Chromosomes
Chromosome Mapping
Chromosome Banding
Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.
X Chromosome
Chromosome Aberrations
Sex Chromosomes
The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
Chromosomes, Human
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
Chromosomes, Plant
Chromosomes, Fungal
Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
Chromosomes, Mammalian
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
Chromosomes, Human, Y
Chromosome Disorders
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
Chromosomes, Human, X
Chromosome Painting
A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.
Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.
Genetic Linkage
Chromosomes, Human, 13-15
Chromosome Breakage
Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Base Sequence
Genetic Markers
Chromosome Inversion
Chromosome Positioning
Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
X Chromosome Inactivation
Centromere
Meiosis
Translocation, Genetic
Hybrid Cells
Chromosomes, Human, 19-20
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Metaphase
Mitosis
Recombination, Genetic
Mutation
Microsatellite Repeats
Lod Score
Pedigree
Crosses, Genetic
Cloning, Molecular
Phenotype
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Alleles
Amino Acid Sequence
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Models, Genetic
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Nondisjunction, Genetic
Kinetochores
Chromosomes, Artificial, Human
Telomere
Blotting, Southern
Genotype
Genes
Chromosome Walking
A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
Haplotypes
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Spindle Apparatus
Chromosomal Instability
Evolution, Molecular
Chromosome Fragility
DNA Probes
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
DNA, Satellite
Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.
Drosophila melanogaster
Diploidy
Plasmids
Heterozygote
Chromatids
Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Multigene Family
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
DNA-Binding Proteins
Mosaicism
Polyploidy
Gene Deletion
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Polytene Chromosomes
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Nuclear Proteins
Gene Dosage
The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.
Prophase
Interphase
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Loss of Heterozygosity
Karyotype
Cosmids
Cytogenetic Analysis
Chromatin
Cytogenetics
Transcription, Genetic
Genome, Human
Gene Rearrangement
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
DNA Primers
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Chromosome Fragile Sites
Specific loci that show up during KARYOTYPING as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a CHROMATID arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. These sites are associated with an increase in CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY. They are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. Fragile site loci are named by the letters "FRA" followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. FRAXA refers to fragile site A on the X chromosome. It is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME.)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Sequence Tagged Sites
Short tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Spermatocytes
Monosomy
Sex Chromosome Disorders
Genes, Dominant
Genome
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Azure Stains
Contig Mapping
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Philadelphia Chromosome
An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).
Chromosome Breakpoints
Gene Duplication
Exons
Chromosomes, Archaeal
Haploidy
Genetic Loci
Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.
Hybridization, Genetic
Drosophila
Base Pairing
Gene Amplification
A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.
Genomic Imprinting
Sex Chromatin
Genes, Lethal
Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.
DNA, Complementary
Histones
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
Microtubules
Transcription Factors
Pachytene Stage
Sister Chromatid Exchange
An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.
Chromosomes, Artificial
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Gene Library
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Introns
Quantitative Trait, Heritable
Triticum
Biological Evolution
Euchromatin
Genomic Library
A mutation in the RIEG1 gene associated with Peters' anomaly. (1/867)
Mutations within the RIEG1 homeobox gene on chromosome 4q25 have previously been reported in association with Rieger syndrome. We report a 3' splice site mutation within the 3rd intron of the RIEG1 gene which is associated with unilateral Peters' anomaly. The mutation is a single base substition of A to T at the invariant -2 site of the 3' splice site. Peters' anomaly, which is characterised by ocular anterior segment dysgenesis and central corneal opacification, is distinct from Rieger anomaly. This is the first description of a RIEG1 mutation associated with Peters' anomaly. (+info)Tumor suppression in human skin carcinoma cells by chromosome 15 transfer or thrombospondin-1 overexpression through halted tumor vascularization. (2/867)
The development of skin carcinomas presently is believed to be correlated with mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor and ras gene as well as with the loss of chromosome 9. We now demonstrate that, in addition, loss of chromosome 15 may be a relevant genetic defect. Reintroduction of an extra copy of chromosome 15, but not chromosome 4, into the human skin carcinoma SCL-I cells, lacking one copy of each chromosome, resulted in tumor suppression after s.c. injection in mice. Transfection with thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), mapped to 15q15, induced the same tumor suppression without affecting cell proliferation in vitro or in vivo. Halted tumors remained as small cysts encapsulated by surrounding stroma and blood vessels. These cysts were characterized by increased TSP-1 matrix deposition at the tumor/stroma border and a complete lack of tumor vascularization. Coinjection of TSP-1 antisense oligonucleotides drastically reduced TSP-1 expression and almost completely abolished matrix deposition at the tumor/stroma border. As a consequence, the tumor phenotype reverted to a well vascularized, progressively expanding, solid carcinoma indistinguishable from that induced by the untransfected SCL-I cells. Thus, these data strongly suggest TSP-1 as a potential tumor suppressor on chromosome 15. The data further propose an unexpected mechanism of TSP-1-mediated tumor suppression. Instead of interfering with angiogenesis in general, in this system TSP-1 acts as a matrix barrier at the tumor/stroma border, which, by halting tumor vascularization, prevents tumor cell invasion and, thus, tumor expansion. (+info)Cloning and characterization of a secreted frizzled-related protein that is expressed by the retinal pigment epithelium. (3/867)
The Wnt/frizzled cell signaling pathway has been implicated in the determination of polarity in a number of systems, including the Drosophila retina. The vertebrate retina develops from an undifferentiated neuroepithelium into an organized and laminated structure that demonstrates a high degree of polarity at both the tissue and cellular levels. In the process of searching for molecules that are preferentially expressed by the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), we identified secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), a member of the SFRP family that appears to act by modulating Wnt signal transduction. SFRP5 is highly expressed by RPE cells, and is also expressed in the pancreas. Within the retina, the related molecule SFRP2 is expressed specifically by cells of the inner nuclear layer. Thus, photoreceptors are likely to be bathed by two opposing gradients of SFRP molecules. Consistent with SFRP5 's postulated role in modulating Wnt signaling in the retina, it inhibits the ability of Xwnt-8 mRNA to induce axis duplication in Xenopus embryos. The human SFRP5 gene consists of three coding exons and it maps to chromosome 10q24.1; human SFRP2 maps to 4q31.3. Based on the biology and complementary expression patterns of SFRP2 and SFRP5, we suggest that they may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor, and perhaps other, cells in the retina. (+info)A genome search identifies major quantitative trait loci on human chromosomes 3 and 4 that influence cholesterol concentrations in small LDL particles. (4/867)
Small, dense LDL particles are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. To identify the genes that influence LDL size variation, we performed a genome-wide screen for cholesterol concentrations in 4 LDL size fractions. Samples from 470 members of randomly ascertained families were typed for 331 microsatellite markers spaced at approximately 15 cM intervals. Plasma LDLs were resolved by using nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis into 4 fraction sizes (LDL-1, 26.4 to 29.0 nm; LDL-2, 25.5 to 26.4 nm; LDL-3, 24.2 to 25.5 nm; and LDL-4, 21.0 to 24.2 nm) and cholesterol concentrations were estimated by staining with Sudan Black B. Linkage analyses used variance component methods that exploited all of the genotypic and phenotypic information in the large extended pedigrees. In multipoint linkage analyses with quantitative trait loci for the 4 fraction sizes, only LDL-3, a fraction containing small LDL particles, gave peak multipoint log10 odds in favor of linkage (LOD) scores that exceeded 3.0, a nominal criterion for evidence of significant linkage. The highest LOD scores for LDL-3 were found on chromosomes 3 (LOD=4.1), 4 (LOD=4.1), and 6 (LOD=2.9). In oligogenic analyses, the 2-locus LOD score (for chromosomes 3 and 4) increased significantly (P=0.0012) to 6.1, but including the third locus on chromosome 6 did not significantly improve the LOD score (P=0.064). Thus, we have localized 2 major quantitative trait loci that influence variation in cholesterol concentrations of small LDL particles. The 2 quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 3 and 4 are located in regions that contain the genes for apoD and the large subunit of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, respectively. (+info)The metamorphosis of a molecule: from soluble enzyme to the leukocyte receptor CD38. (5/867)
Human CD38 is a 45-kDa type II membrane glycoprotein with an intricate pattern of expression in leukocytes, although evidence is accumulating of its quite widespread expression in cells of nonvascular origin. CD38 is a member of a nascent eukaryotic gene family encoding cytosolic and membrane-bound enzymes whose substrate is NAD, a coenzyme ubiquitously distributed in nature. Functionally, CD38 is an eclectic molecule with the ability not only to catalyze but also to signal, to mobilize calcium, and to adhere to itself, to hyaluronan, and to other ligands. Interaction with CD38 on various leukocyte subpopulations has profound though diverse consequences on their life-span, but these effects seem to be independent of the enzymatic activity of the molecule. CD38 challenges our expectations of a surface molecule and we must sift through its many guises to unmask its true nature. (+info)Linkage disequilibrium at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci and risk of alcoholism. (6/867)
Two of the three class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes (ADH2 and ADH3) encode known functional variants that act on alcohol with different efficiencies. Variants at both these genes have been implicated in alcoholism in some populations because allele frequencies differ between alcoholics and controls. Specifically, controls have higher frequencies of the variants with higher Vmax (ADH2*2 and ADH3*1). In samples both of alcoholics and of controls from three Taiwanese populations (Chinese, Ami, and Atayal) we found significant pairwise disequilibrium for all comparisons of the two functional polymorphisms and a third, presumably neutral, intronic polymorphism in ADH2. The class I ADH genes all lie within 80 kb on chromosome 4; thus, variants are not inherited independently, and haplotypes must be analyzed when evaluating the risk of alcoholism. In the Taiwanese Chinese we found that, only among those chromosomes containing the ADH3*1 variant (high Vmax), the proportions of chromosomes with ADH2*1 (low Vmax) and those with ADH2*2 (high Vmax) are significantly different between alcoholics and controls (P<10-5). The proportions of chromosomes with ADH3*1 and those with ADH3*2 are not significantly different between alcoholics and controls, on a constant ADH2 background (with ADH2*1, P=.83; with ADH2*2, P=.53). Thus, the observed differences in the frequency of the functional polymorphism at ADH3, between alcoholics and controls, can be accounted for by the disequilibrium with ADH2 in this population. (+info)DNA pooling identifies QTLs on chromosome 4 for general cognitive ability in children. (7/867)
General cognitive ability (g), which is related to many aspects of brain functioning, is one of the most heritable traits in neuroscience. Similarly to other heritable quantitatively distributed traits, genetic influence on g is likely to be due to the combined action of many genes of small effect [quantitative trait loci (QTLs)], perhaps several on each chromosome. We used DNA pooling for the first time to search a chromosome systematically with a dense map of DNA markers for allelic associations with g. We screened 147 markers on chromosome 4 such that 85% of the chromosome were estimated to be within 1 cM of a marker. Comparing pooled DNA from 51 children of high g and from 51 controls of average g, 11 significant QTL associations emerged. The association with three of these 11 markers ( D4S2943, MSX1 and D4S1607 ) replicated using DNA pooling in independent samples of 50 children of extremely high g and 50 controls. Furthermore, all three associations were confirmed when each individual was genotyped separately ( D4S2943, P = 0. 00045; MSX1, P = 0.011; D4S1607, P = 0.019). Identifying specific genes responsible for such QTL associations will open new windows in cognitive neuroscience through which to observe pathways between genes and learning and memory. (+info)A new locus for autosomal dominant stargardt-like disease maps to chromosome 4. (8/867)
Stargardt disease (STGD) is the most common hereditary macular dystrophy and is characterized by decreased central vision, atrophy of the macula and underlying retinal-pigment epithelium, and frequent presence of prominent flecks in the posterior pole of the retina. STGD is most commonly inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, but many families have been described in which features of the disease are transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. A recessive locus has been identified on chromosome 1p (STGD1), and dominant loci have been mapped to both chromosome 13q (STGD2) and chromosome 6q (STGD3). In this study, we describe a kindred with an autosomal dominant Stargardt-like phenotype. A genomewide search demonstrated linkage to a locus on chromosome 4p, with a maximum LOD score of 5.12 at a recombination fraction of.00, for marker D4S403. Analysis of extended haplotypes localized the disease gene to an approximately 12-cM interval between loci D4S1582 and D4S2397. Therefore, this kindred establishes a new dominant Stargardt-like locus, STGD4. (+info)Duplication of the Distal Long Arm of Chromosome 15: Report of Three New Patients and Review of the Literature - Fingerprint ...
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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
"one mutation in every 30 million base pairs" Karmin; et al. (2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides ... In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of ... 2016). "The Divergence of Neandertal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 98 (4): 728-34. ... Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are the major branches on the human paternal family tree. Each haplogroup has many ...
Chromosome 4
Goldfrank D, Schoenberger E, Gilbert F (2003). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 4 ... Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 4: entries, gene ... The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 4. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. ... The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 4. Because researchers use different approaches to ...
Chimpanzee genome project
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and other great apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes. In the human evolutionary lineage, two ... Human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very alike. The primary difference is that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than ... Wikiversity has learning resources about Chimpanzee Genome Project Human evolutionary genetics Human chromosome 2 Human Genome ... producing human chromosome 2. There are nine other major chromosomal differences between chimpanzees and humans: chromosome ...
Chromosome 13
... is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome ... "Chromosome 13: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 13: ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 13. National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 13". Genetics Home ... G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 13 "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for ...
Chromosome 10
... is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome ... "Chromosome 10: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 10: ... "Chromosome 10". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2017-05-06. "Chromosome 10". Human ... The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 10. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. ...
Chromosome 11
... is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Humans normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome ... "Chromosome 11: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 11: ... At about 21.5 genes per megabase, chromosome 11 is one of the most gene-rich, and disease-rich, chromosomes in the human genome ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 11. National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 11". Genetics Home ...
Chromosome 12
... is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome ... "Chromosome 12: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 12: ... Chromosome 12 contains the Homeobox C gene cluster. The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 12. ... "Chromosome 12". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2017-05-06. "Chromosome 12". Human ...
Vicia bithynica
It has 14 chromosomes. Vicia bithynica is not cultivated for human or livestock consumption. The seeds contain high levels of ... The leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, are up to about 9 cm long, have 2-3 pairs of leaflets, and end in branched ... The flowers are arranged in pairs (although sometimes solitary) on long (5 cm) peduncles branching from the leaf axils. The ... 59 (4): 463-468. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740590406. Warren, Susan. "The Wild Flowers of Skopelos". Bennett, S.J.; Maxted, N. (1997 ...
C12orf40
Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 12, Chromosomes, Protein ... There are 13 exons in the canonical isoform that is transcribed into an mRNA of 2797 base pairs. Three other isoforms have been ... "C12orf40 chromosome 12 open reading frame 40 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI Gene. National Center for Biotechnology ... In humans, the gene for C12orf40 is located on chromosome 12. ... The human C12orf40 protein is 652 amino acids in length. Its ...
C4orf51
GXP_921944 spans 1910 base pairs on chromosome 4. There are 15 coding transcripts supporting this promoter, but none are ... Relative to other human proteins, C4orf51 has more serine resides and fewer valine residues. In humans, the C4orf51 protein ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 4). ... Chromosome 4 open reading frame 51 (C4orf51) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C4orf51 gene. The C4orf51 gene is ...
TMEM33
This 1069 base pair promoter sequence spans 41936535-41937603 on human chromosome 4. The promoter sequence overlaps with the 5 ... In humans, this gene's DNA location is the short arm of chromosome 4, loci position: 4p13. The genomic range is 41937502- ... Transcripts a, b, and c have a 744 base pair long coding range and a particularly long 3' UTR that is 6000 base pairs long. In ... There is an experimentally determined acetylation point is at alanine, amino acid residue 2 in humans. Human TMEM33 has ...
WWC2
Locus The human gene WWC2 is found on chromosome 4 at band 4q35.1. The gene is found on the plus strand of the chromosome and ... is 8,822 base pairs long. The gene contains 23 exons. The WWC2 locus is quite complex and appears to produce several proteins ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 4). ... Paralogs There are two paralogs of WWC2 found in humans, WWC1 and WWC3. WWC1 is located on chromosome 5 and is a probable ...
Sex hormone-binding globulin
Genes on human chromosome 17, Protein pages needing a picture, Human gene pages with Wikidata item, Wikipedia articles needing ... Rs727428 position 7634474 is in several percent of humans. (TAAAA)(n) is five base pairs that repeats a variable number of ... In humans common polymorphisms include the following: Rs6259, also called Asp327Asn location 7633209 on Chromosome 17, results ... Hryb DJ, Nakhla AM, Kahn SM, St George J, Levy NC, Romas NA, Rosner W (July 2002). "Sex hormone-binding globulin in the human ...
ZC3H11B
CS1 maint: url-status, Genes on human chromosome 1). ... The zc3h11b gene is a total of 5,134 base pairs long, and the ... ZC3H11B also known as zinc finger CCCH-type containing protein 11B is a protein in humans that is encoded by the ZC3H11B gene. ... The zc3h11b gene is located on chromosome 1, on the long arm, in band 4 section 1. This protein is also known as ZC3HDC11B. ... "UniProtKB - A0A1B0GTU1 (ZC11B_HUMAN) =". UniProt.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Hall TM (June 2005). "Multiple ...
KIAA1841
Genes on human chromosome 2). ... The coding region is made up of 4292 base pairs and the protein ... KIAA1841 is expressed at low levels in a wide range of tissues throughout the human body. In humans, the KIAA1841 gene produces ... "Genecards". The Gene Human Database. "Aceview". NCBI. "Genecards". The Gene Human Database. "BLAST". NCBI. Hedges, SB. " ... Orthologs of the human protein KIAA1841 are listed above in descending order or date of divergence and then ascending order of ...
C11orf98
"C11orf98 chromosome 11 open reading frame 98 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-04 ... It spans across 2,394 base pairs of DNA and produces an mRNA that is 646 base pairs long. This gene is expressed at a very high ... "C11orf98 chromosome 11 open reading frame 98 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-18 ... C11orf98 is a protein-encoding gene on chromosome 11 in humans of unknown function. It is otherwise known as c11orf48. The gene ...
Sex-chromosome dosage compensation
For example, in humans, females (XX) silence the transcription of one X chromosome of each pair, and transcribe all information ... of the Y chromosome during meiosis. Additionally, 10-25% of human X chromosome genes, and 3-7% of mouse X chromosome genes ... Specifically, platypus X1 shares homology with the chicken Z chromosome, and both share homology with the human chromosome 9. ... smaller W chromosome. Instead of silencing the entire chromosome as humans do, male chickens (the model ZZ organism) seem to ...
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
In mammals, SMAD4 is coded by a gene located on chromosome 18. In humans, the SMAD4 gene contains 54 829 base pairs and is ... Genes on human chromosome 18, Developmental genes and proteins, MH1 domain, MH2 domain, Transcription factors, Human proteins) ... located from pair n° 51,030,212 to pair 51,085,041 in the region 21.1 of the chromosome 18. SMAD4 is a 552 amino-acid ... Somatic mutations found in human cancers of the MH1 domain of SMAD 4 have been shown to inhibit the DNA-binding function of ...
MNS antigen system
The MN blood group in humans is under the control of a pair of co-dominant alleles, LM and LN. Most people in the Inuit ... The MNS antigen system is a human blood group system based upon two genes (glycophorin A and glycophorin B) on chromosome 4. ... Comparison of Human MM, NN, and MN Blood Group Antigens. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 242, 1736-1722. Roback JD et al. ... Daniels G. Human Blood Groups. 2nd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002. ISBT Committee on Terminology for Red Cell Surface ...
TMEM242
Genes on human chromosome 6). ... The tmem242 gene is 35,238 base pairs long, and the protein is ... The tmem242 gene is located on chromosome 6, on the long arm, in band 2 section 5.3. This protein is also commonly called ... There are ubiquitous basal level expression of tmem242 in all tissues in human and mouse. There are other tissues with increase ... "Entrez Gene: chromosome 6 open reading frame 35". "transmembrane protein 242 [Homo sapiens]". Protein - NCBI. National Center ...
C12orf66
"C12orf66 chromosome 12 open reading frame 66 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-25 ... C12orf66 variant 1 is 36 Mbp in length spanning the base pairs 64,186,312 - 64,222,296 on chromosome 12. There are 3 total ... The human C12orf66 protein is 446 amino acids in length with a molecular weight of 50kdal . C12orf66 contains the domain of ... C12orf66 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C12orf66 gene. The C12orf66 protein is one of four proteins in the ...
Replication timing
... whereas all the other pairs of chromosomes replicate in the same temporal pattern. It was also noticed by Mary Lyon that the ... Watanabe Y, Maekawa M (2010) Spatiotemporal regulation of DNA replication in the human genome and its association with genomic ... Chromosome Res 18: 115-125. Taylor JH (1960) Asynchronous duplication of chromosomes in cultured cells of Chinese hamster. J ... Chromosome Res 18: 127-136. Schwaiger M, Stadler MB, Bell O, Kohler H, Oakeley EJ, et al. (2009) Chromatin state marks cell- ...
TMEM155
Transmembrane protein 155 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM155 gene. It is located on human chromosome 4, ... This gene spans from base pairs 121,758,930 and 121,765,427 on chromosome 4. The longest variant ofTMEM155 has 5 exons detailed ... TMEM155 is located on the minus strand of human chromosome 4 (4q27) and spans 13,611 base pairs. Cytogenetic band: 4q27 TMEM155 ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 4, Wikipedia articles needing ...
Clonorchis sinensis
C. sinensis has 28 pairs of chromosomes (2n=56) in a cell. The chromosome pairs are groups in two: 8 large group and 20 small ... It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile ... Endemic to Asia and Russia, C. sinensis is the most prevalent human fluke in Asia and third-most in the world. It is still ... Humans are the major definitive hosts. Infection occurs when raw or undercooked fish contaminated with the metacercariae is ...
Fibrinogen gamma chain
... , also known as fibrinogen gamma gene (FGG), is a human gene found on chromosome 4. The protein encoded ... by this gene is the gamma component of fibrinogen, a blood-borne glycoprotein composed of three pairs of nonidentical ...
METTL26
... is located on the short arm of chromosome 16 in humans, in the thirteenth open reading frame. There are five transcript ... The primary transcript of this gene is 1,919 base pairs long. Using the Dotlet program, a dot plot was constructed comparing ... The human expression profile from NCBI UniGene suggests that this gene has widespread expression in many different tissues in ... "Homo sapiens chromosome 16, GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly - Nucleotide - NCBI". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2012-05-18 ...
PAX4
Tamura T, Izumikawa Y, Kishino T, Soejima H, Jinno Y, Niikawa N (1994). "Assignment of the human PAX4 gene to chromosome band ... Pilz AJ, Povey S, Gruss P, Abbott CM (1993). "Mapping of the human homologs of the murine paired-box-containing genes". ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 7, Wikipedia ... Members of this gene family typically contain a paired box domain, an octapeptide, and a paired-type homeodomain. These genes ...
C4orf36
The promoter for transcript variant 1 (GXP_263623) spans the base pairs 86892213-86893422 on chromosome 4. C4orf36 encodes a ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 4). ... human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-18. "AceView: Gene:C4orf36, a comprehensive annotation of human ... No human paralogs for c4orf36 have been identified. RNA-seq and microarray data indicate that the c4orf36 gene is most highly ...
CCDC94
The gene product is a 1,441 base pair mRNA with 8 predicted exons in the human gene. As predicted by Ensemble, there exists one ... Genes on human chromosome 19, Commons category link from Wikidata). ... The human form as 323 amino acid residues, with an isoelectric point of 5.618 and a molecular mass of 37,086 Daltons. There are ... Coiled-coil domain containing 94 (CCDC94), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC94 gene. The CCDC94 protein ...
C2orf81
"C2orf81 chromosome 2 open reading frame 81 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-06. ... The mRNA sequence contains and 2086 base pairs and 4 isoforms. C2orf81 has a molecular weight of 66.6 kDa and its isoelectric ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 2). ... In human c2orf81, phosphorylation is expected to be undergone only in serines, but not in any threonines or tyrosines. O-linked ...
Uridine monophosphate synthase
In humans, the gene that codes for this enzyme is located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q13). This bifunctional enzyme has ... In Salmonella typhimurium, a new pair of antiparallel β-sheets is created and five new interatomic contacts are formed in the ... Portal: Biology (Genes on human chromosome 3, EC 4.1.1, EC 2.4.2). ... "Localization of the gene for uridine monophosphate synthase to human chromosome region 3q13 by in situ hybridization". Genomics ...
Strømme syndrome
... is caused by mutations in both copies of the CENPF gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 1. CENPF codes ... They are made by the centrosome, which contains a pair of cylindrical centrioles at right-angles to each other. Before division ... Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (1 September 2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders ... Filges I, Stromme P (January 2020). "CUGC for Stromme syndrome and CENPF-related disorders". European Journal of Human Genetics ...
TENM3
Odz1 to Mouse Chromosome 11; and ODZ3 to Human Chromosome Xq25". Genomics. 58 (1): 102-3. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5798. PMID ... Levine A, Bashan-Ahrend A, Budai-Hadrian O, Gartenberg D, Menasherow S, Wides R (May 1994). "odd Oz: A novel Drosophila pair ... Odz1to Mouse Chromosome 11; and ODZ3 to Human Chromosome Xq25". Genomics. 58 (1): 102-103. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5798. PMID ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 4). ...
Genome size
number of base pairs = mass in pg × 9.78 × 10 8 {\displaystyle {\text{number of base pairs}}={\text{mass in pg}}\times 9.78\ ... These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often capable of evading human immune systems and ... I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae". Humangenetik. 7 (3): 240-244. doi:10.1007/BF00273173. ... or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs, usually in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp). One ...
Iris songarica
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as ... It has a chromosome count: 2n=20. It was also counted as 2n=22, 44 by (Zahareva and Makeushenko 1968) and (Fedorov 1969). It is ... Some of these compounds had some antioxidant activity in certain cells and some effected yeast cells expressing human estrogen ... As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of ...
Promoter (genetics)
"Gene promoters show chromosome-specificity and reveal chromosome territories in humans". BMC Genomics. 14 (278): 278. doi: ... These pairs of promoters can be positioned in divergent, tandem, and convergent directions. They can also be regulated by ... Furthermore, in humans, promoters show certain structural features characteristic for each chromosome. In bacteria, the ... "Prevalence of the initiator over the TATA box in human and yeast genes and identification of DNA motifs enriched in human TATA- ...
FAM178B
"Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4". Nature. 434 (7034): 724-731. Bibcode:2005Natur. ... FAM178B spans 110,720 base pairs, and contains 827 amino acids. There are two isoforms of the gene transcript that exist by ... FAM178B is a protein coding that is located on the plus strand of chromosome 2. The locus for the gene is 2q11.2. It is also ... "Human BLAT Search". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-21. "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". www.timetree.org. Retrieved ...
Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B
Genes on human chromosome 9). ... It has a length of 750 base pairs. The transcription start site ... The promoter for TTC39B starts at base pair 15,307,109 and ends at base pair 15,307,858. ... The gene for TTC39B is located on the short arm of the ninth chromosome at 9p22.3. The genomic DNA is 136,517 bases long, ... On a locus on chromosome 9p22 found to be associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), TTC39B was the only one of several ...
Mitochondrial DNA
This sequencing revealed that the human mtDNA includes 16,569 base pairs and encodes 13 proteins. Since animal mtDNA evolves ... Medusozoa and calcarea clades however have species with linear mitochondrial chromosomes. In terms of base pairs, the anemone ... HVR1, for example, consists of about 440 base pairs. These 440 base pairs are compared to the same regions of other individuals ... Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. ...
Roberts syndrome
... located on human chromosome 8, has been labeled as the gene responsible for Roberts syndrome. In fact, ESCO2 is the only known ... A prenatal diagnosis of Roberts syndrome requires an ultrasound examination paired with cytogenetic testing or prior ... The new cells typically will have too many or too few chromosomes. The odd number of chromosomes causes the defective cells to ... Chromosomes that have HR experience separation of the heterochromatic regions during metaphase. Chromosomes with these two ...
ZTTK syndrome
"The SON gene encodes a conserved DNA binding protein mapping to human chromosome 21". Annals of Human Genetics. 58 (1): 25-34. ... Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to undergo lineage-specific differentiation into specific types of cells, known as ... ZTTK syndrome (Zhu-Tokita-Takenouchi-Kim syndrome) is a rare disease caused in humans by a genetic mutation of the SON gene. ... SON is located within the human chromosomal region 21q22.11 in nuclear speckles and consists of 12 exons. Exon 3 of the SON ...
Cell cycle
During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to microtubules that pull the sister chromatids to ... Many human cancers possess the hyper-activated Cdk 4/6 activities. Given the observations of cyclin D-Cdk 4/6 functions, ... Cell Cycle, Chromosomes and Cancer. Vol. 15. Miami Beach, FL: University of Miami School of Medicine. Alter O, Golub GH ( ... In this checkpoint, the cell checks to ensure that the spindle has formed and that all of the chromosomes are aligned at the ...
CD96
Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 3, All articles with unsourced ... Martinet L, Smyth MJ (April 2015). "Balancing natural killer cell activation through paired receptors". Nature Reviews. ... Human chromosome 3 gene stubs, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine). ... CD96 (Cluster of Differentiation 96) or Tactile (T cell activation, increased late expression) is a protein that in humans is ...
Timeline of human evolution
For this sample, a better estimate would be that 95% of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA." ... April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4 ... Evolutionary biology portal Evolution of human intelligence Graphical timeline of the universe Human evolution Recent human ... The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens ...
Short interspersed nuclear element
The paper examined the global distribution of SINEs in mouse and human chromosomes and determined that this distribution was ... SINEs have 50-500 base pair internal regions which contain a tRNA-derived segment with A and B boxes that serve as an internal ... often leading to disease phenotypes in humans and other animals. Insertion of Alu elements in the human genome is associated ... There are >50 human diseases associated with SINEs. When inserted near or within the exon, SINEs can cause improper splicing, ...
LECT2
The human LECT2 gene, LECT2, is located on the long, i.e, "q", arm of chromosome 5 at position q31.1 (notated as 5q31.1). This ... 8,000 base pairs. The gene has numerous single nucleotide variants as well as other variations, some of which have been ... 2004). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5". Nature. 431 (7006): 268-74. doi:10.1038/nature02919. ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 5). ...
Keratin 16
Genes on human chromosome 17, Keratins, All stub articles, Human chromosome 17 gene stubs). ... Keratin 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT16 gene. Keratin 16 is a type I cytokeratin. It is paired with ... "A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: characterization and expression". Mol. Cell. Biol. 8 (2): 722-36. doi: ... "Three epidermal and one simple epithelial type II keratin genes map to human chromosome 12". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 57 (1): 33- ...
Inbreeding
By pairing chromosomes of similar genomes, the chance for these recessive alleles to pair and become homozygous greatly ... By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences ... Thus, the likelihood of deleterious recessive alleles to pair is significantly higher in a small inbreeding population than in ... ISBN 978-3-540-37654-5. Ober C, Hyslop T, Hauck WW (January 1999). "Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for ...
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Genes on human chromosome 2, Protein pages needing a picture, Genes on human chromosome 15, Genes on human chromosome 20, Genes ... The lone pair of electrons moves down kicking off the lone pairs that were making the double bond. This lone pair of electrons ... Mtb ICDH-1 is most structurally similar to the R132H mutant human ICDH found in glioblastomas. Similar to human R132H ICDH, Mtb ... In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH ...
Wasp
The two pairs of membranous wings are held together by small hooks and the forewings are larger than the hind ones; in some ... Males, called drones, have a haploid (n) number of chromosomes and develop from an unfertilized egg. Wasps store sperm inside ... the existing workers search for sugary foods and are more likely to come into contact with humans. Wasp nests made in or near ... Females are diploid, meaning that they have 2n chromosomes and develop from fertilized eggs. ...
C3orf62
Genes on human chromosome 3, Protein pages needing a picture, Human gene pages with Wikidata item). ... C3orf62 starts at 49,268,597 base pairs from the terminus of the short arm (pter) and ending at 49,277,909 base pairs pter. ... Chromosome 3 Open Reading Frame 62 (C3orf62), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C3orf62 gene. C3orf62 is a glycine ... C3orf62 human protein (Q6ZUJ4) is 267 amino acids long, and has a molecular mass of 30,194 Daltons. The isoelectric point of ...
Animal psychopathology
This breakthrough helped further relate OCD in humans to CCD in canines. Canine chromosome 7 is expressed in the hippocampus of ... Rats became significantly more tolerant to morphine when they had been exposed to a paired administration than those rats that ... A chromosome has been located in dogs that confers a high risk of susceptibility to OCD. Canine chromosome 7 has been found to ... It can be difficult to attribute human conditions to non-human animals. Obsessive-compulsive behavior in animals, often called ...
HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2
... is a multigene haplotype that covers a majority of the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 (not to be ... 1 million base pairs centromeric from DQ2.5 may also be associated with Type 1 diabetes. In addition the BAT1 and MICB variant ... CS1 French-language sources (fr), CS1 German-language sources (de), Human MHC haplogroups, Human MHC mediated diseases, Human ... These unique chromosomes are produced by recombination of each unique chromosome passed by each grandparent to each parent. ...
Classical genetics
These paired genes that control the same trait is classified as an allele. In an individual, the allelic genes that are ... Genes are a fundamental part of DNA that is aligned linearly on a eukaryotic chromosome. Chemical information that is ... human genetics, medical genetics, and much more. Thus, reinforcing Mendel's nickname as the father of modern genetics. In other ... Many pairs of alleles have differing effects that are portrayed in an offspring's phenotype and genotype. The phenotype is a ...
Juno (protein)
"Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium". (Genes on human chromosome 11, Animal proteins, Fertility, Mammal ... Mayer K (16 April 2014). "Sperm/Egg Fusion Depends on Pairing of His/Her Proteins". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. ... folate receptor delta or IZUMO1R is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOLR4 gene. Juno is a member of the folate ... including humans. Being previously elusive, Juno was discovered nine years after its male counterpart, Izumo1. The crystal ...
Collagen, type IV, alpha 2
v t e (Genes on human chromosome 13, Collagens, All stub articles, Human chromosome 13 gene stubs). ... this gene is organized in a head-to-head conformation with another type IV collagen gene so that each gene pair shares a common ... Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL4A2 gene. This gene encodes one of the six subunits ... Pöschl E, Pollner R, Kühn K (1988). "The genes for the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains of human basement membrane collagen ...
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification
For example, probes may be designed to target various regions of chromosome 21 of a human cell. The signal strengths of the ... Pairs of probes are hybridized to the sample DNA, with each probe pair designed to query for the presence of a particular DNA ... to give the PCR product a unique length when compared to other probe pairs in the MLPA assay. Each complete probe pair must ... Although dosage quotients may be calculated for any pair of amplicons, it is usually the case that one of the pair is an ...
Short-beaked echidna
Weak identity between chromosomes results in meiotic pairing that yields only two possible genotypes of sperm, X1X2X3X4X5 or ... This similarity to primates and humans allows it to see distant objects clearly. Unlike placental mammals, including humans, ... for humans. This part of the brain in humans is thought to be used for planning and analytical behaviour, leading to debate as ... in which males have four Y chromosomes and five X chromosomes. Males appear to be X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5 (figure), while females ...
Microtubule
Since each centrosome has a K fiber connecting to each pair of chromosomes, the chromosomes become tethered in the middle of ... "The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2017-04-27. Hirokawa N, ... As the K fibers shorten the pair chromosomes are pulled apart right before cytokinesis. Previously, some researchers believed ... For example, +TIPs have been observed to participate in the interactions of microtubules with chromosomes during mitosis. The ...
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 | Profiles RNS
A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4" by people in this website by year ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4" by people in Profiles. ...
A genome-screen of a large twin cohort reveals linkage for quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus to 2q33-37 and 4q12-21
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2* * Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4* * Cohort Studies * Female * Genetic Linkage* ... A genome-wide screen was performed on a large cohort of dizygous twin pairs to identify regions of the genome that contain QTL ... we performed a genome-wide screen on a large cohort of dizygous twin pairs. Unselected female dizygous twins from 1067 ... relevant to bone density or structure on chromosomes 1, 2, 13, 14, and X. ...
Chromosome 11: MedlinePlus Genetics
... base pairs) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Learn about health implications of genetic ... Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Two copies of chromosome 11, one copy inherited from ... chromosome consisting of a piece of chromosome 22 attached to a piece of chromosome 11. The extra chromosome is known as a ... Ring chromosomes occur when a chromosome breaks in two places and the ends of the chromosome arms fuse together to form a ...
Double minutes in the papillary thyroid cancer cell line PTC-1113A<...
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 Medicine & Life Sciences 87% * Chromosomes Medicine & Life Sciences 69% ... Extrachromosomal DNA seemed to originate from a B-group chromosome. A chromosome 4 painting probe hybridized (FISH) with the ... Extrachromosomal DNA seemed to originate from a B-group chromosome. A chromosome 4 painting probe hybridized (FISH) with the ... Extrachromosomal DNA seemed to originate from a B-group chromosome. A chromosome 4 painting probe hybridized (FISH) with the ...
Each chromosome is paired one from mother and father
... each chromosome will be paired one from mother and father ... Chromosomes are contained in the nucleus of a cell, spread out ... Starts with one human cell containing 46 chromosomes. Ends up with 2 cells each containing 46 chromosomes. ... called X chromosome and 46 would be called a Y chromosome.. If this cell was from a female, 45 would be called X chromosome and ... The pairs carry the same type of genes along their length. Within each pair you inherit one chromosome from your mother and one ...
Rochester, MN - Research output - Mayo Clinic
Chromosome Inversion 67% * Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 57% * Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 56% ... Paracentric inversions in humans: A review of 446 paracentric inversions with presentation of 120 new cases. Pettenati, M. J., ... Klee, G., Rider, C. T., Naessens, J. & Angstman, G., Dec 1 1994, In: Journal of Clinical Immunoassay. 17, 4, p. 205-209 5 p.. ... Harris, P. C., Ward, C. J., Peral, B. & Hughes, J., 1995, In: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 6, 4, p. 1125-1133 ...
Concomitance of a novel RMDN2-ALK fusion and an EML4-ALK fusion in a lung adenocarcinoma<...
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 Medicine & Life Sciences 10% * Gene Fusion Medicine & Life Sciences 4% ... Genome-wide copy number variants were found in multiple chromosome arms and the short arm of chromosome 2, suggestive of ... Genome-wide copy number variants were found in multiple chromosome arms and the short arm of chromosome 2, suggestive of ... Genome-wide copy number variants were found in multiple chromosome arms and the short arm of chromosome 2, suggestive of ...
Genetic Disease: 4 Types and List of 39
1. Single-gene inheritance, 2. Multifactorial inheritance disorder, 3. Damage to the chromosomes; and 4. Mitochondrial genetic ... The human genome is made up of the 46 human chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). These 46 ... The human genome is made up of the 46 human chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). These 46 ... Genetic Diseases - Chromosome Abnormalities Which genetic disease with chromosome abnormalities do you or someone you know have ...
Antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: Multiple origins and identification of novel dhfr alleles - Fingerprint -...
Genetic inheritance: why people can be closer to one parent than the oher genetically
Firstly, most of the human DNA is identical between two unrelated individuals. This is estimated to 99.5% for individuals from ... who have two X chromosomes and therefore have symmetrical pairs of chromosomes. Men receive a shorter Y chromosome from their ... Their second X chromosome is also an random admixture.. The Y chromosome continuity. The only chromosome that survives the test ... The autosomal DNA (the 23 pairs of chromosomes minus X and Y) always works in pair. Wherever you look at the DNA sequence there ...
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20 | Profiles RNS
Human, Pair 20" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20" was a major or minor topic of ... A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20" by people in Profiles. ...
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 | Profiles RNS
Human, Pair 7" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7" was a major or minor topic of these ... A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7" by people in Profiles. ...
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 | Profiles RNS
Human, Pair 19" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19" was a major or minor topic of ... A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19" by people in Profiles. ...
Publication : USDA ARS
In the human genome, FURIN and FES are located adjacent to one another on the distal q arm of human chromosome 15 (HSA15) in ... Technical Abstract: Fragment of the porcine feline sarcoma oncogene (FES) gene and paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme gene ... In the human genome, FURIN and FES are located adjacent to one another on human chromosome 15q26. These genes were expected to ... Title: MAPPING OF THE FES AND FURIN GENES TO PORCINE CHROMOSOME 7 Author. ERNST, C.W. ...
Robert Klein - Publications
- Oregon Health & Science University
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 24% * Quantitative Trait Loci 23% * Inbred Strains Mice 23% ... Human ALOX12, but not ALOX15, is associated with BMD in white men and women. Ichikawa, S., Koller, D. L., Johnson, M. L., Lai, ... Ethanol inhibits human osteoblastic cell proliferation. Klein, R. F., Fausti, K. A. & Carlos, A. S., 1996, In: Alcoholism: ... A loss-of-function nonsynonymous polymorphism in the osmoregulatory TRPV4 gene is associated with human hyponatremia. Tian, W. ...
history of DNA timeline | Timetoast timelines
in humans) A YAC is duplicated when a yeast has been divided. YACs can carry million base pair long fragments of human DNA. ... Joe Hin Tjio had discovered the exact number of chromosomes that each human recieves. He was first interested in cancer cells. ... BAC stand for bacterial artificial chromosome. It is a peice of human DNA fitted into a bacterial vector. ... The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium announced the successful completion of the Human Genome Project more than ...
Search | Page 4 | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
The Y-Chromosome in Animals. The Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in ... Beginning in the 1980s, many studies of human populations used the Y-chromosome gene sequences to trace paternal lineages. ... In an adult organism, the genes on the Y-chromosome help produce the male gamete, the sperm cell. ... enabled scientists to confirm the hypothesis that chromosomes determine the sex of developing organisms. ...
What are the 4 genes in DNA? - Shabupc.com
Human chromosomes 1 through 22 are called autosomes, and the final or 23rd chromosome is a pair of sex chromosomes, so-called ... The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes, X and Y, that determine our sex. Females have a pair of X chromosomes ... What is chromosome theory of inheritance?. Define the chromosome theory of inheritance as "genes are located on chromosomes" ... What does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine?. ... What does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine?. *Why is my ...
Work More Efficiently In Developmental Biology With Stereo Microscopy: Fruit Flies (Drosophila Melanogaster) | Science Lab |...
Chromosomes. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA. ... The homology of cancer and disease related genes found in both the genomes of D. melanogaster and humans is significant [7, 8 ... Reiter LT, Potocki L, Chien S, Gribskov M, and Bier E: A Systematic Analysis of Human Disease-Associated Gene Sequences In ... Its genome is fully sequenced and the disease related genes show appreciable homology to those of humans. The routine workflow ...
Alexander Lorenz - Research output
- The University of Aberdeen Research Portal
Chromosome pairing does not contribute to nuclear architecture in vegetative yeast cells. Lorenz, A., Fuchs, J., Loidl, J. & ... What do we know about the biology of the emerging fungal pathogen of humans Candida auris? Bravo Ruiz, G. & Lorenz, A., Jan ... Roles of Hop1 and Mek1 in meiotic chromosome pairing and recombination partner choice in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Latypov, V. ... Brown, S. D., Audoynaud, C. & Lorenz, A., Jun 2020, In: Chromosome Research. 28, p. 195-207 13 p.. Research output: ...
Time To Expose the Radical Gender Ideology - CultureWatch
"In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes ... The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males ... Since God made a very good world, with no flaws, and since that world included humans created as men and humans created as ... have one X and one Y chromosome.". http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/howmanychromosomes ...
An Alu-mediated partial SDHC deletion causes familial and sporadic paraganglioma | Journal of Medical Genetics
... that employs fusion between human and rodent cells to create stable hybrids that contain only a subset of the human chromosomes ... In addition to the SDHC exon 6,11 the following PCR primer pairs located near SDHC exon 6 amplified a product at the expected ... from the hybrids containing the normal chromosome 1 but did not amplify from the hybrids containing the disease chromosome 1: ( ... The SDHC gene is localised at the long arm of chromosome 1 at band q23.3 at the UCSC genome database, which is far more distal ...
Genetic Contribution to Initial and Progressive Alcohol Intake Among Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice<...
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 Medicine & Life Sciences 8% * Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 Medicine & Life Sciences 8% ... Multiple suggestive QTLs for alcohol intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 6, and 12 were identified for the first 4 h exposure. ... Multiple suggestive QTLs for alcohol intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 6, and 12 were identified for the first 4 h exposure. ... Multiple suggestive QTLs for alcohol intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 6, and 12 were identified for the first 4 h exposure. ...
"The best tool of its kind in the world": Patient Archive being used to advance diagnosis of rare diseases in WA | Garvan...
A human genome is approximately 6 billion base pairs, or letters of DNA code. ... encoded within 2 metres of DNA packed tightly into each of our cells as chromosomes. ... contributions to medical science that will change the directions of science and medicine and have major impacts on human health ... scale integration of genomic and phenomic data will reveal an unprecedented understanding of relationships between the human ...
anti-C1orf43 Antikörper (AA 11-100) (Alexa Fluor 350) | Produkt Nr. ABIN1693353
The gene encoding C1orf43 maps to human chromosome 1, the largest human chromosome spanning about 260 million base pairs and ... anti-Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 43 (C1orf43) (AA 11-100) antibody (Cy5) C1orf43 Reaktivität: Human IF (cc), IF (p) Wirt: ... anti-Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 43 (C1orf43) (AA 179-228) antibody C1orf43 Reaktivität: Human, Affe WB Wirt: Kaninchen ... anti-Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 43 (C1orf43) (Middle Region) antibody C1orf43 Reaktivität: Human WB Wirt: Kaninchen ...
Upper Division MCB Courses | Molecular and Cell Biology
MCB 149: The Human Genome (3 units; Syllabus). Prerequisites: MCB 102 or MCB c100A, MCB 104 or MCB 140, MCB 110. This is an ... MCB C134: Chromosome Biology/Cytogenetics (3 units; Syllabus). Prerequisites: MCB 104 or 140. Survey of behavior, structure, ... Non-Mendelian and epigenetic modes of inheritance of transposable elements, prions and chromatin states are paired with ... and function of chromosomes with emphasis on behavior in model organisms. Topics include mitosis, meiosis, chromosome ...
About
A normal human karyotype consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair is numbered 1 through 22 and the twenty-third pair are ... Frequently, with routine chromosome analysis, it is possible to identify that the short arm of chromosome 4 is missing some ... On each chromosome are hundreds of genes that determine how our bodies look and function. WHS is a contiguous gene syndrome. A ... At times, the deletion is so small that it cannot be detected by routine chromosome analysis. If a patient is suspected to have ...
The Human Life Review Fall 1982 - The Human Life Review
... chromosomes The extra chromosome seems to match the pair of chromosomes classified as 21 the chromosomes are numbered in pairs ... The Human Life Foundation, Inc.. The Human Life Review. 271 Madison Avenue, Room 1005. New York, New York 10016. (212) 685-5210 ... THE HUMAN LIFE REVIEW upon reliable instincts human beings live an existence of incertitude and risk There can be no doubt that ... THE HUMAN LIFE REVIEW , FALL 1982. the HUMAN LIFE REVIEW FALL 1982 Featured in this issue Joseph Sobran on Secular Humanism ...
Arpana Agrawal - Research output
- Research Profiles at Washington University School of Medicine
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 100% * Tobacco Use Disorder 91% * GABA Receptors 90% ... Genetic linkage to chromosome 22q12 for a heavy-smoking quantitative trait in two independent samples. Saccone, S. F., Pergadia ... Genes identified in rodent studies of alcohol intake are enriched for heritability of human substance use. Huggett, S. B., ... Twin Research and Human Genetics. 17, 4, p. 244-253 10 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ...
GeneChromosomalGenomeFemales have two X chromosomesMouse chromosomeAbnormalitiesNumbers of chromosomes23rd pairContains chromosomesAutosomal chromosomesDiploidShort arm of chromosomeNucleusTranslocationMutationsLociOrganismsTotal of 46MitosisCopy of chromosomeCopiesHomologousProximal regionTheory of inheritanceSequencesBase pairsGenomicDeletionAmino acidAllelesCellsExtra chromosomeGeneticsGenes are locatedTelomeresKaryotypeCellInversionFingerprintAberrationsStructuresNucleotideStructuralRecombinantSpeciesDuplicationProteinsMammalianTumorAdultSequencingProteinLung adenocarcinomaMother'sBacteriaMalesMicroscopeLinkage groupsMetaphase
Gene31
- For most genes on this chromosome, both copies of the gene are expressed, or "turned on," in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- A chromosome 4 painting probe hybridized (FISH) with the chromosome 4 library detected a translocation chromosome and a pulverized chromosome originating from chromosome 4, PTC-1113A is, to our knowledge, the single papillary thyroid cancer cell line demonstrating evidence of gene amplification. (elsevier.com)
- The RMDN2 gene locates at the short arm of chromosome 2 between ALK and EML4 genes. (elsevier.com)
- Genetic disorders can range from a defect in a single base mutation in the DNA of one gene to chromosomal abnormalities that involve deletion or addition of entire chromosomes or sets of chromosomes. (emedicinehealth.com)
- X-linked disorders refer to diseases for which the defective gene is present on the female (X) chromosome. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Imagine that you are looking at a DNA sequence on one gene known to have polymorphisms (i.e. variations from one person to another) in that 0.5% of DNA that is not identical in all human beings. (eupedia.com)
- Two genes feline sarcoma oncogene (FES) and paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme gene (FURIN) were mapped in the genome of the pig. (usda.gov)
- Fragment of the porcine feline sarcoma oncogene (FES) gene and paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme gene (FURIN) were amplified and terminally sequenced. (usda.gov)
- The FES gene was mapped to chromosome 7 position 82 cM. (usda.gov)
- Human ornithine decarboxylase-encoding loci: nucleotide sequence of the expressed gene and characterization of a pseudogene. (jefferson.edu)
- Beginning in the 1980s, many studies of human populations used the Y-chromosome gene sequences to trace paternal lineages. (asu.edu)
- Define the chromosome theory of inheritance as "genes are located on chromosomes" and know that chromosomes can be solo or paired with homologs that contain the same genes but possibly different gene variants, called alleles. (shabupc.com)
- A contiguous gene syndrome occurs when a chromosome is either missing material (deletion) or has extra material (duplication) of several genes in the same region of the chromosome. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- This gene, termed Cchl2a, was mapped near the centromeric end of the Chromosome 5 linkage group with gene order: centromere-Pgy-1-Cchl2a-Il-6-Pgm-1. (ewha.ac.kr)
- The 5,874 genes encoded on chromosome 5 reveal several new functions in plants, and the patterns of gene organization provide insights into the mechanisms and extent of genome evolution in plants. (wur.nl)
- The mature larvae show giant chromosomes in the salivary glands called polytene chromosomes -"puffs" indicate regions of transcription and hence gene activity. (bionity.com)
- The major phenotypic features of Down syndrome have been correlated with partial trisomies of chromosome 21, allowing us to define the candidate gene region to a 4-Mb segment on the 21q22.2 band. (elsevier.com)
- We hypothesize that the tetO gene and a phage were inserted into the chromosome after conjugation, leaving a remnant plasmid that was lost from isolates from company C. The emergence and rapid spread of a resistant clone of C. jejuni in New Zealand, coupled with evolutionary change in the accessory genome, demonstrate the need for ongoing Campylobacter surveillance among poultry and humans. (cdc.gov)
- Mutations in the chromosome pairing gene FKBP6 are not a common cause of non-obstructive azoospermia. (cdc.gov)
- To limit the query to a specific position, type a chromosome name, e.g. chrX , or a chromosome coordinate range, such as chrX:100000-200000, or a gene name or other id in the text box. (ucsc.edu)
- Human DNA gene sequencing has long been known for Chromosome 8, commonly known as the God Gene for its specific effect on Human Behaviors (see definition in next section). (ethealing.com)
- The PCR test template (gene sequence) for the "lab test" also is the same as that found on Chromosome 8, and it has also been found in Swabs used to collect nasal cell samples. (ethealing.com)
- FANCB is the one exception to FA being autosomal recessive , as this gene is on the X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- In this variant, a 16-base pair frame shift duplication occurs at exon 15 of the HPS1 gene. (medscape.com)
- DYT1 are caused by a 3-base pair in-frame deletion within the coding region of the TOR1A (torsinA) gene located on chromosome 9q34. (medscape.com)
- Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation, or Segawa disease, is an autosomal dominantly inherited dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) caused by heterozygous mutations of the GCH1 gene located on chromosome 14q22.1-q22.2. (medscape.com)
- The first step in dna splicing is to locate a specific gene of interest on a chromosome. (web.app)
- The structural chromosome alterations may arise at the chromosome level (e.g., translocations and gains or losses of large portions of chromosomes) or at the nucleotide level, which influence gene structure or expression such as mutations, insertions, deletions, gene amplifications, and gene silencing by epigenetic effects ( Jefford and Irminger-Finger, 2006 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Chromosome and gene. (nsmalondon.com)
- In support of this idea are the linea that the colorectal tumor suppressor protein DCC has some structural homology to LAR438 and that the LAR gene maps to a linds on chromosome 1p32-33 that is thought e contain a breast cancer tumor sup- pressor gene. (qrforex.com)
- Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 22. (antikoerper-online.de)
Chromosomal10
- The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 11. (medlineplus.gov)
- The parent carries a chromosomal rearrangement between chromosomes 11 and 22 called a balanced translocation. (medlineplus.gov)
- Routine G banding with trypsin in Cytogenetics is useful as it gives each chromosome a distinctive banded pattern that enable a clear identification of isolate or discrete regions all along each chromosome and the opportunity to examine for chromosomal imbalance by standard microscopic. (uniassignment.com)
- The duplication of chromosome 1 between bands E2 and H1 was the most significant chromosomal change in the invasive cell strains. (cdc.gov)
- In addition, the chromosomal loci associated with invasion are amplified in both mouse and human lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
- The researchers applied a method called 'Hi-C' (High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture) to samples from patients with developmental disorders suspected to be caused by chromosomal rearrangements. (mpg.de)
- The classical analysis of chromosomal defects is done by a karyogram, which is a microscopic view of stained chromosomes. (mpg.de)
- Many FA patients (about 30%) do not have any of the classic physical findings, but diepoxybutane chromosome fragility assay showing increased chromosomal breaks can make the diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
- 2005). In another model, such chromosomal indicators promote MT development inside the clusters of PM chromosomes, accelerating the primarily lateral MTCkinetochore attachments in PM (Magidson et al. (globaltechbiz.com)
- As a major form of genomic instability, chromosomal instability comprises aberrant chromosome numbers (i.e., aneuploidy or polyploidy) and structural changes in chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
Genome27
- A genome-wide screen was performed on a large cohort of dizygous twin pairs to identify regions of the genome that contain QTL for QUS of bone. (nih.gov)
- To identify regions of the genome that contain quantitative trait loci (QTL) for QUS of bone, we performed a genome-wide screen on a large cohort of dizygous twin pairs. (nih.gov)
- Genome-wide copy number variants were found in multiple chromosome arms and the short arm of chromosome 2, suggestive of complex rearrangements. (elsevier.com)
- The human genome is made up of the 46 human chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). (emedicinehealth.com)
- The actual protein-coding genes account for less than 5% of the human genome. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Some researchers include mitochondrial DNA as part of the human genome. (emedicinehealth.com)
- In the human genome, FURIN and FES are located adjacent to one another on human chromosome 15q26. (usda.gov)
- Localizing these genes in the pig genome improves the human-pig comparative map thus facilitating identification of positional candidate genes to study which affect fat deposition. (usda.gov)
- In the human genome, FURIN and FES are located adjacent to one another on the distal q arm of human chromosome 15 (HSA15) in the cytogenetic band q26.1 Genes located in this region are conserved on the proximal q arm of SSC7. (usda.gov)
- In 1990 the National Institutes of Health and department of Energy to establish a new set of goals for the Human Genome Project. (timetoast.com)
- Its genome is fully sequenced and the disease related genes show appreciable homology to those of humans. (leica-microsystems.com)
- it is the second largest Arabidopsis chromosome and represents 21% of the sequenced regions of the genome. (wur.nl)
- The sequence of chromosomes 2 and 4 have been reported previously and that of chromosomes 1 and 3, together with an analysis of the complete genome sequence, are reported in this issue. (wur.nl)
- In the human genome, more than 360000 potentially G4-forming sequences can be found. (brc.hu)
- The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. (diagenode.com)
- The projection of the maps of genomic imbalances identified in human breast carcinomas onto the mouse genome shows that a considerable proportion of genomic imbalances occur in both species, however, the comparative maps do not result in "mirror" images of genomic imbalances. (elsevier.com)
- both clades were associated with human infection, 1 with poultry companies A and B and the other with company C. Accessory genome evolution was associated with a plasmid, phage insertions, and natural transformation. (cdc.gov)
- At the beginning of this series, we observed that many of the topics covered in Adam and the Genome are not relevant to whether Adam and Eve existed as the progenitors of the human race. (evolutionnews.org)
- For more details, please see " Adam and the Genome and Human-Ape Genetic Similarity . (evolutionnews.org)
- For more details, please see " Adam and the Genome and Human Genetic Diversity ," " Adam and the Genome and Citation Bluffing ," and " Adam and the Genome and 'Predetermined Conclusions' . (evolutionnews.org)
- Deploying the Whole Genome Sequence In Medicine and Public Health, One Base Pair At A Time. (cdc.gov)
- Introduction: The Human Genome Project (HGP) has allowed for advances in diagnosis and prevention of diseases. (bvsalud.org)
- The Human Genome Project (HGP) started in the United States of America aiming at sequencing and mapping the human genetic code. (bvsalud.org)
- In 2003, the sequencing of almost all human genome (HG) was announced. (bvsalud.org)
- We combine both Illumina (short reads) and PacBio (long reads) platforms to achieve whole genome de novo assemblies and re-sequencing for viruses, microbes , plants, animals and humans . (cd-genomics.com)
- In the experiment "Population structure of Chinese southwest wheat germplasms resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew using the DArT-seq technique", published in Ciência Rural (vol. 48, no. 4), the researchers genotyped the whole genome of wheat cultivars from southwestern China using the DART-seq™ technique. (scielo.org)
- In the analysis, they obtained 30,485 markers and two groups of wheat varieties, identified by means of principal-coordinate analysis (PCoA) at the whole genome level and at the 6AS chromosome level. (scielo.org)
Females have two X chromosomes3
- The male chromosome is called an X, and the female is a Y. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). (howtodiscuss.com)
- Males have one X chromosome, but females have two X chromosomes. (howtodiscuss.com)
- The Y chromosome is present in males, who have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. (alphabiolabs.ie)
Mouse chromosome3
- Increased copy number and expression of the genes on mouse chromosome 1 may play a functional role in lung cancer development and may aid in the identification of mouse and human lung cancer susceptibility genes. (cdc.gov)
- Amplification of mouse chromosome 4 in chemically induced and invasive mouse lung adenocarcinoma. (cdc.gov)
- Mouse chromosome 1 and 15 were amplified in 90% of the high-invasive cell strains. (cdc.gov)
Abnormalities2
- Chromosome abnormalities usually result from a problem with cell division and arise because of duplications or absences of entire chromosomes or pieces of chromosomes. (emedicinehealth.com)
- The prognostic significance of trisomy 4 in acute myeloid leukaemia is dependent on age and additional abnormalities. (ox.ac.uk)
Numbers of chromosomes2
- Other organisms have a wide variety of numbers of chromosomes. (howtodiscuss.com)
- Different species have different numbers of chromosomes. (coursera.org)
23rd pair4
- What does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine? (shabupc.com)
- The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes, X and Y, that determine our sex. (shabupc.com)
- The remaining 23rd pair, called the sex chromosome, determines whether you're a male or female. (howtodiscuss.com)
- The 23rd pair in gonadal cell called sex chromosome which is not always a perfect pair. (solutionsclass.com)
Contains chromosomes2
- Inside a living cell (plant and animal) is a nucleus which contains chromosomes. (mammothmemory.net)
- The cell's nucleus contains chromosomes. (shabupc.com)
Autosomal chromosomes2
- Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell of their body and 23 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, either X or Y, that are found in the nucleus of every cell (23 + 1 = 46). (howtodiscuss.com)
- We have 23 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, two sex chromosomes, and one pair of gender-determining chromosomes. (howtodiscuss.com)
Diploid5
- The number of the chromosomes was counted in pair as a diploid organism is comprised of 2 copies of every chromosome. (uniassignment.com)
- Diploid organisms, such as humans, have chromosomes that come in homologous pairs (except for the sex chromosomes), with each parent contributing one chromosome per homologous pair. (maplesoft.com)
- For researchers who wish to convert T/S ratio to base pairs (bp), the formula is (3,274 + 2,413 * (T/S)). The conversion from T/S ratio to bp is calculated based on comparison of telomeric restriction fragment (TRF) length from Southern blot analysis and T/S ratios using DNA samples from the human diploid fibroblast cell line IMR90 at different population doublings. (cdc.gov)
- HG consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes existing in all diploid cells of human beings, where DNA is found and all genetic features of an individual is stored 6 . (bvsalud.org)
- As for diploid or polyploid organisms, we generally assemble one set of chromosomes. (cd-genomics.com)
Short arm of chromosome3
- Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) refers to a condition that is caused by a missing part (deletion) of the short arm of chromosome 4. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- This syndrome was reported in 1965 in published reports by Wolf and Hirschhorn, who described that the characteristics of the syndrome were associated with a deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 4. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- Frequently, with routine chromosome analysis, it is possible to identify that the short arm of chromosome 4 is missing some genetic material. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
Nucleus8
- Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
- There are 46 chromosomes in human body cells, spread out randomly within the nucleus. (mammothmemory.net)
- The diagram shows the relationship between the cell, its nucleus, chromosomes in the nucleus, and genes. (shabupc.com)
- In fact the human nucleus comprises of 22 pair of autosomal, and 2 pair of sex chromosomes. (uniassignment.com)
- A human being is made up of an enormous number of cells, and inside every single cell, there's the nucleus. (coursera.org)
- In the genetic material, inside the nucleus of a single cell, there are the complete instructions to create a human being and it's amazing to think that all that information is packaged inside your little bit of DNA which weighs about seven picograms. (coursera.org)
- The DNA in the nucleus of your cell is packaged into 23 pairs of chromosomes. (coursera.org)
- The chromosomes may be seen, and the nucleus is rather massive. (risingacademy.org)
Translocation5
- Individuals with Emanuel syndrome inherit an unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22 in the form of a der(22) chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
- A translocation involving chromosome 11 can cause a type of cancerous tumor known as Ewing sarcoma. (medlineplus.gov)
- A balanced translocation is a rearrangement in the individual's chromosomes that causes that individual no problems since they have all the necessary genetic material that they need. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- When a parent is identified as being a carrier of a balanced translocation, with each pregnancy they have an increased chance for having a child with an unbalanced chromosome arrangement. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- Translocation breakpoints of chromosome 4 in male carriers: clinical features and implications for genetic counseling. (geneticsmr.com)
Mutations3
- Heterozygous germline inactivating mutations in SDHD , SDHC , and SDHB , which encode three of the four subunits of mitochondrial complex II (succinate dehydrogenase), cause hereditary paraganglioma types 1, 3, and 4 (PGL1, PGL3, and PGL4), respectively. (bmj.com)
- Germline loss of function mutations followed by somatic loss of non-mutant alleles in the tumours 2- 4 suggests a tumour suppressor role for mitochondrial complex II in the paraganglia. (bmj.com)
- Over 25 mutations in SDHD and 25 mutations in SDHB have been detected in hereditary paraganglioma, including those reviewed by Baysal 1 and the more recent additions of multiple mutations in SDHB 4- 6 and SDHD . (bmj.com)
Loci2
- Loss of chromosome 11 and 13, including the Trp53 and Ptch1 loci, respectively, occurred frequently in BCCs, suggesting tissue-specific selection for genes or pathways that collaborate with Ptch deficiency in tumorigenesis. (nyu.edu)
- Overgo hybridization patterns supported colinearity of loci in regions of sorghum chromosome 3 and rice chromosome I and suggested that a possible genomic inversion occurred in this syntenic region in one of the two genomes after the divergence of S. bicolor and O. sativa. (arizona.edu)
Organisms2
- In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the development of new microscopic and molecular techniques, including DNA sequencing, enabled scientists to confirm the hypothesis that chromosomes determine the sex of developing organisms. (asu.edu)
- There exist shared "nonfunctional" pseudogenes between humans and chimps and other organisms. (evolutionnews.org)
Total of 462
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. (howtodiscuss.com)
- So, we humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a grand total of 46. (coursera.org)
Mitosis4
- Question 6: During which stage of mitosis is the chromosomes in their most condensed state and best for karyotyping? (uniassignment.com)
- Methaphase is the best stage of cell division ( mitosis) where Chromosomes can be easily seen with a light microscope in their condensed form observed at 1000 x to carry out the karyotyping. (uniassignment.com)
- Outcomes and dialogue Cell typeCspecific variety from the mitotic RanGTP and importin- cargo gradients To find out if the RanGTP gradient helps mitosis in every human being somatic cells or can be an version specific to particular forms of cells, we assessed RanGTP gradients inside a -panel of human being cells, including major cells, immortalized regular cells, cancer-derived cells, and tumorigenic cells (Fig. 1 and Desk S1). (globaltechbiz.com)
- Previous reports suggest that electrical forces on cell structure proteins interfered with the chromosome separation during mitosis and induced apoptosis. (nature.com)
Copy of chromosome2
- People normally inherit one copy of chromosome 11 from each parent. (medlineplus.gov)
- Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. (howtodiscuss.com)
Copies8
- Two copies of chromosome 11, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
- These individuals have two normal copies of chromosome 11, two normal copies of chromosome 22, and extra genetic material from the der(22) chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result of the extra chromosome, people with Emanuel syndrome have three copies of some genes in each cell instead of the usual two copies. (medlineplus.gov)
- Which is having 3 nstead of 2 copies of chromosomes. (timetoast.com)
- the two copies of chromosome #1 swap DNA with each other and then duplicate, creating two new chromosomes from one original. (howtodiscuss.com)
- People with Down syndrome usually have three copies of this chromosome instead of two. (howtodiscuss.com)
- Loss of entire copies of chromosomes 7, 8, and 14 were significant in the primary tumor cell cultures. (cdc.gov)
- While all DNA is stained blue, a specific sequence stained pink appears duplicated in one of the two copies of chromosome 17, but not the other. (mpg.de)
Homologous4
- Telomeres are located in the end caps and protect the chromosomes against homologous and non-homologous recombination. (uniassignment.com)
- The homologous linkage groups on human chromosomes 1q32-41, 2q, 8q24 and 8p are altered in invasive human lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
- The homologous linkage groups on human chromosomes 9p2I, 1p36, 9q and 8q are altered in asbestos -induced human lung adenocarcinoma. (cdc.gov)
- Each chromosome in a given homologous pair represents the same genes, but with different expressions (called alleles ) of those genes. (maplesoft.com)
Proximal region2
- Loss of the distal portion and duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 4 were observed in the primary tumor cell cultures. (cdc.gov)
- Duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 4 occurred in 22% of the spontaneously-occurring high-invasive cells strains and 83% of the chemically-induced high-invasive cell culrures. (cdc.gov)
Theory of inheritance2
- proving the chromosome theory of inheritance. (timetoast.com)
- What is chromosome theory of inheritance? (shabupc.com)
Sequences3
- This strongly suggests functional reasons for the amino acid sequences of human and ape proteins, and shows their similarities can be explained as being due to functional requirements. (evolutionnews.org)
- Recently published research papers are now demonstrating how Human cells can rewrite RNA sequences into DNA Chromosomes. (ethealing.com)
- However, most of naturally occurring restriction enzymes recognize only 48 basepair sequences so that their scission sites statistically appear at every 4 4 256, 4 6 4096, and 4 8 65,536 basepair sequences, respectively. (web.app)
Base pairs7
- Chromosome 11 spans about 135 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- These 46 chromosomes together contain over 3 billion base pairs of DNA that contain about 20,500 protein-coding genes. (emedicinehealth.com)
- C base pairs (fig. 1). (shabupc.com)
- The chromosome pairs average about 1.1 million base pairs or nearly 6 feet long. (howtodiscuss.com)
- They can even range from as small as 600,000 base pairs (2 feet) to over 2 million base pairs in some individuals! (howtodiscuss.com)
- While comparisons across studies of telomere length in base pairs are commonly done, it is not highly accurate. (cdc.gov)
- Sep 22, 2022 Telomere vesicles retained the Rad51 recombination factor that enabled telomere fusion with T-cell chromosome ends lengthening them by an average of 3,000 base pairs. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)
Genomic9
- Figure 2C and D show the enrichment in two genomic regions on chromosome 3 and 12, respectively, containing EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive controls. (diagenode.com)
- In summary, the comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analysis of mouse models of breast cancers has shown that tumorigenesis requires, as in human cancers, the acquisition of distinct genomic imbalances. (elsevier.com)
- That being said, the BRCA1-associated mouse tumors reveal a distribution of genomic imbalances and a level of genomic instability that is most similar to human breast cancers. (elsevier.com)
- Spectral karyotyping, mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones, comparative genomic hybridization arrays, expression arrays, Western blot and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to analyze nine pairs of high invasive and low invasive tumor cell strains derived from early passage lung adenocarcinoma cell strains. (cdc.gov)
- Mapping with fluorescent in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array further narrowed the minimum region of duplication of chromosome 1 to 71 to 82 centimorgans (cM) as well as three deleted regions from 67-69 cM, 84-84 cM and 100-110 cM. (cdc.gov)
- As powerful tools to detect molecular changes associated with primary and invasive mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells, we used Spectral Karyotyping, mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones and comparative genomic hybridization on a BAC array to analyze 15 primary adenocarcinoma and 9 pairs of high and low invasive tumor cell cultures. (cdc.gov)
- You can select multiple genomic regions by clicking the 'define regions' button and entering up to 1,000 regions in a 3- or 4-field BED file format. (ucsc.edu)
- We used Spectral Karyoryping (SKY), mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), expression array, real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot to analyze 15 primary adenocarcinoma and 9 pairs of high and low invasive cell cultures to detect molecular changes. (cdc.gov)
- In collaboration with 4 state public health genomics programs, we have recently reported on consumer awareness and use of personal genomic tests using the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (cdc.gov)
Deletion6
- At times, the deletion is so small that it cannot be detected by routine chromosome analysis. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- If a patient is suspected to have WHS and an obvious deletion is not detected by routine chromosome analysis, more detailed studies, including fluorescent in situ hybridization, are warranted and may identify the missing genetic material. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- This is also known as a de novo deletion and simply means that the affected individual's parents did not have any chromosome arrangement that led to the deletion. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- The duplication of chromosome 1 and 15 and deletion of chromosome 8 were significant in high invasive cultures compared to low invasive cultures. (cdc.gov)
- Investigations of the minimal region of alteration of chromosome 4 by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and BAC array demonstrated the deletion of a 3 centimorgan region in the middle portion of the chromosome. (cdc.gov)
- FISH mapping further narrowed the region of deletion of chromosome 4 to 39.6 centimorgans (cM) and the region of duplication to 10-35 cM. (cdc.gov)
Amino acid2
- C1orf43, also known as Hepatitis C virus NS5A-transactivated protein 4 and Protein NICE-3, is a 253 amino acid single-pass membrane protein. (antikoerper-online.de)
- This protein has the identical amino acid coding (sequence) found in Human DNA-Chromosome 8. (ethealing.com)
Alleles2
- The 0.5% to 0.1% of DNA that differs between two human beings are called alleles or SNP's (single nucleotide polymorphism). (eupedia.com)
- It is hard to tell which alleles belong to which set of chromosomes in heterozygous regions. (cd-genomics.com)
Cells13
- The human body has nearly 1013 cells. (cdc.gov)
- Mosaicism for 4p-syndrome means that the individual has some cells that have normal number 4 chromosomes and other cells that are missing some of the genetic material from 4p. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- For example, yeast has 12, watermelon has 20, and salmon has 24 pairs of chromosomes in its cells. (howtodiscuss.com)
- There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells, with one member of each team inherited from your mother and one from your father. (howtodiscuss.com)
- ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H4K5ac (cat. (diagenode.com)
- Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 μg, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 μg, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 μg of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H4K5ac (cat. (diagenode.com)
- Question 3: Count the average number of chromosomes in 10 cells - show your workings. (uniassignment.com)
- Particularly 82 number of chromosomes were approximately counted from each metaphase spread observe in this field of view containing Hela cells. (uniassignment.com)
- It has been proven that the Human Papilloma virus (HPV) is the cause of the majority of different type of cervical cancers as all Hela cells contain HPV. (uniassignment.com)
- The duplication of chromosome 1 and 15 were associated with the ability of cells to invade a gel matrix. (cdc.gov)
- The expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), Kruppellike factor-4 (KLF4), Cyclin E and c-myc was significantly higher in the high-invasive cells strains compared to the low-invasive cell strains. (cdc.gov)
- 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
- A and Tideglusib C) Mitotic RanGTP gradients recognized with RBP-4 (A) and cargo gradients recognized with Rango-4 (C) by FLIM in various cells. (globaltechbiz.com)
Extra chromosome2
- The extra chromosome is known as a derivative 22 or der(22) chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
- Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder, resulting from an extra chromosome in pair 21. (bvsalud.org)
Genetics4
- A team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin led by human geneticists Malte Spielmann and Stefan Mundlos analyzed clinical samples from patients with genetic developmental disorders with the Hi-C method. (mpg.de)
- As the team led by human geneticists Stefan Mundlos and Malte Spielmann describe in the current issue of The American Journal of Human Genetics , a method from basic research could improve clinical diagnostics considerably at some point in the future. (mpg.de)
- Despite of the extraordinary importance that all new knowledge on human genetics will have in dental clinics, little efforts have been made to prepare undergraduates in relation to this new information and technology. (bvsalud.org)
- Topics include: Darwinian evolution, genetics, a survey of the five kingdoms of life, principles of ecology, and human ecology. (lasell.edu)
Genes are located1
- The genes are located close together in a region designated 11p15.5 near one end of the chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
Telomeres3
- Researchers, journalists, and inquiring minds want to know more about telomeres, which seem to hold clues to human aging and age-related diseases. (cdc.gov)
- Telomeres are a protective nucleoprotein structure at each chromosome end. (cdc.gov)
- Telomeres are small structures that protect the ends of your chromosomes. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)
Karyotype6
- The cell line was growing as monolayer and showed a complex karyotype with chromosome numbers ranging from 30 to 140/metaphase. (elsevier.com)
- A normal human karyotype consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
- The karyotype is the number of chromosomes a human has. (howtodiscuss.com)
- The karyotype for humans is 46. (howtodiscuss.com)
- The human karyotype is 46. (howtodiscuss.com)
- Condensed chromosome during metaphase spread could be stained with Giesma banding which is a useful analytical method in Cytogenetics to generate a visible karyotype. (uniassignment.com)
Cell15
- Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
- Emanuel syndrome is caused by the presence of extra genetic material from chromosome 11 and chromosome 22 in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
- Lined up in order of size, these chromosomes look like this although chromosome 46 changes depending on whether the cell is from a female or a male. (mammothmemory.net)
- Smoking dysregulates the human airway basal cell transcriptome at COPD risk locus 19q13.2. (ouhsc.edu)
- In an adult organism, the genes on the Y-chromosome help produce the male gamete, the sperm cell. (asu.edu)
- This means that the number of chromosomes in every cell in the human body is 46. (howtodiscuss.com)
- If a male receives an X chromosome from his mother and another Y chromosome from his father, he will not be able to create another sperm cell with an X chromosome that can produce a female child when fertilized. (howtodiscuss.com)
- If both X chromosomes in a sperm cell from a male have been mutated, then he may not be able to produce offspring. (howtodiscuss.com)
- There are 23 chromosome pairs in the human cell. (howtodiscuss.com)
- In total, there are 46 chromosomes in a human cell. (howtodiscuss.com)
- The copy number of NUCKS and tubulin a-4 showed a trend for increased expression in the cell strains that were able to invade a gel matrix. (cdc.gov)
- Every human being has a pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (alphabiolabs.ie)
- 1) the ovum contributes one chromosome of each pair to the fertilized cell (2) When a human sperm fertilizes a human ovum , a single cell is created with the potential to grow into a human person. (english-kannada.com)
- 4) As in most other animals, the sperm mitochondria penetrate the cell membrane of the ovum at fertilization. (english-kannada.com)
- The medial portion of chromosome 4 was deleted in 67% of all of the cell Strains. (cdc.gov)
Inversion1
- An identical inversion, inv(4)(p13q28), was found to occur as the sole karyotypic anomaly in two patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. (elsevier.com)
Fingerprint1
- This study integrates high-throughput, hybridization-based markers with BAC end sequence and fingerprint data to construct physical maps of rice chromosome I orthologues in two wild Oryza species. (arizona.edu)
Aberrations1
- All four Neo/Ras transfectants that were highly metastatic had structural aberrations involving a gain in chromsome 4. (mssm.edu)
Structures1
- in the members of the other group, which is not well-characterized in details yet, the structures are located in the intrachromosomal regions of the chromosomes. (brc.hu)
Nucleotide2
- DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
- The chromatin binding of RCC1, the Rabbit Polyclonal to OR5U1 guanine nucleotide exchange element for Ran, as well as the cytoplasmic localization of RanGAP1 travel the rise of the focus gradient of RanGTP encircling the mitotic chromosomes. (globaltechbiz.com)
Structural1
- The breakpoints are different from any previously described structural rearrangements of chromosome 4. (elsevier.com)
Recombinant1
- The commercial introduction of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in 1985 dramatically changed the field of therapy for growth hormone (GH). (medscape.com)
Species6
- The markers drove contig merges to construct physical maps syntenic to rice chromosome I in the wild species and provided evidence for at least one rearrangement on chromosome I of the O. sativa versus Oryza officinalis comparative map. (arizona.edu)
- These effects should be even stronger in inbreeding species 3 and taxa with generally low Ne such as social insects 4 . (wurmlab.com)
- The study of microbial communities from environment- and human-derived samples through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods has revealed a vast complexity in those ecological niches where hundreds or thousands of microbial species co-inhabit and functionally interact. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although the set of species present in the human oral biofilm is almost fully depicted, new efforts have to be conducted to establish microbial agonistic or antagonistic associations, to distinguish actively-growing bacteria from inactive or transient species, as well as to outline the role of individual species during biofilm formation on tooth surfaces. (biomedcentral.com)
- The co-aggregation detected to occur between streptococci and Actinomyces species has been proposed to be a major promoter of human oral biofilm formation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hier sind URI1 Antikörper für eine Vielzahl von Species wie anti-Human URI1, anti-Mouse URI1, anti-Rat URI1 zu finden. (antikoerper-online.de)
Duplication3
- In addition, FISH demonstrated a 20 centimorgan duplication on chromosome 4. (cdc.gov)
- Mapping with FISH and CGH array further narrowed the region of duplication of chromosome 1 to five centimorgans. (cdc.gov)
- The chromosome on the right acquired an additional piece by duplication of a section of DNA, which is apparent by the additional band (arrow). (mpg.de)
Proteins7
- Chromosome 11 likely contains 1,300 to 1,400 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- It was showing how nucleic acids with their 4-letter alphabet determine the order of the 20 kinds of amino acids in proteins. (timetoast.com)
- What are the 4 DNA proteins? (shabupc.com)
- The fundamental pursuit to complete the human proteome atlas and the unmet clinical needs in lung adenocarcinoma have prompted us to study the functional role of uncharacterized proteins and explore their implications in cancer biology. (bvsalud.org)
- Polymerase allows the DNA strands to unwind from paired chain and the insertion new proteins encoded in the DNA which remains for future mRNA synthesis from the template strand. (ethealing.com)
- the similarity between the human and mouse proteins is lower compared to other orthologous sodium channel pairs. (utsouthwestern.edu)
- domain 4 has fewer arginine and lysine residues compared to other sodium channel proteins. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Mammalian1
- Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology JV Kohl, M Atzmueller, B Fink… - Neuroendocrinology Letters, 2001 - The effect of sensory input on hormones is essential to any explanation of mammalian behavior, including aspects of physical attraction. (rna-mediated.com)
Tumor3
- Highly recurrent but different copy number changes were associated with the two tumor types and included losses of chromosomes 4 and 10 in all BCCs and gain of chromosome 10 in 80% of RMSs. (nyu.edu)
- SEL1L3 was expressed in abundance in the tumor parts compared with paired adjacent normal tissues in 90% of the lung adenocarcinoma patients in our cohorts. (bvsalud.org)
- To check this hypothesis, we evaluated the appearance of aswell as miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p in 48 PTC tumor/regular tissues pairs by Taqman assay to reveal which the appearance of was 3.28-fold reduced, and miR-146b-5p was 28.9-fold improved in PTC tumors. (euromed2016.com)
Adult2
- Achievement of final adult height consistent with a child's genetic potential remains the primary therapeutic endpoint for recombinanat human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in the pediatric population. (medscape.com)
- TorsinA is expressed at high levels in neuronal cytoplasm of specific neuronal populations in the adult human brain, including the SN, thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, and neostriatum. (medscape.com)
Sequencing3
- Furthermore, our results have exemplified a strategy for the completion of the chromosome 21 map to sequencing. (elsevier.com)
- For a baby gender test, the mother's blood sample is analysed by our in-house geneticists, who use Next Generation Sequencing to determine if foetal DNA with a Y chromosome is present in the mother's blood stream. (alphabiolabs.ie)
- All "Vaccine" Injections contain the spiked protein which has the same sequencing (coding) as Chromosome 8, VMAT2. (ethealing.com)
Protein5
- In 1977, the company produced the first human protein in a bacterium. (timetoast.com)
- In this study, we characterized SEL1L3, a previously uncharacterized protein encoded from chromosome 4 as a dysregulated protein in lung adenocarcinoma from the large-scale tissue proteogenomics data set established using the cohort of Taiwan Cancer Moonshot. (bvsalud.org)
- To investigate whether sheep infected with scrapie prions could be another source of infection, we inoculated transgenic mice that overexpressed human prion protein with brain tissue from sheep with natural field cases of classical and atypical scrapie, sheep with experimental BSE, and cattle with BSE. (cdc.gov)
- Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans. (nsmalondon.com)
- XIII" YMR047C 3 13 3 YMR047C "Nuclear pore complex protein that is member of GLFG repeat-containing family of nucleoporins and is,XIII" YMR049C 3 13 4 YMR049C "Ymr049cp,XIII" YMR051C 3 13 5 YMR051C "TyA Gag protein. (davidson.edu)
Lung adenocarcinoma2
Mother's1
- People do not inherit a full X chromosome from their mother, but some segments of each of the mother's two X chromosome. (eupedia.com)
Bacteria2
- Spore extraction and bacteria with infected animals or their contaminated identification products [ 4 ]. (who.int)
- Bacteria human relationship with distillery and animals. (veganismblog.tk)
Males2
- Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46, XX), whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46, XY). (shabupc.com)
- Males only need one X chromosome to function. (howtodiscuss.com)
Microscope2
Linkage groups1
- These same linkage groups are altered in human lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
Metaphase1
- Point (A) as shown on the figure represent the longest chromosomes observed on the metaphase spread, (B) represent the metacentric chromosome, (C) Submetacentric chromosome and (D) is the acrocentric chromosome. (uniassignment.com)