Cilia

Photoreceptor Connecting Cilium

Axoneme

Ciliary Motility Disorders

Kidney Diseases, Cystic

Centrioles

Kartagener Syndrome

Polycystic Kidney Diseases

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

TRPP Cation Channels

Flagella

Hedgehog Proteins

Dyneins

Ependyma

Axonemal Dyneins

Kinesin

Paramecium

Olfactory Mucosa

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Tetrahymena pyriformis

Situs Inversus

Centrosome

Zebrafish

Microtubules

Mechanotransduction, Cellular

Body Patterning

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Tubulin

Protein Transport

Rana ridibunda

Signal Transduction

Tetrahymena

Quackery

Hospices

Natural History

F-Box Proteins

S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins

Terminology as Topic

Cilia Flores

Martin Cilia

Cilia (entomology)

Trevor Cilia

Joe Cilia

Rebekah Cilia

Santa Cilia

Rémi Cilia

Cilia Sawadogo

Cilia van Dijk

Cilium

Spodoptera cilium

Simone Cilio

Luciano Cilio

Cilium (disambiguation)

Stefano Cilio

Adetomyrma cilium

Cilia and flagella associated protein 74

Trichonympha

RVxP motif

Eublemma rufipuncta

Cyclotorna egena

Crambus pascuella

Sabatinca doroxena

Crambus uliginosellus

Batrachedra psithyra

Hadena irregularis

Spilarctia castanea

Tanycnema

Yponomeuta cagnagella

Primary cilia20

• Primary cilia are microtubule-based structures present on most mammalian cells that are important for intercellular signaling. (nih.gov)
• We found that endothelial primary cilia were dispensable for mammalian vascular development. (nih.gov)
• Primary cilia : exploitable glioma signaling hubs / Desmond A. Brown. (nih.gov)
• Cilia are categorized as either primary cilia or undulipodia based on obvious structural differences ( Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
• Primary cilia are not able to move themselves, but help cells detect external cues and serve as a signaling hub during development ( Goetz and Anderson, 2010 ). (elifesciences.org)
• All primary cilia contain nine pairs of microtubules that are arranged in a circle to give the so called 9+0 structure. (elifesciences.org)
• There are two types of cilia, primary cilia and undulipodia, which are distinguished by differences in the structure of their axoneme. (elifesciences.org)
• A ) The main Ca 2+ channel for primary cilia has been identified as the PKD1L1/PKD2L1 complex. (elifesciences.org)
• Primary cilia are ubiquitous microtubule-based organelles that project from the mother centriole. (nih.gov)
• Loss of primary cilia also rescues impairment of T-cell proliferation and activation. (nih.gov)
• These data suggest a novel role for primary cilia in modulating glioblastoma-mediated immunosuppression and likely, cancer-mediated immunosuppression more broadly. (nih.gov)
• Photoreceptor-specific ciliopathies often affect a structure that is considered functionally homologous to the ciliary transition zone (TZ) called the connecting cilium (CC). However, it is unclear how mutations in certain ciliary genes disrupt the photoreceptor CC without impacting the primary cilia systemically. (bcm.edu)
• By applying stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy technology in different genetic models, we show that the CC can be partitioned into two regions: the proximal CC (PCC), which is homologous to the TZ of primary cilia, and the distal CC (DCC), a photoreceptor-specific extension of the ciliary TZ. (bcm.edu)
• Primary cilia work as antennae to sense and transduce extracellular signals. (bvsalud.org)
• Recent studies have shown that primary cilia and their associated proteins also function in autophagy and genome stability , which are important players in oncogenesis . (bvsalud.org)
• Abnormal functions of primary cilia may contribute to oncogenesis . (bvsalud.org)
• Indeed, defective cilia can either promote or suppress cancers , depending on the cancer -initiating mutation , and the presence or absence of primary cilia is associated with specific cancer types. (bvsalud.org)
• Together, these findings suggest that primary cilia play important, but distinct roles in different cancer types, opening up a completely new avenue of research to understand the biology and treatment of cancers . (bvsalud.org)
• In this review , we discuss the roles of primary cilia in promoting or inhibiting oncogenesis based on the known or predicted functions of cilia and cilia -associated proteins in several key processes and related clinical implications. (bvsalud.org)
• Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are now known to be present on nearly all differentiated cell types in metazoans. (nih.gov)

Motile cilia6

• Such motile cilia play important roles in the development and health of organisms: They create waves that pump fluid in the brain, for example, and help clear particles trapped in airways. (simonsfoundation.org)
• B ) There are two types of undulipodia: motile cilia and flagella. (elifesciences.org)
• have now identified an L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (Ca v 1 family) as the main Ca 2+ channel for motile cilia. (elifesciences.org)
• This image highlights a healthy patch of motile cilia (yellow) on embryonic skin cells (red) of Xenopus laevis . (nih.gov)
• Propulsion of contaminants out of the lungs by coordinated action of motile cilia is essential for airway function. (biomedcentral.com)
• 12. Microridge-like structures anchor motile cilia. (nih.gov)

Hair-like projections called cilia3

• The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. (medlineplus.gov)
• Almost all eukaryotic cells have hair-like projections called cilia on their surface. (elifesciences.org)
• Many human cells are adorned with hair-like projections called cilia. (nih.gov)

Structures9

• Some genes are responsible for the synthesis, transport, and assembly of the cilia, and mutations in these genes may lead to progressive degeneration of ciliary structures, such as the connecting cilium (9 + 0) of the photoreceptor cells-this is the cause of retinitis pigmentosa. (nih.gov)
• Supporting structures called distal and subdistal appendages, which are like the flying buttresses supporting Notre Dame Cathedral, anchor the platform in the basal body, priming it for the growth of cilia. (nih.gov)
• Once anchored, the structures that form the cilium begin to extend from the site. (nih.gov)
• Looking closely at where the cilia should exist, the researchers saw that the supporting structures needed for cilia to grow were either completely missing or abnormal. (nih.gov)
• One of the more easily recognized cell structures in any cell is cilia or flagella. (brightstorm.com)
• The cilia found in humans and all other vertebrates are built from essentially the same elongated structures known as microtubules . (nih.gov)
• In particular, many sensory neurons in C. elegans exhibit remarkably complex cilia structures, providing an excellent system in which to explore the conserved pathways that couple the generation of specialized cilia morphology to unique cellular and signaling functions. (nih.gov)
• Primary ciliary dyskinesia, or PCD, is a rare disease that affects the tiny, hairlike structures (cilia) that line the airways. (nih.gov)
• Mice that were unable to smell from birth gained the ability to smell when researchers used gene therapy to regrow structures called cilia on cells that detect odor. (nih.gov)

Projections3

• Here is an actual picture of two cells and you can see there's lots of these short little projections that are sticking out of the cell whereas here with this cell has a few flagella but those flagella are much longer than the individual ones that are called cilia. (brightstorm.com)
• the 'feet' were what we now call cilia: thousands of tiny, hairlike projections that oscillate on the surface of many cells, creating waves that can both propel the cell forward and move fluid past a stationary cell. (simonsfoundation.org)
• Cilia are antenna-like projections on cells that help them sense their environment. (nih.gov)

Artificial cilia2

• Current methods for creating metachronal artificial cilia suffer from the complex design and sophisticated actuation schemes. (tue.nl)
• This paper demonstrates a simple method to realize metachronal microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) through control over the paramagnetic particle distribution within the μMAC based on their tendency to align with an applied magnetic field. (tue.nl)

Ciliary5

• The Sendai virus enters cilia by fusing its viral membrane with the ciliary membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
• A recently published study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences provides a new look at how ciliary waves come to be, by developing a model that incorporates the complex biology at work from the nanometer-sized motors that power cilia to the millimeter-scale waves the cilia create. (simonsfoundation.org)
• Ciliary movement is directly associated with the axoneme - a structure made of microtubules that serves as a 'skeleton' and extends along the length of the cilium. (elifesciences.org)
• Direct investigation of the molecular composition of cilia is challenging, mainly due to their small size, the extremely low volume of ciliary cytosol, and the tight structural associations between various molecular components. (elifesciences.org)
• 1. The ciliary rootlet maintains long-term stability of sensory cilia. (nih.gov)

Microscopic4

• In this Viewpoint, we summarize transmission electron microscopic studies of cilia in virus-infected cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
• He and his team use the microscopic green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , which has two individual cilia. (medgadget.com)
• This is the first model that looks at how the microscopic motion of motors powers the cilia to produce waves that are orders of magnitude larger," adds co-author Michael Shelley , CCB director and head of the biophysical modeling group . (simonsfoundation.org)
• The interior of a cilium resembles a microscopic engine. (simonsfoundation.org)

Microtubule-based1

• Cilia are microtubule -based organelles that project from the cell surface with motility or sensory functions . (bvsalud.org)

Photoreceptor2

• SPATA7 maintains a novel photoreceptor-specific zone in the distal connecting cilium. (bcm.edu)
• 7. The proteome of the mouse photoreceptor sensory cilium complex. (nih.gov)

Sensory neurons2

• Cilia are present only on sensory neurons in C. elegans, and as in other organisms, are essential for the unique functions of these neuron types. (nih.gov)
• In the olfactory system, multiple cilia project from olfactory sensory neurons, cells high up in the nasal cavity. (nih.gov)

Genes4

• Because cilia are such a key element of cells, defects in genes that are involved in cilia development or function can cause complicated syndromes involving multiple organs and tissues. (nih.gov)
• More than 50 genes, including Cc2d2a have been discovered that, when defective, can lead to abnormal cilia development and ciliopathy in humans. (nih.gov)
• By continuing to study how these genes work and interact, Dr. Swaroop said he hopes to gain further insight into not just how defects in genes related to cilia development in the retina cause vision problems, but the wider impact of these defects across body system and organs. (nih.gov)
• This alga allows researchers to manipulate genes and study the resulting effects on cilia in a way that would be impossible in animals such as mice. (medgadget.com)

Defects5

• It has been reported that defects in olfactory cilia lead to anosmia. (unboundmedicine.com)
• The finding adds to an expanding body of knowledge about ciliopathies, a class of genetic disorders that result from defects in the structure or function of cilia. (nih.gov)
• Down Syndrome on its own also causes defects to cilia. (wwu.edu)
• I hypothesize that mutations in NPHP1, combined with an extra copy of chromosome 21, increase cilia defects in cells from Down Syndrome individuals. (wwu.edu)
• Disruption of cilia structure or function is linked with a plethora of diseases termed ciliopathies, many of which are characterized by sensory defects. (nih.gov)

Proteins4

• Inside are a variety of proteins essential to maintain the cilium. (nih.gov)
• Specialized nanometer-sized proteins called dyneins slide internal pieces of the cilium past each other, creating bending and movement with a periodic beat. (simonsfoundation.org)
• Our evidence suggests that MTs have two separable PCP functions: MTs are first required in every cell for trafficking PCP proteins to the cortex, and later they interact with and directly align cilia. (biomedcentral.com)
• Our studies reveal strong conservation of PCP mechanisms initially described in Drosophila , and cilia alignment by PCP-oriented MTs provides the first mechanistic description of how asymmetric PCP proteins at the cortex orient cilia along the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)

Defective1

• A genetic error of the respiratory cilia (9 + 2) is the cause of the airways disease named immotile-cilia syndrome (or PCD), whereas defective ependymal cilia (9 + 2) carries an increased risk of hydrocephalus. (nih.gov)

Airways3

• Those cilia line the inner surface of the airways and help to clear mucus (yellow-green) containing dust and other debris from the lungs. (nih.gov)
• Some people are born with problems with the cilia that prevent them from moving the mucus out of the airways. (nih.gov)
• Currently, there is no treatment to fix the cilia, but an early diagnosis can allow you or your child to treat sinus and lung infections and take other steps needed to keep the airways and lungs as healthy as possible. (nih.gov)

Environmental cues2

• Cilia sense environmental cues, play crucial roles in organ development, and are responsible for moving cells and fluids. (elifesciences.org)
• Cilia house signaling molecules that transduce environmental cues and regulate cellular homeostasis and organismal development. (nih.gov)

Olfactory2

• Cilia on the surface of the olfactory epithelium. (nih.gov)
• The mutation causes a decrease in the IFT88 protein, which leads to a dramatic reduction in cilia function in several different organ systems, including the olfactory system. (nih.gov)

Polycystic kidney1

• Genetic disorders of the cilia, known as ciliopathies, include diseases as diverse as polycystic kidney disease and retinitis pigmentosa-an inherited, degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment and blindness. (nih.gov)

Researchers4

• Researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI) have described the functions of a gene responsible for anchoring cilia - sensory hair-like extensions present on almost every cell of the body. (nih.gov)
• When they looked at the tissues of the mutant mice in very early stages of development, researchers found very few to no cilia, suggesting the gene plays a critical role at an early time. (nih.gov)
• The questions for researchers have been: How exactly do groups of cilia coordinate their motions to collectively produce the waves that are so important in biological processes? (simonsfoundation.org)
• That's why researchers can learn a lot about human cilia by studying frogs. (nih.gov)

Eukaryotic1

• Cilia and flagella are tube-like appendages which allow for motion in eukaryotic cells. (brightstorm.com)

Glioblastoma1

• Biophysical characterization of EVs derived from glioblastoma cells are unchanged following cilia loss. (nih.gov)

Microscopy1

• 17. Super-Resolution Microscopy and FIB-SEM Imaging Reveal Parental Centriole-Derived, Hybrid Cilium in Mammalian Multiciliated Cells. (nih.gov)

Flagella3

• Now when you look at them it's very easy to get them kind of confused when you're first studying but the basics differences pretty easy to spot cause essentially, with cilia you'll have lots of them but individual they're small compared to the flagella where you'll have many sorry you'll have long ones but not too many of them. (brightstorm.com)
• Well if we take a look at the basic structure of any cilia or flagella you'll see that they are essentially this column of microtubules that are covered in membrane and if you look at the shaft of the flagella you'll see you have these pairs of microtubules there's a set of 9 of them. (brightstorm.com)
• And that's how cilia and flagella work. (brightstorm.com)

Cells9

• Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms. (medlineplus.gov)
• Cilia are responsible for cell communication and play a key role in the receptor cells of sensory systems. (nih.gov)
• On individual cells, cilia grow from the basal body, a circular dent on the outer membrane acting as a platform. (nih.gov)
• Cilia are present on a subset of endothelial cells where they project into the vessel lumen and are implicated as mechanical sensors of blood flow. (nih.gov)
• To test the in vivo role of endothelial cilia, we conditionally deleted Ift88, a gene required for ciliogenesis, in endothelial cells of mice. (nih.gov)
• Analysis showed that the cilia signaling process was similar to that found in human cells, such as those in the nose involved in the sense of smell and those in the developing nervous system that sculpt our brains. (medgadget.com)
• To test if NPHP1 combines with an additional copy of chromosome 21 to alter primary cilium function, I will examine where NPHP1 localizes and how NPHP1 expression alters cilia in control cells and Down Syndrome cells. (wwu.edu)
• This colorized scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shows SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung cells (purple) covered in hair-like cilia (blue). (nih.gov)
• This study shows that gene therapy can be used to restore functional cilia in established cells. (nih.gov)

Metachronal1

• Biological cilia often perform metachronal motion, that is, neighboring cilia move out of phase creating a travelling wave, which enables highly efficient fluid pumping and body locomotion. (tue.nl)

Ciliogenesis1

• Despite increased focus on this critically important cellular structure, the mechanisms that link ciliogenesis and cilia structure to cilia-based signaling remain to be fully elucidated.The nematode C. elegans provides an excellent model for the study of ciliogenesis and sensory signaling. (nih.gov)

Genetic1

• I have identified a strong genetic candidate called NPHP1 that disrupts a structure called the primary cilium-a vital signaling structure that is essential for human development. (wwu.edu)

Mechanisms3

• Both the mechanisms of identity allocation require the Cilium Operator to perform the garbage collection of stale identities. (cilium.io)
• The mechanisms of cilia polarization remain poorly explored. (biomedcentral.com)
• In her presentation, Dr. Sengupta will describe recent and ongoing work in the lab on mechanisms that generate and maintain cilia structural diversity in C. elegans, and discuss the complex interplay between cilia architecture and sensory neuron function. (nih.gov)

Motions1

• Cilia move together in wavelike motions. (nih.gov)

Structural2

• Cc2d2a is believed to make a structural protein needed for cilia growth, but its precise functions have been unclear. (nih.gov)
• This gene appears to play a key role in building structural support for the development of the cilia. (nih.gov)

Signals2

• They found that when the external molecule binds to a cilium, it activates an enzyme that signals the start of a chain of chemical reactions. (medgadget.com)
• Cilia critically control proliferation by mediating cell -extrinsic signals and by regulating cell cycle entry. (bvsalud.org)

Studying2

• Studying the function and structure of cilia has become an active field of research that touches on many different organs and biological systems. (nih.gov)
• Studying cilia in people can be pretty challenging. (nih.gov)

Function2

• In addition, since the research looked at the structure and function of cilia, these discoveries might be useful for the development of nanotechnologies. (medgadget.com)
• Cby1 promotes Ahi1 recruitment to a ring-shaped domain at the centriole-cilium interface and facilitates proper cilium formation and function. (nih.gov)

Pathways1

• Beyond these obvious differences in structure, differences in the molecular pathways that control how the cilia work remained largely unknown. (elifesciences.org)

Cell5

• Without this support, cilia are prevented from anchoring in the cell," said Dr. Swaroop. (nih.gov)
• The team focused on fertilization of the alga, a process that requires a cilium to bind to a molecule on a cilium from a cell of the opposite mating type. (medgadget.com)
• If a cell has a single appendage, which often looks tail-like, it is called a flagellum, but if it has many, they are called cilia . (brightstorm.com)
• The motion of the cilia or flagellum moves the liquid outside the cell and if the cell is not anchored, it can "swim. (brightstorm.com)
• But how do cilia differ among various cell types? (elifesciences.org)

Diseases1

• These results could lead to one of the first therapeutic options for treating people with congenital anosmia," says NIDCD Director Dr. James F. Battey, Jr. "They also set the stage for therapeutic approaches to treating diseases that involve cilia dysfunction in other organ systems, many of which can be fatal if left untreated. (nih.gov)

Diversity1

• The diversity of cilia. (elifesciences.org)

Appendages1

• Ciliopathy-associated gene Cc2d2a promotes assembly of subdistal appendages on the mother centriole during cilia biogenesis. (nih.gov)

Human1

• There are at least eight categories of cilia in the human body and malfunctioning of any one or several of them will have different consequences for the patient. (nih.gov)

Smell2

• TY - JOUR T1 - COVID-19, cilia, and smell. (unboundmedicine.com)
• A loss of these cilia results in a loss of the ability to smell, which is called anosmia. (nih.gov)

Generate1

• This beating movement synchronizes across the hundreds to thousands of cilia spread over a surface to generate waves that travel through the cilia - like an invisible finger running along blades of grass. (simonsfoundation.org)

Arrangement1

• Finally, the model examined how the arrangement of cilia on a surface impacted wave formation. (simonsfoundation.org)

Development1

• These same sites are predisposed to the development of atherosclerotic plaques, prompting us to investigate whether cilia participate in atherosclerosis. (nih.gov)

Mice2

• They show in a mouse model that without the gene Cc2d2a, cilia throughout the body failed to grow, and the mice died during the embryonic stage. (nih.gov)
• Removing endothelial cilia increased atherosclerosis in Apoe(-/-) mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, indicating that cilia protect against atherosclerosis. (nih.gov)

Bind1

• These cilia have receptors on their surfaces that bind odorants. (nih.gov)

Synchronizes1

• Similar to K8s services, Cilium Operator also synchronizes Kubernetes nodes information to the shared KVStore. (cilium.io)

Surface1

• We study the beating kinematics and pumping performance of a magnetically actuated artificial cilium attached to a surface using a bead spring model. (edpsciences.org)

Important1

• By building a biophysical model that incorporates real-world biological complexity, scientists discover important links between the nanometer-sized motors that power a cell's cilia and the macroscopic fluid flows their collective beating creates. (simonsfoundation.org)

Investigation1

• Thus, future investigation into the virus-cilium interface will help further the battle against COVID-19. (unboundmedicine.com)