OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and Drugs
CiguatoxinsCiguatera PoisoningMercenaria
Ciguatoxins
Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.
Ciguatera Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.
Mercenaria
A genus of hard-shelled clams in the family Veneridae, class BIVALVIA, commonly called quahogs. They are found just below the surface in the subtidal or lower intertidal coastal waters.

Neurology of ciguatera. (1/37)

Ciguatera is a widespread ichthyosarcotoxaemia with dramatic and clinically important neurological features. This severe form of fish poisoning may present with either acute or chronic intoxication syndromes and constitutes a global health problem. Ciguatera poisoning is little known in temperate countries as a potentially global problem associated with human ingestion of large carnivorous fish that harbour the bioaccumulated ciguatoxins of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. This neurotoxin is stored in the viscera of fish that have eaten the dinoflagellate and concentrated it upwards throughout the food chain towards progressively larger species, including humans. Ciguatoxin accumulates in all fish tissues, especially the liver and viscera, of "at risk" species. Both Pacific (P-CTX-1) and Caribbean (C-CTX-1) ciguatoxins are heat stable polyether toxins and pose a health risk at concentrations above 0.1 ppb. The presenting signs of ciguatera are primarily neurotoxic in more than 80% of cases. Such include the pathognomonic features of postingestion paraesthesiae, dysaesthesiae, and heightened nociperception. Other sensory abnormalities include the subjective features of metallic taste, pruritus, arthralgia, myalgia, and dental pain. Cerebellar dysfunction, sometimes diphasic, and weakness due to both neuropathy and polymyositis may be encountered. Autonomic dysfunction leads to hypotension, bradycardia, and hypersalivation in severe cases. Ciguatoxins are potent, lipophilic sodium channel activator toxins which bind to the voltage sensitive (site 5) sodium channel on the cell membranes of all excitable tissues. Treatment depends on early diagnosis and the early administration of intravenous mannitol. The early identification of the neurological features in sentinel patients has the potential to reduce the number of secondary cases in cluster outbreaks.  (+info)

Total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C. (2/37)

More than 20,000 people suffer annually from ciguatera seafood poisoning in subtropical and tropical regions. The extremely low content of the causative neurotoxins, designated as ciguatoxins, in fish has hampered the isolation, detailed biological studies, and preparation of anti-ciguatoxin antibodies for detecting these toxins. The large (3 nanometers long) and complicated molecular structure of ciguatoxins has impeded chemists from completing their total synthesis. Our highly convergent strategic approach featuring the chemoselective ring-closing metathesis reaction as a key tactic has enabled the total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C, which will provide a practical supply for further studies.  (+info)

Pacific ciguatoxin-1b effect over Na+ and K+ currents, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate content and intracellular Ca2+ signals in cultured rat myotubes. (3/37)

1. The action of the main ciguatoxin involved in ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific region (P-CTX-1b) was studied in myotubes originated from rat skeletal muscle cells kept in primary culture. 2. The effect of P-CTX-1b on sodium currents at short times of exposure (up to 1 min) showed a moderate increase in peak Na+ current. During prolonged exposures, P-CTX-1b decreased the peak Na+ current. This action was always accompanied by an increase of leakage currents, tail currents and outward Na+ currents, resulting in an intracellular Na+ accumulation. This effect is blocked by prior exposure to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and becomes evident only after washout of TTX. 3. Low to moderate concentrations of P-CTX-1b (2-5 nM) partially blocked potassium currents in a manner that was dependent on the membrane potential. 4. P-CTX-1b (2-12 nM) caused a small membrane depolarization (3-5 mV) and an increase in the frequency of spontaneous action potential discharges that reached in general low frequencies (0.1-0.5 Hz). 5. P-CTX-1b (10 nM) caused a transient increase of intracellular inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) mass levels, which was blocked by TTX. 6. In the presence of P-CTX-1b (10 nM) and in the absence of external Ca2+, the intracellular Ca2+ levels show a transient increase in the cytoplasm as well as in the nuclei. The time course of this effect may reflect the action of IP(3) over internal stores activated by P-CTX-1b-induced membrane depolarization.  (+info)

A quantitative and comparative study of the effects of a synthetic ciguatoxin CTX3C on the kinetic properties of voltage-dependent sodium channels. (4/37)

Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are known to bind to receptor site 5 of the voltage-dependent Na channel, but the toxin's physiological effects are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of a ciguatoxin congener (CTX3C) on three different Na-channel isoforms, rNa(v)1.2, rNa(v)1.4, and rNa(v)1.5, which were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells. The toxin (1.0 micromol l(-1)) shifted the activation potential (V(1/2) of activation curve) in the negative direction by 4-9 mV and increased the slope factor (k) from 8 mV to between 9 and 12 mV (indicative of decreased steepness of the activation curve), thereby resulting in a hyperpolarizing shift of the threshold potential by 30 mV for all Na channel isoforms. The toxin (1.0 micromol l(-1)) significantly accelerated the time-to-peak current from 0.62 to 0.52 ms in isoform rNa(v)1.2. Higher doses of the toxin (3-10 micromol l(-1)) additionally decreased time-to-peak current in rNa(v)1.4 and rNa(v)1.5. A toxin effect on decay of I(Na) at -20 mV was either absent or marginal even at relatively high doses of CTX3C. The toxin (1 micromol l(-1)) shifted the inactivation potential (V(1/2) of inactivation curve) in the negative direction by 15-18 mV in all isoforms. I(Na) maxima of the I-V curve (at -20 mV) were suppressed by application of 1.0 micromol l(-1) CTX3C to a similar extent (80-85% of the control) in all the three isoforms. Higher doses of CTX3C up to 10 micromol l(-1) further suppressed I(Na) to 61-72% of the control. Recovery from slow inactivation induced by a depolarizing prepulse of intermediate duration (500 ms) was dramatically delayed in the presence of 1.0 micromol l(-1) CTX3C, as time constants describing the monoexponential recovery were increased from 38+/-8 to 588+/-151 ms (n=5), 53+/-6 to 338+/-85 ms (n=4), and 23+/-3 to 232+/-117 ms (n=3) in rNa(v)1.2, rNa(v)1.4, and rNa(v)1.5, respectively. CTX3C exerted multimodal effects on sodium channels, with simultaneous stimulatory and inhibitory aspects, probably due to the large molecular size (3 nm in length) and lipophilicity of this membrane-spanning toxin.  (+info)

First- and second-generation total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C. (5/37)

More than 20,000 people suffer annually from ciguatera seafood poisoning in subtropical and tropical regions. The extremely low content of the causative neurotoxins, designated as ciguatoxins, in fish has hampered isolation, detailed biological studies, and preparation of anti-ciguatoxin antibodies for detecting these toxins. Furthermore, the large (3 nm in length) and complex molecular structure of ciguatoxins has impeded chemists from completing their total synthesis. In this article, the full details of studies leading to the total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C are provided. The key elements of the first-generation approach include O,O-acetal formation from the right and left wing fragments, conversion from O,O-acetal to O,S-acetal, a radical reaction to cyclize the G ring, a ring-closing metathesis reaction to close the F ring, and final removal of the 2-naphtylmethyl protective groups. Subsequent studies provided a second-generation total synthesis, which is more concise and results in a higher yield. Second-generation synthesis was accomplished by using a direct method of constructing the key intermediate O,S-acetal from alpha-chlorosulfide and a secondary alcohol. These syntheses ensure a practical supply of ciguatoxin for biological applications.  (+info)

Inhibition of voltage-gated potassium currents by gambierol in mouse taste cells. (6/37)

Ciguatera is a food poisoning caused by toxins of Gambierdiscus toxicus, a marine dinoflagellate. The neurological features of this intoxication include sensory abnormalities, such as paraesthesia, heightened nociperception, and also taste alterations. Here, we have evaluated the effect of gambierol, one of the possible ciguatera toxins, on the voltage-gated ion currents in taste cells. Taste cells are excitable cells endowed with voltage-gated Na+, K+, and Cl- currents (I(Na), I(K), and I(Cl), respectively). By applying the patch-clamp technique to single cells in isolated taste buds obtained from the mouse vallate papilla, we have recorded such currents and determined the effect of bath-applied gambierol. We found that this toxin markedly inhibited I(K) in the nanomolar range (IC50 of 1.8 nM), whereas it showed no significant effect on I(Na) or I(Cl) even at high concentration (1 microM). The block of I(K) was irreversible even after a 50-min wash. In addition to affecting the current amplitude, we found that gambierol significantly altered both the activation and inactivation processes of I(K). In conclusion, unlike other toxins involved in ciguatera, such as ciguatoxins, which affect the functioning of voltage-gated sodium channels, the preferred molecular target of gambierol is the voltage-gated potassium channel, at least in taste cells. Voltage-gated potassium currents play an important role in the generation of the firing pattern during chemotransduction. Thus, gambierol may alter action potential discharge in taste cells and this could be associated with the taste alterations reported in the clinical literature.  (+info)

Short report: persistent bradycardia caused by ciguatoxin poisoning after barracuda fish eggs ingestion in southern Taiwan. (7/37)

We report an outbreak of ciguatoxin poisoning after barracuda fish ingestion in southern Taiwan. Three members of a family developed nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and myalgias about 1 hour after eating three to ten eggs of a barracuda fish. Numbness of the lips and extremities followed the gastrointestinal symptoms about 2 hours after ingestion. Other manifestations included hyperthermia, hypotension, bradycardia, and hyperreflexia. Bradycardia persisted for several days, and one patient required a continuous infusion of intravenous atropine totaling 40 mg over 2 days. Further follow-up of the patients disclosed improvement of neurologic sequelae and bradycardia, but sensory abnormalities resolved several months later. In conclusion, ciguatoxin poisoning causes mainly gastrointestinal and neurologic effects of variable severity. In two patients with ciguatoxin poisoning after barracuda fish egg ingestion, persistent bradycardia required prolonged atropine infusion.  (+info)

Uptake, tissue distribution, and excretion of brevetoxin-3 administered to mice by intratracheal instillation. (8/37)

Brevetoxins are a family of potent lipid-soluble neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, the organism responsible for Florida red tide. Brevetoxins aerosolized by surf and wind produce irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat in people on or near red tide-affected beaches. The effects of chronic exposures to brevetoxins on healthy and health-compromised individuals are not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pulmonary uptake, tissue distribution, and excretion of polyether brevetoxin-3 in mice, a rodent model for investigating the potential systemic adverse health effects associated with repeated brevetoxin inhalation. Male CBA/CaJ mice were administered [3H]brevetoxin-3 by intratracheal instillation. Groups of 3 mice were sacrificed immediately after instillation and at 0.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h postinstillation. Four additional mice were placed into metabolism cages for excreta collection up to 168 h postinstillation. Brevetoxin-3 distributed rapidly to all tissues, with the highest initial doses in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Elimination half-times ranged from approximately 28 h for fat, heart, intestines, kidneys, liver, and muscle to approximately 90 h for brain and testes. The total dose to tissue ranged from 39 ng brevetoxin equivalents-h/g for testes to 406 ng brevetoxin equivalents-h/g for liver. Approximately 90% of excretion had occurred within 96 h, with 11 and 64% of the initial brevetoxin dose excreted in urine and feces, respectively. These results are consistent with earlier reports of rapid absorption and widespread tissue distribution of brevetoxins in rats.  (+info)

Gambierol acts as a functional antagonist of neurotoxin site 5 on voltage-gated sodium channels in cerebellar granule neurons<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Gambierol acts as a functional antagonist of neurotoxin site 5 on voltage-gated sodium channels in cerebellar granule neurons. AU - LePage, K. T.. AU - Rainier, J. D.. AU - Johnson, H. W.B.. AU - Baden, D. G.. AU - Murray, Thomas F.. PY - 2007/10/1. Y1 - 2007/10/1. N2 - The marine toxin gambierol, a polyether ladder toxin derived from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, was evaluated for interaction with voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) cultures. At concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 10 μM, gambierol alone had no effect on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca 2+]i of exposed CGN cultures. Furthermore, there was no evidence of neurotoxicity in CGN cultures exposed for 2 h to gambierol (1 nM-10 μM). However, gambierol was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 189 nM) of the elevation of [Ca2+]i that accompanies exposure of CGN cultures to the VGSC activator brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2). To further explore the potential interaction of ...
https://creighton.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/gambierol-acts-as-a-functional-antagonist-of-neurotoxin-site-5-on
DOAB: Directory of Open Access BooksDOAB: Directory of Open Access Books
Abstract. The emergence of marine and freshwater toxins in geographical areas where they have never been reported before is a concern due to the considerable impact on (sea)food contamination, and consequently, on public health. Several groups of marine biotoxins, in particular tetrodotoxins, ciguatoxins, and palytoxins, are included among the relevant marine biotoxins that have recently emerged in several coastal areas. A similar situation has been observed in freshwater, where cyanobacterial toxins, such as microcystins, could end up in unexpected areas such as the estuaries where shellfish are cultivated. Climate change and the increased availability of nutrients have been considered as the key factors in the expansion of all of these toxins into new areas; however, this could also be due to more intense biological invasions, more sensitive analytical methods, or perhaps even an increased scientific interest in these natural contaminations. The incidences of human intoxications due to the ...
https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&uiLanguage=en&query=kw:%22conotoxin%22
Publication : USDA ARSPublication : USDA ARS
Interpretive Summary: Rathayibacter toxicus is a bacterium that grows in developing grass seeds and can produce a toxin harmful to grazing livestock. So far, R. toxicus has only been found in Australia. The threat it poses to U.S. agriculture is such that the USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has placed R. toxicus on a list of high-consequence agents with the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety. It was not known how R. toxicus makes its toxin. Here we report the complete genome sequence of two strains of R. toxicus and the identification of a group of genes that are probably responsible for toxin production. This work is a critical first step toward understanding the control of toxin production and will aid in the development of diagnostic tests to identify R. toxicus. Technical Abstract: Rathayibacter toxicus is a forage grass associated Gram-positive bacterium of major concern to food safety and agriculture. The species is listed by USDA-APHIS as a ...
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=340697
DIGITAL.CSIC: Double Cationic Propargylation: From Linear to Polycyclic EthersDIGITAL.CSIC: Double Cationic Propargylation: From Linear to Polycyclic Ethers
The trapping of cations generated from Co2(CO)6-bispropargylic alcohols provided diethers in good yield. The procedure is also valid when two vicinal acetylenes are present. The methodology can be applied to the synthesis of symmetrical or unsymmetrical linear or cyclic propargylic ethers. The use of substrates with a stereochemically defined secondary nucleophilic alcohol provided cyclic ethers with a high degree of stereocontrol ...
https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/211755
Biotoxin | Article about biotoxin by The Free DictionaryBiotoxin | Article about biotoxin by The Free Dictionary
Looking for biotoxin? Find out information about biotoxin. poison produced by living organisms. Toxins are classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins. Exotoxins are a diverse group of soluble proteins released... Explanation of biotoxin
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/biotoxin
USE OF GAMBIEROL FOR TREATING AND/OR PREVENTING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES RELATED TO TAU AND BETA-AMYLOID - Patent...USE OF GAMBIEROL FOR TREATING AND/OR PREVENTING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES RELATED TO TAU AND BETA-AMYLOID - Patent...
0009] Due to the importance of both tau and β-amyloid in neurodegenerative processes, studies were initially conducted on each of the proteins independently and on the separate involvement of each one in Alzheimers disease. As a consequence, the first approaches to the treatment of Alzheimers were aimed at improving the effects produced by each of these proteins independently. Currently, due to the involvement of both proteins in Alzheimers, the interactions or relations between them are being studied. These studies demonstrate the existence of a relationship between both proteins, although the mechanism thereof is as yet not well-defined. Some data show that the formation of amyloid deposits may affect different molecular pathways which may facilitate the phosphorylation of tau and, consequently, the subsequent aggregation thereof (Blurton-Jones et al. 2006, Current Alzheimer Research, 3(5), 435-448). This takes place, for example, by the activation, on the part of the β-amyloid deposits, ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20120283321
diff --git a/Documentation/Changes b/Documentation/Changesdiff --git a/Documentation/Changes b/Documentation/Changes
User definable settings. + */ +#define VMAC_TAG_LEN 64 +#define VMAC_KEY_SIZE 128/* Must be 128, 192 or 256 */ +#define VMAC_KEY_LEN (VMAC_KEY_SIZE/8) +#define VMAC_NHBYTES 128/* Must 2^i for any 3 < i < 13 Standard = 128*/ + +/* per-transform (per-key) context */ +struct vmac_tfm_ctx { + struct crypto_cipher *cipher; + u64 nhkey[(VMAC_NHBYTES/8)+2*(VMAC_TAG_LEN/64-1)]; + u64 polykey[2*VMAC_TAG_LEN/64]; + u64 l3key[2*VMAC_TAG_LEN/64]; +}; + +/* per-request context */ +struct vmac_desc_ctx { + union { + u8 partial[VMAC_NHBYTES]; /* partial block */ + __le64 partial_words[VMAC_NHBYTES / 8]; + }; + unsigned int partial_size; /* size of the partial block */ + bool first_block_processed; + u64 polytmp[2*VMAC_TAG_LEN/64]; /* running total of L2-hash */ +}; + /* * Constants and masks */ @@ -318,13 +349,6 @@ static void poly_step_func(u64 *ahi, u64 *alo, } while (0) #endif -static void vhash_abort(struct vmac_ctx *ctx) -{ - ctx->polytmp[0] = ctx->polykey[0] ; - ctx->polytmp[1] = ctx->polykey[1] ; - ...
https://dev.gentoo.org/~mpagano/genpatches/trunk/4.4/1148_linux-4.4.149.patch
Mesa (master): vbo: simplify some code in check draw elements data()Mesa (master): vbo: simplify some code in check draw elements data()
Author: Brian Paul ,[email protected], Date: Fri Oct 7 15:03:55 2016 -0600 vbo: simplify some code in check_draw_elements_data() Use the vao local var in more places. Reviewed-by: Mathias Fröhlich ,[email protected], --- src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c , 9 ++++----- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c b/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c index 1425e0b..dc1ef76 100644 --- a/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c +++ b/src/mesa/vbo/vbo_exec_array.c @@ -128,11 +128,11 @@ check_draw_elements_data(struct gl_context *ctx, GLsizei count, GLenum elemType, GLint i; GLuint k; - if (_mesa_is_bufferobj(ctx-,Array.VAO-,IndexBufferObj)) { + if (_mesa_is_bufferobj(vao-,IndexBufferObj)) { elemMap = ctx-,Driver.MapBufferRange(ctx, 0, - ctx-,Array.VAO-,IndexBufferObj-,Size, + vao-,IndexBufferObj-,Size, GL_MAP_READ_BIT, - ctx-,Array.VAO-,IndexBufferObj, + vao-,IndexBufferObj, MAP_INTERNAL); elements = ADD_POINTERS(elements, elemMap); } @@ -162,8 +162,7 @@ ...
https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg65688.html
Biotoxin Mold Illness Panel | Blood Test | Life ExtensionBiotoxin Mold Illness Panel | Blood Test | Life Extension
The Biotoxin Mold Illness Panel is designed to look at the chronic inflammatory response set in motion when a person is exposed to toxic mold.
http://www.lifeextension.com/vitamins-supplements/itemlc100038/biotoxin-mold-illness-panel?sourcecode=MCX601X
Enciklop dia
A g bk pz d s oka toxicus adenoma eset n nem ismert. Egyetlen, genetikailag megv ltozott sejtb l indul ki (a g b genetikai elj r ssal vizsg lva, monoklon lis sejtszaporulat). Hormonsecreti ja a TSH-szintt l f ggetlen, gy a hypophysis negat v feedbackje nem rv nyes l. Szcintigr fia sor n a forr g b trij dtironinnal nem szupprim lhat , az p pajzsmirigyter letek TSH ad s val radiofarmakont felvev v tehet k (ezek azonban a diagnosztikus l p sekhez nem tartoznak hozz ). Hosszabb id , vek alatt a g b hormontermel se fokoz dik, gy a kezdetben szubklinikus hyperthyreosis manifeszt hyperthyreosisba megy t, legk s bb ekkor felismerj k a betegs get. A hyperthyreosis kezel s n lk l fokozatosan s lyosbodik. A trij dtironin prefer lt szint zise jellemz a tiroxinnal szemben. Ritk n a funkci cs kken se is el fordulhat, a g b azonban tapint ssal vagy ultrahanggal kimutathat marad ...
http://www.vitalitas.hu/?ctype=3&todo=bet&id=4&showbet=775
Ciguatera Food Poisoning: Fish Toxin Symptoms & ListCiguatera Food Poisoning: Fish Toxin Symptoms & List
Ciguatera is a toxin that is found in large reef fish such as the barracuda, red snapper, grouper and more. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and may be a true emergency
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/wilderness_ciguatera_toxin/article_em.htm
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning -- Texas, 1997Ciguatera Fish Poisoning -- Texas, 1997
Editorial Note: Ciguatera poisoning occurs throughout the Caribbean and tropical Pacific regions, where outbreaks have been reported among both residents and tourists. From 1983 through 1992 in the United States, 129 outbreaks of ciguatera poisoning involving 508 persons were reported to CDC; no ciguatera-related deaths were reported (1,2). Most outbreaks were reported from Hawaii (111) and Florida (10), although outbreaks and sporadic cases in California (two), Vermont (one), New York (one), and Illinois (one) also have been associated with consumption of fish imported from tropical waters (3,4). The outbreak described in this report was recognized in an area not typically associated with ciguatera intoxication and underscores that ciguatera poisoning can occur among travelers returning from areas where ciguatera is endemic or among persons consuming fish imported from those areas. Ciguatera toxins are produced by dinoflagellates, which herbivorous fish consume. These fish are then eaten by ...
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00054548.htm
TRP channel blamed for burning cold after a tropical fish meal | The EMBO Journal
Apart from the gastrointestinal torment, which mostly fades away after a day or so, one of the most striking and disturbing symptoms of ciguatera is a form of oversensitivity to cold, termed as cold allodynia (Isbister and Kiernan, 2005). For instance, ciguatera sufferers have reported that a refreshing dive in the ocean actually caused burning pain, or that drinking cool beer felt like too hot coffee. The mechanisms whereby ciguatoxins provoke this peculiar form of altered temperature sensitivity, which can last for weeks to years, were fully unknown.. In their paper, Vetter et al (2012) provide the first insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cold allodynia induced by P‐CTX‐1, the most potent ciguatoxin present in the Pacific Ocean. First, they demonstrate that ciguatoxin‐induced cold allodynia can be reproduced in a mouse model: following injection of minute quantities of P‐CTX‐1 into the sole of the paw, these mice exhibited clear signs of pain at moderately cool ambient ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/31/19/3785
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Toxin Test & SymptomsCiguatera Fish Poisoning: Toxin Test & Symptoms
Ciguatera poisoning is food poisoning caused by the toxin ciguatera found in a variety of large reef fish. Symptoms of ciguatera poisoning include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, muscle pain, and vertigo.
https://www.rxlist.com/ciguatera_poisoning/article.htm
Quantitative Evaluation of Commercially Available Test Kit for Ciguatera in FishQuantitative Evaluation of Commercially Available Test Kit for Ciguatera in Fish
ABSTRACT. Reliability of the commercially available Cigua-Check® test kits to identify ciguateric fish was evaluated by assessing the uniformity of conclusions by multiple readers examining identical sticks. One hundred and eighty-eight samples of two types of reef fish were tested for ciguatera using Cigua-Check® test strips. Paired subsamples of all specimens were also analyzed via the more rigorous N2a neuroblastoma mouse bioassay that is specific for aberration of Na+-channel activity that is presumptive for ciguatera fish poisoning. In a double blind trial, four individuals visually examined identical Cigua-Check® strips to conclude whether the samples were positive or negative for ciguatera. Of the 121 samples that were shown to be positively ciguatoxic via bioassay, the four strip readers were in agreement in concluding positive ciguateric status in 9.9% of the samples; these four readers concluded these positive samples were negative for ciguatera in 26.2% of these bioassay-positive ...
http://file.scirp.org/Html/10-2700181_6617.htm
Food Poisoning - Ciguatera - Medical Stories - Condition | Our HealthFood Poisoning - Ciguatera - Medical Stories - Condition | Our Health
Hi Freddd - Actually.. when poisoned via ciguatera. It is best to stay away from any and all fish. Even the smallest amount of ciguatoxin can trigger a flare up. With possibly worsening effects. This is something you dont want to happen. Some even say that nuts, chocolate,caffeine and alcohol can trigger a reaction to it. I have had nuts, chocolate and my morning ritual of my coffee with caffeine and have not had a flare up. I did wait six months however before having the nuts. I am going to attempt some red wine this weekend. I am hoping not to have a flare up with this. As I had mentioned my b-12 levels are within normal limits as per my blood work which is great and I had been getting weekly shots of cyn-b-12 Once a month with c-complex and cyn-b-12. However I would like to know who I would have to contact to try this other b-12 as I know also I havent had any noticable response from these shots. Also, if poisoned with Ciguatera fish oil is out of the question also. These things are a must ...
http://www.ourhealth.com/showthread.php/37927-Food-Poisoning-Ciguatera
0.07 Earnings Per Share Expected for Barracuda Networks, Inc. (CUDA) This Quarter
Barracuda Networks earned a daily sentiment score of 0.17 on Accerns scale.. Barracuda Networks, Inc. (NYSE:CUDA)s earnings per share has been growing at a 73.6 percent rate over the past 5 year when average revenue increase was noted as 17 percent. Needham & Company LLC reaffirmed a buy rating and issued a $28.00 target price on shares of Barracuda Networks in a report on Wednesday, April 19th. Stifel Nicolaus reaffirmed a buy rating and set a $32.00 target price on shares of Barracuda Networks in a report on Wednesday, July 19th. Finally, Rosenblatt Securities reiterated a buy rating and set a $30.00 price target on shares of Barracuda Networks in a report on Monday, June 26th. Two research analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, six have given a hold rating, ten have given a buy rating and one has issued a strong buy rating to the stock.. Taking a broader look at the analyst consensus, according to 15 analysts Barracuda Networks Inc (NYSE:CUDA)s price will reach at $28.27 ...
https://overnewsmagazine.com/2017/08/16/0-07-earnings-per-share-expected-for-barracuda-networks-inc/
Heres Why: videos Archives
Reef or Madness from ilum - Julie Hollenbeck on Vimeo.. A 16 minute film about Ciguatera Fish Poisoning created By Julie Hollenbeck, Mark Newbill and Ray Trujillo, Jr.. Ciguatera, the most reported seafood toxin illness in the world that a majority of the planet has never heard of, infects hundreds of thousands of people a year, some of whose very will to live is tested by the devastating and debilitating chronic neurological affects of the fish-borne toxin.. Reef or Madness a short documentary film by University of Miami Marine Affairs and Policy students Julie Hollenbeck and Mark Newbill, that recounts the struggle of chronic Ciguatera sufferers who seek to regain some semblance of their healthy and productive lives following Ciguatera infection and the incapacitating symptoms that can last for years. While Ciguatera is a recognized medical illness, many marine toxin specialists have yet to agree on how long people may suffer with the symptoms of the fish poison, leaving long-term chronic ...
http://www.hereswhy.tk/videos/
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Large Outbreaks of Ciguatera after Consumption of Brown Marbled GrouperToxins | Free Full-Text | Large Outbreaks of Ciguatera after Consumption of Brown Marbled Grouper
Brown marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is an apex predator from coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific region. All five published case series of ciguatera after consumption of brown marbled grouper were reviewed to characterize the types, severity and chronicity of ciguatera symptoms associated with its consumption. Three of these case series were from large outbreaks affecting over 100-200 subjects who had eaten this reef fish served at banquets. Affected subjects generally developed a combination of gastrointestinal, neurological and, less commonly, cardiovascular symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms occurred early and generally subsided in 1-2 days. Some neurological symptoms (e.g., paresthesia of four limbs) could last for weeks or months. Sinus bradycardia and hypotension occurred early, but could be severe and prolonged, necessitating the timely use of intravenous fluids, atropine and dopamine. Other cardiovascular and neurological features included atrial ectopics, ventricular ectopics,
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/7/2041
Great Barracuda with mouth open Stock PhotoGreat Barracuda with mouth open Stock Photo
Stock Photo of Great Barracuda with mouth open. High Quality Great Barracuda Images and Gloss Prints are available from Oceanwide Images Stock Photo Library.
http://www.oceanwideimages.com/Large-Image.asp?pID=14122&cID=269&rp=categories.asp%3FcID%3D269%26p%3D1
BBS990A Barracuda Backup Server 990
The Barracuda Backup Server is a powerful appliance installed onsite to provide full local backup of current and historical data, high backup performance and fast network-based local restores. Barracuda Backup Server 990 has Suggested Backup Volume of 1
http://www.ntsecurity.com/barracuda-products/barracuda-backup/barracuda-backup-server-990/barracuda-backup-server-990.html
BBS991A Barracuda Backup Server 990 w/ 10 GBE Fiber NIC
The Barracuda Backup Server is a powerful appliance installed onsite to provide full local backup of current and historical data, high backup performance and fast network-based local restores. Barracuda Backup Server 990 has Suggested Backup Volume of 1
http://www.ntsecurity.com/barracuda-products/barracuda-backup/991/barracuda-backup-server-990-w-10-gbe-fiber-nic.html
Seagate Barracuda Pro 10TB HDD Review - Mainstream Helium has ArrivedSeagate Barracuda Pro 10TB HDD Review - Mainstream Helium has Arrived
Page 2 [Drive Details]... Move over Desktop HDD, Barracuda is back! Today, Seagate launches its 10TB Barracuda Pro 10TB helium-filled hard drive. Heres our full review.
https://www.tweaktown.com/reviews/7791/seagate-barracuda-pro-10tb-hdd-review-mainstream-helium-arrived/index2.html
Schooling Chevron Barracuda Stock PhotoSchooling Chevron Barracuda Stock Photo
Stock Photo of Schooling Chevron Barracuda. High Quality Chevron Barracuda Images and Gloss Prints are available from Oceanwide Images Stock Photo Library.
http://www.oceanwideimages.com/Large-Image.asp?pID=6882&cID=269&rp=categories.asp%3FcID%3D269%26p%3D1
Masa Lalu Bukanlah Masa Depan » ImpianClub.comMasa Lalu Bukanlah Masa Depan » ImpianClub.com
Sebuah Eksperimen yang dilakukan di Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute :. Seekor ikan Barracuda dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah akuarium berukuran sedang yang bagian tengahnya dipisahkan oleh sebuah kaca pembatas transparan.. Di sisi lain ada banyak ikan kecil yang merupakan makanan kesukaan si Barracuda.. Ketika lapar, berkali-kali ikan Barracuda mencoba untuk memangsa ikan kecil tersebut, namun usahanya selalu sia-sia karena terbentur kaca pembatas transparan tadi.. Setelah berminggu-minggu mencoba dan tetap tidak berhasil, si Barracuda menyerah dengan menerima kenyataan bahwa perburuan ikan kecil tersebut hanya mengakibatkan kesakitan pada hidung dan mulutnya.. Setelah itu kaca pembatas transparan tadi diangkat, dan apa yang terjadi?…. Si Barracuda tetap pada sisinya, tidak bergerak ke arah ikan kecil. Rasa lapar mulai terasa hebat. Akan tetapi si Barracuda sepertinya tidak berusaha sekalipun untuk memangsa ikan-ikan kecil tersebut.. Akhirnya, ia pun mati kelaparan padahal makanan kesukaannya ...
https://impianclub.com/masa-lalu-bukanlah-masa-depan/
Sydney Research Online: Browsing Sydney Research Online
Neuroprotectant effects of iso-osmolar D-mannitol to prevent Pacific ciguatoxin-1 induced alterations in neuronal excitability: a comparison with other osmotic agents and free radical scavengers., Neuropharmacology, vol.49,(5),2005,pp 669-686 ...
https://sro.library.usyd.edu.au/browse?type=author&value=Lewis%2C+Richard+J.&value_lang=en_US
Evaluation of gambierol and its analogs for their inhibition of human K<sub>v</sub>1.2 and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Evaluation of gambierol and its analogs for their inhibition of human Kv1.2 and cytotoxicity. AU - Konoki, Keiichi. AU - Suga, Yuto. AU - Fuwa, Haruhiko. AU - Yotsu-Yamashita, Mari. AU - Sasaki, Makoto. N1 - Funding Information: The research studies were funded by the ERATO Murata Lipid Active Structure Project , Japan Science and Technology Agency , a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas Chemical Biology of Natural Products from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan 64 (M. S., and K. K.), and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Funding Program for the Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (LS012) (M. Y. Y.). Funding Information: We thank Takayuki Oka and Masato Nishio of Bio Research Center Co. Ltd and Atsushi Otsuki of Nanion Technologies GmbH for providing technical support for the electrophysiological recording with Port-A-Patch®. We thank RIKEN Bioresource Center through the National ...
https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/evaluation-of-gambierol-and-its-analogs-for-their-inhibition-of-h
43064 CTX-2, -50 to 32°F PG Freezing / -60 to 32°F EG Freezing / 1.10 - 1.40 Battery Acid Specific Gravity Handheld CTX-2...43064 CTX-2, -50 to 32°F PG Freezing / -60 to 32°F EG Freezing / 1.10 - 1.40 Battery Acid Specific Gravity Handheld CTX-2...
Buy your VEE GEE Scientific 43064 CTX-2 -50 to 32°F PG Freezing / -60 to 32°F EG Freezing / 1.10 - 1.40 Battery Acid Specific Gravity Handheld CTX-2 Analog Refractometer from Nova-Tech International today.
https://www.novatech-usa.com/43064-CTX-2
1964 Plymouth Barracuda - Muscle Car Rewind - Muscle Car Review Mag1964 Plymouth Barracuda - Muscle Car Rewind - Muscle Car Review Mag
With all the attention on Mustangs 50th anniversary this year, this edition of Muscle Car Rewind is dedicated to the other pony car, the Plymouth Barracuda!
https://www.motortrend.com/news/1964-plymouth-barracuda-muscle-car-rewind/
1973 Plymouth Barracuda - Hidden Treasures - Mopar Muscle Magazine1973 Plymouth Barracuda - Hidden Treasures - Mopar Muscle Magazine
Aside from the aftermarket wheels and missing grille, this 1973 Plymouth Barracuda is complete and in very good shape for its age. The Plymouth was originally sold at a dealership in Alabama, and then the first owner sold it to his brother who intended to drag race the car.
https://www.motortrend.com/features/1973-plymouth-barracuda-hidden-treasures/
Petrolicous torques about 1967 Plymouth Barracuda Formula S | AutoblogPetrolicous torques about 1967 Plymouth Barracuda Formula S | Autoblog
There are common muscle cars and uncommon ones - this 1967 Plymouth Barracuda Formula S is the later, and it gets the full video treatment from Petrolicious.
https://www.autoblog.com/2014/02/12/petrolicous-1967-plymouth-barracuda-formula-s-video/
Barracuda 100 - Mixed Berry Lemonade - Barracudavape
Company Name: Fast Fuse Ltd T/A Barracuda Vape.. Company No: 09602085. Registered office: Unit 2-3 Robin Hood Industrial Est. Alfred Street South, Nottingham Ng3 1GE. VAT No: GB219379971. ...
https://barracudavape.co.uk/products/barracuda-100-mixed-berry-lemonade
KnowBe4 and Barracuda Team Up to Educate and Protect Users Against Phishing - IT Security - SpiceworksKnowBe4 and Barracuda Team Up to Educate and Protect Users Against Phishing - IT Security - Spiceworks
KnowBe4, the most popular security awareness training and simulated phishing platform, and Barracuda Networks, Inc. (NYSE:... | 1 reply | General IT Security
https://community.spiceworks.com/topic/1950121-knowbe4-and-barracuda-team-up-to-educate-and-protect-users-against-phishing
Barracuda Networks (NASDAQ:CUDA) - Stephens & Co. Downgrades Barracuda Networks to Equal-Weight | BenzingaBarracuda Networks (NASDAQ:CUDA) - Stephens & Co. Downgrades Barracuda Networks to Equal-Weight | Benzinga
This headline-only article is meant to show you why a stock is moving, the most difficult aspect of stock trading. Every day we publish hundreds of ...
https://www.benzinga.com/news/17/11/10838662/stephens-co-downgrades-barracuda-networks-to-equal-weight
Barracuda PhishLine vs IronScales Awareness and Training: Gartner Peer Insights 2021Barracuda PhishLine vs IronScales Awareness and Training: Gartner Peer Insights 2021
Compare Barracuda PhishLine vs IronScales Awareness and Training based on verified reviews from real users in the Security Awareness Computer-Based Training market. Find the best fit for your organization by comparing feature ratings, customer experience ratings, pros and cons, and reviewer demographics.
https://www.gartner.com/reviews/market/security-awareness-computer-based-training/compare/product/barracuda-phishline-vs-ironscales-awareness-and-training
Barracuda Energize Updates Virus Definitions Update - 5 Years - 2406356 - ReStockItBarracuda Energize Updates Virus Definitions Update - 5 Years - 2406356 - ReStockIt
Barracuda Energize Updates Virus Definitions Update - 5 Years (2406356)... more extended warranties and service plans available at ReStockIt.com
http://www.restockit.com/barracuda-networks-energize-updates-virus-definitions-update-5-years-num-2406356.html
Seagate Barracuda 7200.12 500GB SATA2 3.5IN 8.5MS 7200RPM 16MB Hard Drive OEM *3YR MFR Warranty* - ST3500418AS - NCIX
Buy Seagate Barracuda 7200.12 500GB SATA2 3.5IN 8.5MS 7200RPM 16MB Hard Drive OEM *3YR MFR Warranty* - ST3500418AS with best customer reviews and fast shipping.
http://www.ncix.com/products/index.php?sku=36050
Traction - Barracuda SurfboardsTraction - Barracuda Surfboards
Barracuda Surfboards in Victoria, BC provides the highest quality hand shaped surfboards as well as glassing and ding repair services.
http://www.barracudasurf.com/traction
Barracuda Energize Updates Virus Definitions Update - 1 Year - 2309922 - ReStockItBarracuda Energize Updates Virus Definitions Update - 1 Year - 2309922 - ReStockIt
Barracuda Energize Updates Virus Definitions Update - 1 Year (2309922)... more extended warranties and service plans available at ReStockIt.com
http://www.restockit.com/barracuda-networks-energize-updates-virus-definitions-update-1-year-num-2309922.html
Barracuda | Monstercat Wiki | FandomBarracuda | Monstercat Wiki | Fandom
"Barracuda" is a breaks song by Noisestorm. It was released via Monstercat on May 11, 2015, and is included as the fourth track on Monstercat 022 - Contact. This song appeared in Just Shapes and Beats as a boss level
https://monstercat.fandom.com/wiki/Barracuda
Legendary Auto Interiors 50607: AA67CB00048100 67 BARRACUDA HARDTOP REAR BENCH - BLACK | JEGSLegendary Auto Interiors 50607: AA67CB00048100 67 BARRACUDA HARDTOP REAR BENCH - BLACK | JEGS
Buy Legendary Auto Interiors 50607 at JEGS: Legendary Auto Interiors AA67CB00048100 67 BARRACUDA HARDTOP REAR BENCH - BLACK. Guaranteed lowest price!
http://www.jegs.com/i/Legendary-Auto-Interiors/119/50607/10002/-1
Can you Live off the Bounty of the Sea? - Page 14 - Cruisers & Sailing ForumsCan you Live off the Bounty of the Sea? - Page 14 - Cruisers & Sailing Forums
If ciguatera is reported in an area best to avoid all reef fish . Locals dont know what fish are safe so cant count on there advice. You dont want to get Ciguatera. A local couple in the Marquesas ,
http://www.cruisersforum.com/forums/f91/can-you-live-off-the-bounty-of-the-sea-89073-14.html
Ciguatera Poisoning in the Caribbean - Page 2 - Cruisers & Sailing ForumsCiguatera Poisoning in the Caribbean - Page 2 - Cruisers & Sailing Forums
Originally Posted by Blue Crab Ive eaten small cudas without trouble in the upper Keys. The really tasty cudas are the ones with the long horizontal stripe. Yeah, I like those ones too.
http://www.cruisersforum.com/forums/f122/ciguatera-poisoning-in-the-caribbean-109858-2.html
FFmpeg-devel] [PATCH] dvbsubdec: check against buffer overreadsFFmpeg-devel] [PATCH] dvbsubdec: check against buffer overreads
Signed-off-by: Janne Grunau ,janne-ffmpeg at jannau.net, --- libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c , 11 +++++++++-- 1 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c b/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c index 401144f..c06c017 100644 --- a/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c +++ b/libavcodec/dvbsubdec.c @@ -1423,13 +1423,15 @@ static int dvbsub_decode(AVCodecContext *avctx, #endif - if (buf_size ,= 2 ,, *buf != 0x0f) + if (buf_size ,= 6 ,, *buf != 0x0f) { + av_dlog(avctx, incomplete or broken packet); return -1; + } p = buf; p_end = buf + buf_size; - while (p , p_end && *p == 0x0f) { + while (p_end - p , 6 && *p == 0x0f) { p += 1; segment_type = *p++; page_id = AV_RB16(p); @@ -1437,6 +1439,11 @@ static int dvbsub_decode(AVCodecContext *avctx, segment_length = AV_RB16(p); p += 2; + if (p_end - p , segment_length) { + av_dlog(avctx, incomplete or broken packet); + return -1; + } + if (page_id == ctx-,composition_id ,, page_id == ctx-,ancillary_id ,, ctx-,composition_id == -1 ,, ctx-,ancillary_id == ...
http://ffmpeg.org/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel/2011-February/103587.html
How Are PDP Scans are Used in the Workplace? - Barracuda ConsultingHow Are PDP Scans are Used in the Workplace? - Barracuda Consulting
Ever wish you had a magic wand would make people work well together? Or that you could be sure each member of a team would contribute constructively, and the team would be productive and harmonious? Or that there was a tool that could improve hiring decisions, increase retention, and cut down on turnover?. Every manager knows there is no such magic wand. But there are tools that can help do all these things. Personality scans from PDP can unlock an employees potential. You can find out what makes employees tick - by understanding their Traits, Interests, Communication Styles, and Key Action Tips.. ...
https://barracudaconsulting.com/2020/01/22/how-are-pdp-scans-are-used-in-the-workplace/
Unitrends or Barracuda backup - SpiceworksUnitrends or Barracuda backup - Spiceworks
I have seen this conversation in a few older postings, but was hoping to get a more up-to-date point of view since Im sure both p... | 27 replies | Data Backup
https://community.spiceworks.com/topic/389289-unitrends-or-barracuda-backup
Al SmythAl Smyth
Al is co-owner of Portatree Timing Systems, along with his wife, Sue. Al started drag racing when he was in college and has been involved in the sport ever since. He could often be found at New England Dragway racing his black 1970 Hemi Barracuda in bracket races. In 2000 he debuted his 1968 Hemi Barracuda stick car in Super Stock and has been racing it on and off since then. Al has 7 class wins in the car. When not racing, he can be found at the track crewing his daughter, Allison, and son, Stephen, at the starting line or having a cookout with all his friends at his race trailer.
http://www.portatree.com/index.php?app=ecom&ns=catshow&ref=action_photos&sid=91o8xp2u5955iiwq61367up0im17k2vk
November | 2017 | News in NutritionNovember | 2017 | News in Nutrition
References: Surviving Mold, Biotoxin Journey, How often do you take a leak? Four to five times a day? Once at night? Or have you gotten used to urinating every hour? Twenty times a day? Do you get up more than twice at night? Do you feel thirsty all the time? Even more mysterious, do you have a lot of static shocks?. If so, these are all they symptoms of biotoxin illness affecting the pituitary gland. Once your understand it and you learn how to fix it, you breathe a sigh of relief. You cancel your scheduled prostate surgery. You decline to go to the Gyn doctor for bladder sling surgery. You werent getting old, you are biotoxin affected. And this symptom may be one of the only prominent ones you have. To really be fixed, you have to go back to the source and get rid of your exposure to biotoxin (usually mold).. Here is what is going on. Your brain has a meter that measures the concentration of your blood - the number of particles in it. Thats called your osmolality. It is tightly regulated in ...
http://blog.newsinnutrition.com/2017/11/
ipernity: Muscle cars contributionsipernity: Muscle cars contributions
A place to post up photos of legendary American and Australian muscle cars such as: The Chevy Camaro Ford Mustang Chevy Chevelle Chevy Corvette Plymouth Barracuda and Road Runner Dodge Super Bee Dodge Challenger & Charger Pontiac GTO And Aussie muscle such as Holden Monaro Holden Torana, ie GT
http://www.ipernity.com/group/342521/doc
Heart - WikipedieHeart - Wikipedie
Heart je americká rocková skupina, založená na začátku sedmdesátých let 20. století v Seattle. Hlavními členy skupiny jsou sestry Ann a Nancy Wilson. Jejich největším hitem byla skladba „Barracuda z roku 1977. V roce 2013 byla skupina uvedena do Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[1] ...
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart
GambierolGambierol
... is structurally similar to ciguatoxins and it can be synthesized together with them. Excretion of these ciguatoxins ... These ciguatoxins cause ciguatera fish poisoning. Because of the resemblance, there is a possibility that gambierol is also ... Metabolism of gambierol is not known yet, but the expectation is that gambierol acts almost the same as the ciguatoxins. ... Ciguatoxins are polycyclic polyether compounds. Their molecular weight is between 1.023 and 1.159 Dalton. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierol
In naturaIn natura
Legrand, A.; Fukui, M.; Cruchet, P.; Yasumoto, T. (1992). "Progress on chemical knowledge of ciguatoxins". Bulletin de la ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_natura
Comet grouperComet grouper
Ciguatoxins have been found in fish caughht off Mauritius. Barreiros, J. (2018). "Epinephelus morrhua". IUCN Red List of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_grouper
Ciguatera fish poisoningCiguatera fish poisoning
Ciguatoxin is found in over 400 species of reef fish. Avoiding consumption of all reef fish is the only sure way to avoid ... Ciguatoxin can also occur in farm-raised salmon. Furthermore, species substitution, labeling a reef fish as a non-reef fish at ... Ciguatoxin has no taste or smell, and cannot be destroyed by conventional cooking. There is no specific treatment for ciguatera ... Ciguatoxin lowers the threshold for opening voltage-gated sodium channels in synapses of the nervous system. Opening a sodium ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatera_fish_poisoning
NeosaxitoxinNeosaxitoxin
Site 5 binds the polyether ladder brevetoxins and ciguatoxin. Site 6 binds delta-conotoxin. Local anesthetic receptor site ... like ciguatoxin). Tetrodotoxin (TTX) toxicity is associated with marked and surprising cardiovascular effects (i.e.: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosaxitoxin
Horse-eye jackHorse-eye jack
Vernoux, J. P.; Lewis, R. J. (June 1997). "Isolation and characterisation of Caribbean ciguatoxins from the horse-eye jack ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-eye_jack
Epinephelus maculatusEpinephelus maculatus
In some regions the flesh may be toxic due to the presence ciguatoxins. Rhodes, K.; Sadovy, Y. (2018). "Epinephelus maculatus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephelus_maculatus
Nav1.8Nav1.8
Yamaoka K, Inoue M, Miyazaki K, Hirama M, Kondo C, Kinoshita E, Miyoshi H, Seyama I (March 2009). "Synthetic ciguatoxins ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav1.8
Siganus rivulatusSiganus rivulatus
S. rivulatus has been shown to be a source of ciguatoxin-like toxins and poisoning has been recorded in Israel after consuming ... Yedidia Bentur; Ehud Spanier (2006). "Ciguatoxin-like substances in edible fish on the eastern Mediterranean". Clinical ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siganus_rivulatus
YessotoxinYessotoxin
... s are a group of lipophilic, sulfur bearing polyether toxins that are related to ciguatoxins. They are produced by a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin
Okadaic acidOkadaic acid
Canadian Reference Materials Brevetoxin Ciguatoxin Domoic acid Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Rubratoxin Reguera, B.; Riobo, P.; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okadaic_acid
Leopard coral grouperLeopard coral grouper
Large specimens can have very high levels of ciguatoxin in their flesh. Fish have been raised in mariculture in Asia but ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_coral_grouper
Gambierdiscus pacificusGambierdiscus pacificus
... is a species of toxic (ciguatoxin- and maitotoxin-like toxicity) dinoflagellate. It is 67-77 μm long ... "Monitoring of dissolved ciguatoxin and maitotoxin using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking devices: Application to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierdiscus_pacificus
Gambierdiscus australesGambierdiscus australes
... is a species of toxic (ciguatoxin- and maitotoxin-like toxicity) dinoflagellate. It is 76-93 μm long ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierdiscus_australes
Gambierdiscus polynesiensisGambierdiscus polynesiensis
... is a species of toxic (ciguatoxin- and maitotoxin-like toxicity) dinoflagellate. It is 68-85 μm ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierdiscus_polynesiensis
Fish as foodFish as food
Biotoxins accumulated in fish/shellfish include brevetoxins, okadaic acid, saxitoxins, ciguatoxin and domoic acid. Except for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food
GambierdiscusGambierdiscus
... is a genus of marine dinoflagellates that produce ciguatoxins, a type of toxin that causes the foodborne illness ... Several Gambierdicus species produce potent toxin such as ciguatoxin and maitotoxin, which cause ciguatera fish poisoning. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierdiscus
Aluterus schoepfiiAluterus schoepfii
These fish contain a poison (ciguatoxin) in their flesh, which may cause ciguatera poisoning if eaten. The dotterel filefish is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluterus_schoepfii
Mahi-mahiMahi-mahi
Ciguatera poisoning is caused by the accumulation of toxins (ciguatoxins and maitotoxin) in the flesh of the fish over time. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi-mahi
Heliotropium arboreumHeliotropium arboreum
The researchers think that rosmarinic acid removes the ciguatoxins from their sites of action, as well as being an anti- ... against a Pacific ciguatoxin". Journal of Ethnopharmacology (published 30 August 2012). 143 (1): 33-40. doi:10.1016/j.jep. ... which is caused by powerful ciguatoxins produced by microscopic Gambierdiscus algae. Scientists from the Institute of Research ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium_arboreum
Median lethal doseMedian lethal dose
June 2010). "Update on methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination: perspectives to confront the onset of ciguatera ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose
Painted sweetlipsPainted sweetlips
The toxin ciguatoxin has been detected in this species, this toxin is the cause of ciguatera poisoning in humans. "Diagramma ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_sweetlips
GrammistinGrammistin
... at a high enough dosage the toxin is lethal to mammals with some symptoms being similar to those produce by ciguatoxins. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammistin
BrevetoxinBrevetoxin
Algal bloom Red tide Ciguatoxin Domoic acid Okadaic acid Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Watkins SM, Reich A, Fleming LE, Hammond R ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevetoxin
EtherEther
Some toxins produced by dinoflagellates such as brevetoxin and ciguatoxin are extremely large and are known as cyclic or ladder ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether
BioaccumulationBioaccumulation
... coral reef fish can be responsible for the poisoning known as ciguatera when they accumulate a toxin called ciguatoxin from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulation
Domoic acidDomoic acid
Canadian Reference Materials Pseudo-nitzschia Quisqualic acid Brevetoxin Ciguatoxin Okadaic acid Saxitoxin Maitotoxin Clayden J ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domoic_acid
Longfin yellowtailLongfin yellowtail
Eating almaco jack may cause a disease in humans called ciguatera, through bioaccumulation of ciguatoxin produced by a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_yellowtail
Paul J. ScheuerPaul J. Scheuer
For 20 years, his institute conducted research on ciguatoxins, the structure of which his former post-doctoral researcher ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Scheuer
Moray eelMoray eel
... are known to accumulate high levels of ciguatoxins, unlike other reef fish; if consumed by humans, ciguatera fish poisoning may ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moray_eel
Causes and Ecosystem Impacts | Harmful Algal Blooms | CDCCauses and Ecosystem Impacts | Harmful Algal Blooms | CDC
Learn what causes blooms of harmful algae and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), how to recognize them, and why they are a growing concern.
https://www.cdc.gov/habs/environment.html
Publications | EFSAPublications | EFSA
Emergent Treatment of Gastroenteritis: Background, Pathophysiology, EtiologyEmergent Treatment of Gastroenteritis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary manifestation is diarrhea, but it may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775277
Brevetoxin / Ciguatoxin RBA Test KitBrevetoxin / Ciguatoxin RBA Test Kit
Brevetoxins and ciguatoxins are produced by marine algae. ... for the site 5 sodium channel ligands brevetoxin or ciguatoxin ... 2014). Ciguatoxin concentrations in invasive lionfish estimated using a fluorescent receptor binding assay. 16th ICHA ... We offer a competitive receptor binding assay kit for the site 5 sodium channel ligands brevetoxin or ciguatoxin. Brevetoxins ... 2016). Fluorescent Receptor Binding Assay for Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. PLoS ONE 11(4): article #e0153348. doi: 10.1371/ ...
https://www.seatoxresearch.com/products/brevetoxin-ciguatoxin-test-kit/
A smartphone-controlled amperometric immunosensor for the detection of Pacific ciguatoxins in fishA smartphone-controlled amperometric immunosensor for the detection of Pacific ciguatoxins in fish
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are marine neurotoxins produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. CTXs may reach humans ... A smartphone-controlled amperometric immunosensor for the detection of Pacific ciguatoxins in fish. ... "A Smartphone-Controlled Amperometric Immunosensor For The Detection Of Pacific Ciguatoxins In Fish". Food Chemistry, 131687. ... I/PID2020-112976RB-C21/ES/Biotechnological tools based on cells and aptamers for the detection of ciguatoxins and tetrodotoxins ...
https://repositori.irta.cat/handle/20.500.12327/1451
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Part 4: The Cholinergic Toxidrome Section 10: Laboratory Assessment of the Cholinergic Toxidrome Red...Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Part 4: The Cholinergic Toxidrome Section 10: Laboratory Assessment of the Cholinergic Toxidrome Red...
Ciguatoxins (Reigart and Roberts 1999). *Cocaine (Clark 2002). *Codeine (Clark 2002). *Dermatomyositis (Reigart and Roberts ...
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cholinesterase-inhibitors/serum.html
Poisoning - fish and shellfish: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaPoisoning - fish and shellfish: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Ciguatoxin is "heat-stable." That means it does not matter how well you cook your fish, if the fish is contaminated, you will ... In ciguatera poisoning, the poisonous ingredient is ciguatoxin. This is a poison made in small amounts by certain algae and ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002851.htm
BAM Chapter 25: Investigation of Food Implicated in Illness | FDABAM Chapter 25: Investigation of Food Implicated in Illness | FDA
Ciguatoxin. 0. 0. 0. 86. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 87. 3.6. 9.6. ... Ciguatoxin. 87. 9.6. 332. 0.6. 0. 0.0. Heavy metals. 13. 1.4. ...
https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-25-investigation-food-implicated-illness
Synthetic Studies toward Ciguatoxin. Stereocontrolled Construction of the KLM Ring Fragment<...
Synthetic Studies toward Ciguatoxin. Stereocontrolled Construction of the KLM Ring Fragment. Makoto Sasaki, Masayuki Inoue, ... Synthetic Studies toward Ciguatoxin. Stereocontrolled Construction of the KLM Ring Fragment. In: Journal of Organic Chemistry. ... Synthetic Studies toward Ciguatoxin. Stereocontrolled Construction of the KLM Ring Fragment. / Sasaki, Makoto; Inoue, Masayuki ... Sasaki M, Inoue M, Tachibana K. Synthetic Studies toward Ciguatoxin. Stereocontrolled Construction of the KLM Ring Fragment. ...
https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/synthetic-studies-toward-ciguatoxin-stereocontrolled-construction
All Oceania articles | Chemistry WorldAll Oceania articles | Chemistry World
Ciguatoxin 2019-10-11T10:57:00Z The toxin found in reef fish that leads to food poisoning so bad it can cause life-long ...
https://www.chemistryworld.com/oceania/486.subject
Natural Cures for Chronic Fatigue SyndromeNatural Cures for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic Fatigue and Ciguatoxin Link Posted by Prioris (Fl) on 01/14/2014. Just to let people know. I have added some more ... Please read the Q & A thing under CFS for information relating to the ciguatoxin link. ... additional information regarding the ciguatoxin to the Q & A page - "Do I have Chronic Fatigue syndrome." There is also ...
https://www.earthclinic.com/cures/chronic_fatigue_syndrome.html
NOAA and Navy Investigate Seasonal Cetacean Distribution In and Around St. Andrew Bay, Fla.NOAA and Navy Investigate Seasonal Cetacean Distribution In and Around St. Andrew Bay, Fla.
Cheaper Ciguatoxin Assay May Rely on Proxy Molecule. #pt-cv-view-657555ahg1 .pt-cv-content-item { padding-top: 10px !important ...
https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/noaa-and-navy-investigate-seasonal-cetacean-distribution-in-and-around-st-andrew-bay-fla/
Find Research outputs - Heriot-Watt Research Portal
An investigation into ciguatoxin bioaccumulation in sharks. Meyer, L., Capper, A., Carter, S. & Simpfendorfer, C., 1 Sep 2016, ...
https://researchportal.hw.ac.uk/en/publications/?indexableKeyword=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fsustainabledevelopmentgoals%2Fclean_water_and_sanitation&format=&ordering=title&descending=true&page=1024
Ciguatera Toxicity Workup: Approach ConsiderationsCiguatera Toxicity Workup: Approach Considerations
Species identification of ciguatoxin-carrying grouper implicated in food poisoning. J Food Prot. 2009 Nov. 72(11):2375-9. [QxMD ... Identification of Causative Ciguatoxins in Red Snappers Lutjanus bohar Implicated in Ciguatera Fish Poisonings in Vietnam. ... Tsumuraya T, Fujii I, Hirama M. Production of monoclonal antibodies for sandwich immunoassay detection of Pacific ciguatoxins. ... An assay has been developed that can qualitatively (and potentially quantitatively) measure ciguatoxin in fish and possibly ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/813869-workup
海洋渦鞭毛藻Gambierdiscus spp.之鈉離子通道毒素分海洋渦鞭毛藻Gambierdiscus spp.之鈉離子通道毒素分
Ciguatoxins，縮寫為CTXs)，或音譯為西加魚毒毒素，是一類具有多環醚的脂溶性毒素，P-CTX-1首先由肉食性珊瑚礁魚體內純化獲得，實驗小鼠的半致死劑量為0.35 μg/kg；P-CTX-1的前驅物是由一種附著於海藻或珊瑚礁表面的渦鞭毛藻─甘比 ... Satake, M., et al., Isolation and structure of ciguatoxin-4A, a new ciguatoxin precursor, from cultures of dinoflagellate ... Lewis, R.J.
https://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22103YM005105009%22.&searchmode=basic
HAN 65HAN 65
... analyses of these isolates were negative for the known microalgal Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs; P-CTX-3B Fig. 1. Sampling area ... ciguatoxin, domoic acid, okadaic acid, saxitoxin, pinnatoxin, tetrodotoxin, beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and palytoxin ... The illness is caused by ciguatoxins (CTXs) and possibly maitotoxins (MTXs). Although CTX production ability is genetically ...
http://www.e-pages.dk/ku/1481/10
Food Safety Information - Currrent and Factual - the Information you need - FreeFood Safety Information - Currrent and Factual - the Information you need - Free
Marine toxins (Ciguatoxin). N. * Norovirus * Information for Healthcare Professionals. * Outbreaks. O. *There are no items for ...
https://www.ehso.com/foodsafetypathogens.php
Tropical Fish Poisoning Struck Big Apple in 2010 and 2011 | Food Safety NewsTropical Fish Poisoning Struck Big Apple in 2010 and 2011 | Food Safety News
Tags: barracuda, ciguatera, ciguatoxins, grouper, New York City, toxins. Print:. Email this postTweet this postLike this post ... Because ciguatoxins are difficult to detect in the field, health officials recommend education as the best prevention. Seafood ... How do consumers know to identify a fish that is more likely to be contaminated with ciguatoxins? "[CFP] occurrence is sporadic ... But other than knowing what species of fish are more likely to harbor ciguatoxins, the responsibility of CFP safety lies mainly ...
https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/02/tropical-fish-poisoning-spiked-in-big-apple-in-2010-and-2011/
Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Yessotoxin, a Promising Therapeutic ToolMarine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Yessotoxin, a Promising Therapeutic Tool
... ciguatoxins or gambierone [26]. However, the cellular target of these toxins, the sodium channel, and the one for YTX are ...
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/14/2/30
Longfin yellowtail - WikipediaLongfin yellowtail - Wikipedia
Eating almaco jack may cause a disease in humans called ciguatera, through bioaccumulation of ciguatoxin produced by a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaco_jack
Fish poisoning | SA HealthFish poisoning | SA Health
Honorary Professor David Adams - Queensland Brain Institute - University of QueenslandHonorary Professor David Adams - Queensland Brain Institute - University of Queensland
Hogg, R. C., Lewis, R. J. and Adams, D. J. (2002). Ciguatoxin-induced oscillations in membrane potential and action potential ... Hogg, R. C., Lewis, R. J. and Adams, D. J. (1998). Ciguatoxin (CTX-1) modulates single tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels ...
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/profile/208/david-adams
Pages 964-981 - David Foster Wallace Wiki : Infinite Jest
an alternate or mispelling of ciguatoxic. Reef fish can carry ciguatoxins, which cause ciguatera food poisoning [12] in ...
https://infinitejest.wallacewiki.com/david-foster-wallace/index.php?title=Pages_964-981&oldid=423
Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Associated With Eating Puffer Fish ...Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Associated With Eating Puffer Fish ...
Ciguatoxin Coral reef fish, 1 to 4 hours Abdominal pain, diarrhea barracuda, red snapper, vomiting, cold-to-hot and grouper ...
https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0041514/m0041514.asp
Toxin found in endangered seal could threaten numbers | Conservation | The Earth TimesToxin found in endangered seal could threaten numbers | Conservation | The Earth Times
Scientists from the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) discovered ciguatoxin in the Hawaiian monk ... "Based upon this study, we believe that ciguatoxin exposure is common in the monk seal population," said Charles Littnan, study ... Scientists from the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) discovered ciguatoxin in the Hawaiian monk ...
https://earthtimes.org/conservation/toxin-endangered-seal-threaten-numbers/993/
Table - Outbreaks of Disease Associated with Food Imported into the United States, 1996-2014 - Volume 23, Number 3-March 2017 -...
Ciguatoxin. 18 (10). 76 (0.7). Cyclospora. 11 (6). 3,533 (33). Norovirus. 10 (5). 131 (1). ...
https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/3/16-1462-t1
HeteroCyclesHeteroCycles
Synthesis of the E Ring Segment of Ciguatoxin CTX3C via the Negishi Coupling of Cyclic Ketene Acetal Triflate. Kengo Shiroma, ... Stereocontrolled synthesis of the E ring segment of ciguatoxin CTX3C was performed via the Negishi coupling of cyclic ketene ...
https://heterocycles.jp/newlibrary/libraries/journal/86/2
Faculty of Pharmacy - Research output - Keio University
CTXsDinoflagellatesToxinAssayToxinsDetectionReefFishesAccumulateMicroalgaeCiguatera Fish PoisIngestionSubtropicalMarineCompoundsOccurrenceHeat-stableSeafoodMoleculeSpeciesGastrointestinalExposureEatenWatersTissueIdentificationPreventionLevelsSamples
CTXs5
  • Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are marine neurotoxins produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. (irta.cat)
  • 珊瑚礁魚毒毒素 (Ciguatoxins，縮寫為CTXs)，或音譯為西加魚毒毒素，是一類具 (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Ciguatoxins (CTXs), cyclic polyether toxins (P-CTX-1: LD50=0.35 μg/kg i.p. in mice), were derived from marine dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Gambierdiscus. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • The illness is caused by ciguatoxins (CTXs) and possibly maitotoxins (MTXs). (e-pages.dk)
  • Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a syndrome caused by the ingestion of fish contaminated with Ciguatoxins (CTXs). (usc.es)
Dinoflagellates2
  • The dinoflagellates produce a potent neurotoxin (ciguatoxin) that is bioaccumulated (built-up in the tissue) and biotransformed along the trophic chain first to the herbivorous fishes, then to carnivorous fish. (livingoceansfoundation.org)
  • Ciguatoxins are produced by marine dinoflagellates that develop hooked up to marine algae and as such could also be by the way ingested by herbivorous fishes. (seafishpool.com)
Toxin1
  • Hawaii's two most common causes of food poisoning in the CDC data are ciguatoxin and scombroid toxin, both found in seafood and both far down on the list of causes on the mainland, well behind noroviruses, salmonella and others. (civilbeat.org)
Assay6
  • We offer a competitive receptor binding assay kit for the site 5 sodium channel ligands brevetoxin or ciguatoxin. (seatoxresearch.com)
  • 2016). Fluorescent Receptor Binding Assay for Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. (seatoxresearch.com)
  • 2014). Ciguatoxin concentrations in invasive lionfish estimated using a fluorescent receptor binding assay. (seatoxresearch.com)
  • 2014). Development and utilization of a fluorescence-based receptor binding assay for site 5 voltage-sensitive sodium channels ligands brevetoxin and ciguatoxin. (seatoxresearch.com)
  • An assay has been developed that can qualitatively (and potentially quantitatively) measure ciguatoxin in fish and possibly human fluids. (medscape.com)
  • Urine and serum samples of cases were collected for ciguatoxin (CTX) testing by radiological and receptor-binding assay. (who.int)
Toxins1
  • The detection of ciguatoxins is putting high demands on the analytical methods, as the toxins are effective in very low concentrations. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Detection2
  • Tsumuraya T, Fujii I, Hirama M. Production of monoclonal antibodies for sandwich immunoassay detection of Pacific ciguatoxins. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis is confirmed by the detection of ciguatoxin in fish linked to the case of poisoning. (sa.gov.au)
Reef7
  • Ciguatera fish poisoning, or CFP, arises from eating tropical reef fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Reef fish can carry ciguatoxins, which cause ciguatera food poisoning [12] in humans who consume the contaminated fish. (wallacewiki.com)
  • Herbivorous fish, feeding on the reef vegetation where Gambierdiscus is epiphytic, accumulate ciguatoxin precursors in their tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • Ciguatera results when ciguatoxin-contaminated coral reef fish from tropical or subtropical waters are consumed. (qxmd.com)
  • Therefore, the primary objective of this proposed study is to assess the prevalence of ciguatoxins in reef fishes along a disturbance gradient created by a major coral bleaching event that spans sites inside and outside areas protected from fishing pressure along the west coast of Hawai'i Island. (usgs.gov)
  • Secondarily, the degree of temporal stability or seasonality in the prevalence of ciguatoxins in reef fishes over the course of the proposed study will be assessed to the extent possible under the proposed sampling regime. (usgs.gov)
  • Massive piscivorous reef-dwelling fishes occupying the apex of the meals chain develop into reservoirs for the very best quantities of ciguatoxin by feeding on different members of the reef neighborhood. (seafishpool.com)
Fishes1
  • Ciguatera poisoning is brought on by the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins within the flesh of tropical marine fishes. (seafishpool.com)
Accumulate1
  • If the small fish are eaten by larger predatory fish, the ciguatoxins can accumulate and subsequently find their way into the human food chain. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Microalgae3
  • The EuroCigua project is developing reliable methods for the identification and quantification of ciguatoxin in fish and microalgae in European waters. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Ciguatoxin poisoning is triggered by metabolites of microalgae whose natural habitat is in the coral reefs of the Caribbean as well as the Pacific and Indian Oceans. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Alongside this, the involved parties are developing and establishing new, reliable methods to detect the presence of ciguatoxin in fish and microalgae. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Ciguatera Fish Pois1
  • When consumed, brevetoxins and ciguatoxins can cause Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (1) or Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (2), respectively. (seatoxresearch.com)
Ingestion2
  • Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Short report: persistent bradycardia caused by ciguatoxin poisoning after barracuda fish eggs ingestion in southern Taiwan. (qxmd.com)
Subtropical2
  • The substance ciguatoxin is only found in fish from tropical and subtropical seas. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • While ciguatera cases used to be confined to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, Spain and Portugal have been reporting outbreaks of ciguatoxin poisoning on the Canary Islands and Madeira since 2008. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Marine2
  • Brevetoxins and ciguatoxins are produced by marine algae that are then consumed by commercially important shellfish or fish. (seatoxresearch.com)
  • Scientists from the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) discovered ciguatoxin in the Hawaiian monk seal and are concerned other marine mammals may have come into contact with the poison which is produced by marine algae. (earthtimes.org)
Compounds1
  • Some important aspects are highlighted here, using methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·xH2O) and ciguatoxin as example compounds. (uni-konstanz.de)
Occurrence1
  • The global trade of imported fish is another reason for the increasing occurrence of ciguatoxin poisoning in Europe. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Heat-stable2
Seafood2
  • Seafood distributors and suppliers should be which areas are more likely to harbor fish carrying ciguatoxins, while consumers should know what fish carry a higher risk of CFM, and know where the fish they eat was harvested, recommend the authors. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • 7 Triggers for ciguatoxin (CTX) comes from the dinoflagellate reoccurrence may include consuming seafood, chicken, Gambierdiscus toxicus, which grows predominantly nuts, caffeine or alcohol and strenuous physical activity. (who.int)
Molecule1
  • This intoxication is caused by a micro seaweed dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus that colonizes dead corals and produces one the most dangerous molecule in the world: ciguatoxin. (rodfishingclub.com)
Species2
  • Species identification of ciguatoxin-carrying grouper implicated in food poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • But other than knowing what species of fish are more likely to harbor ciguatoxins, the responsibility of CFP safety lies mainly with harvesters and suppliers, Gall noted. (foodsafetynews.com)
Gastrointestinal2
  • 9 In 2010, two families with 22 members experienced ciguatoxin, and its presence does not affect the odor, gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms after eating red colour or taste of the fish. (who.int)
  • Ciguatoxin poisoning is accompanied by a variety of clinical symptoms, including gastrointestinal and especially neurological disorders such as the reversal of cold-hot sensitivity. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Exposure1
  • Based upon this study, we believe that ciguatoxin exposure is common in the monk seal population," said Charles Littnan, study co-author and scientist with NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Centre. (earthtimes.org)
Eaten1
  • Participants were asked to save fish remnants eaten by case-patients for ciguatoxin analysis at the Food and Drug Administration laboratory in Dauphin Island, Alabama (USA). (cdc.gov)
Waters1
  • They are also investigating whether fish from EU waters might contain ciguatoxin. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Tissue1
  • Ciguatoxins are not destroyed by cooking, freezing, or any form of preservation, and there is no reliable field test for ciguatoxins in fish tissue. (cdc.gov)
Identification1
  • Identification of Causative Ciguatoxins in Red Snappers Lutjanus bohar Implicated in Ciguatera Fish Poisonings in Vietnam. (medscape.com)
Prevention1
  • Because ciguatoxins are difficult to detect in the field, health officials recommend education as the best prevention. (foodsafetynews.com)
Levels1
  • Fish should be a regular part of the diet, but the experts advise against eating the offal of tropical predatory fish, as they contain the highest ciguatoxin levels. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Samples1
  • One of three fish samples submitted by probable case-patients was positive for ciguatoxins. (cdc.gov)
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