Cilia. Medical search

Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The bridge between the inner and the outer segments of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell. Through it, proteins synthesized in the inner segment are transported to the outer segment.

A bundle of MICROTUBULES and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS forming the core of each CILIUM or FLAGELLUM. In most eukaryotic cilia or flagella, an axoneme shaft has 20 microtubules arranged in nine doublets and two singlets.

Conditions caused by abnormal CILIA movement in the body, usually causing KARTAGENER SYNDROME, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic SINUSITIS, and chronic OTITIS. Abnormal ciliary beating is likely due to defects in any of the 200 plus ciliary proteins, such as missing motor enzyme DYNEIN arms.

A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).

Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a triad of DEXTROCARDIA; INFERTILITY; and SINUSITIS. The syndrome is caused by mutations of DYNEIN genes encoding motility proteins which are components of sperm tails, and CILIA in the respiratory and the reproductive tracts.

Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that are widely expressed in various cell types. Defects are associated with POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES.

A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.

A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.

Dyneins that are responsible for ciliary and flagellar beating.

A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.

A genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. The yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS; brush cells; STEM CELLS; and the associated olfactory glands.

Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.

A species of ciliate protozoa used extensively in genetic research.

A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.

The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A species of the family Ranidae which occurs primarily in Europe and is used widely in biomedical research.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

Brain tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.

A subcategory of chaperonins found in ARCHAEA and the CYTOSOL of eukaryotic cells. Group II chaperonins form a barrel-shaped macromolecular structure that is distinct from GROUP I CHAPERONINS in that it does not utilize a separate lid like structure to enclose proteins.

A condition in which closely related persons, usually in the same family, share the same delusions.

A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)

An international organization whose members include most of the sovereign nations of the world with headquarters in New York City. The primary objectives of the organization are to maintain peace and security and to achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian problems.

A rod-shaped bacterium surrounded by a sheath-like structure which protrudes balloon-like beyond the ends of the cell. It is thermophilic, with growth occurring at temperatures as high as 90 degrees C. It is isolated from geothermally heated marine sediments or hot springs. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.

An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.

The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.

Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.

The hairs which project from the edges of the EYELIDS.

A specified list of terms with a fixed and unalterable meaning, and from which a selection is made when CATALOGING; ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING; or searching BOOKS; JOURNALS AS TOPIC; and other documents. The control is intended to avoid the scattering of related subjects under different headings (SUBJECT HEADINGS). The list may be altered or extended only by the publisher or issuing agency. (From Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed, p163)

Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology.

Interactions of membrane potential and cations in regulation of ciliary activity in Paramecium. (1/2505)

Ciliary activity in Paramecium was investigated in different external solutions using techniques of voltage clamp and high frequency cinematography. An increase in the external concentration of K, Ca or Mg ions decreased the resting potential. It had no effect on ciliary activity. When the membrane potential was fixed, an increase in external Ca or Mg and, to a lesser extent, an increase in K concentration, raised the frequency of normal beating or decreased the frequency of reversed beating of the cilia. Similar effects resulted from membrane hyperpolarization with constant ionic conditions. Increase in concentration of Ca, but not of Mg or K, enhanced hyperpolarization-induced augmentation of ciliary frequency. Increase in Ca concentration also specifically augmented the delayed increase in inward current during rapid hyperpolarizing clamp. The results support the view that [Ca]i regulates the frequency and direction of ciliary beating. It is suggested that the insensitivity of the ciliary motor system to elevations of the external concentrations of ions results from compensation of their effects on [Ca]i. Depolarization itself appears to increase [Ca]i while elevation of the external ion concentrations at a fixed membrane potential appears to decrease [Ca]i. (+info)

Involvement of protein kinase C in 5-HT-stimulated ciliary activity in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. (2/2505)

1. During development, embryos of the pulmonate gastropod, Helisoma trivolvis, undergo a rotation behaviour due to the co-ordinated beating of three bands of ciliated epithelial cells. This behaviour is in part mediated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) released from a pair of identified embryonic neurons. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy to measure ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in response to pharmacological manipulations, we determined whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in mediating 5-HT-stimulated ciliary beating. 2. Diacylglycerol (DAG) analogues sn-1,2-dioctanoyl glycerol (DiC8; 100 microM) and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG; 100 microM), partially mimicked the 5-HT-induced increase in CBF. In contrast, application of OAG in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ did not result in an increase in CBF. 3. 5-HT-stimulated CBF was effectively blocked by PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide (10 and 100 nM) and calphostin C (10 nM). In addition, bisindolylmaleimide (100 nM) inhibited DiC8-induced increases in CBF. At a higher concentration (200 nM), bisindolylmaleimide did not significantly reduce 5-HT-stimulated cilio-excitation. 4. Two different phorbol esters, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA; 0.1, 10 or 1000 nM) and phorbol 12beta, 13alpha-dibenzoate (PDBn; 10 microM) did not alter basal CBF. TPA (1 microM) did not alter 5-HT-stimulated CBF. Likewise, the synthetic form of phosphatidylserine, N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (SC-9; 10 microM), did not increase CBF, whereas a strong increase in CBF was observed upon exposure to 5-HT. 5. The results suggest that a DAG-dependent, phorbol ester-insensitive isoform of PKC mediates 5-HT-stimulated CBF in ciliated epithelial cells from embryos of Helisoma trivolvis. (+info)

Immunocytochemical and morphological evidence for intracellular self-repair as an important contributor to mammalian hair cell recovery. (3/2505)

Although recent studies have provided evidence for hair cell regeneration in mammalian inner ears, the mechanism underlying this regenerative process is still under debate. Here we report immunocytochemical, histological, electron microscopic, and autoradiographic evidence that, in cultured postnatal rat utricles, a substantial number of hair cells can survive gentamicin insult even their stereocilia are lost. These partially damaged hair cells can survive for a prolonged time and regrow the stereocilia. Although the number of stereocilia-bearing hair cells increases over time after gentamicin insult, hair cell and supporting cell numbers remain essentially unchanged. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography and bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry of the cultures demonstrate that cell proliferation in the sensory epithelium is very limited and is far below the number of recovered hair cells. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling analysis indicates that gentamicin-induced apoptosis in the sensory epithelium occurs mainly during a 2 d treatment period, and additional cell death is minimal 2-11 d after treatment. Considered together, intracellular repair of partially damaged hair cells can be an important contributor to spontaneous hair cell recovery in mammalian inner ears. (+info)

Interplay between the NO pathway and elevated [Ca2+]i enhances ciliary activity in rabbit trachea. (4/2505)

1. Average intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were simultaneously measured in rabbit airway ciliated cells in order to elucidate the molecular events that lead to ciliary activation by purinergic stimulation. 2. Extracellular ATP and extracellular UTP caused a rapid increase in both [Ca2+]i and CBF. These effects were practically abolished by a phospholipase C inhibitor (U-73122) or by suramin. 3. The effects of extracellular ATP were not altered: when protein kinase C (PKC) was inhibited by either GF 109203X or chelerythrine chloride, or when protein kinase A (PKA) was inhibited by RP-adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS). 4. Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (TPA) had little effect on CBF or on [Ca2+]i, while activation of PKA by forskolin or by dibutyryl-cAMP led to a small rise in CBF without affecting [Ca2+]i. 5. Direct activation of protein kinase G (PKG) with dibutyryl-cGMP had a negligible effect on CBF when [Ca2+]i was at basal level. However, dibutyryl-cGMP strongly elevated CBF when [Ca2+]i was elevated either by extracellular ATP or by ionomycin. 6. The findings suggest that the initial rise in [Ca2+]i induced by extracellular ATP activates the NO pathway, thus leading to PKG activation. In the continuous presence of elevated [Ca2+]i the stimulated PKG then induces a robust enhancement in CBF. In parallel, activated PKG plays a central role in Ca2+ influx via a still unidentified mechanism, and thus, through positive feedback, maintains CBF close to its maximal level in the continuous presence of ATP. (+info)

Scanning electron microscopy of lithium-induced exogastrulae of Xenopus laevis. (5/2505)

Lithium-induced exogastrulae are abnormal embryos which fail to complete gastrulation and do not form normal neural structures. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to compare the surface structure of the ectoderm cells of exogastrulae with that of the ectoderm cells of normal embryos and has shown that the appearance of ciliated cells is delayed in exogastrulae. In addition, the structure of endoderm cells, which remain exposed in these embryos, has been studied. (+info)

Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing. (6/2505)

Fragments of tracheal epithelium alone or in continuity with connective tissues, can be maintained in culture medium and used for short term or long term studies of toxicity of a variety of chemicals. Large numbers of uniform cultures are prepared with the aid of a slicing device or by application of simple method for dissecting sheets of epithelium free from underlying cartilage. The cultures may be placed in an exposure chamber-incubator mounted on a microscope stage and monitored continually for ciliostasis and exfoliation of cells. Morphology is further studied by fixation of selected specimens and preparation for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Synthetic functions are evaluated by autoradiographic measurement of incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules and other dynamic features are indirectly assessed by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Short-term studies using these several techniques have shown that ciliostasis does not correlate with cell injury in all instances, and a long-term study has demonstrated dose dependence of a cytotoxic agent when duration of culture viability is measured. The method lends itself to a broad range of investigations in which dose, period of exposure, and role of cofactors must be independently and quantitatively assessed. (+info)

Situs inversus and embryonic ciliary morphogenesis defects in mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II. (7/2505)

The embryonic cellular events that set the asymmetry of the genetic control circuit controlling left-right (L-R) axis determination in mammals are poorly understood. New insight into this problem was obtained by analyzing mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A motor subunit of the kinesin-II motor complex. Embryos lacking KIF3A die at 10 days postcoitum, exhibit randomized establishment of L-R asymmetry, and display numerous structural abnormalities. The earliest detectable abnormality in KIF3A mutant embryos is found at day 7.5, where scanning electron microscopy reveals loss of cilia ordinarily present on cells of the wild-type embryonic node, which is thought to play an important role in setting the initial L-R asymmetry. This cellular phenotype is observed before the earliest reported time of asymmetric expression of markers of the L-R signaling pathway. These observations demonstrate that the kinesin-based transport pathway needed for flagellar and ciliary morphogenesis is conserved from Chlamydomonas to mammals and support the view that embryonic cilia play a role in the earliest cellular determinative events establishing L-R asymmetry. (+info)

Characterization and expression of the laminin gamma3 chain: a novel, non-basement membrane-associated, laminin chain. (8/2505)

Laminins are heterotrimeric molecules composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma chain; they have broad functional roles in development and in stabilizing epithelial structures. Here, we identified a novel laminin, composed of known alpha and beta chains but containing a novel gamma chain, gamma3. We have cloned gene encoding this chain, LAMC3, which maps to chromosome 9 at q31-34. Protein and cDNA analyses demonstrate that gamma3 contains all the expected domains of a gamma chain, including two consensus glycosylation sites and a putative nidogen-binding site. This suggests that gamma3-containing laminins are likely to exist in a stable matrix. Studies of the tissue distribution of gamma3 chain show that it is broadly expressed in: skin, heart, lung, and the reproductive tracts. In skin, gamma3 protein is seen within the basement membrane of the dermal-epidermal junction at points of nerve penetration. The gamma3 chain is also a prominent element of the apical surface of ciliated epithelial cells of: lung, oviduct, epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminiferous tubules. The distribution of gamma3-containing laminins on the apical surfaces of a variety of epithelial tissues is novel and suggests that they are not found within ultrastructurally defined basement membranes. It seems likely that these apical laminins are important in the morphogenesis and structural stability of the ciliated processes of these cells. (+info)

Ectopic cilia[edit]. An ectopic cilia is a special type of distichia. It is usually found in younger dogs. Commonly affected ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distichia

Cilia in metazoa[edit]. Knight-Jones[18] defines the types of metachronism in ciliary beat of metazoa depending on the relative ... while metachronal rhythm or metachronal wave usually refer to the movement of cilia;[2] metachronal coordination,[3] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachronal_swimming

Guichard P, Gönczy P (December 2016). "Basal body structure in Trichonympha". Cilia. 5 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/s13630-016-0031-7. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichonympha

Human PDGFRA has a RVxP sequence and may localize to cilia thanks to it. Human PKD2 trafficking into cilia has been found in ... Proteins employed in the cilia are targeted there when they bear specific entry signals, whereas proteins not situated in cilia ... RVxP motif is a protein motif involved in localizing proteins into cilia. Cilia are sensory organelle of cells, whose ... Not all ciliary proteins use a RVxP motif for transport, however; VxPx and Ax(S/A)xQ have also been described as cilium- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RVxP_motif

... cilia grey. Townsville, Q.; in July and September; two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. - Original description by Turner ... cilia purplish-grey, irrorated with whitish. Hindwings with termen slightly rounded; veins 3 and 4 stalked; grey, a darker ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eublemma_rufipuncta

... cilia grey, with some whitish irroration. Hindwings with vein 4 absent; grey; cilia grey. N.Q.: Townsville, in October and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotorna_egena

... cilia metallic. Hindwings are grey, more whitish dorsally. The moth flies from May to September depending on the location. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crambus_pascuella

... cilia metallic. Hindwings are whitish,towards apex suffused with grey. Adults are on wing from June to July. Larvae have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crambus_uliginosellus

... cilia whitish, with a black line opposite apex only. Hindwings with veins 2, 3, and 5 absent ; whitish ; cilia whitish. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachedra_psithyra

... cilia barred. Hindwings light fuscous, with darker postmedian line and subterminal band. The moth flies from July to August ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadena_irregularis

Cilia black. Hindwing is uniform in color. In the female, the head and forewings are reddish brown. The forewings have a black ... Cilia reddish brown. Hindwings are crimson with a black spot at end of cell and submarginal series of large spots. Savela, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilarctia_castanea

... cilia whitish-brown. Hindwings with apex tolerably pointed, termen gently rounded, wavy; grey; cilia grey. Q., National Park ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanycnema

... cilia white. Hindwings are dark grey.The larva is pale greyish-yellowish ; spots black ; head black. Flight time ranges from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yponomeuta_cagnagella

Cilia crenulate. Hindwings with crenulate cilia. Margin produced to slight points at veins 4 and 6. Larva with four pairs of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacera

... cilia black. Hindwing: the transverse white band of the forewing is continued straight across and ends in a point on the outer ... cilia black, white below vein 5 and along outer side of basal half of tail, the latter tipped white. Underside similar, but the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamproptera_curius

A365 is the type strain (= CIP 105190T). Lambert, C.; Nicolas, J. L.; Cilia, V.; Corre, S. (1998). "Vibrio pectenicida sp. nov ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_pectenicida

Hingwings, ♂ whitish-grey, ♀ ochreous-grey-whitish, a very few small cloudy greyish flecks; cilia concolorous. The larvae feed ... cilia pale ochreous, two brownish lines more or less marked. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoctena_orthocopa

Cilia yellowish. Underside dark brown, with the veins and longitudinal streaks between them greyish green, the brown showing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibasis_gomata

Cilia white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the antennae speckled and tipped with white, the thorax clothed with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colotis_vestalis

Hindwings grey ; cilia grey. The larvae possibly feed on the dead leaves of Vaccinium species. They live within a movable case ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematopogon_pilella

Cilia crenulate. Erygia antecedens (Walker, 1858) Erygia apicalis Guenée, 1852 Erygia plagifera (Walker, 1859) Erygia precedens ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erygia

Cilia whitish, fuscous below apex. Hindwings with broad medial white band enclosing a speck at end of cell, and with a dark ... Cilia white. Ventral side with orange wing base. Female more irrorated with fuscous. Often suffused with rufous, and with pale ... Cilia fuscous. Ventral side with orange outer area and white blotches. Larva greenish, with dorsal and sublateral yellow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiothisa_eleonora

Hindwing white suffused with ochreous except on inner area; cilia white; the underside white, the costal area suffused with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylita_distincta

Cilia similar. Underside like the underside of T. augias, the black markings more pronounced; the black spots on the hindwing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicota_bambusae

Cilia of forewings and hindwings conspicuously white. Underside; ground colour as in the male; markings slightly larger, more ... cilia white. Underside: pale grey. Forewing with the usual transverse discocellular and discal series of six white-encircled ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejus_christophi

Cilia white. Underside pale, dull ochreous-grey, bands pale ochreous-brown, all with some silvery scales down their centers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigaritis_ictis

... cilia pink. Adults are on wing from July to August. Larva dark brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, lateral lines whitish; a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarsia_brunnea

Cilia white. Underside: basal and discal areas of both forewings and hindwings bluish green, variously barred and spotted with ... cilia alternately black and white. Forewing: basal area ochraceous red, cell with transverse short bands of black and bluish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cethosia_nietneri

... cilia metallic. Hindwings are grey.. Adults are on wing from July to August in generation per year. The larvae feed on grasses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crambus_hamella

... cilia white. Underside. Forewing with similar black outer border, shaped as on upper-side, the apex being ochreous-yellow, and ... cilia white posteriorly. Hindwing with the basal and discal area greyish fuliginous-brown and the veins greyish-white lined, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appias_indra

... cilio[email protected] No te tomes NADA de lo que veas en el canal para mal. mira todo con un lado positivo que es para saca ... NOS ENCIERRAN EN EL SÓTANO SIN SALIDA !!! - ( El ladrón la serie #3 ) [ CILIO ] - Duration: 12 minutes.. CILIO ... USO LA PISTOLA PARA ATRAPAR AL LADRÓN - ( El ladrón la serie #5 ) [ CILIO ] - Duration: 13 minutes.. CILIO ... VEMOS AL LADRÓN EN EL SÓTANO - ( El ladron la serie #2 ) [ CILIO ] - Duration: 10 minutes.. CILIO ...

https://www.youtube.com/user/FrancoCrivera

... Go to external page http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0013642 Copy ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0013642

Cryo-electron tomography of motile cilia and flagella Cryo-electron tomography has been a valuable tool in the analysis of 3D ... Cilia Motility. Guest edited by Dr Hannah Mitchison, Dr David Mitchell, and Prof Heymut Omran ... Fifty years after the discovery of dyneins in motile cilia, much remains to be learned about the structure and mechanism of ... The motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella is modulated in response to several extracellular stimuli. Ca2+ is the most ...

https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/CiliaMotility

Cilia-a Missing Link. It has been interesting to note the absence of debate on the impact of cigarette smoke on the functioning ... Who is listening?Are there existing studies available that addresses the reduction in cilia performance as mentioned by Dr.Koop ... of the cilia in either the smoker or second-hand passive smoker, cancelling out its protective function. This was brought to my ...

https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/29/cilia-missing-link

... The roles of primary cilia in hearing. Summary. Cilia are antenna-like membrane-associated ... Alström Syndrome protein ALMS1 localizes to basal bodies of cochlear hair cells and regulates cilium-dependent planar cell ...

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ear/research/jaggerlab/projects/roles-of-primary-cilia-in-hearing

"Cilia Flores formalizó su inscripción para las parlamentarias". El Nacional. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. "Cilia ... Cilia Adela Flores de Maduro (born 15 October 1956) is a Venezuelan lawyer and politician. She is married to the President of ... "Hijo de Cilia Flores pasa largas temporadas en los Estados Unidos". La Patilla. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. Kay ... Maduro responded to his wifes sanctions, saying "You dont mess with Cilia. You dont mess with family. Dont be cowards! Her ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilia_Flores

Cilia is best known for his songwriting skills, and his membership in The Atlantics, where he performs on the guitar. Cilia ... Martin Cilia Official Website Martin Cilia MySpace Revenge of the Surf Guitar MySpace Fender Website. ... Cilia played at the gig and Bosco told the other members from The Atlantics about him, and Cilla has been an integral and ... Cilia is an avid collector of classic and unique electric guitars. Some of his most valuable guitars can be heard on Revenge of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cilia

Cilia cover the "foot" of a snail and are used to move the snail slowly along. Cilia are used for the slow locomotion of ... Within bivalves, cilia create a constant flow of water over various filtering and sorting surfaces and move and separate food ... Cilia are numerous short extensions of the plasma membrane used for locomotion and other purposes.[1] ... Most mucous membranes, such as those in the nose, are covered with cilia to create a constant flow of mucus. ...

http://www.conservapedia.com/Cilia

This volume is the result of an explosion of molecular-based research on Cilia, which began with the discovery of the ... Practical and cutting-edge, Cilia: Methods and Protocols is broad and covers motile, sensory, and primary cells. It is a ... This volume is the result of an explosion of molecular-based research on Cilia, which began with the discovery of the ... Visualization and Manipulation of Cilia and Intraciliary Calcium in the Zebrafish Left-Right Organizer ...

https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781493937875

Cilium definition is - a minute short hairlike process often forming part of a fringe; especially : one on a cell that is ... Examples of cilium in a Sentence. Recent Examples on the Web. Among their design concerns were methods for nurturing cilium and ... Comments on cilium. What made you want to look up cilium? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if ... Post the Definition of cilium to Facebook Share the Definition of cilium on Twitter ...

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cilia

Cilium, plural cilia, short eyelashlike filament that is numerous on tissue cells of most animals and provides the means for ... Cilia may be fused in short transverse rows to form membranelles or in tufts to form cirri. Capable of beating in unison, cilia ... A cilium, like a flagellum, is composed of a central core (the axoneme), which contains two central microtubules that are ... In modified form, cilia trigger the discharge of stinging devices in jellyfish and give rise to the light-sensitive rods of the ...

https://www.britannica.com/print/article/117814

Cilia may be fused in short transverse rows to form membranelles or in tufts to form cirri. Capable of beating in unison, cilia ... Cilium, short eyelashlike filament that is numerous on tissue cells of most animals and provides the means for locomotion of ... Alternative Titles: cilia, ciliums, undulipodia. Cilium, plural cilia, short eyelashlike filament that is numerous on tissue ... Cilia may be fused in short transverse rows to form membranelles or in tufts to form cirri. Capable of beating in unison, cilia ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/cilium

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/148/3677/1618

Cilia Erens also works as a guest lecturer at institutes such as the Amsterdam Academy of Architecture and the Netherlands Film ... Formarly soundartist Cilia Erens is a town and countryplanner. In 1987 she introduced soundwalks in the Netherlands. In her ... Picture of the soundwalk in china called China Daily - Found on the website of Cilia Erens. ...

https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/80460/cilia-erens

Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts (Full Time Acting Foundation For Stage and Screen) National Youth Theatre (Epic Stages). LAMDA - Grade 6, 7 and 8 Acting (with Distinction). ...

https://www.spotlight.com/1173-5649-7247

Presence of cilia in the neural tube at e10.5. Punctate expression of γ-tubulin (A) and cilia-like expression of acetylated α- ... 4B ). Cilia were present on the surface of the node in Dnchc2lln embryos, but they all had abnormal morphology: some cilia were ... Some specialized primary cilia monitor fluid flow: bending of cilia in cultured kidney epithelial cells or in the embryonic ... In support of a role for cilia in Hh responsiveness, we found that cilia were present on neural progenitors and other cell ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/102/32/11325?ijkey=d926430cd8e710171777c96e05b5b28ef44e6e18&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Cilia Jaspers writing is filled with quirky hilarity that will make you laugh out loud and fall in love with the Tenshi Band. ... Once again, Cilia Jaspers has sucked me into another fantastic Idol romance that leaves me wondering who will be next! FIEND! ... Cilia Jaspers, a writing duo, has improved in her technique of managing the different author voices, making a more seamless ... The Tenshi series is co-authored by J. W. Ashley and April Oglesbee and will ultimately be published under the pen name Cilia ...

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18753366-an-idol-husband

View Genevieve Fabienne Cilias genealogy family tree on Geni, with over 185 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives ... Genevieve Fabienne Cilia. Immediate Family: Daughter of Cilia Sauveur, Raphael André and Nicoline Cilia Wife of Private Mother ...

https://www.geni.com/people/Genevieve-Cilia/6000000020600612262

Cilia are wavy, hair-like structures that extend outward from the surfaces of various organisms such as human skin. People, ... The ability to engineer this cilia-like biosensor may give scientists an ability to, for example, test for the presence of ... Scientists long imagined what could be done if they could engineer cilia for other organic and nonorganic uses. But creating ... While the new material isnt exactly like cilia, it responds to thermal, chemical, and electromagnetic stimulation, allowing ...

https://www.innovations-report.com/materials-sciences/cilia-revolution-162250/

Discover the meaning of the Cilia name on Ancestry®. Find your familys average life expectancy, most common occupation, and ... Cilia. Life Expectancy. What is the average Cilia lifespan?. Share. Between 1953 and 2003, in the United States, Cilia life ... Cilia. family records will you find?. Share. *. Census Record. There are 1,000 census records available for the last name Cilia ... The Cilia family name was found in the USA, the UK, and Canada between 1880 and 1920. The most Cilia families were found in the ...

https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=cilia

This article will focus on the role of helical surface-attached appendages known as flagella or cilia, that are present on many ... Flagella versus Cilia. While flagella and cilia are structurally identical, they can be distinguished by their length, density ... The cilia play an instrumental role in the trachea where the beating motion, together with the overlying mucosa, clear the ... Co-ordinating Multiple Cilium. The positioning of basal bodies throughout the cytoskeleton limits, in turn, the number and ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/The-Organization-and-Utility-of-Eukaryotic-Cilia-and-Flagella.aspx

Joueur de cora, Cilia Sawadogo, provided by the National Film Board of Canada ...

http://www.nfb.ca/film/joueur_de_cora/

... bryn cilio provides accommodation in Beddgelert with free WiFi and mountain views. The property has garden views. This holiday ... Boasting barbecue facilities, bryn cilio provides accommodation in Beddgelert with free WiFi and mountain views. The property ...

https://www.lonelyplanet.com/wales/beddgelert/hotels/bryn-cilio/a/lod/2b63fbad-9886-488b-9ce5-067db0ae52ac/360971

Whereas motile cilia are typically found in large bundles and beat synchronously to generate fluid flow, primary cilia (with ... Summary of factors that regulate the assembly or disassembly of cilia. Upon cilia formation and elongation (red arrow), IFT ... Assembling a primary cilium.. Kim S1, Dynlacht BD.. Author information. 1. Department of Pathology and Cancer Institute, Smilow ... Defects in the cilium, and the structure from which it arises, the basal body, have been shown to cause a spectrum of diseases ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23747070?dopt=Abstract

Cilia - Eyelashes; or, microscopic hair-like projections lining the nose and bronchi, is clearly explained in Medindia s ... Cilia - Glossary. Written & Compiled by Medindia Content Team. Medically Reviewed by The Medindia Medical Review Team on May 07 ... Medical Word - Cilia. Ans : Eyelashes; or, microscopic hair-like projections lining the nose and bronchi. ...

http://www.medindia.net/glossary/cilia.htm

... also use cilia for sensory functions. Receptors concentrated on the surface of cilia allow cells to efficiently sample their ... These cells use sex-specific adhesion receptors on their flagella (flagella are essentially the same as cilia) during mating. ... You may think of cilia primarily as structures specialized to confer motility, but nonmotile cells (virtually all vertebrate ... Q. Wang, J. Pan, W. J. Snell, Intraflagellar transport particles participate directly in cilium-generated signaling in ...

https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2006/334/tw153

Cilia can be divided into primary forms and motile forms.[5] Primary/Immotile cilia[edit]. In animals, primary cilia are found ... Motile cilia[edit]. Larger eukaryotes, such as mammals, have motile cilia as well. Motile cilia are usually present on a cells ... There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and non-motile, or primary, cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. In ... A cilium (from Latin, meaning eyelash;[1] the plural is cilia) is an organelle found on eukaryotic cells and are slender ...

http://www.let.rug.nl/~gosse/termpedia2/termpedia.php?language=dutch_general&density=7&link_color=000000&termpedia_system=perl_db&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCilium

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are hair‐like cellular appendages composed of specialised microtubules and covered by a ... Cilia within a line of synchrony are all in the same phase of beat. In forward‐swimming cells, the firing order of cilia is ... Satir P (1968) Studies on cilia. III. Further studies on the cilium tip and a sliding filament model of ciliary motility. ... Fliegauf M , Benzing T and Omran H (2007) When cilia go bad: cilia defects and ciliopathies. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0001258.html

Primary Cilia RT2 Profiler PCR Array The Human Primary Cilia RT² Profiler PCR Array profiles the expression of 84 key genes ... Primary Cilia RT2 Profiler PCR Array The Mouse Primary Cilia RT² Profiler PCR Array profiles the expression of 84 key genes ... Primary Cilia RT2 Profiler PCR Array The Rat Primary Cilia RT² Profiler PCR Array profiles the expression of 84 key genes ... The single primary cilium found on the surface of almost all mammalian cell types is a non-motile sensory organelle with a 9+0 ...

https://www.qiagen.com/be/shop/genes-and-pathways/complete-biology-list/primary-cilia/

Platekompaniet - For å gi deg en bedre opplevelse av nettbutikken bruker Platekompaniet cookies. I innstillingene til din nettleser kan du selv velge å slette informasjonskapsler ...

https://www.platekompaniet.no/medvirkende/ccilia-lyon/

The finding adds to our knowledge about ciliopathies, a class of genetic disorders that arise from defects in the structure or function of cilia. (nih.gov)
As the team investigated kur , they noted that the mutation also affected the function of cilia. (princeton.edu)
In addition, since the research looked at the structure and function of cilia, these discoveries might be useful for the development of nanotechnologies. (medgadget.com)
The rapid advancement of technologies such as next generation sequencing, high resolution microscopy and the development of novel in vitro analysis systems has led to an exponential growth of knowledge related to the assembly and function of cilia, production and secretion of mucus, and cilia-mucus interaction to promote productive mucociliary clearance. (grc.org)
Defects in the function of cilia lead to a class of diseases called ciliopathies, which include polycystic kidney disease, primary ciliary dyskinesia and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. (eurekalert.org)

This series in Cilia contains both reviews and research articles covering diverse topics, including recent advances in ciliary ultrastructure, physiologic and transcriptional mechanisms of motility regulation, and discoveries relating to the role of cilia in health and disease made through analysis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia models and genetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with defective structure and/or function of motile cilia/flagella, causing chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections, fertilit. (biomedcentral.com)
This volume is the result of an explosion of molecular-based research on Cilia, which began with the discovery of the universality of intraflagellar transport (IFT) and ciliary genomics/proteomics. (springer.com)
The chapters in this book cover topics such as: high resolution imaging and functional characterization of sensory and primary cilia in mammalian cells and zebrafish, methods to study ciliary-mediated chemoresponse in Paramecium , and methods to study centrosomes and cilia in C. elegans and Drosophila . (springer.com)
ciliary outgrowth is controlled by the basal body that is located just inside the cell surface at the base of the cilium. (britannica.com)
[2] The current scientific understanding of primary cilia views them as "sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation. (rug.nl)
The basal body, where the cilia originates, is located within the ciliary pocket. (rug.nl)
The Human Primary Cilia RT² Profiler PCR Array profiles the expression of 84 key genes important for ciliary organization and maintenance. (qiagen.com)
The Mouse Primary Cilia RT² Profiler PCR Array profiles the expression of 84 key genes important for ciliary organization and maintenance. (qiagen.com)
As a consequence, the full-length proteins of GLI2 and GLI3, which are bound to the ciliary tip organizer KIF7, are phosphorylated by PKA, CK1, and GSK3, and finally proteolytically processed by the cilia-regulated proteasome. (nih.gov)
In the presence of HH, the HH ligand binds to PTC1 and, in turn, the HH/PTC1 complex leaves the cilium allowing ciliary entry of SMO. (nih.gov)
Motile cilia of the lungs respond to environmental challenges by increasing their ciliary beat frequency in order to enhance mucociliary clearance as a fundamental tenant of innate defense. (mdpi.com)
Genetic defects in ciliary proteins responsible for cilia formation, maintenance, or function underlie a wide array of human diseases like deafness, anosmia, and retinal degeneration in sensory systems. (mdpi.com)
We recently discovered that the C. elegans NPHP genes modulate the length and shape of a cilium, enabling exploration of the mechanisms controlling ciliary morphogenesis. (bio.net)
This study confirms and extends previous work on the lateral cilia of the fresh-water mussel, Elliptio complanatus , in support of a "sliding filament" mechanism of ciliary motility wherein peripheral filaments (microtubules) do not change length during beat (see Satir, 1967). (rupress.org)
Although the major structural components of human cilia have been described, a complete understanding of cilia function and regulation will require identification and characterization of all ciliary components. (mcponline.org)
To identify all the components of human cilia, we have begun a comprehensive proteomic analysis of isolated ciliary axonemes. (mcponline.org)
The importance of this process is clearly illustrated by the disease primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), 1 in which genetic defects cause dysfunctional cilia and result in chronic otitis media, sinusitus, and bronchitis ( 2 ). (mcponline.org)
Emerging research has established a fundamental link between cytoskeletal structures such as centrioles and cilia in the regulation of DNA repair and genomic instability, highlighted by an increasing number of cancers/syndromes with clear ciliary connections such as Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau disease and Tuberous Sclerosis. (biochemistry.org)
Written and edited by experts in the field, Cilia , from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, examines key aspects of ciliary biology--from the molecular to the organismal level--in normal physiology and disease. (cshlpress.com)
The contributors dissect the complex structures of motile and nonmotile (primary) cilia, discuss how the intraflagellar transport machinery moves cargo across the central axoneme, and review how the ciliary gate controls the composition of cilia and flagella. (cshlpress.com)
The interaction of cilia and mucus is an essential component of respiratory tract defense against pathogens and when dysfunctional, leads to diseases ranging from the common cold, asthma, rhinosinusitus, chronic obstructive lung disease and genetic diseases cystic fibrosis (CF) and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). (grc.org)
Their findings also explain the frequently observed misalignment of cilia in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a disease that impairs ciliary flow. (phys.org)
The polarity of the cilia is still biased towards the posterior, but without a detectable flow the process of refinement is disrupted and they can't reorient themselves properly," says Kintner and adds that, "this model explains why ciliary disorientation is so commonly associated with ciliary dysfunction in human PCD. (phys.org)

It opened a way to reconstruct 3D conformations of proteins in cilia at 3-nm resolu. (biomedcentral.com)
The intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins Ift172/Wimple and Polaris/Ift88 and the anterograde IFT motor kinesin-II are required for the production and maintenance of cilia. (pnas.org)
Nor was it clear whether IFT proteins are required for a cytoplasmic transport process or in cilia for neural patterning. (pnas.org)
Mutations in genes encoding structural and functional proteins of cilia and flagella lead to innumerable diseases and disorders called ciliopathies. (els.net)
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are estimated to have evolved roughly a billion years ago, following the appearance of the genes for tubulin (from bacteria) and proteins that establish the ninefold symmetry. (els.net)
Further study of how these proteins function could yield insights into the impact that cilia defects cause throughout the body. (nih.gov)
Though it remains unclear how three IFT proteins are required for Shh signaling in neural cells, the authors postulate that cilia could produce a signal that is required for Shh signaling. (sciencemag.org)
Motor proteins using ATP power the sliding of microtubules past each other, causing the cilium to wave back and forth. (gardenguides.com)
When cytochalasin D, a small molecule which permeates cells and inhibits cytoskeleton polymerization, was applied to one of the identified proteins, it repaired cilium formation in cells carrying mutations. (ucsd.edu)
Autophagy regulates the length of the cilia by removing proteins required for ciliogenesis, a phenomenon that is molecularly different if performed by basal autophagy or when autophagy is induced in response to various stressors. (nih.gov)
As an approach to validate the mass spectrometry results, additional studies examined the expression of several identified proteins (annexin I, sperm protein Sp17, retinitis pigmentosa protein RP1) in cilia or ciliated cells. (mcponline.org)
However, whereas the sequencing of the human genome has allowed the identification of homologs of these Chlamydomonas proteins, biochemical evidence is still necessary to demonstrate their axonemal nature in human cilia. (mcponline.org)
Researchers in Burdine's laboratory found that Kurly's role in cilia movement stems from its ability to ensure proteins called dynein arms are correctly located in the cilia. (princeton.edu)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound carriers with complex cargos that include proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, function in long-distance cellular communication, but how cilia contribute to EV production was previously unclear to the scientific community. (eurekalert.org)
Previous work has shown that loss of exocyst complex component 5 (EXOC5), one of the eight proteins that make up the exocyst, causes very short or no cilia to be produced. (eurekalert.org)

The motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella is modulated in response to several extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
This article will focus on the role of helical surface-attached appendages known as flagella or cilia, that are present on many eukaryotic cells. (news-medical.net)
While flagella and cilia are structurally identical, they can be distinguished by their length, density, and motility patterns. (news-medical.net)
Whilst flagella feature predominantly on prokaryotic cells, numerous other species possess specialized cells that employ cilia to displace themselves across space. (news-medical.net)
This article will discuss how data from specific species have informed our understanding of cilia/ flagella dynamics. (news-medical.net)
For example, the alga C. reinhardtii , from which a significant understanding of cilia and flagella is derived. (news-medical.net)
These cells use sex-specific adhesion receptors on their flagella (flagella are essentially the same as cilia) during mating. (sciencemag.org)
In eukaryotes, motile cilia and flagella together make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia . (rug.nl)
[3] Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length. (rug.nl)
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are hair‐like cellular appendages composed of specialised microtubules and covered by a specialised extension of the cellular membrane. (els.net)
Cilia and flagella have three, often interrelated functions: (1) As motile organelles beating like whips or oars, they propel cells through their environment or transport fluids along the surfaces of ciliated epithelia. (els.net)
Given these functions, cilia and flagella are micromachines and they act as cybernetic devices to receive, process and communicate information. (els.net)
The beating of cilia and flagella depends on many biochemical factors including the different effects of outer versus inner dynein arm motors, the DRC (dynein regulatory complex) and DRC-radial spoke interactions mediated by kinases. (els.net)
The waveform of beating cilia/flagella also depends on the precise geometric assemblage of the axoneme structures, the mechanical properties of those structures and principles of the Geometric Clutch hypothesis. (els.net)
c) and (d) Cross‐sectional EMs of a basal body and a flagellar 9 + 2 axoneme of protozoa, typical of most simple cilia and flagella (membrane removed and viewed from the proximal end looking towards the distal tip). (els.net)
Cilia are similar in many respects to flagella. (gardenguides.com)
Cilia and Flagella are organelles that are located in eukaryotes structurally built to help the cell move. (smore.com)
Both Cilia and Flagella are made of microtubules which are covered by plasma membranes. (smore.com)
The main purpose of Cilia is to help the cell move fluids, mucous, or other cells over their surface, while flagella are more important and helpful to move the cell around. (smore.com)
Cilia and flagella are highly conserved and important microtubule-based organelles that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells and act as antennae to sense extracellular signals. (mdpi.com)
Sperm flagella possess a 9 + 2 axoneme, and the photoreceptor cells of the retina contain a modified cilium. (mcponline.org)
Nearly every cell in the human body has one or more protrusive structures called cilia or flagella. (cshlpress.com)
Normally, cilia also called flagella are built and maintained by an internal bidirectional, escalator-like system that ferries molecules to and from the tips by a process called intraflagellar transport, or IFT. (rxpgnews.com)

Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms. (medlineplus.gov)
Most mucous membranes, such as those in the nose , are covered with cilia to create a constant flow of mucus. (conservapedia.com)
In humans , for example, motile cilia are found in the lining of the trachea (windpipe), where they sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs. (rug.nl)
For example, motile cilia are on cells that line the trachea, where their coordinated wave-like motions carry mucus-along with the inhaled dust, bacteria, and other small particles it contains-toward the mouth to be coughed or sneezed out of the body. (nih.gov)
Cilia perform a wide variety of functions in humans -- the cells lining your trachea, for example, use their cilia to sweep dust and mucus upwards out of the lungs. (gardenguides.com)
In humans, for example, epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract each have about 200 cilia that beat in synchrony to sweep mucus towards the throat for elimination. (arn.org)
Mutations impede the flow of chloride, causing the mucus to accumulate and impeding the hair-like particles called cilia from beating back and forth to clear out the mucus. (wordnik.com)
The continuous, coordinated beating of the cilia transports mucus and foreign material out of the airways to help maintain a sterile environment. (mcponline.org)
2) How can we analyze the hydrodynamics and biophysical properties of cilia-mucus interactions in healthy and disease states with high resolution? (grc.org)
3) What is the relationship between cilia, mucus and mucosal immunity? (grc.org)
This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Cilia, Mucus and Mucociliary Interactions (GRS)" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
Cilia, tiny hair-like structures that propel mucus out of airways, have to agree on the direction of the fluid flow to get things moving. (phys.org)
Cilia are tiny hair-like projections from cells that line your respiratory tract and are responsible for moving mucus up to the throat, where it can be spat out or swallowed. (newcastle-hospitals.org.uk)
Cilia also keep our airways clean by removing mucus and dust from the nose and lungs. (alleydog.com)

A cilium, like a flagellum , is composed of a central core (the axoneme), which contains two central microtubules that are surrounded by an outer ring of nine pairs of microtubules. (britannica.com)
IFT involves bidirectional movement of IFT particles beneath the plasma membrane of cilia along the axonemal microtubules, which allows material to be transported to the distal tip of the cilium, where new components are incorporated into the axoneme. (pnas.org)
The cilium membrane and the basal body microtubules are connected by transition fibers. (rug.nl)
Their most prominent structural component is the axoneme which consists of nine doublet microtubules, with all motile cilia - except those at the embryonic node - containing an additional central pair of microtubules. (uniprot.org)
These studies have demonstrated the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, the inner and outer dynein arms, the radial spokes, and other features common to all motile cilia. (mcponline.org)
These results indicate that two components of the cytoskeleton perform different functions: actin fibers establish cell-wide coordination of cilia orientation and timing, whereas microtubules ensure that cilia are in harmony with their neighbors. (rupress.org)
Cilia movement is driven by an array of longitudinal microtubules arranged in 9 doublets around a central pair. (phys.org)

The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. (medlineplus.gov)
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved, membrane-bound, microtubular projections emanating from the cell surface. (nih.gov)
Cilia are hairlike projections from the cell body. (gardenguides.com)
Cilia, tail-like projections found on the surface of cells, are perhaps best known as molecular flippers that help cells move around. (innovations-report.com)
Hamada showed hair-like projections on the embryo called cilia produce a leftward flow of fluid outside the embryo, allowing the embryo to identify its left side. (wordnik.com)
Each breath passes through or over lymph tissue and millions of hair like projections called cilia that filter, re-filter and remove any particles that may damage the lungs. (wordnik.com)
A new study of a protein found in cilia - the hair-like projections on the cell surface - may help explain how genetic defects in cilia play a role in developmental abnormalities, kidney disease and a number of other disorders. (princeton.edu)
Caption: Staining of cilia (hair-like projections in green and nuclei in blue) in zebrafish kidney tubules show cilia are disorganized and oriented incorrectly in fish with mutated Kurly protein (bottom panel) versus normal Kurly (top panel). (princeton.edu)

The best candidate protein is TMEM16B (alias ANO2) ( 7 , 8 ), but it is not clear whether this protein is expressed in the sensory cilia. (pnas.org)

Cryo-electron tomography has been a valuable tool in the analysis of 3D structures of cilia at molecular and cellular levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Cilia are antenna-like membrane-associated structures which play essential roles during development, and during the normal function of many cells throughout the body. (ucl.ac.uk)
Cilia are wavy, hair-like structures that extend outward from the surfaces of various organisms such as human skin. (innovations-report.com)
Once centrioles have matured, they become basal bodies, and it is these structures that provide a template for cilia. (news-medical.net)
You may think of cilia primarily as structures specialized to confer motility, but nonmotile cells (virtually all vertebrate cells have a primary cilium) also use cilia for sensory functions. (sciencemag.org)
Receptors concentrated on the surface of cilia allow cells to efficiently sample their immediate environment, but it is unclear how such receptors function in the absence of structures that usually associate with them at the plasma membrane. (sciencemag.org)
Some single-celled creatures have structures called motile cilia that beat rhythmically to allow the cells to move. (nih.gov)
Looking closely at where the cilia should exist, the researchers saw that the supporting structures needed for cilia to grow were either completely missing or abnormal. (nih.gov)
Other experiments showed that CC2D2A is part of structures called subdistal appendages, which help anchor the basal body at the cell membrane to stabilize cilia and allow them to form. (nih.gov)
Johns Hopkins researchers and colleagues have found a previously unrecognized role for tiny hair-like cell structures known as cilia: They help form our sense of touch. (innovations-report.com)
In addition to their role in mucociliary clearance, cilia and other axonemal structures are clearly essential to many other specialized cell biological functions. (mcponline.org)
Cilia are microscopic, hair-like structures on the surface of cells that beat in unison to create movement. (alleydog.com)

Sensory cilia of olfactory receptor neurons have developed an unusual solution to this problem. (pnas.org)
Mammalian olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) present to the air a tuft of sensory cilia equipped with odorant receptors. (pnas.org)
Molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory signal amplification were investigated by monitoring cAMP dynamics in the intact sensory cilia. (jneurosci.org)
This is mainly attributable to the technical difficulties accompanied with the nano-scale structure of sensory cilia. (jneurosci.org)
To overcome the difficulty of monitoring the molecular dynamics within nano-scale sensory cilia, we used a combined technique of patch-clamp and photo-activated compounds. (jneurosci.org)

It's extremely exciting that we've found a single protein that is responsible for these two functions - orientation and motility - in cilia," said Rebecca Burdine , an associate professor of molecular biology at Princeton University. (princeton.edu)
Despite their importance in human disease, very little is known about how cilia motility and orientation are coordinated, so this protein will provide an important gateway into looking at this process. (princeton.edu)

On Spain-holiday.com you can search from a selection of holiday homes for rent in Santa Cilia de Jaca. (spain-holiday.com)
Popular holiday rentals in Santa Cilia de Jaca are holiday villas, cottages, apartments and country houses to rent for short term holidays in Santa Cilia de Jaca. (spain-holiday.com)
When you rent a holiday home in Santa Cilia de Jaca via Spain-holiday.com, you deal directly with the owner, who is your best source of information for local restaurants etc near your accommodation. (spain-holiday.com)
Below you will see a selection of luxury villas for rent in Santa Cilia de Jaca. (spain-holiday.com)

The cilium is assembled from mature (mother) centrioles or basal bodies, which serve to nucleate growth of axonemes that give rise to two structurally distinct variants, motile and nonmotile cilia. (nih.gov)
2) Both motile and nonmotile cilia act as antennae, sensing environmental cues and metabolic compounds and initiating specific cellular responses. (els.net)

Ciliates are microscopic organisms that possess motile cilia exclusively and use them for either locomotion or to simply move liquid over their surface. (rug.nl)
The structure of respiratory tract cilia has been the subject of many previous microscopic studies. (mcponline.org)
He and his team use the microscopic green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , which has two individual cilia. (medgadget.com)
By studying microscopic hairs called cilia on algae, researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have found that an internal structure that helps build cilia is also responsible for a cell's response to external signals. (rxpgnews.com)

Through a series of experiments, the researchers showed that oral groove cilia appear to have different molecular motors than the rest of a paramecium's cilia. (eurekalert.org)
Utilizing high-throughput screening, we were able view a wider array of the genes implicated in ciliopathies and enact systematic approaches, which enabled us to gain deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of cilia formation," said Gleeson. (ucsd.edu)
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles for sensing of the extracellular milieu and transducing this information into the cell through a variety of molecular signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
But before Kintner and his team could get to the bottom of cilia polarity, they had to enlist the help of electron microscopy expert Richard Jacobs, Ph.D., a research specialist in the lab of Howard Hughes Medical investigator Charles Stevens, a professor in the Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory. (phys.org)

Q. Wang, J. Pan, W. J. Snell, Intraflagellar transport particles participate directly in cilium-generated signaling in Chlamydomonas . (sciencemag.org)
Pathological mutations occur in genes necessary for cilia morphogenesis or maintenance via intraflagellar transport, disrupting primary cilia function. (qiagen.com)
They generated kidney cells that had lost expression of intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88), a protein that is also required for proper cilium formation. (eurekalert.org)

Cilium , plural cilia , short eyelashlike filament that is numerous on tissue cells of most animals and provides the means for locomotion of protozoans of the phylum Ciliophora. (britannica.com)
[1] the plural is cilia ) is an organelle found on eukaryotic cells and are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body . (rug.nl)
1715, from Latin cilia , plural of cilium "eyelid, eyelash," perhaps related to celare "to cover, hide," from PIE root *kel- "to conceal" (see cell ), but words for this part of the face can be tricky (see brow ). (thesaurus.com)
noun Plural of cilium . (wordnik.com)
noun Irregular plural form of cilium . (wordnik.com)

While the new material isn't exactly like cilia, it responds to thermal, chemical, and electromagnetic stimulation, allowing researchers to control it and opening unlimited possibilities for future use. (innovations-report.com)

Furthermore, the protein content of EVs is very different depending on the length of the cilia. (eurekalert.org)

Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro, left, and first Lady Cilia Flores gesture to the media as they arrive for a session with the Constituent Assembly in Caracas, Venezuela, Thursday, May 24, 2018. (nationalpost.com)
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro, First Lady Cilia Flores and. (gettyimages.com)
VENEZUELA, CARACAS - JUNE 24: Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro(C), First Lady Cilia Flores (R) and Diosdado Cabello, president of the Congress (L) attend the official acts at the National Pantheon in Caracas, Venezuela on June 24, 2015 to pay tribute to Venezuelan hero Pedro Camejo, a black officer in the army of Simon Bolivar who was killed on June 24, 1821 in the Battle of Carabobo. (gettyimages.com)

How is immotile cilia syndrome differentiated from acute sinusitis (sinus infection)? (medscape.com)
Immotile cilia syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with recurrent chest infections and/or pulmonary consolidation, sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and Kartagener syndrome. (medscape.com)
Cilia cross section shows evidence of immotile cilia syndrome. (histology-world.com)

Cilia are microtubule-based cell surface protrusions that extend from the basal body (centriole), and nonmotile primary cilia are present on most vertebrate cells. (pnas.org)
The node cells of each mutant embryo lacked all nonmotile primary cilia. (sciencemag.org)

The meeting will culminate with talks aimed at the interplay between cilia, cytoskeleton and cancer and how these processes can be targeted therapeutically. (biochemistry.org)
Cilia, Cytoskeleton and Cancer has been approved for the purposes of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) by the Society of Biology. (biochemistry.org)
Approval signifies that the Society of Biology recognizes the Cilia, Cytoskeleton and Cancer event is of merit to the development needs of participants. (biochemistry.org)

Fifty years after the discovery of dyneins in motile cilia, much remains to be learned about the structure and mechanism of these complex organelles. (biomedcentral.com)
Because both anterograde and retrograde IFT are essential for positive and negative responses to Hh, and because cilia are present on Hh responsive cells, it is likely that cilia act as organelles that are required for all activity of the mouse Hh pathway. (pnas.org)
Whereas motile cilia are typically found in large bundles and beat synchronously to generate fluid flow, primary cilia (with the exception of those found at the embryonic node) are generally immotile and are found as solitary organelles. (nih.gov)
motile cilia and non-motile , or primary , cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. (rug.nl)
Cilia are hairlike organelles on the surfaces of many animal and lower plant cells that serve to move fluid over the cell's surface or to 'row' single cells through a fluid. (arn.org)
It is evident that cilia are sensory organelles, playing a pivotal role in both development and homeostasis, responding to both mechanical and chemical stimuli and are key regulators of multiple signalling pathways including Hedgehog, cAMP, MAPK, Wnt and calcium. (biochemistry.org)

Defects in genes that are involved in cilia development or function can cause complicated syndromes, called ciliopathies, that involve multiple organs and tissues. (nih.gov)
Researchers have identified several genes that are essential to form and maintain cilia. (nih.gov)
A team of scientists at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have identified a network of genes that initiate and manage cilia formation. (ucsd.edu)
professor of neurosciences and pediatrics at UC San Diego and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, and Joon Kim, a UC San Diego postdoctoral fellow, utilized a high-throughput, cell-based screen to evaluate the impact of more than 8,000 genes and their relation to cilia function and development. (ucsd.edu)
Mutations in genes that encode cilia can lead to disorders known as ciliopathies. (cshlpress.com)
This alga allows researchers to manipulate genes and study the resulting effects on cilia in a way that would be impossible in animals such as mice. (medgadget.com)

Epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are specifically expressed along the entire length of cilia apparently serve as sensors that regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia. (rug.nl)
Delicate, hair-like filaments, not unlike the pile on velvet, called cilia , spring from the epithelial lining of the air tubes. (wordnik.com)
Nodal cilia have been shown to be important for the determination of situs ( 3 ), and recently the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells has been demonstrated to be responsive to flow ( 4 ). (mcponline.org)
Using the cilia-coated epithelial cells of Xenopus embryos, Werner et al. (rupress.org)
Cilia is a slender organelle that extends above the free surface of an epithelial cell and generally undergoes cycles of movement. (blausen.com)

However, research over the past decade has established that the primary cilium is capable of transducing essential signaling information from the extracellular milieu. (nih.gov)
In mammalian and fish embryos, a cilia-driven leftward flow of extracellular fluid is required for initiation of the Nodal cascade. (nih.gov)

The discovery of Kurly's role in cilia movement and orientation stemmed from work in the Burdine lab on fetal organ development, specifically an investigation of mutations that alter the left-right asymmetric orientation of the heart. (princeton.edu)
Mutations in the gene DNAI1, which render cilia immotile, account for about 10 percent of all human cases of PCD, while the loss of functional Spag6 and TEKT2A/B, both essential components of cilia, cause a PCD-like disease in mice. (phys.org)

Summary of factors that regulate the assembly or disassembly of cilia. (nih.gov)
Additionally, several factors, including components involved in the IFT-A complex, axonemal deacetylation, axonemal microtubule depolymerization, and actin polymerization negatively regulate cilium assembly. (nih.gov)
Recent studies suggest that primary cilia regulate the cell cycle, giving them a potential role in carcinogenesis. (qiagen.com)
Recently, it was shown that primary cilia regulate a special kind of proteasome which is essential for proper Hedgehog signalling. (nih.gov)
Not only do cilia normally regulate many of the cellular signalling pathways commonly perturbed in cancer, but the ability to form cilia is lost in many transformed cells and indeed primary cilium can both mediate and suppress Hedgehog pathway-dependent tumourigenesis. (biochemistry.org)

Here we describe the structure and distinct functional roles of cilia in sensory organs like the inner ear, the olfactory epithelium, and the retina of the mouse. (mdpi.com)
The roles of cilia in coordinating cellular responses to environmental stimuli via cell signaling pathways (e.g. (cshlpress.com)

Cilia genetic defects are linked to a number of human diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, respiratory distress, hearing loss, infertility, and left-right patterning disorders such as the one Burdine studies. (princeton.edu)

Defects in the cilium, and the structure from which it arises, the basal body, have been shown to cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging from developmental defects to obesity, diabetes, and cancer. (nih.gov)
Ciliopathies are a newly emerging group of genetic diseases caused by defects in the function or structure of cellular primary cilia. (ucsd.edu)
Genetic defects in cilia can cause people to develop debilitating kidney disease or to be born with learning disabilities, extra fingers or toes, or the inability to smell. (rxpgnews.com)

Practical and cutting-edge, Cilia: Methods and Protocols is broad and covers motile, sensory, and primary cells. (springer.com)
Researchers gained insights into a key protein involved in forming cilia-hair-like extensions found on cells throughout the body. (nih.gov)
Liver cells from wild-type embryos (left) and embryos lacking Cc2d2a (right) show cilia in green (arrowheads point to examples). (nih.gov)
Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated regulation of cGMP in ciliated cells is presented in the context of alcohol-induced cilia function and dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
Do Plant Cells Have Cilia? (gardenguides.com)
In animal cells, cilia perform a variety of functions. (gardenguides.com)
Animal cells have cilia, but plant cells typically do not. (gardenguides.com)
In general, however, plant cells do not have cilia. (gardenguides.com)
On the top we see the cilia, labeled (H). They are attached to columnar cells, labeled (I). The cilia sweep the mucous produced in the goblet cells, labeled (J) as well as mucous coming from deeper glands within the lungs and the particulate matter trapped in the mucous. (whyquit.com)
Not only is the smoker more prone to infection from the loss of the cleansing mechanism of the cilia, but these abnormal cells (O) are cancerous squamous cells. (whyquit.com)
Primary cilia are small, hair-like appendages attached to the surface of human cells. (ucsd.edu)
Motile cilia are also present in the oviduct, the epididymis, and the eppendymal cells of the brain. (mcponline.org)
The researchers at Princeton University and Northwestern University found that the protein, which goes by the name C21orf59 or "Kurly," is needed for cilia to undulate to keep fluid moving over the surface of cells. (princeton.edu)
In frogs, the cilia on skin cells help move fluid along the surface of the animal during its larval stage. (princeton.edu)
Analysis showed that the cilia signaling process was similar to that found in human cells, such as those in the nose involved in the sense of smell and those in the developing nervous system that sculpt our brains. (medgadget.com)
Immunogold labeling of Exoc5-myc (a component of the exocyst) in MDCK cells shows black dots along the primary cilium (arrowheads) and associated vesicles (arrows). (eurekalert.org)
Virtually every cell has a primary cilium that functions to senses fluid flow, transmits chemical signals to other cells and controls cell growth. (eurekalert.org)
New work from researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), published online on Nov. 6 by the Journal of Biological Chemistry , shows that primary cilia generate approximately 60% of the small EVs produced by renal tubule cells and that manipulation of cilium length affects the production of EVs. (eurekalert.org)
This is the first real demonstration in mammalian cells that ectosomes, EVs produced by primary cilia as opposed to exosomes, which are EVs that are similar in size but form in the multivesicular bodies of the cell, are so prominent. (eurekalert.org)
The cells that lost EXOC5 had very short or absent cilia and also produced fewer EVs. (eurekalert.org)
On the other hand, cells that made more EXOC5 had longer cilia and produced significantly more EVs. (eurekalert.org)
Two ciliated cells showing cilia (green) and basal bodies (red). (phys.org)
Each mature ciliated cell has up to 200 cilia, which have to co-ordinate their movements to orient their effective stroke in the same direction as their cellmates and all the cilia on neighboring cells. (phys.org)
In collaboration with the Kintner lab, Jacobs helped develop an assay that allowed postdoctoral researcher and first author Brian Mitchell, Ph.D., to determine the polarity of cilia by scoring the orientation of hundreds of basal feet in Xenopus larvae, whose skin is covered with multi-ciliated cells. (phys.org)
Analyzing skin explants taken during early embryonic development, Mitchell discovered that, early on, when ciliated cells begin to differentiate in the skin but have not yet generated a significant fluid flow, all cilia roughly point towards the back end of the frog larvae. (phys.org)
Although the cilia could move without IFT and bind to the molecules of the cilia of the opposite type, those cells were unable to respond to the signaling molecules. (rxpgnews.com)

Functioning of the primary cilium has been recently connected to autophagy, a pathway for degradation of cellular components in lysosomes. (nih.gov)
There will be structured sessions describing fundamental cellular processes in cilia, cytoskeletal and tumour biology and how dysregulation can initiate disease. (biochemistry.org)
With such a range of abilities, cilia serve as both motors and "cellular antennae," said Dr. William Snell, a professor of cell biology at UT Southwestern and senior author of new research on cilia published in the May 5 issue of Cell. (rxpgnews.com)

Capable of beating in unison, cilia move mammalian ova through oviducts, generate water currents to carry food and oxygen past the gills of clams, carry food through the digestive systems of snails, circulate cerebrospinal fluid of animals, and clean debris from the respiratory systems of mammals. (britannica.com)
Examples of cilia in action range from the unicellular spermatozoa, which oscillate their flagellum to propel themselves through fluid, and a complex cilia-based motion in the brain, which spatiotemporally regulates a complex network of distribution channels in the brain allowing for directed and controlled transport of substances through the ventricles. (news-medical.net)
The functioning of motile cilia is strongly dependent on the maintenance of optimal levels of fluid bathing the cilia. (rug.nl)
They also found that the protein is needed during development to properly orient the cilia so that they are facing the right direction to move the fluid. (princeton.edu)
In the zebrafish kidney, the researchers found that the Kurly protein enabled cilia to orient themselves in a uniform direction, and most importantly, in the proper direction to facilitate the flow of fluid along the narrow channels in the kidney. (princeton.edu)
In both cases, knocking out the gene for Kurly caused the cilia to orient incorrectly thereby losing their ability to move in the waving fashion that helps push fluid along. (princeton.edu)
It has been known for some time that cilia are important for a number of jobs, from sensing the environment to facilitating fluid flow, to ensuring that the lungs excrete inhaled contaminants. (princeton.edu)
All the cilia beat in the same direction to generate directed, fluid flow. (phys.org)

The protein is part of a complex structure called the basal body, from which cilia grow. (nih.gov)

it functions to sort, modify and permit entry of only membrane and protein constituents destined for transport and incorporation into the developing cilium. (els.net)
The CC2D2A protein was thought to be a structural protein needed for cilia growth, but its precise functions have been unclear. (nih.gov)
Protein which is involved in the formation, organization, maintenance and degradation of the cilium, a cell surface projection found at the surface of a large proportion of eukaryotic. (uniprot.org)
The scientists also identified protein groups that are key modulators between cilia and the endocytic recycling pathway. (ucsd.edu)
Cilia with a mutant form of the Kurly protein are wild and disorganized. (princeton.edu)
The researchers also found that the mutation they discovered rendered the Kurly protein sensitive to temperature, and used this trait to find that the Kurly protein may be involved in initiating movement rather than keeping the cilia moving once they've started. (princeton.edu)
One of the key components of ciliogenesis - the process of generating a cilium - is the exocyst, an eight-protein complex that is highly conserved and was first discovered in yeast. (eurekalert.org)

As the pivotal link between tumourigenesis and cilia function is emerging, this meeting will represent a timely opportunity to bring together researchers from the fields of cancer and cytoskeletal/cilia biology. (biochemistry.org)

Ciliopathy-associated gene Cc2d2a promotes assembly of subdistal appendages on the mother centriole during cilia biogenesis. (nih.gov)

Although these models have provided a wealth of information, to understand the structure and regulation of human cilia it is clear that complementary studies of human material are required. (mcponline.org)
The gene for Kurly has also been detected in relation to human cilia disorders, so the work may have an impact on understanding the mechanisms of human disease, Grimes added. (princeton.edu)

To find out whether people with inherited conditions that affect cilia also had different sensation thresholds, the researchers recruited nine patients with BBS, an inherited disorder characterized by obesity, polydactyly and vision loss. (innovations-report.com)
Uncovering this series of reactions will make it possible to test, for instance, drugs that can affect cilia, in the hope of finding substances that would also be effective in higher animals, Dr. Snell said. (medgadget.com)

Martin Cilia (born December 1958) is an English-born Australian musician. (wikipedia.org)

In this work, a new microfluidic concept that utilizes a series of magnetically actuated artificial cilia integrated into a microchannel was employed to control the orientation of zebrafish larvae with a validated axial rotation capability. (springer.com)

Upon Maduro's tight victory in the 2013 presidential election over Henrique Capriles, Cilia Flores became Venezuela's First Lady, a position that had been vacant since 2003. (wikipedia.org)

[11] The primary non-motile cilia has a "9+0" axonemal structure and is divided into subdomains. (rug.nl)

Many of these diseases, or ciliopathies, are manifested as genetic syndromes, such as Joubert syndrome, Bardet-Biedel (BBS), Meckel-Gruber (MKS), and Nephronophthisis (NPHP), illustrating the importance of understanding cilium structure and function and the mechanisms required for its assembly. (nih.gov)
Recently, researchers like Nico Katsanis, Ph.D., associate professor at Johns Hopkins' McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, have found that cilia are important for many other biological processes, including three of our five senses: vision, hearing, and smell (ciliopathies are often characterized by loss or deficiency in these senses). (innovations-report.com)

Their study, published in Nature , reveals that during early embryonic development, cilia point more or less in the general direction of the body's back end and start creating a weak flow. (phys.org)

Postdoctoral Associates Barr Laboratory, Rutgers University We are looking for one or two postdocs to study neurogenetics or to model genetic diseases of cilia in C. elegans. (bio.net)

The latter encodes a subunit of a kinesin-II IFT motor required for nodal cilia formation. (sciencemag.org)
Here we show that a cilia-driven leftward flow precedes asymmetric nodal expression in the frog Xenopus. (nih.gov)

The cilia play an instrumental role in the trachea where the beating motion, together with the overlying mucosa, clear the airways of obstruction. (news-medical.net)
For one, the trachea is lined with millions of tiny hairs called cilia that trap any gunk you might have breathed in. (wordnik.com)

Some of the signaling with these cilia occur through ligand binding such as Hedgehog signaling. (rug.nl)
Hedgehog Meets the Cilia? (sciencemag.org)
Control of Hedgehog Signalling by the Cilia-Regulated Proteasome. (nih.gov)
Today, it is known that tiny cell protrusions, known as primary cilia, are necessary to mediate Hedgehog signalling in vertebrates. (nih.gov)
One of these questions is: How do primary cilia control Hedgehog signalling in vertebrates? (nih.gov)
This review article will cover this novel cilia-proteasome association in embryonic Hedgehog signalling and discuss the possibilities provided by future investigations on this topic. (nih.gov)

The amount of water in the body generally decreases with age, which in turn decreases the action of tiny hairs, called cilia , in the nose that help wash it out. (wordnik.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms6

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs8

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Interactions of membrane potential and cations in regulation of ciliary activity in Paramecium. (1/2505)

Involvement of protein kinase C in 5-HT-stimulated ciliary activity in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. (2/2505)

Immunocytochemical and morphological evidence for intracellular self-repair as an important contributor to mammalian hair cell recovery. (3/2505)

Interplay between the NO pathway and elevated [Ca2+]i enhances ciliary activity in rabbit trachea. (4/2505)

Scanning electron microscopy of lithium-induced exogastrulae of Xenopus laevis. (5/2505)

Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing. (6/2505)

Situs inversus and embryonic ciliary morphogenesis defects in mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II. (7/2505)

Characterization and expression of the laminin gamma3 chain: a novel, non-basement membrane-associated, laminin chain. (8/2505)

Cilia

Photoreceptor Connecting Cilium

Axoneme

Ciliary Motility Disorders

Kidney Diseases, Cystic

Centrioles

Kartagener Syndrome

Polycystic Kidney Diseases

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

TRPP Cation Channels

Flagella

Hedgehog Proteins

Dyneins

Ependyma

Axonemal Dyneins

Kinesin

Paramecium

Olfactory Mucosa

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Situs Inversus

Centrosome

Zebrafish

Microtubules

Mechanotransduction, Cellular

Body Patterning

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Tubulin

Protein Transport

Rana ridibunda

Signal Transduction

Tetrahymena

Encephalocele

Group II Chaperonins

Shared Paranoid Disorder

Tourette Syndrome

United Nations

Thermotoga maritima

Cation Transport Proteins

Hysteria

Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous

Dictionaries, Medical

Terminology as Topic

Dictionaries as Topic

Eyelashes

Vocabulary, Controlled

Social Sciences

Interactions of membrane potential and cations in regulation of ciliary activity in Paramecium. (1/2505)

Involvement of protein kinase C in 5-HT-stimulated ciliary activity in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. (2/2505)

Immunocytochemical and morphological evidence for intracellular self-repair as an important contributor to mammalian hair cell recovery. (3/2505)

Interplay between the NO pathway and elevated [Ca2+]i enhances ciliary activity in rabbit trachea. (4/2505)

Scanning electron microscopy of lithium-induced exogastrulae of Xenopus laevis. (5/2505)

Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing. (6/2505)

Situs inversus and embryonic ciliary morphogenesis defects in mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II. (7/2505)

Characterization and expression of the laminin gamma3 chain: a novel, non-basement membrane-associated, laminin chain. (8/2505)

The biogenesis maintenance and function of primary cilia are controlled through - MEK Inhibitors Reverse cAMP-Mediated Anxiety

Renal epithelial cells retain primary cilia during human acute renal allograft rejection injury | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

Renal epithelial cells retain primary cilia during human acute renal allograft rejection injury | Garvan Institute of Medical...

The IFT-A complex regulates Shh signaling through cilia structure and membrane protein trafficking<...

Primary cilia have been proposed to participate in the modulation of - Inhibitors of MDM2, ALK and PARP

Dopamine Receptor Type 5 in the Primary Cilia Has Dual Chemo- and Mechano-Sensory Roles | Hypertension

Differential roles for 3-OSTs in the regulation of cilia length and motility | Development

Imaging and analyzing primary cilia in cardiac cells. | Institut Imagine

Intraflagellar transport is essential for endochondral bone formation | Development

Characterization of primary cilia in mouse retina during retinal development | IOVS | ARVO Journals

Sensory Signaling-Dependent Remodeling of Olfactory Cilia Architecture in C. elegans<...

An inducible CiliaGFP mouse model for in vivo visualization and analysis of cilia in live tissue | Cilia | Full Text

function of cilia in trachea

Primary Cilia: The Chemical Antenna Regulating Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Osteogenesis - Semantic Scholar

Search Results - - 3,321 Results - Digital Library

Analysis of cilia dysfunction phenotypes in zebrafish embryos depleted of Origin recognition complex factors | European Journal...

Kinesin motors and primary cilia | Biochemical Society Transactions | Portland Press

Bovine olfactory cilia preparation: thiol-modulated odorant-sensitive by D Lazard, Y Barak et al.

Miyoshi, Ko - OU Author List - OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT REPOSITORY

The Kathryn Anderson Lab: Cilia and Hedgehog Signaling | Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences

Brooks ER and Wallingford JB (2013), The Small GTPase Rsg1 is important for the cyto... - Xenbase Paper

ZFIN Publication: Epting et al., 2015

Fluid mechanics of nodal flow due to embryonic primary cilia | Journal of The Royal Society Interface

Permalien vers [The importance of model organisms to study cilia and flagella biology]

Linking early determinants and cilia-driven leftward flow in left-right axis specification of Xenopus laevis: A theoretical...