an increase in K concentration, raised the frequency of normal beating or decreased the frequency of reversed beating of the cilia. Similar effects resulted from membrane hyperpolarization with constant ionic conditions. Increase in concentration of Ca, but not of Mg or K, enhanced hyperpolarization-induced augmentation of ciliary frequency. Increase in Ca concentration also specifically augmented the delayed increase in inward current during rapid hyperpolarizing clamp. The results support the view that [Ca]i regulates the frequency and direction of ciliary beating. It is suggested that the insensitivity of the ciliary motor system to elevations of the external concentrations of ions results from compensation of their effects on [Ca]i. Depolarization itself appears to increase [Ca]i while elevation of the external ion concentrations at a fixed membrane potential appears to decrease [Ca]i.  (+info)

Involvement of protein kinase C in 5-HT-stimulated ciliary activity in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. (2/2505)

1. During development, embryos of the pulmonate gastropod, Helisoma trivolvis, undergo a rotation behaviour due to the co-ordinated beating of three bands of ciliated epithelial cells. This behaviour is in part mediated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) released from a pair of identified embryonic neurons. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy to measure ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in response to pharmacological manipulations, we determined whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in mediating 5-HT-stimulated ciliary beating. 2. Diacylglycerol (DAG) analogues sn-1,2-dioctanoyl glycerol (DiC8; 100 microM) and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG; 100 microM), partially mimicked the 5-HT-induced increase in CBF. In contrast, application of OAG in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ did not result in an increase in CBF. 3. 5-HT-stimulated CBF was effectively blocked by PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide (10 and 100 nM) and calphostin C (10 nM). In addition, bisindolylmaleimide (100 nM) inhibited DiC8-induced increases in CBF. At a higher concentration (200 nM), bisindolylmaleimide did not significantly reduce 5-HT-stimulated cilio-excitation. 4. Two different phorbol esters, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA; 0.1, 10 or 1000 nM) and phorbol 12beta, 13alpha-dibenzoate (PDBn; 10 microM) did not alter basal CBF. TPA (1 microM) did not alter 5-HT-stimulated CBF. Likewise, the synthetic form of phosphatidylserine, N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (SC-9; 10 microM), did not increase CBF, whereas a strong increase in CBF was observed upon exposure to 5-HT. 5. The results suggest that a DAG-dependent, phorbol ester-insensitive isoform of PKC mediates 5-HT-stimulated CBF in ciliated epithelial cells from embryos of Helisoma trivolvis.  (+info)

Immunocytochemical and morphological evidence for intracellular self-repair as an important contributor to mammalian hair cell recovery. (3/2505)

Although recent studies have provided evidence for hair cell regeneration in mammalian inner ears, the mechanism underlying this regenerative process is still under debate. Here we report immunocytochemical, histological, electron microscopic, and autoradiographic evidence that, in cultured postnatal rat utricles, a substantial number of hair cells can survive gentamicin insult even their stereocilia are lost. These partially damaged hair cells can survive for a prolonged time and regrow the stereocilia. Although the number of stereocilia-bearing hair cells increases over time after gentamicin insult, hair cell and supporting cell numbers remain essentially unchanged. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography and bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry of the cultures demonstrate that cell proliferation in the sensory epithelium is very limited and is far below the number of recovered hair cells. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling analysis indicates that gentamicin-induced apoptosis in the sensory epithelium occurs mainly during a 2 d treatment period, and additional cell death is minimal 2-11 d after treatment. Considered together, intracellular repair of partially damaged hair cells can be an important contributor to spontaneous hair cell recovery in mammalian inner ears.  (+info)

Interplay between the NO pathway and elevated [Ca2+]i enhances ciliary activity in rabbit trachea. (4/2505)

1. Average intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were simultaneously measured in rabbit airway ciliated cells in order to elucidate the molecular events that lead to ciliary activation by purinergic stimulation. 2. Extracellular ATP and extracellular UTP caused a rapid increase in both [Ca2+]i and CBF. These effects were practically abolished by a phospholipase C inhibitor (U-73122) or by suramin. 3. The effects of extracellular ATP were not altered: when protein kinase C (PKC) was inhibited by either GF 109203X or chelerythrine chloride, or when protein kinase A (PKA) was inhibited by RP-adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS). 4. Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (TPA) had little effect on CBF or on [Ca2+]i, while activation of PKA by forskolin or by dibutyryl-cAMP led to a small rise in CBF without affecting [Ca2+]i. 5. Direct activation of protein kinase G (PKG) with dibutyryl-cGMP had a negligible effect on CBF when [Ca2+]i was at basal level. However, dibutyryl-cGMP strongly elevated CBF when [Ca2+]i was elevated either by extracellular ATP or by ionomycin. 6. The findings suggest that the initial rise in [Ca2+]i induced by extracellular ATP activates the NO pathway, thus leading to PKG activation. In the continuous presence of elevated [Ca2+]i the stimulated PKG then induces a robust enhancement in CBF. In parallel, activated PKG plays a central role in Ca2+ influx via a still unidentified mechanism, and thus, through positive feedback, maintains CBF close to its maximal level in the continuous presence of ATP.  (+info)

Scanning electron microscopy of lithium-induced exogastrulae of Xenopus laevis. (5/2505)

Lithium-induced exogastrulae are abnormal embryos which fail to complete gastrulation and do not form normal neural structures. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to compare the surface structure of the ectoderm cells of exogastrulae with that of the ectoderm cells of normal embryos and has shown that the appearance of ciliated cells is delayed in exogastrulae. In addition, the structure of endoderm cells, which remain exposed in these embryos, has been studied.  (+info)

Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing. (6/2505)

Fragments of tracheal epithelium alone or in continuity with connective tissues, can be maintained in culture medium and used for short term or long term studies of toxicity of a variety of chemicals. Large numbers of uniform cultures are prepared with the aid of a slicing device or by application of simple method for dissecting sheets of epithelium free from underlying cartilage. The cultures may be placed in an exposure chamber-incubator mounted on a microscope stage and monitored continually for ciliostasis and exfoliation of cells. Morphology is further studied by fixation of selected specimens and preparation for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Synthetic functions are evaluated by autoradiographic measurement of incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules and other dynamic features are indirectly assessed by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Short-term studies using these several techniques have shown that ciliostasis does not correlate with cell injury in all instances, and a long-term study has demonstrated dose dependence of a cytotoxic agent when duration of culture viability is measured. The method lends itself to a broad range of investigations in which dose, period of exposure, and role of cofactors must be independently and quantitatively assessed.  (+info)

Situs inversus and embryonic ciliary morphogenesis defects in mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II. (7/2505)

The embryonic cellular events that set the asymmetry of the genetic control circuit controlling left-right (L-R) axis determination in mammals are poorly understood. New insight into this problem was obtained by analyzing mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A motor subunit of the kinesin-II motor complex. Embryos lacking KIF3A die at 10 days postcoitum, exhibit randomized establishment of L-R asymmetry, and display numerous structural abnormalities. The earliest detectable abnormality in KIF3A mutant embryos is found at day 7.5, where scanning electron microscopy reveals loss of cilia ordinarily present on cells of the wild-type embryonic node, which is thought to play an important role in setting the initial L-R asymmetry. This cellular phenotype is observed before the earliest reported time of asymmetric expression of markers of the L-R signaling pathway. These observations demonstrate that the kinesin-based transport pathway needed for flagellar and ciliary morphogenesis is conserved from Chlamydomonas to mammals and support the view that embryonic cilia play a role in the earliest cellular determinative events establishing L-R asymmetry.  (+info)

Characterization and expression of the laminin gamma3 chain: a novel, non-basement membrane-associated, laminin chain. (8/2505)

Laminins are heterotrimeric molecules composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma chain; they have broad functional roles in development and in stabilizing epithelial structures. Here, we identified a novel laminin, composed of known alpha and beta chains but containing a novel gamma chain, gamma3. We have cloned gene encoding this chain, LAMC3, which maps to chromosome 9 at q31-34. Protein and cDNA analyses demonstrate that gamma3 contains all the expected domains of a gamma chain, including two consensus glycosylation sites and a putative nidogen-binding site. This suggests that gamma3-containing laminins are likely to exist in a stable matrix. Studies of the tissue distribution of gamma3 chain show that it is broadly expressed in: skin, heart, lung, and the reproductive tracts. In skin, gamma3 protein is seen within the basement membrane of the dermal-epidermal junction at points of nerve penetration. The gamma3 chain is also a prominent element of the apical surface of ciliated epithelial cells of: lung, oviduct, epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminiferous tubules. The distribution of gamma3-containing laminins on the apical surfaces of a variety of epithelial tissues is novel and suggests that they are not found within ultrastructurally defined basement membranes. It seems likely that these apical laminins are important in the morphogenesis and structural stability of the ciliated processes of these cells.  (+info)

Ciliary motility disorders can affect any part of the body where cilia are found, but they most commonly affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including recurring infections, chronic inflammation, and difficulty with breathing or swallowing.

Examples of ciliary motility disorders include primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), which is caused by defects in the structure and function of cilia, and other less common conditions such as ciliary abnormalities, which can be caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.

Diagnosis of ciliary motility disorders typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for these conditions often focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications, and may involve medications, breathing exercises, or other interventions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical abnormalities or remove blockages in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts.

There are several types of kidney diseases that are classified as cystic, including:

1. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): This is the most common form of cystic kidney disease and is caused by a genetic mutation. It is characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in both kidneys, which can lead to kidney damage and failure.
2. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD): This is a rare form of cystic kidney disease that is also caused by a genetic mutation. It is characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in both kidneys, as well as other organs such as the liver and pancreas.
3. Cystinosis: This is a rare genetic disorder that causes the accumulation of cystine crystals in the kidneys and other organs. It can lead to the formation of cysts and damage to the kidneys.
4. Medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the medulla, the innermost layer of the kidney. It is characterized by the growth of cysts in the medulla, which can lead to kidney damage and failure.
5. Other rare forms of cystic kidney disease: There are several other rare forms of cystic kidney disease that can be caused by genetic mutations or other factors. These include hereditary cystic papillary necrosis, familial juvenile nephropathy, and others.

The symptoms of kidney diseases, cystic can vary depending on the specific type of disease and the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* High blood pressure
* Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
* Hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Decreased kidney function
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Swelling in the legs and ankles

If you suspect that you or your child may have a cystic kidney disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider can perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scans) to determine the cause of the symptoms.

Treatment for cystic kidney disease will depend on the specific type of disease and the severity of the condition. Treatment options may include:

* Medications to control high blood pressure and proteinuria
* Medications to slow the progression of kidney damage
* Dialysis or kidney transplantation in advanced cases
* Cyst aspiration or surgical removal of cysts in some cases

It is important to note that there is no cure for cystic kidney disease, and the best treatment approach is to slow the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. Early detection and aggressive management can help improve quality of life and delay the need for dialysis or transplantation.

In addition to medical treatment, there are some lifestyle modifications that may be helpful in managing cystic kidney disease. These include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet with low salt and protein intake
* Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water
* Engaging in regular physical activity
* Avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco and alcohol
* Monitoring blood pressure and weight regularly

It is important to note that cystic kidney disease can be a serious condition, and it is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to manage the disease and slow its progression. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications, many people with cystic kidney disease are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

People with Kartagener Syndrome have defects in the genes that code for proteins involved in cilia formation and function, which can lead to a range of respiratory and digestive problems. The syndrome is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the faulty gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

Symptoms of Kartagener Syndrome can include:

* Chronic respiratory infections and inflammation
* Recurring pneumonia
* Persistent cough
* Shortness of breath
* Digestive problems such as diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain
* Poor growth and development
* Infertility and/or miscarriage

Kartagener Syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves managing symptoms with antibiotics, bronchodilators, and other medications, as well as addressing any underlying respiratory or digestive problems. In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Overall, Kartagener Syndrome is a rare and complex condition that can significantly impact quality of life if left untreated. However, with appropriate medical care and support, many people with the syndrome are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

There are two main types of PKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). ADPKD is the most common form of PKD and accounts for about 90% of all cases. It is caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which are inherited from one's parents. ARPKD is less common and is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene.

The symptoms of PKD can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the age of onset. Common symptoms include high blood pressure, back pain, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and frequent urination. As the cysts grow, they can also cause complications such as kidney damage, anemia, and electrolyte imbalances.

PKD is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, as well as genetic testing to identify the presence of the disease-causing mutations. There is no cure for PKD, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control high blood pressure, pain management, and dialysis in advanced cases.

In conclusion, polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that affects the kidneys and can lead to chronic kidney disease and eventually kidney failure. It is important to be aware of the symptoms and risk factors for PKD, as well as to seek medical attention if they are present, in order to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Vision loss or blindness
2. Developmental delays and intellectual disability
3. Speech and language difficulties
4. Poor coordination and balance
5. Skeletal abnormalities such as short stature, short arms, and curved spine
6. Kidney problems
7. Hearing loss
8. Increased risk of infections
9. Cleft palate or other facial defects
10. Delayed puberty or absent menstruation in females

The syndrome is caused by mutations in the Bardet-Biedl genes, which are responsible for the development and function of the body's sensory and motor systems. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene - one from each parent - to develop the condition.

There is currently no cure for Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, but treatment and management options are available to help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:

1. Vision aids such as glasses or contact lenses
2. Speech and language therapy
3. Physical therapy to improve coordination and balance
4. Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills
5. Medications to manage infections, seizures, or other complications
6. Surgery to correct physical abnormalities such as cleft palate or spinal deformities
7. Hormone replacement therapy for delayed puberty or absent menstruation in females.

The prognosis for individuals with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the symptoms and the presence of any additional health issues. With appropriate management and support, many individuals with the condition are able to lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals. However, the syndrome can be associated with a higher risk of certain health complications, such as kidney disease or respiratory infections, which can impact life expectancy.

The symptoms of situs inversus totalis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. Some common symptoms include:

* Chest pain or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fatigue or weakness
* Swelling in the legs or feet
* Pale or blue-tinged skin

The exact cause of situs inversus totalis is not known, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is usually diagnosed during fetal development, and it can be detected through ultrasound imaging.

Treatment for situs inversus totalis typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs. In some cases, a heart-lung transplant may be necessary. Medications such as antibiotics and pain relievers may also be prescribed to manage symptoms.

The prognosis for situs inversus totalis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. However, the condition can be life-threatening, and some individuals with situs inversus totalis may not survive beyond infancy or childhood.

In summary, situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital condition where all the major organs in the chest and abdomen are inverted or mirrored from their normal positions. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs, and medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved.

"Cilia Flores formalizó su inscripción para las parlamentarias". El Nacional. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. "Cilia ... Cilia Adela Flores de Maduro (born 15 October 1956) is a Venezuelan lawyer and politician. She is married to the President of ... "Hijo de Cilia Flores pasa largas temporadas en los Estados Unidos". La Patilla. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. Kay ... Maduro responded to his wife's sanctions, saying "You don't mess with Cilia. You don't mess with family. Don't be cowards! Her ...
Cilia is best known for his songwriting skills, and his membership in The Atlantics, where he performs on the guitar. Cilia ... Martin Cilia Official Website Martin Cilia MySpace Revenge of the Surf Guitar MySpace Fender Website (BLP articles lacking ... Cilia played at the gig and Bosco told the other members from The Atlantics about him, and Cilla has been an integral and ... Cilia is an avid collector of classic and unique electric guitars. Some of his most valuable guitars can be heard on Revenge of ...
Cilia (Latin for eyelashes; the singular is cilium) in entomology are fine hairs along the edges of the insect wing. Mosby's ...
14 September 2019 Trevor Cilia at MaltaFootball.com Trevor Cilia at National-Football-Teams.com Trevor Cilia at Soccerway v t e ... In 2015, Cilia was signed by Hamrun Spartans F.C. On 14 September 2019 Għargħur announced, that Cilia had joined the club. ... Cilia won his first ever Premier League title in 2010 when, on 5 May he had the joy of lifting the cup for the first time. In ... Trevor Cilia (born 2 January 1983 in Pietà, Malta) is a professional footballer currently playing for Għargħur, where he plays ...
Cilia died on 5 August 2017, aged 79. Joe Cilia at National-Football-Teams.com "Former Malta stalwart Joe Cilia passes away". ... Joe Cilia at Soccerway Profile at Soccerpunter.com Joe Cilia at FootballDatabase.eu Joe Cilia at WorldFootball.net v t e (Use ... Joseph Cilia (22 October 1937 - 5 August 2017) was a Maltese professional football player and manager. Joe Cilia's natural ...
... also worked part-time for a local newspaper as a journalist. Rebekah Cilia now works as a self-employed engineer ... Rebekah Cilia then went on to obtain a Diploma in Journalism. She is currently reading for a Bachelor of Laws degree at the ... Cilia was given the role of spokesperson responsible for Lands and Consumer rights and a member on the Lands Board representing ... Rebekah Cilia began her career in the public sector as a Biomedical Engineer, specialising in oncology equipment. She went on ...
Santa Cilia's history is linked to the Royal Monastery de San Juan de la Peña as far back as the 10th century. In 1336 "the ... Santa Cilia Somanés is a hamlet with 14 inhabitants that has been part of the municipality since 1969. It has a baroque 18th- ... Santa Cilia (in Aragonese: Santa Zilia) is a municipality located in Jacetania, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is 14 km ... Santa Cilia became a municipality in 1834 and attained its greatest population in 1920 with 520 inhabitants and about 90 houses ...
... at L'Équipe Football (in French) Rémi Cilia at FootballDatabase.eu Rémi Cilia at Soccerway v t e (Articles with ... Rémi Cilia (born September 11, 1989 in Ollioules) is a French football player who last played for Toulon. ...
... (born 1965), is a Canadian-Burkinabé-German filmmaker. Born in Leipzig in 1965 to a Burkinabé father and German ... "Biography of Cilia SAWADOGO". African Success. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018 ... "Cilia Sawadogo Associate Professor and Undergraduate Program Head (Film Animation), Cinema". www.concordia.ca. Retrieved 6 ... ISBN 0-8386-4046-X. "Cilia Sawadogo". African Film Festival New York. Retrieved 6 April 2018. (Articles with topics of unclear ...
"Interview Oscar-winnares Cilia van Dijk" [Interview with Oscar winner Cilia van Dijk]. Historiën (in Dutch). Amsterdam. ... Cilia van Dijk-Lieshout (born 22 November 1941, in Uden) is a Dutch film producer. Her film work includes DaDa, Frieze Frame, I ... Google translation Cilia van Dijk at IMDb gerritvandijk.nl MUBI (CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl), Articles with short ...
Most non-motile cilia are termed primary cilia or sensory cilia and serve solely as sensory organelles. Most vertebrate cell ... A cell will typically have one primary cilium or many motile cilia. The structure of the cilium core called the axoneme ... Non-motile cilia that have a central pair of microtubules are the kinocilia present on hair cells. Motile cilia are found in ... The primary cilium is now known to play an important role in the function of many human organs. Primary cilia on pancreatic ...
... , known variously as dark mottled willow, lawn caterpillar and grasslawn armyworm, is a noctuid moth found ... Natural History Museum, London". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spodoptera cilium. Fauna Europaea Funet.fi Lepiforum.de ...
... , Rai Radio Live , RaiPlay Sound". "Simone Cilio". IMDb. Retrieved 11 September 2016. "Simone Cilio, una vita per ... Simone Antonio Cilio (born 4 September 1992) is an Italian film composer best known for his film scores. Simone Cilio was born ... directed by David Clair-Bennett Simone Cilio at IMDb Official website Checking in with Simone Cilio by James McQuiston ... "Simone Cilio". Retrieved 11 September 2016. "Global Music Awards". www.globalmusicawards.com. Retrieved 11 September 2016. " ...
... (1950 - 21 May 1983) was an Italian composer and musician. Born in Naples, Cilio recorded and released an album ... Luciano Cilio: Dell'Universo Assente, review Luciano Cilio Dell'Universo Assente official reissue at Die Schachtel v t e ( ... De Simone, G. [it], Luciano Cilio mi disse..., Naples: ilmiolibro, 2011, ISBN 978-88-910-4633-8 "Luciano Cilio, l'Assente" by ... Gianluca Veltri, Nazione Indiana [it], 21 January 2009 (in Italian) "Dusted Reviews: Luciano Cilio - Dell'Universo Assente". ...
Cilium may refer to: Cilium, cell organelles Cilium (entomology), fine hairs on insect wings This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Cilium. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly ...
Radio Monte Carlo interviews Stefano Cilio Stefano Cilio reviewed by Rockol Sentire Ascoltare reviews Stefano Cilio Stefano ... "Stefano Cilio is making highlights". Retrieved 25 December 2021. "Stefano Cilio: "Tra musica e radio sto realizzando i miei ... Stefano Cilio (23 November 1980) is an Italian musician, writer, radio personality and journalist. Cilio graduated in economics ... "Stefano Cilio - Mezzo secolo di ritornelli , Recensione". Retrieved 28 June 2019. "STEFANO CILIO Autore del libro "Mezzo secolo ...
... is only known from males. The male of A. cilium is distinguished easily from the other Adetomyrma males by a ... Adetomyrma cilium (from Latin cilium, "eyelash", referring to the long hairs on its compound eye) is a species of ant endemic ...
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFAP74 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... "Entrez Gene: Cilia and flagella associated protein 74". Retrieved 2018-05-27. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
Guichard P, Gönczy P (December 2016). "Basal body structure in Trichonympha". Cilia. 5 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/s13630-016-0031-7. ...
Human PDGFRA has a RVxP sequence and may localize to cilia thanks to it. Human PKD2 trafficking into cilia has been found in ... Proteins employed in the cilia are targeted there when they bear specific entry signals, whereas proteins not situated in cilia ... RVxP motif is a protein motif involved in localizing proteins into cilia. Cilia are sensory organelle of cells, whose ... Not all ciliary proteins use a RVxP motif for transport, however; VxPx and Ax(S/A)xQ have also been described as cilium- ...
... cilia grey. Townsville, Q.; in July and September; two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. - Original description by Turner ... cilia purplish-grey, irrorated with whitish. Hindwings with termen slightly rounded; veins 3 and 4 stalked; grey, a darker ...
... cilia grey, with some whitish irroration. Hindwings with vein 4 absent; grey; cilia grey. N.Q.: Townsville, in October and ...
... cilia metallic. Hindwings are grey, more whitish dorsally. The moth flies from May to September depending on the location. The ...
... cilia pale golden, with blackish apical, median, and anal spots. Hindwings dark purple-grey; cilia grey. Adults have a black ...
... cilia metallic. Hindwings are whitish,towards apex suffused with grey. Adults are on wing from June to July. Larvae have been ...
... cilia whitish, with a black line opposite apex only. Hindwings with veins 2, 3, and 5 absent ; whitish ; cilia whitish. The ...
... cilia barred. Hindwings light fuscous, with darker postmedian line and subterminal band. In the larvae, yellow-grey coloured ...
Cilia black. Hindwing is uniform in color. In the female, the head and forewings are reddish brown. The forewings have a black ... Cilia reddish brown. Hindwings are crimson with a black spot at end of cell and submarginal series of large spots. Savela, ...
... cilia whitish-brown. Hindwings with apex tolerably pointed, termen gently rounded, wavy; grey; cilia grey. Q., National Park ( ...
... cilia white. Hindwings are dark grey. The larva is pale greyish-yellowish; spots black; head black. Flight time ranges from the ...
Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which ... The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the ... Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap ... The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the ...
Christopher Changes His Name, Cilia Sawadogo, provided by the National Film Board of Canada ... Christopher Changes His Name, Cilia Sawadogo, provided by the National Film Board of Canada ...
... cilia, and smell. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... AnosmiaCOVID-19CentrosomeCiliaHost-Pathogen InteractionsHumansMethyltransferasesMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsNasal Mucosa ... "COVID-19, Cilia, and Smell." The FEBS Journal, vol. 287, no. 17, 2020, pp. 3672-3676. ... The Sendai virus enters cilia by fusing its viral membrane with the ciliary membrane. A recent study on SARS-CoV-2-human ...
A genetic error of the respiratory cilia (9 + 2) is the cause of the airways disease named immotile-cilia syndrome (or PCD), ... There are at least eight categories of cilia in the human body and malfunctioning of any one or several of them will have ... A genetic error of the respiratory cilia (9 + 2) is the cause of the airways disease named immotile-cilia syndrome (or PCD), ... Asymmetry of cilia and of mice and men. Afzelius BA. Afzelius BA. Int J Dev Biol. 1999 Jul;43(4):283-6. Int J Dev Biol. 1999. ...
... have described the functions of a gene responsible for anchoring cilia - sensory hair-like extensions present on almost every ... Because cilia are such a key element of cells, defects in genes that are involved in cilia development or function can cause ... Looking closely at where the cilia should exist, the researchers saw that the supporting structures needed for cilia to grow ... priming it for the growth of cilia. Once anchored, the structures that form the cilium begin to extend from the site. Inside ...
Cilia are present on a subset of endothelial cells where they project into the vessel lumen and are implicated as mechanical ... Primary cilia are microtubule-based structures present on most mammalian cells that are important for intercellular signaling. ... Aortic endothelial cilia are ablated in Tek‐Cre Ift88 C/− mice. Endothelial cells and cilia are labeled by staining for Pecam1 ... Primary cilia can also be ablated by Tek‐Cre‐mediated deletion of Kif3a. Endothelial cells and cilia are labeled by anti‐Pecam1 ...
The team focused on fertilization of the alga, a process that requires a cilium to bind to a molecule on a cilium from a cell ... "There are cilia all over within our brain, and we dont have a clue about what theyre doing," Dr. Snell said. [William Snell, ... Cilia on Algae Shed Light on Human Cell Communication. May 8th, 2006 Medgadget Editors News ... They found that when the external molecule binds to a cilium, it activates an enzyme that signals the start of a chain of ...
The Gene Ontology (GO) project is a collaborative effort to address the need for consistent descriptions of gene products across databases. You can use this browser to view terms, definitions, and term relationships in a hierarchical display. Links to summary annotated gene data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports.
Make a good deal when shopping your Cilio Amalfi Juice Press. Klarnas easy Manual Juicers price comparison tools will help you ... Cilio Amalfi Commercial Grade Manual Citrus Juicer Extractor and Juice Press Cream ...
Primary cilia : exploitable glioma signaling hubs / Desmond A. Brown. Author: Brown, Desmond A. National Institutes of Health ( ... Clinical Center Grand Rounds: Primary Cilia: Exploitable Glioma Signaling Hubs. Download VideoCast. You can download this ... Cilia--physiology. Eukaryotic Cells--cytology. Glioblastoma--physiopathology. Signal Transduction--physiology. Publication ...
Profile of Sara Gregoria Cilia Immobiliare s.r.l., Overseas agents on PrimeLocation. View details of Sara Gregoria Cilia ... Sara Cilia Owner Holiday Property Solutions, based in Menaggio (CO) puts you first, to form a one stop shop for holiday homes ... Sara Gregoria Cilia Immobiliare s.r.l., 2201 Call +44 330 038 9805 , Email agent ... With The Lake Como Villa Real Estate, Sara Cilia has created THE GO-TO DESTINATION for exclusive property investments on the ...
Charles Humble: You mentioned Cilium earlier, so changing tack slightly, lets talk about Cilium a little bit. So how do Cilium ... What else is new and exciting for you in Cilium 1.11? [33:02]. Charles Humble: Cilium 1.11 came out in December of last year, ... Cilium would be a really great example of that. So, Cilium is a networking project, its known as a Kubernetes CNI, although it ... So Cilium has its roots in networking. It does go hand in hand with eBPF development because some of the Cilium maintainers are ...
Fluid transport at low Reynolds number with magnetically actuated artificial cilia Eur. Phys. J. E (2009) 28: 231-242. ... We study the beating kinematics and pumping performance of a magnetically actuated artificial cilium attached to a surface ... Modeling possible mechanisms for the cooperation of cilia Eur. Phys. J. B 26, 81-88 (2002). ... Beating kinematics of magnetically actuated cilia M. T. Downton and H. Stark ...
Short video on the importance, function and structure of cilia and flagella. Cilia and flagella are important part of cells. ... Time-saving video description of cilia and flagella. ... Cilia and Flagella Patrick Roisen Patrick Roisen. M.Ed., ... they are called cilia. The motion of the cilia or flagellum moves the liquid outside the cell and if the cell is not anchored, ... Cilia and flagella are tube-like appendages which allow for motion in eukaryotic cells. If a cell has a single appendage, which ...
... on Simons Foundation ... groups of cilia are always imperfect. For example, cilia often ... Such motile cilia play important roles in the development and health of organisms: They create waves that pump fluid in the ... Cilia bed morphology affects the patterns of waves that emerge. Credit: Chakrabati B, Fürthauer S, Shelley MJ. Proc Natl Acad ... "In many cases, cilia in these idealized lattices beat in phase, and we did not see waves," says Chakrabarti. ...
Sign up for our newsletter to get our latest blog updates delivered to your inbox weekly.. ...
The diversity of cilia.. There are two types of cilia, primary cilia and undulipodia, which are distinguished by differences in ... Cilia are categorized as either primary cilia or undulipodia based on obvious structural differences (Figure 1). Primary cilia ... 2007) When cilia go bad: cilia defects and ciliopathies Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 8:880-893. ... Firstly, the abundance of Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane of motile cilia appears to be much lower than in primary cilia ...
Martin CIlia is Australias King of the Surf Guitar and member of legendary Australian Surf band, The Atlantics, as well as ...
Primary cilia are ubiquitous microtubule-based organelles that project from the mother centriole. They are present on ... Loss of primary cilia also rescues impairment of T-cell proliferation and activation. Biophysical characterization of EVs ... Primary cilia modulate extracellular vesicle-mediated immunosuppression in human glioblastoma cells. Tuesday, September 19, ... These data suggest a novel role for primary cilia in modulating glioblastoma-mediated immunosuppression and likely, cancer- ...
EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling. ... EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling. ... EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling. ... EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling ...
Down Syndrome on its own also causes defects to cilia. To test if NPHP1 combines with an additional copy of chromosome 21 to ... I hypothesize that mutations in NPHP1, combined with an extra copy of chromosome 21, increase cilia defects in cells from Down ... I have identified a strong genetic candidate called NPHP1 that disrupts a structure called the primary cilium-a vital signaling ... alter primary cilium function, I will examine where NPHP1 localizes and how NPHP1 expression alters cilia in control cells and ...
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Prior to versions 1.11.15, 1.12.8, and 1.13.1, an attacker with access to a Cilium agent pod can write to `/opt/cni/bin` due to ... Kubernetes RBAC should be used to deny users and service accounts `exec` access to Cilium agent pods. In cases where a user ... requires `exec` access to Cilium agent pods, but should not have access to the underlying node, no workaround is possible. ... Cilium is a networking, observability, and security solution with an eBPF-based dataplane. ...
This image highlights a healthy patch of motile cilia (yellow) on embryonic skin cells (red) of Xenopus laevis. The cilia found ... known as cilia, that line the spinal cord. Without the cilias normal, beating movements, the fluid that bathes the brain and ... covered in hair-like cilia (blue). Those cilia line the inner surface of the airways and help to clear mucus (yellow-green) ... Tags: cilia, COPD, coronavirus, COVID-19, cystic fibrosis, imaging, lungs, mucus, novel coronavirus, pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, SARS ...
when installing or updating Cilium:. helm install cilium cilium/cilium --version 1.13.3 \ --namespace kube-system \ --set ... helm install cilium cilium/cilium --version 1.13.3 \ --namespace kube-system \ --set operator.replicas=3. $ kubectl get ... cilium-agent. for each Pod. in the cluster. The Cilium Operator manages a controller to handle the garbage collection of ... Cilium Operator. This document provides a technical overview of the Cilium Operator and describes the cluster-wide operations ...
Dive into the research topics of Coiled-coils and motile cilia. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
N2 - Biological cilia often perform metachronal motion, that is, neighboring cilia move out of phase creating a travelling wave ... AB - Biological cilia often perform metachronal motion, that is, neighboring cilia move out of phase creating a travelling wave ... Biological cilia often perform metachronal motion, that is, neighboring cilia move out of phase creating a travelling wave, ... abstract = "Biological cilia often perform metachronal motion, that is, neighboring cilia move out of phase creating a ...
Milano : Presso la Società per la pubblicazione degli annali universali delle scienze e dellindustria, 1864 ...
  • Primary cilia are microtubule-based structures present on most mammalian cells that are important for intercellular signaling. (nih.gov)
  • We found that endothelial primary cilia were dispensable for mammalian vascular development. (nih.gov)
  • Primary cilia : exploitable glioma signaling hubs / Desmond A. Brown. (nih.gov)
  • Cilia are categorized as either primary cilia or undulipodia based on obvious structural differences ( Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Primary cilia are not able to move themselves, but help cells detect external cues and serve as a signaling hub during development ( Goetz and Anderson, 2010 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • All primary cilia contain nine pairs of microtubules that are arranged in a circle to give the so called 9+0 structure. (elifesciences.org)
  • There are two types of cilia, primary cilia and undulipodia, which are distinguished by differences in the structure of their axoneme. (elifesciences.org)
  • A ) The main Ca 2+ channel for primary cilia has been identified as the PKD1L1/PKD2L1 complex. (elifesciences.org)
  • Primary cilia are ubiquitous microtubule-based organelles that project from the mother centriole. (nih.gov)
  • Loss of primary cilia also rescues impairment of T-cell proliferation and activation. (nih.gov)
  • These data suggest a novel role for primary cilia in modulating glioblastoma-mediated immunosuppression and likely, cancer-mediated immunosuppression more broadly. (nih.gov)
  • Photoreceptor-specific ciliopathies often affect a structure that is considered functionally homologous to the ciliary transition zone (TZ) called the connecting cilium (CC). However, it is unclear how mutations in certain ciliary genes disrupt the photoreceptor CC without impacting the primary cilia systemically. (bcm.edu)
  • By applying stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy technology in different genetic models, we show that the CC can be partitioned into two regions: the proximal CC (PCC), which is homologous to the TZ of primary cilia, and the distal CC (DCC), a photoreceptor-specific extension of the ciliary TZ. (bcm.edu)
  • Primary cilia work as antennae to sense and transduce extracellular signals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent studies have shown that primary cilia and their associated proteins also function in autophagy and genome stability , which are important players in oncogenesis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Abnormal functions of primary cilia may contribute to oncogenesis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Indeed, defective cilia can either promote or suppress cancers , depending on the cancer -initiating mutation , and the presence or absence of primary cilia is associated with specific cancer types. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, these findings suggest that primary cilia play important, but distinct roles in different cancer types, opening up a completely new avenue of research to understand the biology and treatment of cancers . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this review , we discuss the roles of primary cilia in promoting or inhibiting oncogenesis based on the known or predicted functions of cilia and cilia -associated proteins in several key processes and related clinical implications. (bvsalud.org)
  • Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are now known to be present on nearly all differentiated cell types in metazoans. (nih.gov)
  • Such motile cilia play important roles in the development and health of organisms: They create waves that pump fluid in the brain, for example, and help clear particles trapped in airways. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • B ) There are two types of undulipodia: motile cilia and flagella. (elifesciences.org)
  • have now identified an L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (Ca v 1 family) as the main Ca 2+ channel for motile cilia. (elifesciences.org)
  • This image highlights a healthy patch of motile cilia (yellow) on embryonic skin cells (red) of Xenopus laevis . (nih.gov)
  • Propulsion of contaminants out of the lungs by coordinated action of motile cilia is essential for airway function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 12. Microridge-like structures anchor motile cilia. (nih.gov)
  • The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Almost all eukaryotic cells have hair-like projections called cilia on their surface. (elifesciences.org)
  • Many human cells are adorned with hair-like projections called cilia. (nih.gov)
  • Some genes are responsible for the synthesis, transport, and assembly of the cilia, and mutations in these genes may lead to progressive degeneration of ciliary structures, such as the connecting cilium (9 + 0) of the photoreceptor cells-this is the cause of retinitis pigmentosa. (nih.gov)
  • Supporting structures called distal and subdistal appendages, which are like the flying buttresses supporting Notre Dame Cathedral, anchor the platform in the basal body, priming it for the growth of cilia. (nih.gov)
  • Once anchored, the structures that form the cilium begin to extend from the site. (nih.gov)
  • Looking closely at where the cilia should exist, the researchers saw that the supporting structures needed for cilia to grow were either completely missing or abnormal. (nih.gov)
  • One of the more easily recognized cell structures in any cell is cilia or flagella. (brightstorm.com)
  • The cilia found in humans and all other vertebrates are built from essentially the same elongated structures known as microtubules . (nih.gov)
  • In particular, many sensory neurons in C. elegans exhibit remarkably complex cilia structures, providing an excellent system in which to explore the conserved pathways that couple the generation of specialized cilia morphology to unique cellular and signaling functions. (nih.gov)
  • Primary ciliary dyskinesia, or PCD, is a rare disease that affects the tiny, hairlike structures (cilia) that line the airways. (nih.gov)
  • Mice that were unable to smell from birth gained the ability to smell when researchers used gene therapy to regrow structures called cilia on cells that detect odor. (nih.gov)
  • Here is an actual picture of two cells and you can see there's lots of these short little projections that are sticking out of the cell whereas here with this cell has a few flagella but those flagella are much longer than the individual ones that are called cilia. (brightstorm.com)
  • the 'feet' were what we now call cilia: thousands of tiny, hairlike projections that oscillate on the surface of many cells, creating waves that can both propel the cell forward and move fluid past a stationary cell. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • Cilia are antenna-like projections on cells that help them sense their environment. (nih.gov)
  • Current methods for creating metachronal artificial cilia suffer from the complex design and sophisticated actuation schemes. (tue.nl)
  • This paper demonstrates a simple method to realize metachronal microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) through control over the paramagnetic particle distribution within the μMAC based on their tendency to align with an applied magnetic field. (tue.nl)
  • The Sendai virus enters cilia by fusing its viral membrane with the ciliary membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A recently published study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences provides a new look at how ciliary waves come to be, by developing a model that incorporates the complex biology at work from the nanometer-sized motors that power cilia to the millimeter-scale waves the cilia create. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • Ciliary movement is directly associated with the axoneme - a structure made of microtubules that serves as a 'skeleton' and extends along the length of the cilium. (elifesciences.org)
  • Direct investigation of the molecular composition of cilia is challenging, mainly due to their small size, the extremely low volume of ciliary cytosol, and the tight structural associations between various molecular components. (elifesciences.org)
  • 1. The ciliary rootlet maintains long-term stability of sensory cilia. (nih.gov)
  • In this Viewpoint, we summarize transmission electron microscopic studies of cilia in virus-infected cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • He and his team use the microscopic green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , which has two individual cilia. (medgadget.com)
  • This is the first model that looks at how the microscopic motion of motors powers the cilia to produce waves that are orders of magnitude larger," adds co-author Michael Shelley , CCB director and head of the biophysical modeling group . (simonsfoundation.org)
  • The interior of a cilium resembles a microscopic engine. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • Cilia are microtubule -based organelles that project from the cell surface with motility or sensory functions . (bvsalud.org)
  • SPATA7 maintains a novel photoreceptor-specific zone in the distal connecting cilium. (bcm.edu)
  • 7. The proteome of the mouse photoreceptor sensory cilium complex. (nih.gov)
  • Cilia are present only on sensory neurons in C. elegans, and as in other organisms, are essential for the unique functions of these neuron types. (nih.gov)
  • In the olfactory system, multiple cilia project from olfactory sensory neurons, cells high up in the nasal cavity. (nih.gov)
  • Because cilia are such a key element of cells, defects in genes that are involved in cilia development or function can cause complicated syndromes involving multiple organs and tissues. (nih.gov)
  • More than 50 genes, including Cc2d2a have been discovered that, when defective, can lead to abnormal cilia development and ciliopathy in humans. (nih.gov)
  • By continuing to study how these genes work and interact, Dr. Swaroop said he hopes to gain further insight into not just how defects in genes related to cilia development in the retina cause vision problems, but the wider impact of these defects across body system and organs. (nih.gov)
  • This alga allows researchers to manipulate genes and study the resulting effects on cilia in a way that would be impossible in animals such as mice. (medgadget.com)
  • It has been reported that defects in olfactory cilia lead to anosmia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The finding adds to an expanding body of knowledge about ciliopathies, a class of genetic disorders that result from defects in the structure or function of cilia. (nih.gov)
  • Down Syndrome on its own also causes defects to cilia. (wwu.edu)
  • I hypothesize that mutations in NPHP1, combined with an extra copy of chromosome 21, increase cilia defects in cells from Down Syndrome individuals. (wwu.edu)
  • Disruption of cilia structure or function is linked with a plethora of diseases termed ciliopathies, many of which are characterized by sensory defects. (nih.gov)
  • Inside are a variety of proteins essential to maintain the cilium. (nih.gov)
  • Specialized nanometer-sized proteins called dyneins slide internal pieces of the cilium past each other, creating bending and movement with a periodic beat. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • Our evidence suggests that MTs have two separable PCP functions: MTs are first required in every cell for trafficking PCP proteins to the cortex, and later they interact with and directly align cilia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our studies reveal strong conservation of PCP mechanisms initially described in Drosophila , and cilia alignment by PCP-oriented MTs provides the first mechanistic description of how asymmetric PCP proteins at the cortex orient cilia along the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A genetic error of the respiratory cilia (9 + 2) is the cause of the airways disease named immotile-cilia syndrome (or PCD), whereas defective ependymal cilia (9 + 2) carries an increased risk of hydrocephalus. (nih.gov)
  • Those cilia line the inner surface of the airways and help to clear mucus (yellow-green) containing dust and other debris from the lungs. (nih.gov)
  • Some people are born with problems with the cilia that prevent them from moving the mucus out of the airways. (nih.gov)
  • Currently, there is no treatment to fix the cilia, but an early diagnosis can allow you or your child to treat sinus and lung infections and take other steps needed to keep the airways and lungs as healthy as possible. (nih.gov)
  • Cilia sense environmental cues, play crucial roles in organ development, and are responsible for moving cells and fluids. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cilia house signaling molecules that transduce environmental cues and regulate cellular homeostasis and organismal development. (nih.gov)
  • Cilia on the surface of the olfactory epithelium. (nih.gov)
  • The mutation causes a decrease in the IFT88 protein, which leads to a dramatic reduction in cilia function in several different organ systems, including the olfactory system. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic disorders of the cilia, known as ciliopathies, include diseases as diverse as polycystic kidney disease and retinitis pigmentosa-an inherited, degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment and blindness. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI) have described the functions of a gene responsible for anchoring cilia - sensory hair-like extensions present on almost every cell of the body. (nih.gov)
  • When they looked at the tissues of the mutant mice in very early stages of development, researchers found very few to no cilia, suggesting the gene plays a critical role at an early time. (nih.gov)
  • The questions for researchers have been: How exactly do groups of cilia coordinate their motions to collectively produce the waves that are so important in biological processes? (simonsfoundation.org)
  • That's why researchers can learn a lot about human cilia by studying frogs. (nih.gov)
  • Cilia and flagella are tube-like appendages which allow for motion in eukaryotic cells. (brightstorm.com)
  • Biophysical characterization of EVs derived from glioblastoma cells are unchanged following cilia loss. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Super-Resolution Microscopy and FIB-SEM Imaging Reveal Parental Centriole-Derived, Hybrid Cilium in Mammalian Multiciliated Cells. (nih.gov)
  • Now when you look at them it's very easy to get them kind of confused when you're first studying but the basics differences pretty easy to spot cause essentially, with cilia you'll have lots of them but individual they're small compared to the flagella where you'll have many sorry you'll have long ones but not too many of them. (brightstorm.com)
  • Well if we take a look at the basic structure of any cilia or flagella you'll see that they are essentially this column of microtubules that are covered in membrane and if you look at the shaft of the flagella you'll see you have these pairs of microtubules there's a set of 9 of them. (brightstorm.com)
  • And that's how cilia and flagella work. (brightstorm.com)
  • Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cilia are responsible for cell communication and play a key role in the receptor cells of sensory systems. (nih.gov)
  • On individual cells, cilia grow from the basal body, a circular dent on the outer membrane acting as a platform. (nih.gov)
  • Cilia are present on a subset of endothelial cells where they project into the vessel lumen and are implicated as mechanical sensors of blood flow. (nih.gov)
  • To test the in vivo role of endothelial cilia, we conditionally deleted Ift88, a gene required for ciliogenesis, in endothelial cells of mice. (nih.gov)
  • Analysis showed that the cilia signaling process was similar to that found in human cells, such as those in the nose involved in the sense of smell and those in the developing nervous system that sculpt our brains. (medgadget.com)
  • To test if NPHP1 combines with an additional copy of chromosome 21 to alter primary cilium function, I will examine where NPHP1 localizes and how NPHP1 expression alters cilia in control cells and Down Syndrome cells. (wwu.edu)
  • This colorized scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shows SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung cells (purple) covered in hair-like cilia (blue). (nih.gov)
  • This study shows that gene therapy can be used to restore functional cilia in established cells. (nih.gov)
  • Biological cilia often perform metachronal motion, that is, neighboring cilia move out of phase creating a travelling wave, which enables highly efficient fluid pumping and body locomotion. (tue.nl)
  • Despite increased focus on this critically important cellular structure, the mechanisms that link ciliogenesis and cilia structure to cilia-based signaling remain to be fully elucidated.The nematode C. elegans provides an excellent model for the study of ciliogenesis and sensory signaling. (nih.gov)
  • I have identified a strong genetic candidate called NPHP1 that disrupts a structure called the primary cilium-a vital signaling structure that is essential for human development. (wwu.edu)
  • Both the mechanisms of identity allocation require the Cilium Operator to perform the garbage collection of stale identities. (cilium.io)
  • The mechanisms of cilia polarization remain poorly explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In her presentation, Dr. Sengupta will describe recent and ongoing work in the lab on mechanisms that generate and maintain cilia structural diversity in C. elegans, and discuss the complex interplay between cilia architecture and sensory neuron function. (nih.gov)
  • Cilia move together in wavelike motions. (nih.gov)
  • Cc2d2a is believed to make a structural protein needed for cilia growth, but its precise functions have been unclear. (nih.gov)
  • This gene appears to play a key role in building structural support for the development of the cilia. (nih.gov)
  • They found that when the external molecule binds to a cilium, it activates an enzyme that signals the start of a chain of chemical reactions. (medgadget.com)
  • Cilia critically control proliferation by mediating cell -extrinsic signals and by regulating cell cycle entry. (bvsalud.org)
  • Studying the function and structure of cilia has become an active field of research that touches on many different organs and biological systems. (nih.gov)
  • Studying cilia in people can be pretty challenging. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, since the research looked at the structure and function of cilia, these discoveries might be useful for the development of nanotechnologies. (medgadget.com)
  • Cby1 promotes Ahi1 recruitment to a ring-shaped domain at the centriole-cilium interface and facilitates proper cilium formation and function. (nih.gov)
  • Beyond these obvious differences in structure, differences in the molecular pathways that control how the cilia work remained largely unknown. (elifesciences.org)
  • Without this support, cilia are prevented from anchoring in the cell," said Dr. Swaroop. (nih.gov)
  • The team focused on fertilization of the alga, a process that requires a cilium to bind to a molecule on a cilium from a cell of the opposite mating type. (medgadget.com)
  • If a cell has a single appendage, which often looks tail-like, it is called a flagellum, but if it has many, they are called cilia . (brightstorm.com)
  • The motion of the cilia or flagellum moves the liquid outside the cell and if the cell is not anchored, it can "swim. (brightstorm.com)
  • But how do cilia differ among various cell types? (elifesciences.org)
  • These results could lead to one of the first therapeutic options for treating people with congenital anosmia," says NIDCD Director Dr. James F. Battey, Jr. "They also set the stage for therapeutic approaches to treating diseases that involve cilia dysfunction in other organ systems, many of which can be fatal if left untreated. (nih.gov)
  • Ciliopathy-associated gene Cc2d2a promotes assembly of subdistal appendages on the mother centriole during cilia biogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • There are at least eight categories of cilia in the human body and malfunctioning of any one or several of them will have different consequences for the patient. (nih.gov)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - COVID-19, cilia, and smell. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A loss of these cilia results in a loss of the ability to smell, which is called anosmia. (nih.gov)
  • This beating movement synchronizes across the hundreds to thousands of cilia spread over a surface to generate waves that travel through the cilia - like an invisible finger running along blades of grass. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • Finally, the model examined how the arrangement of cilia on a surface impacted wave formation. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • These same sites are predisposed to the development of atherosclerotic plaques, prompting us to investigate whether cilia participate in atherosclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • They show in a mouse model that without the gene Cc2d2a, cilia throughout the body failed to grow, and the mice died during the embryonic stage. (nih.gov)
  • Removing endothelial cilia increased atherosclerosis in Apoe(-/-) mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, indicating that cilia protect against atherosclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • These cilia have receptors on their surfaces that bind odorants. (nih.gov)
  • Similar to K8s services, Cilium Operator also synchronizes Kubernetes nodes information to the shared KVStore. (cilium.io)
  • We study the beating kinematics and pumping performance of a magnetically actuated artificial cilium attached to a surface using a bead spring model. (edpsciences.org)
  • By building a biophysical model that incorporates real-world biological complexity, scientists discover important links between the nanometer-sized motors that power a cell's cilia and the macroscopic fluid flows their collective beating creates. (simonsfoundation.org)
  • Thus, future investigation into the virus-cilium interface will help further the battle against COVID-19. (unboundmedicine.com)