Ciguatoxins
Ciguatera Poisoning
Neurology of ciguatera. (1/37)
Ciguatera is a widespread ichthyosarcotoxaemia with dramatic and clinically important neurological features. This severe form of fish poisoning may present with either acute or chronic intoxication syndromes and constitutes a global health problem. Ciguatera poisoning is little known in temperate countries as a potentially global problem associated with human ingestion of large carnivorous fish that harbour the bioaccumulated ciguatoxins of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. This neurotoxin is stored in the viscera of fish that have eaten the dinoflagellate and concentrated it upwards throughout the food chain towards progressively larger species, including humans. Ciguatoxin accumulates in all fish tissues, especially the liver and viscera, of "at risk" species. Both Pacific (P-CTX-1) and Caribbean (C-CTX-1) ciguatoxins are heat stable polyether toxins and pose a health risk at concentrations above 0.1 ppb. The presenting signs of ciguatera are primarily neurotoxic in more than 80% of cases. Such include the pathognomonic features of postingestion paraesthesiae, dysaesthesiae, and heightened nociperception. Other sensory abnormalities include the subjective features of metallic taste, pruritus, arthralgia, myalgia, and dental pain. Cerebellar dysfunction, sometimes diphasic, and weakness due to both neuropathy and polymyositis may be encountered. Autonomic dysfunction leads to hypotension, bradycardia, and hypersalivation in severe cases. Ciguatoxins are potent, lipophilic sodium channel activator toxins which bind to the voltage sensitive (site 5) sodium channel on the cell membranes of all excitable tissues. Treatment depends on early diagnosis and the early administration of intravenous mannitol. The early identification of the neurological features in sentinel patients has the potential to reduce the number of secondary cases in cluster outbreaks. (+info)Total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C. (2/37)
More than 20,000 people suffer annually from ciguatera seafood poisoning in subtropical and tropical regions. The extremely low content of the causative neurotoxins, designated as ciguatoxins, in fish has hampered the isolation, detailed biological studies, and preparation of anti-ciguatoxin antibodies for detecting these toxins. The large (3 nanometers long) and complicated molecular structure of ciguatoxins has impeded chemists from completing their total synthesis. Our highly convergent strategic approach featuring the chemoselective ring-closing metathesis reaction as a key tactic has enabled the total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C, which will provide a practical supply for further studies. (+info)Pacific ciguatoxin-1b effect over Na+ and K+ currents, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate content and intracellular Ca2+ signals in cultured rat myotubes. (3/37)
1. The action of the main ciguatoxin involved in ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific region (P-CTX-1b) was studied in myotubes originated from rat skeletal muscle cells kept in primary culture. 2. The effect of P-CTX-1b on sodium currents at short times of exposure (up to 1 min) showed a moderate increase in peak Na+ current. During prolonged exposures, P-CTX-1b decreased the peak Na+ current. This action was always accompanied by an increase of leakage currents, tail currents and outward Na+ currents, resulting in an intracellular Na+ accumulation. This effect is blocked by prior exposure to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and becomes evident only after washout of TTX. 3. Low to moderate concentrations of P-CTX-1b (2-5 nM) partially blocked potassium currents in a manner that was dependent on the membrane potential. 4. P-CTX-1b (2-12 nM) caused a small membrane depolarization (3-5 mV) and an increase in the frequency of spontaneous action potential discharges that reached in general low frequencies (0.1-0.5 Hz). 5. P-CTX-1b (10 nM) caused a transient increase of intracellular inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) mass levels, which was blocked by TTX. 6. In the presence of P-CTX-1b (10 nM) and in the absence of external Ca2+, the intracellular Ca2+ levels show a transient increase in the cytoplasm as well as in the nuclei. The time course of this effect may reflect the action of IP(3) over internal stores activated by P-CTX-1b-induced membrane depolarization. (+info)A quantitative and comparative study of the effects of a synthetic ciguatoxin CTX3C on the kinetic properties of voltage-dependent sodium channels. (4/37)
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are known to bind to receptor site 5 of the voltage-dependent Na channel, but the toxin's physiological effects are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of a ciguatoxin congener (CTX3C) on three different Na-channel isoforms, rNa(v)1.2, rNa(v)1.4, and rNa(v)1.5, which were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells. The toxin (1.0 micromol l(-1)) shifted the activation potential (V(1/2) of activation curve) in the negative direction by 4-9 mV and increased the slope factor (k) from 8 mV to between 9 and 12 mV (indicative of decreased steepness of the activation curve), thereby resulting in a hyperpolarizing shift of the threshold potential by 30 mV for all Na channel isoforms. The toxin (1.0 micromol l(-1)) significantly accelerated the time-to-peak current from 0.62 to 0.52 ms in isoform rNa(v)1.2. Higher doses of the toxin (3-10 micromol l(-1)) additionally decreased time-to-peak current in rNa(v)1.4 and rNa(v)1.5. A toxin effect on decay of I(Na) at -20 mV was either absent or marginal even at relatively high doses of CTX3C. The toxin (1 micromol l(-1)) shifted the inactivation potential (V(1/2) of inactivation curve) in the negative direction by 15-18 mV in all isoforms. I(Na) maxima of the I-V curve (at -20 mV) were suppressed by application of 1.0 micromol l(-1) CTX3C to a similar extent (80-85% of the control) in all the three isoforms. Higher doses of CTX3C up to 10 micromol l(-1) further suppressed I(Na) to 61-72% of the control. Recovery from slow inactivation induced by a depolarizing prepulse of intermediate duration (500 ms) was dramatically delayed in the presence of 1.0 micromol l(-1) CTX3C, as time constants describing the monoexponential recovery were increased from 38+/-8 to 588+/-151 ms (n=5), 53+/-6 to 338+/-85 ms (n=4), and 23+/-3 to 232+/-117 ms (n=3) in rNa(v)1.2, rNa(v)1.4, and rNa(v)1.5, respectively. CTX3C exerted multimodal effects on sodium channels, with simultaneous stimulatory and inhibitory aspects, probably due to the large molecular size (3 nm in length) and lipophilicity of this membrane-spanning toxin. (+info)First- and second-generation total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C. (5/37)
More than 20,000 people suffer annually from ciguatera seafood poisoning in subtropical and tropical regions. The extremely low content of the causative neurotoxins, designated as ciguatoxins, in fish has hampered isolation, detailed biological studies, and preparation of anti-ciguatoxin antibodies for detecting these toxins. Furthermore, the large (3 nm in length) and complex molecular structure of ciguatoxins has impeded chemists from completing their total synthesis. In this article, the full details of studies leading to the total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C are provided. The key elements of the first-generation approach include O,O-acetal formation from the right and left wing fragments, conversion from O,O-acetal to O,S-acetal, a radical reaction to cyclize the G ring, a ring-closing metathesis reaction to close the F ring, and final removal of the 2-naphtylmethyl protective groups. Subsequent studies provided a second-generation total synthesis, which is more concise and results in a higher yield. Second-generation synthesis was accomplished by using a direct method of constructing the key intermediate O,S-acetal from alpha-chlorosulfide and a secondary alcohol. These syntheses ensure a practical supply of ciguatoxin for biological applications. (+info)Inhibition of voltage-gated potassium currents by gambierol in mouse taste cells. (6/37)
Ciguatera is a food poisoning caused by toxins of Gambierdiscus toxicus, a marine dinoflagellate. The neurological features of this intoxication include sensory abnormalities, such as paraesthesia, heightened nociperception, and also taste alterations. Here, we have evaluated the effect of gambierol, one of the possible ciguatera toxins, on the voltage-gated ion currents in taste cells. Taste cells are excitable cells endowed with voltage-gated Na+, K+, and Cl- currents (I(Na), I(K), and I(Cl), respectively). By applying the patch-clamp technique to single cells in isolated taste buds obtained from the mouse vallate papilla, we have recorded such currents and determined the effect of bath-applied gambierol. We found that this toxin markedly inhibited I(K) in the nanomolar range (IC50 of 1.8 nM), whereas it showed no significant effect on I(Na) or I(Cl) even at high concentration (1 microM). The block of I(K) was irreversible even after a 50-min wash. In addition to affecting the current amplitude, we found that gambierol significantly altered both the activation and inactivation processes of I(K). In conclusion, unlike other toxins involved in ciguatera, such as ciguatoxins, which affect the functioning of voltage-gated sodium channels, the preferred molecular target of gambierol is the voltage-gated potassium channel, at least in taste cells. Voltage-gated potassium currents play an important role in the generation of the firing pattern during chemotransduction. Thus, gambierol may alter action potential discharge in taste cells and this could be associated with the taste alterations reported in the clinical literature. (+info)Short report: persistent bradycardia caused by ciguatoxin poisoning after barracuda fish eggs ingestion in southern Taiwan. (7/37)
We report an outbreak of ciguatoxin poisoning after barracuda fish ingestion in southern Taiwan. Three members of a family developed nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and myalgias about 1 hour after eating three to ten eggs of a barracuda fish. Numbness of the lips and extremities followed the gastrointestinal symptoms about 2 hours after ingestion. Other manifestations included hyperthermia, hypotension, bradycardia, and hyperreflexia. Bradycardia persisted for several days, and one patient required a continuous infusion of intravenous atropine totaling 40 mg over 2 days. Further follow-up of the patients disclosed improvement of neurologic sequelae and bradycardia, but sensory abnormalities resolved several months later. In conclusion, ciguatoxin poisoning causes mainly gastrointestinal and neurologic effects of variable severity. In two patients with ciguatoxin poisoning after barracuda fish egg ingestion, persistent bradycardia required prolonged atropine infusion. (+info)Uptake, tissue distribution, and excretion of brevetoxin-3 administered to mice by intratracheal instillation. (8/37)
Brevetoxins are a family of potent lipid-soluble neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, the organism responsible for Florida red tide. Brevetoxins aerosolized by surf and wind produce irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat in people on or near red tide-affected beaches. The effects of chronic exposures to brevetoxins on healthy and health-compromised individuals are not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pulmonary uptake, tissue distribution, and excretion of polyether brevetoxin-3 in mice, a rodent model for investigating the potential systemic adverse health effects associated with repeated brevetoxin inhalation. Male CBA/CaJ mice were administered [3H]brevetoxin-3 by intratracheal instillation. Groups of 3 mice were sacrificed immediately after instillation and at 0.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h postinstillation. Four additional mice were placed into metabolism cages for excreta collection up to 168 h postinstillation. Brevetoxin-3 distributed rapidly to all tissues, with the highest initial doses in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Elimination half-times ranged from approximately 28 h for fat, heart, intestines, kidneys, liver, and muscle to approximately 90 h for brain and testes. The total dose to tissue ranged from 39 ng brevetoxin equivalents-h/g for testes to 406 ng brevetoxin equivalents-h/g for liver. Approximately 90% of excretion had occurred within 96 h, with 11 and 64% of the initial brevetoxin dose excreted in urine and feces, respectively. These results are consistent with earlier reports of rapid absorption and widespread tissue distribution of brevetoxins in rats. (+info)Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are a group of heat-stable, lipid-soluble toxins that can cause a type of foodborne illness known as ciguatera fish poisoning. These toxins are produced by microscopic marine dinoflagellates called Gambierdiscus toxicus and other related species, which grow on and around certain types of algae in warm, tropical waters.
When these dinoflagellates are consumed by herbivorous fish, the toxins accumulate in their tissues without causing harm to the fish. However, when larger carnivorous fish eat many smaller herbivorous fish, the concentration of CTXs can increase to potentially harmful levels.
Humans who consume contaminated fish may experience a range of symptoms including gastrointestinal disturbances (such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), neurological symptoms (such as tingling or numbness in the lips, tongue, and other parts of the body, reversal of hot and cold sensations, and muscle weakness), and cardiovascular symptoms (such as low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat).
These symptoms can be severe and may last for several weeks or even months. Currently, there is no specific antidote or treatment for ciguatera fish poisoning, and management typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding consumption of fish known to carry CTXs, such as barracuda, grouper, moray eel, and red snapper, among others.
Ciguatera poisoning is a type of foodborne illness that is caused by consuming seafood (such as fish) that contains ciguatoxins. These toxins are produced by certain types of microalgae that can accumulate in larger marine animals and become concentrated in the flesh of fish.
Ciguatera poisoning is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and neurological symptoms such as tingling or numbness in the lips, tongue, and other parts of the body. In severe cases, it can also cause heart problems, seizures, and even coma.
The severity of ciguatera poisoning can vary widely depending on the amount and type of toxin consumed, as well as individual susceptibility. There is no specific antidote for ciguatera poisoning, and treatment typically involves supportive care such as fluid replacement, pain management, and monitoring for complications.
Prevention measures include avoiding consumption of fish known to carry a high risk of ciguatoxins, particularly larger predatory reef fish such as barracuda, grouper, moray eel, and red snapper. Cooking or freezing the fish does not destroy the toxin, so it is important to choose fish carefully when dining in areas where ciguatera poisoning is common.
"Mercenaria" is a genus of saltwater clams, also known as the "heart cockle" or "quahog." It is a common name and does not have a specific medical definition. The clams are edible and are often used in various dishes, and the shells are sometimes used for crafts or decorative purposes. They are found in the waters of the Atlantic coast of North America, from Canada to Mexico.
Ciguatoxin
Gambierol
In natura
Comet grouper
Ciguatera fish poisoning
Neosaxitoxin
Horse-eye jack
Epinephelus maculatus
Nav1.8
Siganus rivulatus
Yessotoxin
Okadaic acid
Leopard coral grouper
Gambierdiscus pacificus
Gambierdiscus australes
Gambierdiscus polynesiensis
Fish as food
Gambierdiscus
Aluterus schoepfii
Mahi-mahi
Heliotropium arboreum
Yellowfin grouper
Median lethal dose
Painted sweetlips
Grammistin
Brevetoxin
Ether
Bioaccumulation
Domoic acid
Longfin yellowtail
Ciguatoxin - Wikipedia
A Study of Gambierdiscus 'Super Bugs' and Ciguatoxin Fate in Coral Reef Food Webs - NCCOS Coastal Science Website
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Ciguatera12
- Ciguatoxins are a class of toxic polycyclic polyethers found in fish that cause ciguatera. (wikipedia.org)
- Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as ciguatera. (wikipedia.org)
- Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are marine toxins produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, which are transferred through the food webs, reaching humans and causing a poisoning known as ciguatera. (irta.cat)
- Ciguatera is caused by the ingestion of seafood contaminated with algal-derived ciguatoxins (CTX), the precursors of which are produced by benthic and toxigenic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. (southalabama.edu)
- Viscera (48.3 kg) from moray eels (Lycodontis javanicus) collected in a ciguatera endemic area were extracted and the ciguatoxins characterized. (qld.gov.au)
- It has become abundant, but the fishery failed due to concerns about ciguatera fish poisoning, a neurological disease in humans caused by ingestion of fish containing ciguatoxin. (bioone.org)
- Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a severe seafood-borne disease, caused by the consumption of reef fish contaminated with Caribbean ciguatoxins (C-CTXs) in the Caribbean and tropical Atlantic. (niom.no)
- In 1977 he discovers, in the Gambier Islands a microscopic blue-green alga, one of the dinoflagellata, called Gambierdiscus Toxicus , identified by Adachi and Fukuyo as the agent responsible for the synthesis of the toxins in ciguatera, especially ciguatoxin. (asnom.org)
- Bagnis R. : L'ichtiosarcotoxisme de type ciguatera en Nouvelle Calédonie. (asnom.org)
- Ciguatera poisoning is caused by the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins in the flesh of tropical marine fishes. (curvesandchaos.com)
- Ciguatera, also known as ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), is caused by the ingestion of marine fish containing ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are very potent neurotoxins, mainly present in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. (ciguarisk.es)
- Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease mainly in the tropics caused by eating fish containing ciguatoxins (CTXs). (ciguarisk.es)
CTXs3
- It is a debilitating syndrome caused by consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus. (noaa.gov)
- Consuming tropical marine organisms (primarily fish) contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) and related precursors, produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus , causes this debilitating human poisoning syndrome. (noaa.gov)
- Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are genera of toxic dinoflagellates which were mainly considered as endemic to marine intertropical areas, and that are well known as producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs). (lu.se)
Toxins1
- Yessotoxins (YTXs) are ladder-shaped polycyclic ether toxins, structurally related to brevetoxins and ciguatoxins (Ciminiello and Fattorusso, 2008). (units.it)
Toxin2
- It is caused by a toxin known as ciguatoxin. (thefashionablehousewife.com)
- Confirmed pairs responsible for the most outbreaks were ciguatoxin in fish (20 outbreaks), Scombroid toxin (histamine poisoning) in fish (10) and Salmonella in chicken (nine). (foodnavigator.com)
Brevetoxins1
- Brevetoxins are polycyclic ethers that, like ciguatoxin , bind to and stimulate sodium flux through voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve and muscle. (medscape.com)
Gambierdiscus2
- Ciguatoxin is produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a type of dinoflagellate. (wikipedia.org)
- 7 Triggers for ciguatoxin (CTX) comes from the dinoflagellate reoccurrence may include consuming seafood, chicken, Gambierdiscus toxicus, which grows predominantly nuts, caffeine or alcohol and strenuous physical activity. (who.int)
Fish7
- CID 5311333 from PubChem - Ciguatoxin 1 CID 6441260 from PubChem - Ciguatoxin 2 CID 6444399 from PubChem - Ciguatoxin 3 CID 6450530 from PubChem - Ciguatoxin 4B (Gambiertoxin 4b) Ciguatoxins do not harm the fish that carry them, but they are poisonous to humans. (wikipedia.org)
- There's this specific fish that feeds off coral reefs," said MAX, as he revealed that this fish gave him and his band ciguatoxin food poisoning. (scmp.com)
- These fish are one of the species most likely to carry ciguatoxins. (charterboatshark.com)
- He has testified on the behalf of plaintiffs who suffered from E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter, Salmonella, ciguatoxin fish poisoning, yeast, and unknown agents. (experts.com)
- No commercial product is available to test for ciguatoxin in fish. (msdmanuals.com)
- 9 In 2010, two families with 22 members experienced ciguatoxin, and its presence does not affect the odor, gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms after eating red colour or taste of the fish. (who.int)
- Both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) test are available to confirm the presence of ciguatoxin in fish flesh but are not used in acute treatment. (medscape.com)
Voltage-gated sodium channels1
- Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening excitatory voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Potent1
- Each ciguatoxin was potent orally. (qld.gov.au)
Dinoflagellates1
- This type is caused by ciguatoxins, which are produced by tiny sea plants called dinoflagellates. (peacehealth.org)
Symptoms2
- Ciguatoxins are lipophilic, able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and can cause both central and peripheral neurologic symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- The headline referred to an article on a new test for ciguatoxin, and the article described our symptoms exactly! (oceannavigator.com)
Humans2
- Overall, 18.2% of C. argus specimens from sites around O'ahu and Hawai'i Island contained ciguatoxin in concentrations potentially harmful to humans. (bioone.org)
- The ciguatoxins can cause sickness when eaten by humans. (charterboatshark.com)
Cases1
- Urine and serum samples of cases were collected for ciguatoxin (CTX) testing by radiological and receptor-binding assay. (who.int)
CTX1B1
- The extensive ring-expansion strategy for the synthesis of tetrahydrooxepin, oxocane, and hexahydrooxonin, which correspond to the D(E), I and F rings of ciguatoxin (CTX1B, 1). (elsevierpure.com)
Maitotoxin1
- Plant-eating fish contain more maitotoxin than ciguatoxin. (vapaguide.info)
Ethers1
- Dive into the research topics of 'Enantioselective synthesis of the medium ring ethers, tetrahydrooxepin, oxocane and hexahydrooxonin, of ciguatoxin. (elsevierpure.com)
CIGUATERA POISONING2
- Modeling ciguatoxin (CTX) trophic transfer in marine food webs has significant implications for the management of ciguatera poisoning, a circumtropical disease caused by human consumption of CTX-contaminated seafood. (nih.gov)
- In ciguatera poisoning, the poisonous ingredient is ciguatoxin. (medlineplus.gov)
Coral1
- Lam, P. K. S. Pacific ciguatoxins in food web components of coral reef systems in the Republic of Kiribati. (oceanbites.org)
Toxicity1
- Ciguatoxin-like toxicity distribution in flesh of amberjack (Seriola spp. (uvigo.es)
Polyethers1
- The landmark syntheses of palytoxin 1,2 (by Yoshito Kishi at Harvard University, US), and the marine polyethers brevetoxin 3 and ciguatoxin 4 in the mid 1990s to early 2000s (by KC Nicolau from the Scripps Research Institute, US (now at Rice University, US), and Masahiro Hirama at Tohoku University in Japan, respectively) stand as remarkable testament to this. (chemistryworld.com)
Compounds1
- Some important aspects are highlighted here, using methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·xH2O) and ciguatoxin as example compounds. (altex.org)
Exposure1
- They seek to identify biomarkers of ciguatoxin exposure to help detect contaminated seafood before it reaches consumers and to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools that may alleviate the effects of those suffering with ciguatoxin poisoning. (nih.gov)
Bacteria2
- These agents include germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and chemicals (such as ciguatoxin ). (cdc.gov)
- 2020) Metabolic reconstruction elucidates symbiotic relationships between bacteria and ciguatoxin-producing microalgae. (utexas.edu)
Detect1
- One lab in French Polynesia stated it might detect ciguatoxin. (foodbody.us)
High1
- There is a need for sensitive methods for the analysis of pacific ciguatoxins with high resolution mass spectrometry to ensure unequivocal identification of all congeners. (ifremer.fr)
Found1
- [3] In addition, ciguatoxin has been found in farm-raised salmon. (wikidoc.org)
Areas1
- The four parameters that allowed to significantly increase the peak areas of ciguatoxins and gambierones (up to a factor ten) were the capillary voltage, the sheath gas temperature, the ion funnel low pressure voltage and the ion funnel exit voltage. (ifremer.fr)