Chromosomes
Chromosome Mapping
Chromosome Banding
Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.
X Chromosome
Chromosome Aberrations
Sex Chromosomes
The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
Chromosomes, Human
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
Chromosomes, Plant
Chromosomes, Fungal
Chromosomes, Mammalian
Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Chromosomes, Human, Y
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
Chromosome Disorders
Chromosomes, Human, X
Chromosome Painting
A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
Base Sequence
Mammals
Chromosomes, Human, 13-15
Genetic Linkage
Chromosome Breakage
Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
Genetic Markers
Chromosome Inversion
Chromosome Positioning
Amino Acid Sequence
Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
X Chromosome Inactivation
Centromere
Mutation
Meiosis
Cloning, Molecular
Mitosis
Hybrid Cells
Translocation, Genetic
Recombination, Genetic
Metaphase
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Chromosomes, Human, 19-20
Phenotype
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Crosses, Genetic
Lod Score
Pedigree
Microsatellite Repeats
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Alleles
Models, Genetic
Evolution, Molecular
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Telomere
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
DNA-Binding Proteins
Blotting, Southern
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Kinetochores
Nuclear Proteins
Nondisjunction, Genetic
Chromosomes, Artificial, Human
Spindle Apparatus
Drosophila melanogaster
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Cricetinae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
HeLa Cells
Genes
Plasmids
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Chromosome Walking
A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.
Chromosomal Instability
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Genotype
Embryo, Mammalian
Multigene Family
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Chromosome Fragility
DNA, Complementary
DNA Probes
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Haplotypes
Transcription, Genetic
Gene Deletion
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
DNA, Satellite
Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.
Transcription Factors
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
DNA Primers
Genome
Chromatids
Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Chromatin
Diploidy
Heterozygote
Interphase
Mosaicism
Genome, Human
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Polyploidy
Drosophila
Prophase
Spermatocytes
Gene Dosage
The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.
Gene Expression Regulation
Polytene Chromosomes
Protein Binding
Cells, Cultured
Cosmids
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Carrier Proteins
Loss of Heterozygosity
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Gene Expression
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Drosophila Proteins
Cytogenetics
Gene Rearrangement
Karyotype
Cytogenetic Analysis
Chromosome Fragile Sites
Specific loci that show up during KARYOTYPING as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a CHROMATID arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. These sites are associated with an increase in CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY. They are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. Fragile site loci are named by the letters "FRA" followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. FRAXA refers to fragile site A on the X chromosome. It is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME.)
Genes, Dominant
Sequence Tagged Sites
Short tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.
Histones
Transfection
Exons
Biological Evolution
Cell Cycle
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Sex Chromosome Disorders
Monosomy
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Gene Library
Conserved Sequence
Models, Biological
Spermatozoa
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Microtubules
Genomic Imprinting
Oocytes
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Cricetulus
Gene Duplication
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Contig Mapping
Haploidy
Philadelphia Chromosome
An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).
Multiprotein Complexes
Genes, Lethal
Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Azure Stains
Chromosome Breakpoints
Membrane Proteins
Telomere dysfunction provokes regional amplification and deletion in cancer genomes. (1/1089)
Telomere dysfunction and associated fusion-breakage in the mouse encourages epithelial carcinogenesis and a more humanized genomic profile that includes nonreciprocal translocations (NRTs). Here, array comparative genomic hybridization was used to determine the pathogenic significance of NRTs and to determine whether telomere dysfunction also drives amplifications and deletions of cancer-relevant loci. Compared to tumors arising in mice with intact telomeres, tumors with telomere dysfunction possessed higher levels of genomic instability and showed numerous amplifications and deletions in regions syntenic to human cancer hotspots. These observations suggest that telomere-based crisis provides a mechanism of chromosomal instability, including regional amplifications and deletions, that drives carcinogenesis. This model provides a platform for discovery of genes responsible for the major cancers affecting aged humans. (+info)Fine linkage mapping of the blood pressure quantitative trait locus region on rat chromosome 1. (2/1089)
To narrow the area known to contain the blood pressure quantitative trait locus (QTL) on rat chromosome 1, we constructed a fine linkage map covering the blood pressure OTL region on the chromosome using 22 genetic markers informative for stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Izumo colony (SHRSP/Izm) and Wistar-Kyoto rats of the Izumo colony (WKY/Izm). Linkage mapping was done by genotyping 626 backcrossed rats from matings between SHRSP/Izm and WKY/Izm. Nineteen genetic markers informative for the two strains were selected from public databases. Two markers were newly isolated by screening a rat genomic library. One marker was mapped using a restriction endonuclease polymorphism. The region between DlWox29 and D1Smu11 was covered with 22 informative markers placed every 0.6 cM on average. In addition, 6 physiological candidates for a hypertension gene were mapped in this region either by linkage or by radiation hybrid (RH) mapping. This information should be essential for the construction and analysis of congenic strains for this QTL region. (+info)Conservation of relative chromosome positioning in normal and cancer cells. (3/1089)
Chromosomes exist in the interphase nucleus as individual chromosome territories. It is unclear to what extent chromosome territories occupy particular positions with respect to each other and how structural rearrangements, such as translocations, affect chromosome organization within the cell nucleus. Here we analyze the relative interphase positioning of chromosomes in mouse lymphoma cells compared to normal splenocytes. We show that in a lymphoma cell line derived from an ATM(-/-) mouse, two translocated chromosomes are preferentially positioned in close proximity to each other. The relative position of the chromosomes involved in these translocations is conserved in normal splenocytes. Relative positioning of chromosomes in normal splenocytes is not due to their random distribution in the interphase nucleus and persists during mitosis. These observations demonstrate that the relative arrangement of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus can be conserved between normal and cancer cells and our data support the notion that physical proximity facilitates rearrangements between chromosomes. (+info)Chromosomal association of Ran during meiotic and mitotic divisions. (4/1089)
Recent studies in Xenopus egg extracts indicate that the small G protein Ran has a central role in spindle assembly and nuclear envelope reformation. We determined Ran localization and dynamics in cells during M phase. By immunofluorescence, Ran is accumulated on the chromosomes of meiosis-II-arrested Xenopus eggs. In living cells, fluorescently labeled Ran associated with the chromosomes in Xenopus and remained associated during anaphase when eggs were artificially activated. Fluorescent Ran associated with chromosomes in mouse eggs, during meiotic maturation and early embryonic divisions in starfish, and to a lesser degree during mitosis of a cultured mammalian cell line. Chromosomal Ran undergoes constant flux. From photobleach experiments in immature starfish oocytes, chromosomal Ran has a k(off) of approximately 0.06 second(-1), and binding analysis suggests that there is a single major site. The chromosomal interactions may serve to keep Ran-GTP in the vicinity of the chromosomes for spindle assembly and nuclear envelope reformation. (+info)Male mouse recombination maps for each autosome identified by chromosome painting. (5/1089)
Linkage maps constructed from genetic analysis of gene order and crossover frequency provide few clues to the basis of genomewide distribution of meiotic recombination, such as chromosome structure, that influences meiotic recombination. To bridge this gap, we have generated the first cytological recombination map that identifies individual autosomes in the male mouse. We prepared meiotic chromosome (synaptonemal complex [SC]) spreads from 110 mouse spermatocytes, identified each autosome by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization of chromosome-specific DNA libraries, and mapped >2,000 sites of recombination along individual autosomes, using immunolocalization of MLH1, a mismatch repair protein that marks crossover sites. We show that SC length is strongly correlated with crossover frequency and distribution. Although the length of most SCs corresponds to that predicted from their mitotic chromosome length rank, several SCs are longer or shorter than expected, with corresponding increases and decreases in MLH1 frequency. Although all bivalents share certain general recombination features, such as few crossovers near the centromeres and a high rate of distal recombination, individual bivalents have unique patterns of crossover distribution along their length. In addition to SC length, other, as-yet-unidentified, factors influence crossover distribution leading to hot regions on individual chromosomes, with recombination frequencies as much as six times higher than average, as well as cold spots with no recombination. By reprobing the SC spreads with genetically mapped BACs, we demonstrate a robust strategy for integrating genetic linkage and physical contig maps with mitotic and meiotic chromosome structure. (+info)Gene density and transcription influence the localization of chromatin outside of chromosome territories detectable by FISH. (6/1089)
Genes can be transcribed from within chromosome territories; however, the major histocompatibilty complex locus has been reported extending away from chromosome territories, and the incidence of this correlates with transcription from the region. A similar result has been seen for the epidermal differentiation complex region of chromosome 1. These data suggested that chromatin decondensation away from the surface of chromosome territories may result from, and/or may facilitate, transcription of densely packed genes subject to coordinate regulation.To investigate whether localization outside of the visible confines of chromosome territories can also occur for regions that are not coordinately regulated, we have examined the spatial organization of human 11p15.5 and the syntenic region on mouse chromosome 7. This region is gene rich but its genes are not coordinately expressed, rather overall high levels of transcription occur in several cell types. We found that chromatin from 11p15.5 frequently extends away from the chromosome 11 territory. Localization outside of territories was also detected for other regions of high gene density and high levels of transcription. This is shown to be partly dependent on ongoing transcription. We suggest that local gene density and transcription, rather than the activity of individual genes, influences the organization of chromosomes in the nucleus. (+info)A divide-and-conquer approach to fragment assembly. (7/1089)
MOTIVATION: One of the major problems in DNA sequencing is assembling the fragments obtained by shotgun sequencing. Most existing fragment assembly techniques follow the overlap-layout-consensus approach. This framework requires extensive computation in each phase and becomes inefficient with increasing number of fragments. RESULTS: We propose a new algorithm which solves the overlap, layout, and consensus phases simultaneously. The fragments are clustered with respect to their Average Mutual Information (AMI) profiles using the k-means algorithm. This removes the unnecessary burden of considering the collection of fragments as a whole. Instead, the orientation and overlap detection are solved efficiently, within the clusters. The algorithm has successfully reconstructed both artificial and real data. AVAILABILITY: Available on request from the authors. (+info)A cluster of eight hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase genes belonging to the aldo-keto reductase supergene family on mouse chromosome 13. (8/1089)
A subclass of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) are NADP(H)-dependent oxidoreductases that belong to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. They are involved in prereceptor or intracrine steroid modulation, and also act as bile acid-binding proteins. The HSD family members characterized thus far in human and rat have a high degree of protein sequence similarity but exhibit distinct substrate specificity. Here we report the identification of nine murine AKR genes in a cluster on chromosome 13 by a combination of molecular cloning and in silico analysis of this region. These include four previously isolated mouse HSD genes (Akr1c18, Akr1c6, Akr1c12, Akr1c13), the more distantly related Akr1e1, and four novel HSD genes. These genes exhibit highly conserved exon/intron organization and protein sequence predictions indicate 75% amino acid similarity. The previously identified AKR protein active site residues are invariant among all nine proteins, but differences are observed in regions that have been implicated in determining substrate specificity. Differences also occur in tissue expression patterns, with expression of some genes restricted to specific tissues and others expressed at high levels in multiple tissues. Our findings dramatically expand the repertoire of AKR genes and identify unrecognized family members with potential roles in the regulation of steroid metabolism. (+info)
Chromosome substitution strains: gene discovery, functional analysis, and systems studies, Mammalian Genome | 10.1007/s00335...
Identification of a tandem duplicated array in the Rhox α locus on mouse chromosome X, Mammalian Genome | 10.1007/s00335-005...
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Dr. rer. nat. Rosemarie Weikard
Dr. rer. nat. Rosemarie Weikard
Kurt Hirschhorn
Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter. 4 (14). Hirschhorn K, Cooper HL, Firschein IL (1965). "Deletion of short arms of chromosome 4 ... Cooper H, Hirschhorn K (1961). "Apparent deletion of short arms of one chromosome (4 or 5) in a child with defects of midline ...
Aquatic rat
O'Brien, S.J.; Menninger, J.C.; Nash, W.G. (14 April 2006). Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. John Wiley & Sons. p. 173. ISBN 978 ... In any case, that value was previously thought to be the highest chromosome number known for a mammal, but it has since been ... Contreras LC, Torres-Mura JC, Spotorno AE (1990). "The largest known chromosome number for a mammal, in a South American desert ... Ichthyomyini: Muridae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador" (PDF). International Journal of Mammalian Biology. 62: 43-52. ...
Red rock hare
Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. pp. 342-355. doi:10.1002/0471779059. ISBN 9780471779056. Robinson, T. ... The Pronolagus chromosomes have undergone four fusions and one fission from the Lagomorpha ancestral state (2n=48), which ... All species in this genus have 21 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 42). The karotype for P. rupestris has been published. ... Robinson, T. J. (1980). "Comparative chromosome studies in the family Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia)". Cytogenetics and Cell ...
Aage Møller
Caspersson, Torbjörn; Zech, Lore (1972). "Identification of Mammalian Chromosomes". Acta Endocrinologica. 71 (2_Suppla): S67- ... Casperson and Zech had earlier developed a new way of staining the chromosomes using a quinacrine mustard stain that made ... Møller, A.; Nilsson, H.; Caspersson, T.; Lomakka, G. (1972). "Identification of human chromosome regions by aid of computerized ... also proved that the band-pattern on the quinacrine mustard stained chromosome was unique for each of the 24 human chromosome ...
Stephen J. O'Brien
Atlas of mammalian chromosomes. O'Brien, Stephen J., Menninger, Joan C., Nash, William G. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. 2006. ISBN ... Martin's Pres NYC); in 2007, he published a comprehensive "Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes", a photo-compendium of the karyotype ... Nash, W. G.; O'Brien, S. J. (1982-04-16). "Genetic mapping in mammals: chromosome map of domestic cat". Science. 216 (4543): ... He is known for his research contributions in comparative genomics, virology, genetic epidemiology, mammalian systematics and ...
Camel
2006). Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. New York: Wiley-Liss. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-471-35015-6. Di Berardino, D.; Nicodemo, D.; ... Koulischer, L; Tijskens, J; Mortelmans, J (1971). "Mammalian cytogenetics. IV. The chromosomes of two male Camelidae: Camelus ... The Y is a small metacentric chromosome, while the X is a large metacentric chromosome. The hybrid camel, a hybrid between ... A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found ...
Dromedary
Benirschke, K.; Hsu, T.C. (1974). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. 8. New York, USA: Springer. pp. 153-6. ISBN 978-1-4615- ... The X chromosome is the largest in the metacentric and submetacentric group. There are 31 pairs of acrocentrics. The ... The dromedary has 74 diploid chromosomes, the same as other camelids. The autosomes consist of five pairs of small to medium- ... 6432-4. Kohler-Rollefson, I.U. (1991). "Camelus dromedarius" (PDF). Mammalian Species (375): 1-8. doi:10.2307/3504297. JSTOR ...
X0 sex-determination system
1-9 Hsu, T. C.; Benirschke, Kurt (1977). "Hypsignathus monstrosus (Hammer-headed fruit bat)". An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes ... The Ryukyu spiny rat In this system, there is only one sex chromosome, referred to as X. Males only have one X chromosome (X0 ... Its sperm normally contain either one X chromosome or no sex chromosomes at all. In a variant of this system, most individuals ... Maternal gametes always contain an X chromosome, so the sex of the animals' offspring depends on whether a sex chromosome is ...
Hammer-headed bat
Instead of the typical mammalian karyotype where females have two X chromosomes and males have one each of X and Y, males have ... Thus, females have 36 chromosomes (34 autosomes and two sex chromosomes), and males have 35 chromosomes (34 autosomes but only ... An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. pp. 13-16. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6436-2_4. ISBN 978-1-4684-7997-3. Primus, Ashley; Harvey, ... Langevin, P.; Barclay, R. (1990). "Hypsignathus monstrosus". Mammalian Species. 357 (357): 1-4. doi:10.2307/3504110. JSTOR ...
Dromedary
Benirschke, K.; Hsu, T.C. (1974). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. 8. New York, USA: Springer. pp. 153-6. ISBN 978-1-4615- ... Mammalian Species. The American Society of Mammalogists (375): 1-8. doi:10.2307/3504297.. ... The autosomes consist of five pairs of small to medium-sized metacentrics and submetacentrics.[16] The X chromosome is the ... The dromedary has 74 diploid chromosomes, the same as other camelids. ...
Dromedary
Benirschke, K.; Hsu, T.C. (1974). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. 8. New York, USA: Springer. pp. 153-6. ISBN 978-1-4615- ... Mammalian Species (375): 1-8. doi:10.2307/3504297. JSTOR 3504297.. *^ Taylor, K.M.; Hungerford, D.A.; Snyder, R.L.; Ulmer, F.A. ... The autosomes consist of five pairs of small to medium-sized metacentrics and submetacentrics.[16] The X chromosome is the ... The dromedary has 74 diploid chromosomes, the same as other camelids. ...
HUMARA assay
Gartler, S. M.; Riggs, A. D. (1983-01-01). "Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation". Annual Review of Genetics. 17: 155-190. doi: ... that is located on X chromosome. Considering the fact that once one X chromosome is inactivated in a cell, all other cells ... The method is based on X chromosome inactivation and it takes the advantage of having different methylation status of a gene ... Thanks to these qualities of HUMARA gene, clonal origin of any tissue from a female mammalian organism can be determined. The ...
UTX (gene)
Gerrard DT, Filatov DA (2005). "Positive and negative selection on mammalian Y chromosomes". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (6): 1423-32. ... Foresta C, Ferlin A, Moro E (2000). "Deletion and expression analysis of AZFa genes on the human Y chromosome revealed a major ... Agate RJ, Choe M, Arnold AP (2004). "Sex differences in structure and expression of the sex chromosome genes CHD1Z and CHD1W in ... "Entrez Gene: KDM6A lysine demethylase 6A". Lahn BT, Page DC (October 1997). "Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome". ...
UTY (gene)
Gerrard DT, Filatov DA (June 2005). "Positive and negative selection on mammalian Y chromosomes". Molecular Biology and ... Foresta C, Ferlin A, Moro E (May 2000). "Deletion and expression analysis of AZFa genes on the human Y chromosome revealed a ... December 1996). "An H-YDb epitope is encoded by a novel mouse Y chromosome gene". Nature Genetics. 14 (4): 474-8. doi:10.1038/ ... Agate RJ, Choe M, Arnold AP (February 2004). "Sex differences in structure and expression of the sex chromosome genes CHD1Z and ...
T. C. Hsu
Hsu T.C., & Pomerat, C.M. (1953). Mammalian chromosomes in vitro II: A method for spreading the chromosomes of cells in tissue ... Hsu, T. C. (1952). Mammalian chromosomes in vitro I: The karyotype of man. Journal of Heredity, 43, 167-172. ... The correct diploid chromosome number of 46 human chromosomes was first reported three years later by Joe Hin Tjio and Albert ... He was the 13th president of American Society for Cell Biology, and known as the Father of Mammalian Cytogenetics. Hsu was born ...
Jungelkatt
Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. John Wiley & Sons, 14. apr. 2006 - 544 sider. ISBN 978-04-71779-04-9 ...
Catarrhini
"Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution". UC Davis. 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2019-03-20. ... Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25: 141-151. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9366-5. S2CID 3268953. Fulwood, Ethan L.; Boyer, Doug M.; ...
Gene redundancy
This can lead to the transfer of one chromosome's gene to the other chromosome, leaving two of the same gene on one chromosome ... Platt, Roy N.; Vandewege, Michael W.; Ray, David A. (March 2018). "Mammalian transposable elements and their impacts on genome ... A tandem duplication then occurs, creating a chromosome with two copies of the same gene. Figure 1 provides a visualization of ... These genes are found in different locations throughout the genome, but only about 13% are on different chromosomes or on ...
Harris Lewin
"Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution". UC Davis. Retrieved 2017-07-27. "Earth ... Lewin and his colleagues used an algorithm to computationally recreate the chromosomes of the first eutherian mammal, the long- ... "Reconstruction and evolutionary history of eutherian chromosomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (27): ...
DNA replication
Huberman JA, Riggs AD (March 1968). "On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes". Journal of Molecular ... Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes. Due to this ... The new round of replication will form the chromosome of the cell that is born two generations after the dividing cell. This ... This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome. As a result, cells can only divide a certain number of times before ...
Monkey
"Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution". UC Davis. 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2019-03-20. ...
Top-down proteomics
Smith CL, Cantor CR (1989). "Evolving strategies for making physical maps of mammalian chromosomes". Genome. 31 (2): 1055-8. ...
David C. Page
... since mammalian sex chromosomes contain too many repetitive sequences to be sequenced by conventional approaches. The ... "Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators". Nature. 508 (7497): 494-499. Bibcode:2014Natur. ... The first RFLP that Page found was from a site of homology between the X chromosome and Y chromosome, a coincidence that would ... Page continued to map the Y chromosome. He had already published DNA-based deletion maps of the Y chromosome in 1986, and went ...
Arthur Riggs (geneticist)
As a result of his interest in gene regulation in mammalian cells, Riggs became curious about X chromosome inactivation, in ... Huberman, JA; Riggs, AD (14 March 1968). "On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes". Journal of Molecular ... As graduate students at Caltech, he and Joel A. Huberman collaborated on work that later led to a classic paper on mammalian ... Somatostatin was the first mammalian hormone to be produced in a bacterium. Next the group created a gene coding for human ...
Klinefelter syndrome
Chow JC, Yen Z, Ziesche SM, Brown CJ (2005). "Silencing of the mammalian X chromosome". Annual Review of Genomics and Human ... Jacobs described her discovery of this first reported human or mammalian chromosome aneuploidy in her 1981 William Allan ... The syndrome is defined by the presence of at least one extra X chromosome in addition to a Y chromosome yielding a total of 47 ... In mammals with more than one X chromosome, the genes on all but one X chromosome are not expressed; this is known as X ...
Cancer Genome Anatomy Project
The Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (cCAP) is a CGAP supported initiative used for defining chromosome structure and to ... "Mammalian Gene Collection". Retrieved 2014-09-07. "SAGE genie". Retrieved 2014-09-07. "Gene Finder". Retrieved 2014-09-07. " ... "The Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP)". Retrieved 2014-09-05. "All About the FISH-mapped BACs". Retrieved 2014-09-07 ... U. Brinkmann; G. Vasmatzis; B. Lee; N. Yerushalmi; M. Essand; I. Pastan (September 1998). "PAGE-1, an X chromosome-linked GAGE- ...
REC8
"Temporally and spatially selective loss of Rec8 protein from meiotic chromosomes during mammalian meiosis". Journal of Cell ... It is removed from the arms of chromosomes in the first division - separating homologous chromosomes from each other. However, ... "Cohesin component dynamics during meiotic prophase I in mammalian oocytes". Chromosome Research. 12 (3): 197-213. doi:10.1023/B ... This gene encodes a member of the kleisin family of SMC (structural maintenance of chromosome) protein partners. The protein ...
Origin of replication
Delgado S, Gómez M, Bird A, Antequera F (April 1998). "Initiation of DNA replication at CpG islands in mammalian chromosomes". ... yeast and mammalian cells. Most bacterial chromosomes are circular and contain a single origin of chromosomal replication (oriC ... Eukaryotic chromosomes are also much larger than their bacterial counterparts, raising the need for initiating DNA synthesis ... Particularly in mammalian cells, H4K20 methylation has been reported to be required for efficient replication initiation, and ...
Fractal globule
It has been proposed that mammalian chromosomes form fractal globules. Dewey, T. Gregory (1998) Fractals in Biophysics. Oxford ... Chromosome Research. 19 (1): 37-51. doi:10.1007/s10577-010-9177-0. PMC 3040307. PMID 21274616.. ...
Ana Pombo
Martin, Sonya; Pombo, Ana (2003). "Transcription factories: quantitative studies of nanostructures in the mammalian nucleus". ... Chromosome Research. 11 (5): 461-470. doi:10.1023/A:1024926710797. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 12971722. S2CID 10855976. "Ana Pombo". ... where she described transcription factories in the mammalian nucleus. From 1998 to 2002, Pombo was a Royal Society Dorothy ...
人類基因組 - 维基百科,自由的百科全
大多數人類基因擁有許多的外顯子,且人類的內含子比位在其兩端的外顯子更長。這些基因參差不齊地分佈在染色體中,每一個染色體皆含有一些基因較多的區段與基因較少的區段。這些區段的差異,則與染色體帶(chromosome bands)及GC含量相關。基因密度所顯現 ... Nei M, Xu P, Glazko G. Estimation of divergence times from multiprotein sequences for a few mammalian species and several ... Human
GABRA4
McLean PJ, Farb DH, Russek SJ (Aug 1995). "Mapping of the alpha 4 subunit gene (GABRA4) to human chromosome 4 defines an alpha ... GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated ...
ZP3
X-ray crystallographic studies of the N-terminal half of mammalian ZP3 (PDB: 3D4C, 3D4G, 3EF7)[7] as well as its full-length ... This article on a gene on human chromosome 7 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. ... Rankin T, Dean J (2000). "The zona pellucida: using molecular genetics to study the mammalian egg coat". Rev. Reprod. 5 (2): ... Bleil JD, Wassarman PM (1980). "Mammalian sperm-egg interaction: identification of a glycoprotein in mouse egg zonae pellucidae ...
Substance P
Maggi CA (Sep 1995). "The mammalian tachykinin receptors". General Pharmacology. 26 (5): 911-44. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(94)00292 ... chromosome localization, and functional expression of cDNA clones". Biochemistry. 30 (44): 10640-6. doi:10.1021/bi00108a006. ...
Apolipoprotein C4
This article on a gene on human chromosome 19 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. *v ... "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 ( ...
Zygosity
... in males with normal chromosomes because they have only one X chromosome and few of the same genes are on the Y chromosome. ... In cultured mammalian cells, such as the Chinese hamster ovary cell line, a number of genetic loci are present in a functional ... A chromosome in a diploid organism is hemizygous when only one copy is present.[2] The cell or organism is called a hemizygote ... Most eukaryotes have two matching sets of chromosomes; that is, they are diploid. Diploid organisms have the same loci on each ...
PAX8
Mammalian Genome. 4 (2): 78-82. doi:10.1007/BF00290430. PMID 8431641.. ...
Androgen
During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either ovaries or testes.[5] In humans, starting at ... In males, certain Y chromosome genes, particularly SRY, control development of the male phenotype, including conversion of the ...
Progesterone receptor
In humans, PR is encoded by a single PGR gene residing on chromosome 11q22,[5][6][7] it has two isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, that ... interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells" ... "The progesterone receptor gene maps to human chromosome band 11q13, the site of the mammary oncogene int-2". Proceedings of ...
PSEN1
Lee SF, Shah S, Li H, Yu C, Han W, Yu G (November 2002). "Mammalian APH-1 interacts with presenilin and nicastrin and is ... "Genetic linkage evidence for a familial Alzheimer's seasesease locus on chromosome 14". Science. 258 (5082): 668-71. Bibcode: ... Jarriault S, Brou C, Logeat F, Schroeter EH, Kopan R, Israel A (September 1995). "Signalling downstream of activated mammalian ... in mammalian cells, deficiency of PSEN1 also causes the defect in the proteolytic release of NICD from a truncated Notch ...
RAD51
condensed chromosome. • nuclear chromosome, telomeric region. • nucleus. • nuclear chromatin. • lateral element. • cytosol. • ... "Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs". Genome Res. 19 (1): 92-105. doi:10.1101/gr.082701.108. PMC 2612969 ... nuclear chromosome. • mitochondrial matrix. • nucleolus. • mitochondrion. • perinuclear region of cytoplasm. • chromatin. • ... condensed nuclear chromosome. • macromolecular complex. Biological process. • regulation of protein phosphorylation. • strand ...
Histone
Chromosome condensation[edit]. Phosphorylation of H3 at serine 10 (phospho-H3S10). The mitotic kinase aurora B phosphorylates ... Clarke HJ (1992). "Nuclear and chromatin composition of mammalian gametes and early embryos". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 70 ... Rizzo PJ (Aug 2003). "Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes". Cell Research. 13 (4): 215-7. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290166. PMID ... Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to 1 in ...
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
21] See the classic paper McClintock B 1951 "Chromosome Organization and Genic Expression" (Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. ... Research foci: drug resistance; cancer genomics; tumor microenvironment; growth control in mammalian cells; transcriptional and ... Carol Greider, who in 1992 discovered a relationship between cellular aging and damage to the ends of chromosomes, called ... Other research foci: autism genetics; mapping of the mammalian brain; neural correlates of decision making. ...
OR1C1
Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091 ... "Specific repertoire of olfactory receptor genes in the male germ cells of several mammalian species". Genomics. 39 (3): 239-46 ...
HADHB
Sonta, SI; Sandberg, AA (1977). "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia: XXVIII. Value of detailed chromosome ... "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 ( ... The HADHB gene is located on chromosome 2, with its specific location being 2p23.[5] The gene contains 17 exons. HADHB encodes ... 2005). "Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4". Nature. 434 (7034): 724-31. doi:10.1038/ ...
Crab-eating fox
Genetically, there are 74 diploid chromosomes (36 pairs). Appearance[edit]. The crab-eating fox is predominantly greyish-brown ... a b c Annalisa Berta; Cerdocyon thous, Mammalian Species, Issue 186, 23 November 1982, Pages 1-4, https://doi.org/10.2307/ ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2
The activity of the PDH complex in mammalian tissues is largely determined by the phosphorylation of certain subunits within ... "A testis-specific form of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit is coded for by an intronless gene on chromosome 4 ... Hiromasa, Y; Fujisawa, T; Aso, Y; Roche, TE (20 February 2004). "Organization of the cores of the mammalian pyruvate ... "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 ( ...
SSX1
This article on a gene on the human X chromosome and/or its associated protein is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding ... "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 ( ... 2003). "A novel fusion gene, SS18L1/SSX1, in synovial sarcoma". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 37 (2): 195-200. doi:10.1002/gcc. ... This translocation results in the fusion of the synovial sarcoma translocation gene on chromosome 18 to one of the SSX genes on ...
CD200 - Википедия
Douglas J., Albertson D.G., Barclay A.N. et al. RFLP and mapping of human MOX-1 gene on chromosome 3 (англ.) // Nucleic Acids ... The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) (англ.) // Genome Res. (англ.)русск. : journal. - 2004. - Vol. 14, no. 10B. - P. 2121-2127 ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
The BDNF protein is encoded by a gene that is also called BDNF, found in humans on chromosome 11.[7][8] Structurally, BDNF ... BDNF itself is important for long-term memory.[15] Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed ...
Embryology
Alex Lopata (2009). "History of the Egg in Embryology". Journal of Mammalian Ova Research. 26: 2-9. doi:10.1274/jmor.26.2.. ... Thus, a fly whose chromosomes are mutant in both copies of the Bicoid gene but who is born from a mother carrying one normal ... Three years later, the Estonian, Karl Ernst von Baer, finally found the true mammalian egg in a pet dog (von Baer, 1827). ... Karl Ernst von Baer and Heinz Christian Pander proposed the germ layer theory of development; von Baer discovered the mammalian ...
Superoxide dismutase
Gardner PR, Raineri I, Epstein LB, White CW (Jun 1995). "Superoxide radical and iron modulate aconitase activity in mammalian ... The genes are located on chromosomes 21, 6, and 4, respectively (21q22.1, 6q25.3 and 4p15.3-p15.1). ...
ವಂಶವಾಹಿ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
Demuth, JP; De Bie, T; Stajich, JE; Cristianini, N; Hahn, MW (20 December 2006). "The evolution of mammalian gene families". ... "Three-Dimensional Maps of All Chromosomes in Human Male Fibroblast Nuclei and Prometaphase Rosettes". PLoS Biology 3 (5): e157 ... Mortazavi A, Williams BA, McCue K, Schaeffer L, Wold B (July 2008). "Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA- ...
L-xylulose reductase
"Molecular characterization of mammalian dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase and its localization in kidney". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (20 ... is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the DCXR gene located on chromosome 17. ...
MSH4, a enciclopedia libre
"MutS homolog 4 localization to meiotic chromosomes is required for chromosome pairing during meiosis in male and female mice". ... "MSH4 acts in conjunction with MLH1 during mammalian meiosis". FASEB Journal 14 (11): 1539-47. PMID 10928988. doi:10.1096/fj. ... "MSH4 acts in conjunction with MLH1 during mammalian meiosis". FASEB Journal 14 (11): 1539-47. PMID 10928988. doi:10.1096/fj. ... supporting a role for this MutL homolog in mammalian meiotic recombination". Human Molecular Genetics 11 (15): 1697-706. PMID ...
SLAMF6 - ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315-21. PMID 16710414. doi: ... 2000). "Characterization of human HtrA2, a novel serine protease involved in the mammalian cellular stress response". Eur. J. ... "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 ( ...
TAS1R2 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
1999). „Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity.". Cell. 96 ( ... Liao J, Schultz PG (2003). „Three sweet receptor genes are clustered in human chromosome 1.". Mamm. Genome. 14 (5): 291-301. ... 2004). „The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste.". Cell. 115 (3): 255-66. PMID 14636554. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03) ... 2006). „The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.". Nature. 441 (7091): 315-21. PMID 16710414. doi: ...
List of atheists in science and technology
Haldane was also the first to construct human gene maps for haemophilia and colour blindness on the X chromosome and he was one ... Donald Prothero (1954-): American geologist, paleontologist, and author who specializes in mammalian paleontology and ... He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the chromosome plays in heredity.[ ... The Nobel Prize-winning geneticist and stringent atheist Thomas Hunt Morgan was developing the chromosome theory of heredity by ...
RNA world
The RNA world hypothesis is supported by RNA's ability to store, transmit, and duplicate genetic information, as DNA does. RNA can act as a ribozyme, a special type of enzyme. Because it can perform the tasks of both DNA and enzymes, RNA is believed to have once been capable of supporting independent life forms.[15] Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, rather than DNA.[45] Further, while nucleotides were not found in experiments based on Miller-Urey experiment, their formation in prebiotically plausible conditions was reported in 2009;[22] the purine base known as adenine is merely a pentamer of hydrogen cyanide. Experiments with basic ribozymes, like Bacteriophage Qβ RNA, have shown that simple self-replicating RNA structures can withstand even strong selective pressures (e.g., opposite-chirality chain terminators).[46] Since there were no known chemical pathways for the abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides from pyrimidine nucleobases cytosine and uracil under prebiotic conditions, it ...
LIG3, a enciclopedia libre
"Structure and function of the DNA ligases encoded by the mammalian LIG3 gene". Gene. 531 (2): 150-157. doi:10.1016/J.GENE. ... "Translocation of XRCC1 and DNA ligase III-alpha from centrosomes to chromosomes in response to DNA damage in mitotic human ... "An interaction between the mammalian DNA repair protein XRCC1 and DNA ligase III". Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (1): 68-76. PMC 358357 ... "Structure and function of the DNA ligases encoded by the mammalian LIG3 gene". Gene 531 (2): 150-7. PMC 3881560. PMID 24013086 ...
Mammalian Chromosome Engineering | SpringerLink
Mammalian Chromosome Engineering: Methods and Protocols provides the reader with up-to date information on this rapidly ... Authoritative and cutting-edge, Mammalian Chromosome Engineering: Methods and Protocols serves as a bench-side resource for ... Mammalian Artificial Chromosomes and Clinical Applications for Genetic Modification of Stem Cells: An Overview ... the generation and engineering of synthetic artificial chromosomes, and the induced de novo platform artificial chromosome ...
Wiley-VCH - Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes
John Wiley & Sons Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes Der Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes ist nicht nur eine herausragende Sammlung ... Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. OBrien, Stephen J. / Graphodatsky, Alexander S. / Perelman, Polina L. (Herausgeber) ... Der Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes ist nicht nur eine herausragende Sammlung der Karyotypen gebänderter Metaphasechromosomen ... Die Neuauflage des Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes ist der Ausgangspunkt für eine Vielzahl neuer aufregender Forschungen.. ...
Centromeres of mammalian chromosomes. - PubMed - NCBI
Centromeres of mammalian chromosomes.. Willard HF1.. Author information. 1. Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA ... The centromere is the major cis-acting genetic locus involved in chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. The mammalian ... Although direct functional assays of chromosome segregation are still lacking, the data are most consistent with a structural ...
Commissione europea : CORDIS : Progetti e risultati : Making better artificial chromosomes for mammalian cells
Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution | UC Davis
... computationally recreating the chromosomes of the first eutherian mammal, the long-extinct, shrewlike ancestor of all placental ... What if researchers could go back in time 105 million years and accurately sequence the chromosomes of the first placental ... Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution *by Lisa Howard ... Orangutan chromosomes were found to be the slowest evolving of all primates and still retain eight chromosomes that have not ...
Reconstruction of ancient chromosomes offers insight into mammalian evolution
What if researchers could go back in time 105 million years and accurately sequence the chromosomes of the first placental ... Reconstruction of ancient chromosomes offers insight into mammalian evolution. Published: 23 Jun 2017 , Last Updated: 23 Jun ... The rates of evolution of ancestral chromosomes differed greatly among the different mammal lineages, but some chromosomes ... "It is the first time that the history of each mammalian chromosome is delineated in such great detail, demonstrating that some ...
Genes | Free Full-Text | Sequence Composition and Evolution of Mammalian B Chromosomes
Here, we consider mammalian Bs, taking into account data on their DNA sequencing, transcriptional activity, positions in nuclei ... The intraspecific diversity of Bs makes this analysis a very important element of B chromosome studies. ... B chromosomes (Bs) revealed more than a hundred years ago remain to be some of the most mysterious elements of the eukaryotic ... Sequence Composition and Evolution of Mammalian B Chromosomes. Nikolay B. Rubtsov 1,2,* and Yury M. Borisov 3. ...
Evidence of a Large-Scale Functional Organization of Mammalian Chromosomes: Authors' Reply
Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells. - PubMed - NCBI
Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells.. Cremer T1, Cremer C. ... The location of a gene within a chromosome territory seems to influence its access to the machinery responsible for specific ... The emerging view is that chromosomes are compartmentalized into discrete territories. ...
A Syntenic Region Conserved from Fish to Mammalian X Chromosome
Precise detection of rearrangement breakpoints in mammalian chromosomes - Inria
Mammalian Chromosome Engineering book by Gyula Hadlaczky | 0 available edition | Alibris Books
Dynamic organization of chromosomes in the mammalian cell nucleus
... Dynamic organization of chromosomes in the mammalian cell ... Schermelleh, Lothar (2003): Dynamic organization of chromosomes in the mammalian cell nucleus. Dissertation, LMU München: ... a model is presented on the chromosome positioning in mammalian nuclei depending on cell cycle and nuclear shape. ... a model is presented on the chromosome positioning in mammalian nuclei depending on cell cycle and nuclear shape. ...
Efficient gene activation system on mammalian cell chromosomes using recombinant adenovirus producing Cre recombinase
To develop a method for activating genes located on cell chromosomes, an on/off switching unit regulated by the site-specific ... Efficient gene activation system on mammalian cell chromosomes using recombinant adenovirus producing Cre recombinase Gene. ... CV1 cell lines bearing the switching unit on a cell chromosome were isolated and activation of the lacZ gene was examined after ... To develop a method for activating genes located on cell chromosomes, an on/off switching unit regulated by the site-specific ...
In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (OECD 473) | Charles River
The chromosome aberration test is designed to evaluate the potential of a test compound to induce structural chromosomal ... In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test. Understanding the implications of positive genetic toxicology results is crucial ... The chromosome aberration test (CAT) is designed to evaluate the potential of a test compound to induce structural chromosomal ...
Use of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) in studies of mammalian development: production of beta-globin locus YAC mice...
To test whether yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) can be used in the investigation of mammalian development, we analyzed the ... Use of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) in studies of mammalian development: production of beta-globin locus YAC mice ... Use of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) in studies of mammalian development: production of beta-globin locus YAC mice ... Use of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) in studies of mammalian development: production of beta-globin locus YAC mice ...
Studies on Radiation-induced Chromosome Aberrations in Mammalian Cells. 2) Applied Aspects | Project | FP3 | CORDIS | European...
Studies on Radiation-induced Chromosome Aberrations in Mammalian Cells. 2) Applied Aspects. ... The newly introduced technique for chromosome painting (FISH) was showing up also for chromosome-type exchanges anomalous ... and expanded all the possible break interaction possibilities for up to 5 breaks in 5 chromosomes, and the painting patterns ... aspects of chromosome aberration formation (coordinator prof. A.T. Natarajan). ...
Mammalian MutS homologue 5 is required for chromosome pairing in meiosis
... Nat Genet. 1999 Jan;21(1):123-7. doi: 10.1038/5075. ... Gene targeting studies in mice confirmed roles for Mlh1 and Pms2 in mammalian meiosis. To assess the role of Msh5 in mammals, ... Meiosis in these mice is affected due to the disruption of chromosome pairing in prophase I. We found that this meiotic failure ...
Scientists create mammalian cells with single chromosome set - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Any genetic change we introduce to the single set of chromosomes will have an easy-to-determine effect. This will be useful for ... Mammal cells usually contain two sets of chromosomes - one set inherited from the mother and one from the father. The genetic ... However, as each cell contains two copies of each chromosome, determining the link between a genetic change and its physical ... The researchers hope that this technique will help advance mammalian genetics and our understanding of the gene-function ...
Mouse chromosome 8, Mammalian Genome | 10.1007/s003359900320 | DeepDyve
Mammalian Genome" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications ... Mouse chromosome 8. Mouse chromosome 8 Ceci, Jeffrey; Mills, Kathleen 2014-04-22 00:00:00 Mammalian Genome 7, S 143-S 158 (1997 ... Mammalian Genome 7, S 143-S 158 (1997). 9 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1997 Jeffrey D. Ceci, 1 Kathleen A. Mills z ~Department ... Mammalian Genome Springer Journals http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/mouse-chromosome-8-zL1ugCiIab ...
Mouse chromosome 14, Mammalian Genome | 10.1007/s003359900326 | DeepDyve
Mammalian Genome" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications ... Mouse Chromosome 14 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome 14 $241 $242 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome 14 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome ... Mouse Chromosome 14 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome 14 $247 $248 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome 14 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome ... Mouse Chromosome 14 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome 14 $241 $242 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome 14 J.H. Nadeau: Mouse Chromosome ...
An SRY-related sequence on the marsupial X chromosome: implications for the evolution of the mammalian testis-determining gene....
An SRY-related sequence on the marsupial X chromosome: implications for the evolution of the mammalian testis-determining gene. ... Enrichment of brain-related genes on the mammalian X chromosome is ancient and predates the divergence of synapsid and ... An SRY-related sequence on the marsupial X chromosome: implications for the evolution of the mammalian testis-determining gene. ... An SRY-related sequence on the marsupial X chromosome: implications for the evolution of the mammalian testis-determining gene. ...
Mammalian Artificial Chromosomes: Methods & Protocols | NYU Health Sciences Library
A role for DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 in error-prone double-strand-break repair in mammalian chromosomes.
Autosomal location of genes from the conserved mammalian X in the platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus): implications for...
Mapping of human X- and Y-borne genes in distantly related mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates has proved valuable to help ... Mammalian sex chromosomes evolved from an ancient autosomal pair. ... evolution mammalian Ornithorhynchus anatinus platypus X chromosome This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check ... Mammalian sex chromosomes evolved from an ancient autosomal pair. Mapping of human X- and Y-borne genes in distantly related ...
Chromosome engineering in DT40 cells and mammalian centromere function | Springer for Research & Development
Small DNA circles found outside the chromosomes in mammalian cells and tissues, including human cells - Healthcanal.com :...
Small DNA circles found outside the chromosomes in mammalian cells and tissues, including human cells. ... The known DNA in cells are in nuclear chromosomes that are millions of base pair long linear stretches of DNA capped by ... MicroDNAs are 200-400 base pair long circles in the nucleus that are not attached to chromosomes, making them new DNA entities. ... Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have helped identify a new DNA entity in mammalian cells and ...
Telomeric repeat containing RNA and RNA surveillance factors at mammalian chromosome ends - Infoscience
We demonstrate that mammalian telomeres are transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). TERRA molecules are ... and protect chromosome ends from telomere loss. Thus, telomeres are actively transcribed into TERRA, and SMG factors represent ... are essential for chromosome stability. Until now, telomeres have been considered to be transcriptionally silent. ... heterogeneous in length, are transcribed from several subtelomeric loci toward chromosome ends, and localize to telomeres. We ...
KAKEN - Research Projects | Construction of mammalian artificial chromosomes using YAC (KAKENHI-PROJECT-08044200)
Publications] T.Okazaki: Properties and interaction of CENP-B and centromere satellite DNA in mammalian cells. Chromosome ... Publications] T.Okazaki: Properties and interaction of CENP-B and centromere satellite DNA in mammalian cells. Chromosome ... Properties and interaction of CENP-B and centromere satellite DNA in mammalian cells. Chromosome Segregation and Aneuploidy. ... COOKE Howard MRC,Human Genetics Unit, Head of Chromosome Biology, 染色体生物学部門, 主任研究員 HIETER Philip A The Johns Hopkins University ...
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) can be an essential mechanism utilized by mammalian - Stem cell application on skin cancer...
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) can be an essential mechanism utilized by mammalian. * Post author By exposed ... X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) can be an essential mechanism utilized by mammalian XX feminine cells to level X-linked gene ... Hence high degrees BMS-777607 of Rnf12 trigger growing of XCI to all or any X chromosomes but its lack does not hinder XCI ... X-Chromosome RNAi and Reactivation Recently testing began to get a hypothesized however not very well-characterized RNAi in XCI ...
AtlasGenesArtificialMeiosisMammalsEukaryotic chromosomesInactivationGeneCentromereGeneticChromosomalHomologous chromosomesSpeciesChromatinProteinsGeneticsAutosomesNucleiSingle set of chromosomesVectorsKaryotypesMeioticSomaticFluorescenceCentromericMitoticEnds of chromosomesPair of chromosomesHeteromorphic sex chromosomesEssential for chromosomeInterphaseGenome evolutionSequenceAncestralCentromeresAutosomalTranscriptionalEvolutionaryCondensationMetaphase chromosomesTissuesKaryotypeDetermine the sexMechanismHuman Y chromosomeEmbryonicHumansTelomericRecombinationTranslocationSequencesOrganizationMarsupial1967Methods1997Piece of chromosomeNuclear
Atlas32
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- Filled with a visually exquisite collection of the banded metaphase chromosome karyotypes from some 1,000 species of mammals, the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes offers an unabridged compendium of the state of this genomic art form. (ebookschoice.com)
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Genes35
- To develop a method for activating genes located on cell chromosomes, an on/off switching unit regulated by the site-specific recombinase Cre was constructed. (nih.gov)
- These results showed that the system offers efficient activation of genes introduced into cell chromosomes and that the organization of the reporter units are important for efficiency and duration of the activated gene expression. (nih.gov)
- Mapping of human X- and Y-borne genes in distantly related mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates has proved valuable to help deduce the evolution of this unique part of the genome. (springer.com)
- Since these genes lie on the X in marsupials and eutherians, and also on the homologous region of chicken chromosome 4, this represents a loss from the monotreme X rather than an additional evolutionary stratum of the human X. (springer.com)
- We also review the BMS-777607 main element regulators involved with XCI because of their function in suppressing the energetic histone marks as well as the genes in the energetic chromosome because of their inhibition of X inactivation indicators. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- An enduring question surrounding sex chromosome evolution is whether effective hemizygosity in the heterogametic sex leads inevitably to dosage compensation of sex-linked genes, and whether this compensation has been observed in a variety of organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our analysis shows that the high number of paralogous gene families on the mammalian X chromosome relative to autosomes contributes to the ambiguity in RXE calculations, RNA-seq analysis that takes into account that single- and multi-copy genes are compensated differently supports the conclusion that, in many somatic tissues, the mammalian X is up-regulated compared to the autosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Depending on the extent of the loss or gain, and the dosage sensitivity of genes on the incipient sex chromosomes, natural selection may favor the evolution of compensating mechanisms to balance expression between the sexes and between the sex chromosomes and autosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The differences in compensating mechanisms, or lack thereof, will likely reflect the relative content of haplosufficient vs. haploinsufficient genes on the sex chromosomes, but will also reflect early events of sex chromosome evolution, outcomes of sexual selection and sexual conflict, and the life history of the organism [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The evolution of the mammalian X and Y sex-determining chromosomes from ancestral chromosomes is thought to have occurred through a rapid loss of genes from the Y chromosome. (nature.com)
- They show that, although there was a period of rapid degeneration and gene loss during its early evolution, the genes that are conserved across the Y chromosomes of extant mammals (and the sex-determining W chromosomes of birds) have since been remarkably stable. (nature.com)
- The researchers' data also provide a detailed picture of the evolutionary forces acting on the sex chromosomes, and offer a plausible explanation for the functional coherence of Y-linked genes across these species. (nature.com)
- See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome Y. (forumpro.info)
- However, comparisons of the human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes first published in show that the human Y chromosome has not lost any genes since the divergence of humans and chimpanzees between 6-7 million years ago, [22] and a scientific report in stated that only one gene had been lost since humans diverged from the rhesus macaque 25 million years ago. (forumpro.info)
- Dec 19, · Mammalian X chromosomes are mainly euchromatic with a similar size and structure among species whereas Y chromosomes are smaller, have undergone substantial evolutionary changes and accumulated male specific genes and genes involved in sex determination. (forumpro.info)
- Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (news-medical.net)
- Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (news-medical.net)
- Chromosome 15 likely contains between 650 and 1,000 genes. (news-medical.net)
- Genes on chromosome 15 are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. (news-medical.net)
- The first biobank in Australia aiming to improve research and treatments into rare genetic diseases caused by changes to genes on chromosome 15, including Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome, will be established at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute. (news-medical.net)
- Individuals with this condition are missing a small piece of chromosome 15 that usually contains six genes, but which one of the genes is responsible for the clinical characteristics of patients has not been clear. (news-medical.net)
- In mammals, male sex determination, as well as spermatogenesis, is controlled by genes on the Y chromosome. (edu.au)
- Evolutionary comparisons may be used to detect and test candidate genes for these functions, under the hypothesis that the rapid evolution of the mammalian Y chromosome causes it to contain few genes other than those with a critical function in male reproduction. (edu.au)
- Evolution of the mammalian Y took place in several cycles of addition and attrition, as autosomal regions were added to the pseudoautosomal region of one sex chromosome, recombined onto the other, and degraded on the Y. This explains why most genes and pseudogenes on the Y chromosome have relatives on the X. The gene SRY itself is apparently no exception, being closely related to the highly conserved X-linked gene SOX3. (edu.au)
- A fourth major problem for the alleged fusion signature on chromosome 2 is that it occurs in a region of the genome that is full of genes. (icr.org)
- A comparison of Y chromosomes in eight African and eight European men dispels the common notion that the Y's genes are mostly unimportant and that the chromosome is destined to dwindle and disappear. (phys.org)
- A proposed path by which genes common to mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolve to become X inactivated. (readabstracts.com)
- The coevolution of X and Y chromosomes can be explored by studying the similarities and differences among homologous genes in existing species. (readabstracts.com)
- New research investigates the theory that X-Y genes have evolved independently and require dosage compensation on the X chromosome. (readabstracts.com)
- We have solved the puzzle and even broke a paradigm in biology - we managed to make stable mouse stem cells with a single set of chromosomes and developed novel tools to use such stem cells to rapidly check virtually all genes at the same time for a specific function. (phys.org)
- During interphase, the genes carried on the chromosomes are transcribed , to form proteins needed by the cell. (encyclopedia.com)
- Each type of chromosome contains different genes that are found at specific locations along the chromosome. (encyclopedia.com)
- Sometimes amplified genes form a separate and unique chromosome and sometimes they are located within an otherwise normal chromosome. (encyclopedia.com)
- A chromosome rearrangement can delete or disrupt the functioning of genes that are located on the chromosomal pieces involved. (encyclopedia.com)
- Chromosome rearrangements that delete or disrupt genes that regulate the cell cycle can contribute to the transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous cell. (encyclopedia.com)
Artificial12
- The five overview and ten protocol chapters cover the engineering of chromosomes with extrachromosomal vectors and transposon systems, the manipulation of naturally occurred minichromosomes, the generation and engineering of synthetic artificial chromosomes, and the induced de novo platform artificial chromosome system. (springer.com)
- The purpose of this work is to clone functional human centromere DNA using technology of the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC). (nii.ac.jp)
- FISH analyzes of the transformed cell lines showed that transformants of alpha21-I YAC contained a stably maintained mammalian artificial chromosome but those of alpha21-II YAC was integrated at telomere or centromere. (nii.ac.jp)
- New vector for transfer of yeast artificial chromosomes to mammalian cells. (ox.ac.uk)
- A modification vector has been constructed to facilitate the transfer of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) to mammalian cells in culture by targeting a dominant selectable marker (G418 resistance) to the right arm of pYAC4 clones. (ox.ac.uk)
- To overcome these chromatin effects, we have employed a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) as expression vector to obtain stable cell lines suitable for protein production. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this work, we explore the efficacy of a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome based vector applied to production of the constant region of the human IgG1. (biomedcentral.com)
- Generation of stable cell clones for protein production using Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes offers a clear advantage over the use of conventional vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
- Interestingly, large vectors that fulfill these criteria such as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) have been widely used for generation of transgenic mice [ 4 ] but not for production of recombinant proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are being developed as alternatives to viral vectors for gene therapy applications, as they allow for the introduction of large payloads of genetic information in a non-integrating, autonomously replicating format. (unthsc.edu)
- One class of MACs, the satellite DNA-based artificial chromosome expression vehicle (ACE), is uniquely suited for gene therapy applications, in that it can be generated de novo in cells, along with being easily purified and readily transferred into a variety of recipient cell lines and primary cells. (unthsc.edu)
- however, this problem could also be overcome by the use of single or low-copy vectors, such as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). (hindawi.com)
Meiosis11
- The centromere is the major cis-acting genetic locus involved in chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. (nih.gov)
- The platypus, a monotreme mammal distantly related to eutherians and marsupials, has an extraordinary sex chromosome system comprising five X and five Y chromosomes that form a translocation chain at male meiosis. (springer.com)
- Loss or gain of even a single chromosome during meiosis most often results in the production of gametes that are unable to produce viable offspring (for review see Cohen, 2002 ). (rupress.org)
- Hormad1 mutation disrupts synaptonemal complex formation, recombination, and chromosome segregation in mammalian meiosis. (escholarship.org)
- The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors attachment to microtubules and tension on chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Gene targeting studies in mice confirmed roles for Mlh1 and Pms2 in mammalian meiosis. (elsevier.com)
- Meiosis in these mice is affected due to the disruption of chromosome pairing in prophase I. We found that this meiotic failure leads to a diminution in testicular size and a complete loss of ovarian structures. (elsevier.com)
- The unique chromosome dynamics of meiosis have fascinated scientists for well over a century, but in recent years there has been a proliferation of new data concerning the pairing, recombination, and segregation of chromosomes. (springer.com)
- In Meiosis , expert researchers explore recent advances in three main areas: quantitative genetic methods for analysis of homologous recombination and chromosome pairing, development of direct physical assays for DNA intermediates and products of recombination, and cytological methods for characterizing chromosome behaviors and the patterns by which specific proteins associate with meiotic chromosomes. (springer.com)
- Meiosis: Volume 2, Cytological Methods , details methods for preparing and examining meiotic tissues, cells, and chromosomes by electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and live-cell imaging. (springer.com)
- Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Meiosis: Volume 2, Cytological Methods is an essential guidebook, providing up-to-date and critical new protocols for the study of meiotic chromosome dynamics. (springer.com)
Mammals15
- The rhesus macaque was one of 19 mammals included in a study reconstructing chromosome rearrangements during 105 million years of mammalian evolution. (ucdavis.edu)
- In a study published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , researchers have gone back in time, at least virtually, computationally recreating the chromosomes of the first eutherian mammal, the long-extinct, shrewlike ancestor of all placental mammals. (ucdavis.edu)
- To recreate the chromosomes of these ancient relatives, the team began with the sequenced genomes of 19 existing placental mammals - all eutherian descendants - including human, goat, dog, orangutan, cattle, mouse and chimpanzee, among others. (ucdavis.edu)
- The algorithm computed ("descrambled") the most likely order and orientation of 2,404 chromosome fragments that were common among the 19 placental mammals' genomes. (ucdavis.edu)
- Researchers from the RVC in the UK collaborated with academics from University of California, Davis (UC Davis), Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Konkuk University in Seoul and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, to go back in time by computationally recreating the chromosomes of the first eutherian mammal, the long-extinct shrew-like ancestor of all placental mammals. (rvc.ac.uk)
- The largest X chromosome (X 1 ), which lies at one end of the chain, has considerable homology to the human X. Using comparative mapping and the emerging chicken database, we demonstrate that part of the therian X chromosome, previously thought to be conserved across all mammals, was lost from the platypus X 1 to an autosome. (springer.com)
- Comparisons between the gene maps of distantly related mammalian species can provide information about the evolution of genome arrangement and function in mammals. (edu.au)
- However, recent reports each utilizing RNA-seq to gauge X-linked gene expression relative to autosomal gene expression also arrived at diametrically opposed conclusions regarding X chromosome dosage compensation in mammals. (biomedcentral.com)
- In eutherian mammals and marsupials, sex chromosome dosage compensation is achieved by global inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in females. (biomedcentral.com)
- Comparisons of Y-chromosome sequences in various mammals reveal abundant gene loss early in the chromosome's evolution but remarkable gene stability across the Y chromosomes of extant species. (nature.com)
- In mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) and males a single X and a Y (XY). (forumpro.info)
- Comparisons of the gene content of sex chromosomes from the three major groups of extant mammals (placentals, marsupials, and monotremes) show that part of the X chromosome, and a corresponding region of the Y, is shared by all mammals and must be very ancient, but part was added relatively recently. (edu.au)
- Sasaki, M. : An in vitro study of the somatic chromosomes in several mammals. (asesoriacastellon.com)
- The already available data on the group suggests that further work on this apparently bizarre assemblage of mammals will provide important data to a better understanding on mammalian genome evolution. (unifi.it)
- In chromosome fusion events that occur in nature in living mammals-a very rare event-the DNA signature always involves satDNA producing a DNA signature that occurs as either satDNA-satDNA or satDNA-teloDNA sequence. (icr.org)
Eukaryotic chromosomes4
- Telomeres, the DNA-protein complexes located at the end of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, are essential for chromosome stability. (epfl.ch)
- Centromere is the chromosomal domain essential to the segregation of eukaryotic chromosomes. (nii.ac.jp)
- The sections that follow summarize key concepts concerning the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
- Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins called histones which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. (wikipedia.org)
Inactivation8
- X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) can be an essential mechanism utilized by mammalian XX feminine cells to level X-linked gene expression with this of male XY cells. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- Rnf12 an Ubiquitin Ligase Involved with X-Chromosome Inactivation The hypothesized XCI activator could be the recently uncovered X-linked gene RLIM/RNF12. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- This ubiquitin ligase was proven to induce inactivation of both feminine X as well as the one male chromosome of mES cells within a dose-dependent way.58 Furthermore Rnf12 appears needed for XCI as the most Rnf12-/- female mES didn't undergo XCI during differentiation.59 Rnf12 was proven to accomplish that regulation by binding enrichment on the Xist however not Tsix promoter. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- BRCA1, ATR, and γH2AX co-localize to the sex body and participate in meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and transcriptional silencing. (escholarship.org)
- HORMAD1 is therefore a critical component of the synaptonemal complex that affects synapsis, recombination, and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and transcriptional silencing. (escholarship.org)
- X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in eutherians is initiated by the expression of the XIST non-coding RNA just prior to implantation of the embryo, leading to heterochromatinization of one of either parental X chromosome in the fetus [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- These observations suggest that all mammalian chromosomes contain "inactivation/stability centers" that control proper replication, condensation, and stability of individual chromosomes. (elsevier.com)
- In this domain, the X and Y chromosomes are partially synapsed and transcriptionally silenced, a process termed meiotic sex-chromosome inactivation (MSCI). (princeton.edu)
Gene21
- Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
- The location of a gene within a chromosome territory seems to influence its access to the machinery responsible for specific nuclear functions, such as transcription and splicing. (nih.gov)
- CV1 cell lines bearing the switching unit on a cell chromosome were isolated and activation of the lacZ gene was examined after infection with a Cre-producing recombinant adenovirus. (nih.gov)
- The researchers hope that this technique will help advance mammalian genetics and our understanding of the gene-function relationship in the same way that a similar technique has helped geneticists understand the simpler zebrafish animal model. (healthcanal.com)
- An SRY-related sequence on the marsupial X chromosome: implications for the evolution of the mammalian testis-determining gene. (pnas.org)
- We previously identified a novel germ cell-specific HORMA domain encoding gene, Hormad1, a member of the synaptonemal complex and a mammalian counterpart to the yeast meiotic HORMA domain protein Hop1. (escholarship.org)
- Heterokaryotypy may result from differential gene loss or gain as the sex chromosome complement evolves from an ancestral homologous pair. (biomedcentral.com)
- 4 ( page 488 ) present extensive accounts of gene evolution on the Y chromosome. (nature.com)
- When such an X chromosome contributes to the child, the development will lead to a male, because of the SRY gene. (forumpro.info)
- In general, the human Y chromosome is extremely gene poor-it is one of the largest gene deserts in the human genome. (forumpro.info)
- Dec 01, · A concept for sex chromosome evolution The gene at the top of the SD cascade, the 'master sex regulator', can have a marked effect on genome evolution, in particular on the very chromosome on which it is located. (forumpro.info)
- Disruption of the large non-coding RNA gene ASAR6 results in late replication, an under-condensed appearance during mitosis, and structural instability of human chromosome 6. (elsevier.com)
- Similarly, disruption of the mouse Xist gene in adult somatic cells results in a late replication and instability phenotype on the X chromosome. (elsevier.com)
- This process therefore provides a means for epigenetic reprogramming of sex chromatin presumably required for gene silencing in the male mammalian germ line. (princeton.edu)
- The resulting assembly allowed us to refine gene content, evaluate copy number of ampliconic gene families, locate species-specific palindromes, examine the repetitive element content, and produce sequence alignments with human and chimpanzee Y Chromosomes. (sandiegozoo.org)
- The position of chromosomes in the sperm nucleus might be crucial, because their location could determine the time at which particular chromatin domains are decondensed and remodelled, allowing some epigenetic level of control or influence over subsequent paternal gene expression in the embryo. (kent.ac.uk)
- We've now succeeded in combining the genetics of yeast, which has a single chromosome set that allows instant gene mutation, with stem cell biology . (phys.org)
- Gene Mapping to Chromosomes by Hybridization in Situ. (barnesandnoble.com)
- Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase as a Reporter in Mammalian Gene Transfer. (barnesandnoble.com)
- A chromosome rearrangement is a structural change in a chromosome such as a deletion, translocation, inversion, or gene amplification. (encyclopedia.com)
- In most cases the segment of the chromosome that is duplicated contains only one gene, although it is possible for more than one gene to be amplified. (encyclopedia.com)
Centromere12
- The mammalian centromere is characterized by large amounts of tandemly repeated satellite DNA and by a number of specific centromere proteins, at least one of which has been shown to interact directly with centromeric satellite DNA sequences. (nih.gov)
- Although direct functional assays of chromosome segregation are still lacking, the data are most consistent with a structural and possibly functional role for satellite DNA in the mammalian centromere. (nih.gov)
- Brown W.R.A., Smith M.C.M., Dafhnis-Calas F., Malla S., Xu Z. (2006) Chromosome engineering in DT40 cells and mammalian centromere function. (springer.com)
- Although DNA is believed to be the primary determinant of the functional centromere structure in mammalian cells, no conclusive intormation on the essential DNA structure is available until now. (nii.ac.jp)
- Publications] T.Okazaki: 'Properties and interaction of CENP-B and centromere satellite DNA in mammalian cells. (nii.ac.jp)
- Publications] T.Okazaki, H.Masumoto, K.Kitagawa, M.Ikeno, K.Yoda, M.Nakano, T.Nakamura, N.Suzuki, S.Egashira and K.Saitoh: 'Properties and interaction of CENP-B and centromere satellite DNA in mammalian cells. (nii.ac.jp)
- When examined by electron microscopy, the kinetochore fraction is seen to contain numerous small immunoperoxidase-positive masses which are morphologically similar to the centromere/kinetochore region of intact metaphase chromosomes. (rupress.org)
- Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres , and a vestigial centromere . (wikipedia.org)
- Using irradiation mutagenesis, we freed this test segment from the source chromosome and genetically assayed whether the liberated "test fragment" exhibited centromere activity. (genetics.org)
- THE metazoan centromere was first identified cytologically as the region of the primary constriction of a metaphase chromosome ( F lemming 1880 ). (genetics.org)
- During M phase, each chromosome is duplicated, and each replica remains attached to its original at the centromere portion of the chromosome. (encyclopedia.com)
- Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated (S phase), and both copies are joined by a centromere, resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic12
- The genetic information contained in these chromosome sets helps determine how our bodies develop. (healthcanal.com)
- However, as each cell contains two copies of each chromosome, determining the link between a genetic change and its physical effect - or 'phenotype' - is immensely complex. (healthcanal.com)
- Any genetic change we introduce to the single set of chromosomes will have an easy-to-determine effect. (healthcanal.com)
- CHAPEL HILL, N.C. - Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have helped identify a new DNA entity in mammalian cells and provided evidence that their generation leaves behind deletions in different locations of the cells' genetic program, or genome. (healthcanal.com)
- Spindle formation, chromosome segregation and the spindle checkpoint in mammalian oocytes and susceptibility to meiotic error", MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS , vol. 651, 2008, pp. 14-29. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- In most individuals with 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development, the condition results from an abnormal exchange of genetic material between chromosomes translocation. (forumpro.info)
- One in every 15,000 children is affected by Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a complex, genetic endocrine condition caused by a disorder of chromosome 15. (news-medical.net)
- Moreover, we have utilized the assembled gorilla Y Chromosome sequence to design genetic markers for studying the male-specific dispersal of this endangered species. (sandiegozoo.org)
- failure to do so leads to chromosome loss or damage and loss of linked genetic material. (genetics.org)
- The dual problem of how to store this large amount of genetic information but also to keep it accessible for use and for faithful maintenance, copying, and distribution to daughter cells during cell division , is solved by using proteins to package the DNA into chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration, and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomal6
- The rapid progression of genetics and molecular biology has turned chromosomal engineering from science fiction to reality, with the successful production of transgenic animals with engineered chromosomes and chromosomes developed for pharmaceutical protein production which are now ready for the medical industry. (springer.com)
- Mammalian Chromosome Engineering: Methods and Protocols provides the reader with up-to date information on this rapidly evolving field and strives to take the reader into the exciting realm of chromosomal engineering from the basic principles to the practical applications of these new technologies. (springer.com)
- Researchers identified 162 chromosomal breakpoints - locations where a chromosome broke open, allowing for rearrangements - between the eutherian ancestor and the formation of humans as a species. (ucdavis.edu)
- The chromosome aberration test (CAT) is designed to evaluate the potential of a test compound to induce structural chromosomal abnormalities such as breaks and exchanges. (criver.com)
- In mammalian cells, chromosomal double-strand breaks are efficiently repaired, yet little is known about the relative contributions of homologous recombination and illegitimate recombination in the repair process. (asm.org)
- These results suggest that illegitimate recombination is an important competing pathway with homologous recombination for chromosomal double-strand break repair in mammalian cells. (asm.org)
Homologous chromosomes2
- 3) In most cell types direct associations between interphase domains of homologous chromosomes are not observed. (nih.gov)
- Rearrangements are large scale modifications of the genome, such as inversions or transpositions of DNA segments, translocations between non homologous chromosomes, fusions or fissions of chromosomes, deletions or duplications of small or large portions. (biomedcentral.com)
Species12
- These studies will allow us to determine the role of chromosome rearrangements in the formation of new mammal species and how such rearrangements result in adaptive changes that are specific to the different mammalian lineages," said Lewin. (ucdavis.edu)
- Fisher's principle outlines why almost all species using sexual reproduction have a sex ratio of Some males with 47,XYY syndrome have an extra Y chromosome in only some of their cells. (forumpro.info)
- The structure, evolution and function of mammalian sex chromosomes, particularly the Y chromsome, is still poorly understood because few species have high quality sex chromosome assemblies. (forumpro.info)
- Other ant species have more chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- This species can have more B chromosomes than A chromosomes at times, but 2n=4. (wikipedia.org)
- Broccoli , cabbage, kale , kohlrabi , brussels sprouts , and cauliflower are all the same species and have the same chromosome number. (wikipedia.org)
- Although some contradictory cases have been reported, the large homogeneity of the chromosome number 2n = 22 is now known for 135 (33.5%) distinct species among genus Eucalyptus . (wikipedia.org)
- All species in the genus Phaseolus have the same chromosome number, including common bean ( P. vulgaris ), runner bean ( P. coccineus ), tepary bean ( P. acutifolius ) and lima bean ( P. lunatus ). (wikipedia.org)
- The differential reactivity of each chro-mosome region showed by this method demonstrates a heterogeneous distribution of chromosome proteins, resulting in a chromosome banding pattern, which is in this case species dependent. (cirad.fr)
- Previously, expensive and labor-intensive BAC-based techniques were used to sequence the Y for a handful of mammalian species. (sandiegozoo.org)
- It can be used to reconstruct sex chromosomes in a heterogametic sex of any species. (sandiegozoo.org)
- Here, we analyse genome organization by chromosome position in mammalian sperm nuclei from three breeds of pig, as a model species. (kent.ac.uk)
Chromatin6
- As a prerequisite, an in vivo replication labeling strategy was developed, that enabled the simultaneous visualization of early and mid-to-late replicating chromatin as well as single chromosome territories on the basis of a labeling/segregation approach. (uni-muenchen.de)
- To analyze possible changes of chromosome arrangements from one cell cycle to the next, nuclei were photobleached in G2 maintaining a contiguous zone of unbleached chromatin at one nuclear pole. (uni-muenchen.de)
- We also show that suppressors with morphogenetic defects in genitalia (SMG) proteins, which are effectors of nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay, are enriched at telomeres in vivo, negatively regulate TERRA association with chromatin, and protect chromosome ends from telomere loss. (epfl.ch)
- In mammalian males, the first meiotic prophase is characterized by formation of a separate chromatin domain called the sex body. (princeton.edu)
- We utilized chromosome derivatives that placed a 290-kilobase "test segment" in three different contexts within the Drosophila melanogaster genome-immediately adjacent to (1) centromeric chromatin, (2) centric heterochromatin, or (3) euchromatin. (genetics.org)
- Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins5
- Hormad1 deficiency does not affect localization of other synaptonemal complex proteins, SYCP2 and SYCP3, but disrupts homologous chromosome pairing. (escholarship.org)
- A complex between the anaphase promoting factor/cylosome (APC/C), its accessory protein Cdc20 and proteins of the SAC renders APC/C inactive, usually until all chromosomes are properly assembled at the spindle equator (chromosome congression) and under tension from spindle fibres. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- chromatography is mammalian from process, the length of human proteins. (swcomsvc.com)
- Various proteins act to stabilize DNA in interphase, while additional proteins are required to condense the chromosomes over a thousandfold to form the compact chromosomes required for mitosis and cell division. (encyclopedia.com)
- A chromosome is a microscopic structure which is composed of proteins and DNA and is found in every cell of the body. (encyclopedia.com)
Genetics2
- ellOllle 9 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1997 Naima Abbadi, Joseph H. Nadeau* Genetics Department, BRB-630, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4955, USA No text report for Chromosome 14. (deepdyve.com)
- Here, we present a much faster and more affordable strategy for sequencing and assembling mammalian Y Chromosomes of sufficient quality for most comparative genomics analyses and for conservation genetics applications. (sandiegozoo.org)
Autosomes6
- x y on x x Volume 1, Folio 8,1967 Order: RODENTIA Family: SCIURIDAE Marmota monax (Northeastern American woodchuck) 2n = 38 Volume 1, Folio 9,1967 Order: RODENTIA Family: SCIURIDAE Marmota monax (Northeastern American woodchuck) 2n=38 AUTOSOMES: 24 or 26 Metacentrics, submetacentrics or subtelocentrics 10 or 12 Acrocentrics or telocentrics SEX CHROMOSOMES: X Metacentric Y Acrocentric The classification of the element here placed as No. (asesoriacastellon.com)
- The distribution of two autosomes and chromosomes X and Y in sperm heads was compared in primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids in porcine testes. (kent.ac.uk)
- Mammalian Order: IAGOMORPHA Family: LEPORIDAE Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern cottontail) 2n=42 xv x X VolumeS, Folio 212, 1971 Order: RODENTIA Family: SCIURIDAE Ammospermophilus harrisii (Harris' antelope squirrel) 2n = 32 VolumeS, Folio 213, 1971 Order: Family: RODENTIA SCIURIDAE Ammospermophilus harrisii (Harris' antelope squirrel) 2n=32 AUTOSOMES: 30 Metacentrics and submetacentrics SEX CHROMOSOMES: X Submetacentric Y Acrocentric The X chromosome is one of the large submetacentric elements, but its identification is not unequivocal. (saharaincorporated.com)
- We show that increasing BAHD1 levels induces de novo DNA methylation on autosomes and a marked hypomethylation on the X chromosome (chrX). (frontiersin.org)
- We identified 91,358 regions that have different methylation patterns in HEK-BAHD1 compared to HEK-CT cells (termed "BAHD1-DMRs"), of which 83,850 mapped on autosomes and 7508 on the X chromosome (chrX). (frontiersin.org)
- Both males and females have 22 pairs of chromosomes, called the autosomes, that are numbered one to twenty-two in order of decreasing size. (encyclopedia.com)
Nuclei5
- Here, we consider mammalian Bs, taking into account data on their DNA sequencing, transcriptional activity, positions in nuclei of somatic and meiotic cells, and impact on genome functioning. (mdpi.com)
- Finally, a model is presented on the chromosome positioning in mammalian nuclei depending on cell cycle and nuclear shape. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Non-random chromosome positioning in mammalian sperm nuclei, with migration of the sex chromosomes during late spermatogenesis. (kent.ac.uk)
- Chromosomes are highly organized and compartmentalized in cell nuclei. (kent.ac.uk)
- We have mapped the preferential position of all chromosomes (bar one) in sperm nuclei in two dimensions and have established that the sex chromosomes are the most internally localized chromosomes in mature sperm. (kent.ac.uk)
Single set of chromosomes1
- Now, in research published today in the journal 'Nature', Drs Anton Wutz and Martin Leeb from the Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research at the University of Cambridge report a technique that enables them to create stem cells containing just a single set of chromosomes from an unfertilised mouse egg cell. (healthcanal.com)
Vectors2
- In collaboration with Dr.Cooke, we constructed YAC arm vectors containing human telomere sequences and selectable markers for mammalian cells and both arms of alphoid YAC were replaced with these arms by recombination in vivo. (nii.ac.jp)
- Besides the essential sequences required for replication and maintenance, many BAC vectors harbor a variety of expression cassettes that allow visualization of BAC-containing sequences in transfected cells selection in mammalian cells and, hence, ease the generation of recombinant viruses that contain the mini-F. (hindawi.com)
Karyotypes1
- Now in its second edition, this book contains extensive revisions and major additions such as new karyotypes that employ G- and C- banding to represent euchromatin and heterochromatin genome composition, new phylogenetic trees for each order, homology segment chromosome information on published aligned chromosome painting. (ebookschoice.com)
Meiotic2
- 6) The telomeric chromosome ends are particularly prone to associate in certain somatic cell types and in meiotic prophase cells. (nih.gov)
- Vogt E, Kirsich-Volders M, Parry J, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Spindle formation, chromosome segregation and the spindle checkpoint in mammalian oocytes and susceptibility to meiotic error. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Somatic2
- 2) Ohno, S. : Sex chromosome behavior pattern in germ and somatic cells of Mesocricetus auratus. (asesoriacastellon.com)
- The sex chromosomes were found at the nuclear edge in primary spermatocytes, which correlates with the known position of the XY body and their position in somatic cells, whereas, in spermatids, the sex chromosomes were much more centrally located, mirroring the position of these chromosomes in ejaculated spermatozoa. (kent.ac.uk)
Fluorescence6
- To address possible long-range movements of chromosome territories (CTs) during an entire interphase, fluorescence labeling of a small number of CTs was performed in living HeLa cells stably expressing histone H2B-GFP. (uni-muenchen.de)
- A flow cytometer has been constructed which measures total fluorescence and the distribution of fluorescence along isolated, stained mammalian chromosomes. (elsevier.com)
- the sequence of recorded values represents the distribution of fluorescence along the chromosome and is stored in the memory of a waveform recorder. (elsevier.com)
- The total fluorescence of each chromosome is also measured and recorded. (elsevier.com)
- Mouse centromeric heterochromatin is highly reactive, showing intense fluorescence in ail centromeric regions, whereas human chromosomes show no fluorescence in such regions. (cirad.fr)
- Chez la souris, l'hétérochromatine centromérique a fortement réagi et présenté une fluorescence intense dans toutes les régions centromériques alors que, chez les chromosomes humains, il y a eu absence de fluorescence dans de telles régions. (cirad.fr)
Centromeric1
- We have partially isolated the kinetochore and associated centromeric structures from mammalian metaphase chromosomes. (rupress.org)
Mitotic4
- Loss or gain of chromosomes during mitotic divisions leads to the production of cells with a DNA content greater or less than 2N, a condition known as aneuploidy, which is a hallmark of cancer cells. (rupress.org)
- Maintenance of ploidy is ensured through action of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents the transition to anaphase until all chromosomes have made productive, bipolar attachments through their kinetochores to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. (rupress.org)
- Thayer, MJ 2012, ' Mammalian chromosomes contain cis-acting elements that control replication timing, mitotic condensation, and stability of entire chromosomes ', BioEssays , vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 760-770. (elsevier.com)
- F. : Mitotic chromosomes of some North American Sciuridae. (saharaincorporated.com)
Ends of chromosomes1
- To understand the concept associated with an end-to-end fusion model, it is important to know what the ends of chromosomes, telomeres , look like. (icr.org)
Pair of chromosomes1
- The final pair of chromosomes, called the sex chromosomes, determine the sex of the individual. (encyclopedia.com)
Heteromorphic sex chromosomes1
- The theory of sex chromosome evolution implies a successive expansion and decay of the region surrounding the sex-determining locus, with an inevitable progression from homomorphic to heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (forumpro.info)
Essential for chromosome1
- Cohesins mediate sister chromatid cohesion, which is essential for chromosome segregation and postreplicative DNA repair. (cam.ac.uk)
Interphase3
- The existence of highly ordered organizational patterns of the cell nucleus appears to be beyond any doubt and it is difficult to escape the conclusion that interphase chromosome topology is important for the complex regulation of the many varied and interrelated nuclear processes. (nih.gov)
- However, it is worth emphasizing that a universally valid principle of chromosome arrangement does not exist and, therefore, any generalization of interphase patterns can be misleading. (nih.gov)
- The factors of order according to which the chromosomes are arranged inside the nucleus are manifold: (1) Individual chromosomes remain in spatially separated domains throughout interphase, preventing an intermingling of the decondensed euchromatin. (nih.gov)
Genome evolution2
Sequence5
- What if researchers could go back in time 105 million years and accurately sequence the chromosomes of the first placental mammal? (ucdavis.edu)
- Instead, mammalian cohesins occupy a subset of DNase I hypersensitive sites, many of which contain sequence motifs resembling the consensus for CTCF , a DNA -binding protein with enhancer blocking function and boundary element activity. (cam.ac.uk)
- The mammalian Y Chromosome sequence, critical for studying male fertility and dispersal, is enriched in repeats and palindromes, and thus, is the most difficult component of the genome to assemble. (sandiegozoo.org)
- To determine whether mismatch repair acts on the template chromosome in a directed fashion to restore mismatches to the initial sequence, these experiments were repeated in mismatch repair-defective ( pms1, mlh1 , and msh2 ) backgrounds. (genetics.org)
- Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Ancestral4
- The numbers on red branches from the first eutherian ancestor to Homo sapiens are the numbers of breakpoints in reconstructed ancestral chromosome fragments. (ucdavis.edu)
- The rates of evolution of ancestral chromosomes differed greatly among the different mammal lineages. (ucdavis.edu)
- For example, six of the reconstructed eutherian ancestral chromosomes showed no rearrangements for almost 100 million years until the appearance of the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee. (ucdavis.edu)
- The rates of evolution of ancestral chromosomes differed greatly among the different mammal lineages, but some chromosomes remained extremely stable over time. (rvc.ac.uk)
Centromeres1
- Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres , banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes , and any other physical characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Autosomal2
- Mammalian sex chromosomes evolved from an ancient autosomal pair. (springer.com)
- 10 autosomal and 2 allosomic (sex) chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Transcriptional3
- Hormad1 deficiency abolishes γH2AX, ATR, and BRCA1 localization to the sex chromosomes and causes transcriptional de-repression on the X chromosome. (escholarship.org)
- We show that the distribution of cohesins on mammalian chromosome arms is not driven by transcriptional activity. (cam.ac.uk)
- These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Evolutionary3
- By gaining a better understanding of the relationship between evolutionary breakpoints and cancer breakpoints, the essential molecular features of chromosomes that lead to their instability can be revealed," said Lewin. (ucdavis.edu)
- Box 1: The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes. (forumpro.info)
- Many of the unusual features of sex chromosomes are thought to reflect unique evolutionary dynamics related to their sex-biased transmission. (forumpro.info)
Condensation1
- for example, in the condensation of chromosomes at metaphase. (encyclopedia.com)
Metaphase chromosomes2
- Fractionation and initial characterization of the kinetochore from mammalian metaphase chromosomes. (rupress.org)
- This reagent has been used on methanol - acetic acid fixed metaphase chromosomes of mouse and man and proved to be very effective in differen-tiating chromosome regions in both genomes. (cirad.fr)
Tissues1
- 1980). Sulfite oxidase is widely distributed in mammalian tissues, with most activity being found in liver, heart, and kidney (Gunnison, 1981). (inchem.org)
Karyotype2
- 9) Ray, M. : Karyotype of rabbit chromosomes from leucocyte cultures. (asesoriacastellon.com)
- REFERENCES: 1) Palmer, C. : Chromosome number and karyotype of Sy1vi1agus f10ridanus, the Eastern cottontail. (saharaincorporated.com)
Determine the sex1
- The human sex chromosomes, a typical pair of mammal allosomes, determine the sex of an individual created in sexual reproduction. (forumpro.info)
Mechanism4
- It represents a surveillance mechanism that halts cells in M-phase in the presence of unattached chromosomes, associated with accumulation of checkpoint components, in particular, Mad2, at the kinetochores. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- 3. Differentiation Of Trophoblast Stem Cells Into Giant Cells Is Triggered By p57/Kip2 Inhibition Of CDK1 Activity Genome endoreduplication during mammalian development is a rare event for which the mechanism is unknown. (grantome.com)
- While the cause for the disparate numbers is unknown, it may arise because of an XO sex determination mechanism , where males (2n=17) lack the sex chromosome and therefore have one less chromosome than the female (2n=18). (wikipedia.org)
- Since the binding of DNA by histones interferes with this access, cells have evolved specific mechanism to destabilize nucleosomes in chromosome regions that must be transcribed. (encyclopedia.com)
Human Y chromosome2
- G-banding ideogram of human Y chromosome in resolution bphs. (forumpro.info)
- Surprisingly, we found the gorilla Y Chromosome to be similar to the human Y Chromosome, but not to the chimpanzee Y Chromosome. (sandiegozoo.org)
Embryonic3
- Dr Wutz, a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow, explains: "These embryonic stem cells are much simpler than normal embryonic mammalian stem cells. (healthcanal.com)
- This 3-D model of the mouse genome depicts the interactions between chromosomes within an embryonic stem cell. (the-scientist.com)
- According to the observation of embryonic cells of egg, chromosome number of the itch mite is either 17 or 18. (wikipedia.org)
Humans7
- The revolution in DNA sequencing has provided us with enough chromosome-scale genome assemblies to permit the computational reconstruction of the eutherian ancestor, as well as other key ancestors along the lineage leading to modern humans," said Harris Lewin, a lead author of the study and a professor of evolution and ecology and Robert and Rosabel Osborne Endowed Chair at the University of California, Davis. (ucdavis.edu)
- Our studies can be extended to the early detection of cancer by identifying diagnostic chromosome rearrangements in humans and other animals, and possibly novel targets for personalized therapy. (ucdavis.edu)
- One discovery is that the first eutherian ancestor likely had 42 chromosomes, four less than humans. (ucdavis.edu)
- Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (news-medical.net)
- One of the most common arguments evolutionists use to promote the theory that humans evolved from an apelike ancestor is the idea of a "chromosome 2 fusion. (icr.org)
- This story proposes that in a common ancestor shared by humans and chimps, two small chromosomes somehow fused end to end to produce human chromosome 2 (Figure 1). (icr.org)
- 1 This supposedly explains the difference in chromosome numbers between humans and great apes-humans have 46 chromosomes, while great apes such as chimps, gorillas, and orangutans have 48. (icr.org)
Telomeric1
- We demonstrate that mammalian telomeres are transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). (epfl.ch)
Recombination2
- Repair of site-specific double-strand breaks in a mammalian chromosome by homologous and illegitimate recombination. (asm.org)
- The synaptonemal complex is a critical component for chromosome pairing, segregation, and recombination. (escholarship.org)
Translocation2
- Sometimes a spontaneous break or breaks occur in a chromosome or chromosomes in a particular cell and can result in a deletion, inversion, or translocation. (encyclopedia.com)
- When a piece of one chromosome is exchanged with a piece from another chromosome it is called a translocation. (encyclopedia.com)
Sequences1
- A novel cloning strategy for sequences comprising mammalian replication origins, described by Mesner et al. (elsevier.com)
Organization1
- Schermelleh, Lothar (2003): Dynamic organization of chromosomes in the mammalian cell nucleus. (uni-muenchen.de)
Marsupial1
- At the same time, the evolution of therian (placental and marsupial) sex chromosomes is less widely understood. (phys.org)
19671
- Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter ~:282, 1967. (saharaincorporated.com)
Methods2
- Authoritative and cutting-edge, Mammalian Chromosome Engineering: Methods and Protocols serves as a bench-side resource for current protocols and aims to help scientists to explore the many prospects for future research and vital applications. (springer.com)
- Covers methods for creating mammalian fibroblastic cell cultures and maintaining culture conditions for epithelial, neuronal, and hematopoietic cells among others. (barnesandnoble.com)
19975
- Mills, Kathleen 2014-04-22 00:00:00 Mammalian Genome 7, S 143-S 158 (1997). (deepdyve.com)
- Mammalian Genome 7, S 143-S 158 (1997). (deepdyve.com)
- Nadeau, Joseph 2014-04-22 00:00:00 Mammalian Genome 7, $238-$250 (1997). (deepdyve.com)
- Mammalian Genome 7, $238-$250 (1997). (deepdyve.com)
- S ullivan and W illard 1998 ), and arrays of alphoid repeat DNA integrated into human chromosomes are not able to assemble kinetochores ( W arburton and C ooke 1997 ). (genetics.org)
Piece of chromosome1
- If the break or breaks result in the loss of a piece of chromosome, it is called a deletion. (encyclopedia.com)
Nuclear2
- The number of attachment sites for each chromosome to the nuclear membrane is relatively low. (nih.gov)
- The known DNA in cells are in nuclear chromosomes that are millions of base pair long linear stretches of DNA capped by telomeres, like the plastic tips of shoelaces. (healthcanal.com)