Chromosomes human pair 20. Medical search

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

One of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).

The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.

A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.

The large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group A in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

The short, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group E in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18.

Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.

A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.

The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Aberrant chromosomes with no ends, i.e., circular.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.

The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE.

The large, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group B in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 4 and 5.

A dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby, at random, one X CHROMOSOME of the pair is repressed in the somatic cells of females.

The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Structures within the CELL NUCLEUS of insect cells containing DNA.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.

Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.

The short, metacentric human chromosomes, called group F in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 19 and 20.

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).

The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.

Large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage leading to translocation; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; SEQUENCE DELETION; or other CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE related aberrations.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

An aberration in which an extra chromosome or a chromosomal segment is made.

Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Extra large CHROMOSOMES, each consisting of many identical copies of a chromosome lying next to each other in parallel.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

The full set of CHROMOSOMES presented as a systematized array of METAPHASE chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single CELL NUCLEUS arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the CENTROMERE. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Examination of CHROMOSOMES to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the CHROMOSOMES, and location of the GENES on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the CELL CYCLE.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Specific loci that show up during KARYOTYPING as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a CHROMATID arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. These sites are associated with an increase in CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY. They are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. Fragile site loci are named by the letters "FRA" followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. FRAXA refers to fragile site A on the X chromosome. It is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME.)

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Short tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.

Genes that are located on the X CHROMOSOME.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal sex chromosome constitution (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS), in which there is extra or missing sex chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment).

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.

Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).

The locations in specific DNA sequences where CHROMOSOME BREAKS have occurred.

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.

The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.

Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.

The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

In the interphase nucleus, a condensed mass of chromatin representing an inactivated X chromosome. Each X CHROMOSOME, in excess of one, forms sex chromatin (Barr body) in the mammalian nucleus. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A characteristic symptom complex.

The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homologous CHROMOSOMES begins.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, elements such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance in progeny cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

A characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as SKIN PIGMENTATION in humans. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.

Genes that are located on the Y CHROMOSOME.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Chromosome regions that are loosely packaged and more accessible to RNA polymerases than HETEROCHROMATIN. These regions also stain differentially in CHROMOSOME BANDING preparations.

A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).

The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Specific chromosomal aberrations and amplification of the AIB1 nuclear receptor coactivator gene in pancreatic carcinomas. (1/412)

To screen pancreatic carcinomas for chromosomal aberrations we have applied molecular cytogenetic techniques, including fluorescent in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and spectral karyotyping to a series of nine established cell lines. Comparative genomic hybridization revealed recurring chromosomal gains on chromosome arms 3q, 5p, 7p, 8q, 12p, and 20q. Chromosome losses were mapped to chromosome arms 8p, 9p, 17p, 18q, 19p, and chromosome 21. The comparison with comparative genomic hybridization data from primary pancreatic tumors indicates that a specific pattern of chromosomal copy number changes is maintained in cell culture. Metaphase chromosomes from six cell lines were analyzed by spectral karyotyping, a technique that allows one to visualize all chromosomes simultaneously in different colors. Spectral karyotyping identified multiple chromosomal rearrangements, the majority of which were unbalanced. No recurring reciprocal translocation was detected. Cytogenetic aberrations were confirmed using fluorescent in situ hybridization with probes for the MDR gene and the tumor suppressor genes p16 and DCC. Copy number increases on chromosome 20q were validated with a probe specific for the nuclear receptor coactivator AIB1 that maps to chromosome 20q12. Amplification of this gene was identified in six of nine pancreatic cancer cell lines and correlated with increased expression. (+info)

Angiopoietins 3 and 4: diverging gene counterparts in mice and humans. (2/412)

The angiopoietins have recently joined the members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family as the only known growth factors largely specific for vascular endothelium. The angiopoietins include a naturally occurring agonist, angiopoietin-1, as well as a naturally occurring antagonist, angiopoietin-2, both of which act by means of the Tie2 receptor. We now report our attempts to use homology-based cloning approaches to identify new members of the angiopoietin family. These efforts have led to the identification of two new angiopoietins, angiopoietin-3 in mouse and angiopoietin-4 in human; we have also identified several more distantly related sequences that do not seem to be true angiopoietins, in that they do not bind to the Tie receptors. Although angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4 are strikingly more structurally diverged from each other than are the mouse and human versions of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2, they appear to represent the mouse and human counterparts of the same gene locus, as revealed in our chromosomal localization studies of all of the angiopoietins in mouse and human. The structural divergence of angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4 appears to underlie diverging functions of these counterparts. Angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4 have very different distributions in their respective species, and angiopoietin-3 appears to act as an antagonist, whereas angiopoietin-4 appears to function as an agonist. (+info)

Type 2 diabetes: evidence for linkage on chromosome 20 in 716 Finnish affected sib pairs. (3/412)

We are conducting a genome scan at an average resolution of 10 centimorgans (cM) for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in 716 affected sib pairs from 477 Finnish families. To date, our best evidence for linkage is on chromosome 20 with potentially separable peaks located on both the long and short arms. The unweighted multipoint maximum logarithm of odds score (MLS) was 3.08 on 20p (location, chi = 19.5 cM) under an additive model, whereas the weighted MLS was 2.06 on 20q (chi = 57 cM, recurrence risk,lambda(s) = 1. 25, P = 0.009). Weighted logarithm of odds scores of 2.00 (chi = 69.5 cM, P = 0.010) and 1.92 (chi = 18.5 cM, P = 0.013) were also observed. Ordered subset analyses based on sibships with extreme mean values of diabetes-related quantitative traits yielded sets of families who contributed disproportionately to the peaks. Two-hour glucose levels in offspring of diabetic individuals gave a MLS of 2. 12 (P = 0.0018) at 9.5 cM. Evidence from this and other studies suggests at least two diabetes-susceptibility genes on chromosome 20. We have also screened the gene for maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1, hepatic nuclear factor 4-a (HNF-4alpha) in 64 affected sibships with evidence for high chromosomal sharing at its location on chromosome 20q. We found no evidence that sequence changes in this gene accounted for the linkage results we observed. (+info)

Trisomies 8 and 20 characterize a subgroup of benign fibrous lesions arising in both soft tissue and bone. (4/412)

Trisomy 8 and trisomy 20 are nonrandom aberrations in desmoid tumors. The presence of these trisomies in related benign fibrous lesions of bone has not been previously addressed. In this study, 22 specimens from 19 patients diagnosed with desmoid tumor, desmoplastic fibroma, periosteal desmoid tumor, osteofibrous dysplasia, or fibrous dysplasia were examined by cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultures and bi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization of cytological touch preparations or paraffin-embedded tissue with centromeric probes for chromosomes 8 and 20. Trisomy 8 and trisomy 20 were detected by molecular cytogenetic methodologies in 15 specimens, including 10 primary bone lesions. Traditional cytogenetic analysis revealed trisomy 8 in two cases of osteofibrous dysplasia. Our findings demonstrate that trisomy 8 and trisomy 20 are also nonrandom aberrations in histologically similar, but clinically distinct, benign fibrous lesions of bone. (+info)

Ancestral origins and worldwide distribution of the PRNP 200K mutation causing familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (5/412)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) belongs to a group of prion diseases that may be infectious, sporadic, or hereditary. The 200K point mutation in the PRNP gene is the most frequent cause of hereditary CJD, accounting for >70% of families with CJD worldwide. Prevalence of the 200K variant of familial CJD is especially high in Slovakia, Chile, and Italy, and among populations of Libyan and Tunisian Jews. To study ancestral origins of the 200K mutation-associated chromosomes, we selected microsatellite markers flanking the PRNP gene on chromosome 20p12-pter and an intragenic single-nucleotide polymorphism at the PRNP codon 129. Haplotypes were constructed for 62 CJD families originating from 11 world populations. The results show that Libyan, Tunisian, Italian, Chilean, and Spanish families share a major haplotype, suggesting that the 200K mutation may have originated from a single mutational event, perhaps in Spain, and spread to all these populations with Sephardic migrants expelled from Spain in the Middle Ages. Slovakian families and a family of Polish origin show another unique haplotype. The haplotypes in families from Germany, Sicily, Austria, and Japan are different from the Mediterranean or eastern European haplotypes. On the basis of this study, we conclude that founder effect and independent mutational events are responsible for the current geographic distribution of hereditary CJD associated with the 200K mutation. (+info)

Angiopoietin-3, a novel member of the angiopoietin family. (6/412)

A cDNA clone encoding angiopoietin-3 protein (Ang3), a novel member of the angiopoietin family, was identified. Ang3 cDNA was cloned from a human aorta cDNA library. Ang3 is a 503 amino acid protein having 45.1% and 44.7% identity with human angiopoietin-1 and human angiopoietin-2, respectively. Ang3 mRNA is expressed in lung and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ang3 mRNA expression in HUVECs was slightly decreased by vascular endothelial cell growth factor treatment, suggesting that the regulation of Ang3 mRNA expression is different from that of Ang2. (+info)

Centrosomal kinase AIK1 is overexpressed in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. (7/412)

A centrosomal serine/threonine kinase, AIK1(3)/breast tumor amplified kinase/aurora2, which was recently identified as an oncogene, shows high amino acid identity with chromosome segregation kinases, fly Aurora, and yeast Ipl1. Immunohistochemical analyses of invasive ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast revealed that overexpression of AIK1 was observed in 94% of the cases, irrespective of the histopathological type, whereas the protein was not detected in normal ductal and lobular cells. Benign breast lesions including fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma (epithelial components) displayed weakly detectable AIK1 expression in part of the lesions. This is the first immunohistochemical report of AIK1 expression in primary human breast carcinomas. Although the physiological function(s) of AIK1 kinase during cell division remains to be determined, the markedly high positivity of AIK1 staining in the cancer lesions suggested a possible involvement of its overexpression in the tumorigenesis of some of breast cancer cells. (+info)

The human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b: coordinate mRNA expression in normal tissues and overexpression in tumors. (8/412)

DNA methylation in mammals is required for embryonic development, X chromosome inactivation and imprinting. Previous studies have shown that methylation patterns become abnormal in malignant cells and may contribute to tumorigenesis by improper de novo methylation and silencing of the promoters for growth-regulatory genes. RNA and protein levels of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 have been shown to be elevated in tumors, however murine stem cells lacking Dnmt1 are still able to de novo methylate viral DNA. The recent cloning of a new family of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b) in mouse which methylate hemimethylated and unmethylated templates with equal efficiencies make them candidates for the long sought de novo methyltransferases. We have investigated the expression of human DNMT1, 3a and 3b and found widespread, coordinate expression of all three transcripts in most normal tissues. Chromosomal mapping placed DNMT3a on chromosome 2p23 and DNMT3b on chromosome 20q11.2. Significant overexpression of DNMT3b was seen in tumors while DNMT1 and DNMT3a were only modestly over-expressed and with lower frequency. Lastly, several novel alternatively spliced forms of DNMT3b, which may have altered enzymatic activity, were found to be expressed in a tissue-specific manner. (+info)

Human cells typically have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Each member of the paired ... XX,+der(22)t(11;22) for females and 47,XY,+der(22)t(11;22) for males. The sSMC in ES forms as a result of a nondisjunction, i.e ... the pair of sex chromosomes are identified as the X and Y chromosomes with women's cells bearing two X chromosomes and men's ... sSMC are, by definition, smaller in size than one of the smaller human chromosomes, chromosome 20. They originate as copies of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome

Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 20: entries, gene ... The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 20. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. ... The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 20. Because researchers use different approaches to ... Gilbert F (1997). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome". Genet Test. 1 (3): 225-229. doi:10.1089/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_20

Humans have only twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, while all other extant members of Hominidae have twenty-four pairs. It is ... Chromosome 2 is one of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. ... Chromosome 2 is the second-largest human chromosome, spanning more than 242 million base pairs and representing almost eight ... Chromosomes (human), Human evolution, Genes on human chromosome 2). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2

... which means that they have a non-homologous pair of sex chromosomes as their 23rd pair of chromosomes. In humans, the 22 pairs ... For instance, females contain XX, thus have a homologous pair of sex chromosomes. This means that females have 23 pairs of ... Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, but there are only 22 pairs of homologous autosomal chromosomes. The additional 23rd ... homologous chromosomes in total (i.e., 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes (autosomes), 1 pair of sex chromosomes). Conversely, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome

C. sinensis has 28 pairs of chromosomes (2n=56) in a cell. The chromosome pairs are groups in two: 8 large group and 20 small ... It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile ... Endemic to Asia and Russia, C. sinensis is the most prevalent human fluke in Asia and third-most in the world. It is still ... Humans are the major definitive hosts. Infection occurs when raw or undercooked fish contaminated with the metacercariae is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis

The mouse has approximately 2.7 billion base pairs and 20 pairs of chromosomes. They can also be manipulated in ways that are ... They used machine vision to spot familiar human emotions like pleasure, disgust, nausea, pain, and fear. In nature, mice are ... Mice are generally very docile if raised from birth and given sufficient human contact. However, certain strains have been ... The mouse genome has been sequenced, and virtually all mouse genes have human homologs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse

The ZNF337 gene is located on human chromosome 20 (20p11.21). Its protein contains 751 amino acids, has a 4,237 base pair mRNA ... The span of the ZNF337 gene (the start of transcription to the polyA site in base-pairs) is 4,237 base pairs (mRNA). The ZNF337 ... CS1 errors: missing periodical, CS1 errors: missing title, CS1 errors: bare URL, Genes on human chromosome 20, Human proteins, ... "Human hg38 chr20:25,618,436-25,683,311 UCSC Genome Browser v397". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-03. "The Human Protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNF337

For example, in humans, females (XX) silence the transcription of one X chromosome of each pair, and transcribe all information ... of the Y chromosome during meiosis. Additionally, 10-25% of human X chromosome genes, and 3-7% of mouse X chromosome genes ... These three RNAs regulate the X-X pair in a cisorientation in order to be able to have both chromosomes available for ... Specifically, platypus X1 shares homology with the chicken Z chromosome, and both share homology with the human chromosome 9. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-chromosome_dosage_compensation

... human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. "Homo sapiens chromosome 20 open reading frame 202 (C20orf202), mRNA". 26 October ... The gene is 4,826 base pairs long. It spans from chr20:1,184,098-1,188,918, and contains 2 exons. There is one transcript of ... Human gene pages with Wikidata item, Human proteins). ... In humans, this gene encodes for a nuclear protein that is ... In humans, C20orf202 has moderate mRNA abundance across cells types, though higher than average expression in the kidney and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C20orf202

... the sex of an individual is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes. Females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX), ... In humans, most mammals, and some other species, two of the chromosomes, called the X chromosome and Y chromosome, code for sex ... women with XY chromosomes), and XX male syndrome (men with XX chromosomes), however these exceptions are rare. In most species ... In humans, the presence of the Y chromosome is responsible for triggering male development; in the absence of the Y chromosome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system

As with humans, female cats have paired sex chromosomes, XX, and male cats have XY sex chromosomes. The female cat, therefore, ... Such a combination of chromosomes could produce tortoiseshell or calico markings in the male, in the same way as XX chromosomes ... Male calicoes can happen when a male cat has two X chromosomes (Klinefelter syndrome, with XXY sex chromosomes and generally ... with one color linked to the maternal X chromosome and a second color linked to the paternal X chromosome. In most cases, males ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_cat

XX), and are called the homogametic sex. Males have two distinct sex chromosomes (XY), and are called the heterogametic sex. ... the sex of an individual is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes (gonosomes). Females have two of the same kind of sex ... The human genome is the total collection of genes in a human being contained in the human chromosome, composed of over three ... Genetic Chromosomal Human evolutionary genetics Human genome List of Mendelian traits in humans Johns Hopkins Human Genetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetics

Of these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomes, and one is a sex chromosome. There are two kinds of sex chromosomes-X and Y ... designated XX, and males carry one X and one Y, designated XY. A human egg contains only one set of chromosomes (23) and is a ... The sex chromosome in a human egg is always an X chromosome since a female only has X sex chromosomes. In sperm, about half the ... The X-chromosome carries a larger number of genes in comparison to the Y-chromosome. In humans, X-chromosome inactivation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_human_physiology

In humans, lactoferrin gene LTF is located on the third chromosome in the locus 3q21-q23. In oxen, the coding sequence consists ... insertions and mutations of stop codons affect the coding part and its length varies between 2,055 and 2,190 nucleotide pairs. ... CS1: long volume value, Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 3, ... Human colostrum ("first milk") has the highest concentration, followed by human milk, then cow milk (150 mg/L). Lactoferrin is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin

Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 20, Genes, Human proteins). ... The human SLX4IP gene contains 14 exons, with the cDNA being 204,000 base pairs orientated on the plus strand. This codes for a ... Orthologs for the human SLX4IP gene have also been identified in 283 other organisms. The SLX4IP protein is expressed at its ... July 2009). "Human SLX4 is a Holliday junction resolvase subunit that binds multiple DNA repair/recombination endonucleases". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLX4IP

Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes, there are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Like other mammals, humans ... so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and males have XY. Genes and environment influence human biological variation in ... chromosome 2 was formed from the joining of two other chromosomes, leaving humans with only 23 pairs of chromosomes, compared ... doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)63018-8. MacAndrew A. "Human Chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes". Evolution pages ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human

It shows 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two sex chromosomes, as ... As other non-human extant hominidae have 48 chromosomes it is believed that the human chromosome 2 is the result of the merging ... "Evidence for an ancestral alphoid domain on the long arm of human chromosome 2". Human Genetics. 89 (2): 247-9. doi:10.1007/ ... Crosland MW, Crozier RH (March 1986). "Myrmecia pilosula, an Ant with Only One Pair of Chromosomes". Science. 231 (4743): 1278 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count

Human females are XX; males are XY. The remaining pairs of chromosome are found in both sexes and are called autosomes; genetic ... In humans and other mammal species, sex is determined by two sex chromosomes called the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. ... Most animals and some plants have paired chromosomes, and are described as diploid. They have two versions of each chromosome, ... Females have XX, but males only X. There is no Y chromosome at all. Epistasis ["epi + stasis = to sit on top"] is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)

... is a technique for genetic sex determination in those species where XX chromosome pair is present. Nuclear ... Barr body is the inactive X chromosome which lies condensed in the nucleus of somatic cells. A typical human (or other XY-based ... Though a Barr body can be sought in any human nucleated cell, circulating mononuclear cells are commonly used for this purpose ... organism) female has only one Barr body per somatic cell, while a typical human male has none. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sexing

v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 20, Wikipedia articles ... The PET117 gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 20 in position 11.23 and spans 5,314 base pairs. The gene produces a 9.2 ... PET117 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PET117 gene. Localized to mitochondria, this protein is a ... incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine, All stub articles, Human chromosome 20 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET117

Genes on human chromosome 9, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine, Human ... The NDUFA8 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 9 in position 33.2 and spans 27,354 base pairs. The gene produces a 20 ... Related pseudogenes have also been identified on four other chromosomes. The human NDUFA8 gene codes for a subunit of Complex I ... NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA8 gene. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDUFA8

... (chromosome 4 open reading frame 36) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the c4orf36 gene. C4orf36 (also referred ... The promoter for transcript variant 1 (GXP_263623) spans the base pairs 86892213-86893422 on chromosome 4. C4orf36 encodes a ... "C4orf36 chromosome 4 open reading frame 36 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-18. " ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 4). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4orf36

The RH procedure was used to map 14 DNA probes from a region of human chromosome 21 spanning 20 megabase pairs. Deloukas, Panos ... If two given DNA markers are far apart on the initial chromosome, then it is likely that they will appear in distinct fragments ... First of all, desired chromosomes are broken into several segments with X-rays, after which they are implanted in rodent cells ... Radiation hybrid mapping (also known as RH mapping) is a technique for mapping mammalian chromosomes. Radiation hybrid mapping ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hybrid_mapping

SMN1 is located in a telomeric region of human chromosome 5 and also contains SMN2 in a centromeric region. SMN1 and SMN2 are ... Wang Y, Zhang JX, Du XX, Zhao L, Tian Q, Zhu LQ, Wang SH, Wang JZ (September 2008). "Temporal correlation of the memory deficit ... Mastroeni D, McKee A, Grover A, Rogers J, Coleman PD (August 2009). "Epigenetic differences in cortical neurons from a pair of ... some experiments have been performed on human cells as well as in human drug trials (see table below). There are inherent risks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

In humans, FAM110A is located on the plus strand at 20p13. The gene transcript is found from base pairs 833,715 to 846,279, ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 20, Genetics, Protein ... All human FAM110A transcript variants encode the same protein, which is 295 amino acids in length. The human FAM110A protein is ... Human FAM110A is also predicted to contain a frequency of arginine residues two standard deviations higher than average. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM110A

Down syndrome results when there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair out of the 23 pairs every human cell has. These ... On 20 April 2022, the fourth single "Dippam Dappam" was released, which had vocals by Anthony Daasan and Anirudh. The track ... Retrieved 20 September 2021. "The second single of Vijay Sethupathi's Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kadhal to be out on this date!". ... Retrieved 20 September 2021. "Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal second single "Two Two Two"". The Times of India. Archived from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaathuvaakula_Rendu_Kaadhal

In humans, MAP11 is located in the long arm of human chromosome 7 (7q22.1), and is on the negative (antisense) strand. Genes ... This promoter is 657 base pairs long and is located at position 99756182 to 99756838 in the negative strand of chromosome 7. ... "C7orf43 chromosome 7 open reading frame 43 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI Gene. Retrieved 9 May 2015. "BC037034 cDNA sequence ... 2003). "Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology". Science. 300 (5620): 767-72. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..767S. doi:10.1126/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP11

The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes, termed autosomes, plus the 23rd pair of sex chromosomes (XX) in the female ... The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell ... when the X chromosome is included, and 2 963 015 935 base pairs when the Y chromosome is substituted for the X chromosome. ... The human Y chromosome, consisting of 62,460,029 base pairs from a different cell line and found in all males, was sequenced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, while chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans have 24. Human chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ... human to human) was set to be 1. The ID between humans and gorillas was determined to be 1.09, that between humans and ... Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from another human genome, the evolutionary past that gave ... These findings hint at the seemingly important role of human-specific insertions in the recent evolution of humans. Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolutionary_genetics

... is located on chromosome one in the p arm at location 1p36.132. It covers 36.74 kb, from base pairs 19451486 to ... Webarchive template wayback links, Genes on human chromosome 1). ... KIAA0090 is a human gene coding for a protein of unknown ... Gupta R, Brunak S (2002). "Prediction of glycosylation across the human proteome and the correlation to protein function". Pac ... The gene is composed of 37 gt-at introns/alternative introns with 57 exons expressed in 1 unspliced form of 4253 bp and 20 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIAA0090

In humans, the gene that codes for this enzyme is located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q13). This bifunctional enzyme has ... In Salmonella typhimurium, a new pair of antiparallel β-sheets is created and five new interatomic contacts are formed in the ... Portal: Biology (Genes on human chromosome 3, EC 4.1.1, EC 2.4.2). ... "Localization of the gene for uridine monophosphate synthase to human chromosome region 3q13 by in situ hybridization". Genomics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthase

... is caused by mutations in both copies of the CENPF gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 1. CENPF codes ... They are made by the centrosome, which contains a pair of cylindrical centrioles at right-angles to each other. Before division ... Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (1 September 2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders ... Filges I, Stromme P (January 2020). "CUGC for Stromme syndrome and CENPF-related disorders". European Journal of Human Genetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strømme_syndrome

XX) pair during female meiosis. Contrastingly, recombination is suppressed across most of the Y chromosomes during pairing in ... The system for determining sex in Silene latifolia is close to that found in humans because in both cases the Y chromosome ... Biologists have found that sex chromosomes in plants originated from pairs of autosomes. As these chromosomes diverge from ... In the case of Silene, the pair of automsomal chromosomes are transformed into heteromorphic sex-determining chromosomes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_determination_in_Silene

number of base pairs = mass in pg × 9.78 × 10 8 {\displaystyle {\text{number of base pairs}}={\text{mass in pg}}\times 9.78\ ... These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often capable of evading human immune systems and ... I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae". Humangenetik. 7 (3): 240-244. doi:10.1007/BF00273173. ... or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs, usually in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated Mb or Mbp). One ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as ... It has a chromosome count: 2n=20. It was also counted as 2n=22, 44 by (Zahareva and Makeushenko 1968) and (Fedorov 1969). It is ... Some of these compounds had some antioxidant activity in certain cells and some effected yeast cells expressing human estrogen ... As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_songarica

"Gene promoters show chromosome-specificity and reveal chromosome territories in humans". BMC Genomics. 14 (278): 278. doi: ... These pairs of promoters can be positioned in divergent, tandem, and convergent directions. They can also be regulated by ... Furthermore, in humans, promoters show certain structural features characteristic for each chromosome. In bacteria, the ... "Prevalence of the initiator over the TATA box in human and yeast genes and identification of DNA motifs enriched in human TATA- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

Genes on human chromosome 9). ... It has a length of 750 base pairs. The transcription start site ... The promoter for TTC39B starts at base pair 15,307,109 and ends at base pair 15,307,858. ... The gene for TTC39B is located on the short arm of the ninth chromosome at 9p22.3. The genomic DNA is 136,517 bases long, ... On a locus on chromosome 9p22 found to be associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), TTC39B was the only one of several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratricopeptide_repeat_protein_39B

This sequencing revealed that the human mtDNA includes 16,569 base pairs and encodes 13 proteins. Since animal mtDNA evolves ... Medusozoa and calcarea clades however have species with linear mitochondrial chromosomes. In terms of base pairs, the anemone ... HVR1, for example, consists of about 440 base pairs. These 440 base pairs are compared to the same regions of other individuals ... Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to microtubules that pull the sister chromatids to ... Many human cancers possess the hyper-activated Cdk 4/6 activities. Given the observations of cyclin D-Cdk 4/6 functions, ... Cell Cycle, Chromosomes and Cancer. Vol. 15. Miami Beach, FL: University of Miami School of Medicine. Alter O, Golub GH ( ... In this checkpoint, the cell checks to ensure that the spindle has formed and that all of the chromosomes are aligned at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 3, All articles with unsourced ... Wu Y, Xiao M, Zhu L, Zhou XX, Gong Q, Xin X, et al. (June 2011). "[CD96 expression on bone marrow mononuclear cells in 91 ... Martinet L, Smyth MJ (April 2015). "Balancing natural killer cell activation through paired receptors". Nature Reviews. ... Human chromosome 3 gene stubs, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD96

For this sample, a better estimate would be that 95% of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA." ... April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4 ... Evolutionary biology portal Evolution of human intelligence Graphical timeline of the universe Human evolution Recent human ... The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution

The paper examined the global distribution of SINEs in mouse and human chromosomes and determined that this distribution was ... SINEs have 50-500 base pair internal regions which contain a tRNA-derived segment with A and B boxes that serve as an internal ... often leading to disease phenotypes in humans and other animals. Insertion of Alu elements in the human genome is associated ... There are >50 human diseases associated with SINEs. When inserted near or within the exon, SINEs can cause improper splicing, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element

The human LECT2 gene, LECT2, is located on the long, i.e, "q", arm of chromosome 5 at position q31.1 (notated as 5q31.1). This ... Human LECT2 is composed of 4 exons, 3 introns, and ~8,000 base pairs. The gene has numerous single nucleotide variants as well ... 2004). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5". Nature. 431 (7006): 268-74. doi:10.1038/nature02919. ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 5). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LECT2

In humans, histone H2B is coded for by twenty-three different genes, none of which contain introns. All of these genes are ... It plays an important role in the biology of the nucleus where it is involved in the packaging and maintaining of chromosomes, ... DNA is then wrapped around the entire nucleosome in groups of approximately 160 base pairs of DNA. The wrapping continues until ... There are sixteen variants of histone H2B found in humans, thirteen of which are expressed in regular body cells and three of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H2B

By pairing chromosomes of similar genomes, the chance for these recessive alleles to pair and become homozygous greatly ... By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences ... Thus, the likelihood of deleterious recessive alleles to pair is significantly higher in a small inbreeding population than in ... ISBN 978-3-540-37654-5. Ober C, Hyslop T, Hauck WW (January 1999). "Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding

Genes on human chromosome 2, Protein pages needing a picture, Genes on human chromosome 15, Genes on human chromosome 20, Genes ... The lone pair of electrons moves down kicking off the lone pairs that were making the double bond. This lone pair of electrons ... Mtb ICDH-1 is most structurally similar to the R132H mutant human ICDH found in glioblastomas. Similar to human R132H ICDH, Mtb ... In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase

The two pairs of membranous wings are held together by small hooks and the forewings are larger than the hind ones; in some ... When he came to measure the thing, he found it was twenty-seven and a half inches across its open wings, and its sting was ... Males, called drones, have a haploid (n) number of chromosomes and develop from an unfertilized egg. Wasps store sperm inside ... the existing workers search for sugary foods and are more likely to come into contact with humans. Wasp nests made in or near ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp

This breakthrough helped further relate OCD in humans to CCD in canines. Canine chromosome 7 is expressed in the hippocampus of ... Rats became significantly more tolerant to morphine when they had been exposed to a paired administration than those rats that ... A chromosome has been located in dogs that confers a high risk of susceptibility to OCD. Canine chromosome 7 has been found to ... It can be difficult to attribute human conditions to non-human animals. Obsessive-compulsive behavior in animals, often called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_psychopathology

Because RPS6KA3 is located on the X chromosome, males (who possess only one copy of the X chromosome) display more severe ... In 2002, Helen Fryssira and RJ Simensen identified a 3 base pair deletion in the gene encoding RSK2, which was the first report ... "Coffin-Lowry syndrome". European Journal of Human Genetics 18, 627-633 (2010). doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.189 Rogers RC, Abidi FE. ... A condition is considered X-linked if the gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome (one of the two sex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin–Lowry_syndrome

v t e (Genes on human chromosome 13, Collagens, All stub articles, Human chromosome 13 gene stubs). ... this gene is organized in a head-to-head conformation with another type IV collagen gene so that each gene pair shares a common ... Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL4A2 gene. This gene encodes one of the six subunits ... Pöschl E, Pollner R, Kühn K (1988). "The genes for the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains of human basement membrane collagen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_IV,_alpha_2

For example, probes may be designed to target various regions of chromosome 21 of a human cell. The signal strengths of the ... Pairs of probes are hybridized to the sample DNA, with each probe pair designed to query for the presence of a particular DNA ... to give the PCR product a unique length when compared to other probe pairs in the MLPA assay. Each complete probe pair must ... Although dosage quotients may be calculated for any pair of amplicons, it is usually the case that one of the pair is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_ligation-dependent_probe_amplification

Weak identity between chromosomes results in meiotic pairing that yields only two possible genotypes of sperm, X1X2X3X4X5 or ... This similarity to primates and humans allows it to see distant objects clearly. Unlike placental mammals, including humans, ... for humans. This part of the brain in humans is thought to be used for planning and analytical behaviour, leading to debate as ... in which males have four Y chromosomes and five X chromosomes. Males appear to be X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5 (figure), while females ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna

Since each centrosome has a K fiber connecting to each pair of chromosomes, the chromosomes become tethered in the middle of ... "The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2017-04-27. Hirokawa N, ... As the K fibers shorten the pair chromosomes are pulled apart right before cytokinesis. Previously, some researchers believed ... For example, +TIPs have been observed to participate in the interactions of microtubules with chromosomes during mitosis. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

For instance, human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very similar and FISH can demonstrate that two chimpanzee chromosomes fused ... These fragments are on the order of 100 thousand base-pairs, and are the basis for most FISH probes. The purpose of using RNA ... so each human chromosome can be identified by a characteristic color using whole-chromosome probe mixtures and a variety of ... have similar chromosomes but with increasing distance chromosomes tend to break and fuse and thus result in mosaic chromosomes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

Genes on human chromosome 17, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine, All ... which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational ... Yang X, Yin J, Yu J, Xiang Q, Liu Y, Tang S, Liao D, Zhu B, Zu X, Tang H, Lei X (January 2012). "miRNA-195 sensitizes human ... MicroRNA 195 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIR195 gene. microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIR195

For example, individuals with TT allele pair at SNP rs10993994 were reported to be at 1.6 times higher risk than those with the ... 37] reported that it caused reduction in the formation of 5-HETE in human leucocytes when used. MS can thus be considered a ... Loss of cancer suppressor genes, early in prostatic carcinogenesis, have been localized to chromosomes 8p, 10q, 13q, and 16q. ... Alimirah F, Chen J, Basrawala Z, Xin H, Choubey D (April 2006). "DU-145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines express ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

PMID 5882191 McKee, Bruce D. (2004-03-15). "Homologous pairing and chromosome dynamics in meiosis and mitosis". Biochimica et ... towards an understanding of the molecular basis of reduced penetrance in human inherited disease". Human genetics. 132 (10): ... when two genes are located on different chromosomes or when they are widely separated on the same chromosome. This is a ... While recombination of chromosomes is an essential process during meiosis, there is a large range of frequency of cross overs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_linkage

The DNA repair transcriptomes of the liver of humans, naked mole-rats and mice were compared. The maximum lifespans of humans, ... Mouse cells deficient for maturation of prelamin A show increased DNA damage and chromosome aberrations and are more sensitive ... However, in vertebrates there are CpG islands, about 300 to 3,000 base pairs long, with interspersed DNA sequences that deviate ... In human and mouse DNA, cytosine followed by guanine (CpG) is the least frequent dinucleotide, making up less than 1% of all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

The chromosome number is 66 (diploid) with a fundamental number of 70. The autosomes include 31 pairs of sub-graded ... With the increase in human populations in North America, their habitat selection has adapted: Gray foxes that live near human ... The larger predators of the gray fox, like coyotes and bobcats, tend to avoid human-use areas and paved roads, making this ... These foxes apparently were transported by humans to the islands and from island to island, and are descended from a minimum of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_fox

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20" by people in this website by year ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.rush.edu/display/14130

... chromosome, copy number variation (CNV), DNA, DNA methylation, DNA mutation, dominant, epigenetics, gene, gene expression. ... There are 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes, called autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, which can be XX or XY. Each pair ... A chromosome contains a single, long piece of DNA with many different genes. Every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes ... Chromosome. DNA is packaged into small units called chromosomes. ... CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/about/glossary.htm

Human cancers arise by a combination of discrete mutations and chromosomal alterations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of ... Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 * Genotype * Heterozygote * Humans * Loss of Heterozygosity* * Lung Neoplasms / genetics* ... Human cancers arise by a combination of discrete mutations and chromosomal alterations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of ... We characterize the results of LOH analyses on human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and control DNA samples by hybridization. We ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10973224/

The order of bases on all twenty-three pairs of human chromosomes.. ... A region of a chromosome that contains multiple copies of a core DNA sequence that are arranged in a repeating fashion.. ... The specific pairing of base A with T and base C with G in double-stranded DNA.. ... A region of a DNA molecule that contains short segments of three to seven repeating base pairs.. ...

https://www.flashcardmachine.com/chapter-970.html

... base pairs) and represents approximately 2 percent of the total DNA in cells. Learn about health implications of genetic ... Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Two copies of chromosome 20, one copy inherited from ... Gilbert F. Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Genet Test. 1997-1998;1(3):225-9. doi: 10.1089/gte. ... In these people, the ring chromosome may change the activity of certain genes on chromosome 20, or it may be unable to copy ( ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/20/

Chromosome - Structures found in the nucleus of the cell, which are visible under a microscope and which contain genetic ( ... Human cells contain 46 chromosomes, which come in pairs. There are twenty-two pairs of chromosomes which are referred to as ... The twenty-third pair are referred to as the sex chromosomes, and are called the X and Y chromosomes. Each chromosome contains ... Chromosome. Structures found in the nucleus of the cell, which are visible under a microscope and which contain genetic ( ...

https://ntsad.org/index.php/resources/glossary/18-chromosome

The human genome contains about 3 billion such base pairs, arranged into 23 pairs of chromosomes. A small subset of the long ... In certain sections of the human genome, the noncoding DNA contains repeated patterns of two to five nucleotides, the number of ... With its potential for societal, economic, and personal upheaval, climate change calls for tools that give us humans orders-of- ... all technologies increase human abilities. But for most of them, natural resources and energy constrains make orders-of ...

https://spectrum.ieee.org/double-helix-jeopardy

Humans have 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY), for a total of 46. Each ... as opposed to the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Autosomes are ... In humans, the genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the cells nucleus, as well as a small chromosome in the ... Humans are diploid, and most of the bodys cells contain 23 chromosomes pairs. Human gametes (egg and sperm cells), however, ...

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary

Science shows that a binary model for sex doesnt hold up to human variation. ... But sometimes, a person's chromosomes aren't XX or XY. Humans also present as X, XXX, and XXY, among other ... If there's no Y chromosome on the 23rd pair, the gonads typically develop as ovaries; if there is a Y chromosome, it ... Genetic sex refers to the make-up of that 23rd pair. An ovum contains an X chromosome, inherited from the mother. The sperm ...

https://psmag.com/news/defining-sex-isnt-as-clear-as-the-trump-administration-claims

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 Medicine & Life Sciences 44% * Phenotype Medicine & Life Sciences 20% ... comprises linked gene polymorphisms on chromosome 6 that play a key role in the inflammatory response: LTA +252A/G; TNF -308G/A ... comprises linked gene polymorphisms on chromosome 6 that play a key role in the inflammatory response: LTA +252A/G; TNF -308G/A ... comprises linked gene polymorphisms on chromosome 6 that play a key role in the inflammatory response: LTA +252A/G; TNF -308G/A ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/ancestral-haplotype-81-and-lung-disease-severity-in-european-cyst

"In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes ... The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males ... Since God made a very good world, with no flaws, and since that world included humans created as men and humans created as ... have one X and one Y chromosome.". http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/howmanychromosomes ...

https://billmuehlenberg.com/2019/03/05/time-to-expose-the-radical-gender-ideology/

Sites of transcription of polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated RNAs for 10 human chromosomes were mapped at 5-base pair ... Overall, the transcribed portions of the human genome are predominantly composed of interlaced networks of both poly A+ and ... Unannotated, nonpolyadenylated transcripts comprise the major proportion of the transcriptional output of the human genome. Of ... The transcribed portions of the human genome are predominantly composed of interlaced networks of both poly A+ and poly A- ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Transcriptional-Maps-of-10-Human-Chromosomes-at-Cheng-Kapranov/cbaf2184e93857a02f2b4ac23ecc5302bf2f0642

The remaining twenty-two pairs, known as autosomal DNA, are encoded with information about our traits: bone structure, eye ... The human cell is a masterpiece of data compression. Its nucleus, just a few microns wide, contains six feet of DNA: helical ... Because the Y chromosome is passed from father to son with little mutation, and because surnames historically were passed down ... The screen filled up with horizontal bands, each representing one of the twenty-two chromosomal pairs. Vertical stripes-green, ...

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/11/22/how-your-family-tree-could-catch-a-killer

... most of which matched human chromosome sequences (see page 1971, left column). Only two of the sequences, when translated in ... culture supernatant of Vero cells with a CPE was reverse transcribed and randomly amplified using 15 different primer pairs ... when the nasopharyngeal clinical sample of the 7 month old child was inoculated onto a variety of cells including human ... 20. The patent provides a virus comprising specific nucleic acid sequences isolated from a child with coryza, conjunctivitis ...

https://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/t132437eu1.html

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 24% * Folic Acid Antagonists 100% * Genotype 52% * Haplotypes 17% ...

https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/antifolate-resistance-in-plasmodium-falciparum-multiple-origins-a/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Selected congenic pairs were interbred to remove the endogenous murine PrP gene and to establish homozygosity of the human PrP ... by using 84 FVB-specific PCR microsatellite markers covering 19 chromosomes at ≈20-cM intervals, to select breeding pairs ... CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People A-Z Index × Submit. ... Collinge J, Whitfield J, McKintosh E, Beck J, Mead S, Thomas DJ, Kuru in the 21st century-an acquired human prion disease with ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/11/12-1341

Mitoses were captured on a software and chromosomes classified by pair.. e. Potency assay ... No chromosomal abnormalities were detected with 46 XY karyotypes for male UCs and 46 XX for female. ... Fifteen human umbilical cords (UCs) were collected to develop the production process. Three batches of UC-MSCs from a single ... Immunogenic human leukocyte antigen HLA-ABC class I was positively expressed (73.9 ± 23.3 %) by UC-MSCs; conversely, the cells ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-754265/v1

In 6 of 7 MCC-SCCIS pairs there was highly significant mutational overlap including shared TP53 and/or RB1 mutations. In some ... In summary, MCC-SCCIS pairs demonstrate clonal relatedness. The shift to neuroendocrine phenotype is associated with loss of Rb ... To better understand the relationship between these distinct tumor cell populations, we evaluated 7 pairs of MCC-SCCIS for ... A diagnostic algorithm to identify paired tumors with clonal origin. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 52, 1007-1016 (2013). ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41379-021-00928-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=60a0479a-e5af-42d3-a893-046dfcc1c697

... and in the UK sample with mean ROD on chromosome 1p (max LOD = 2.73, linkage strongest in pairs with high mean ROD). We also ... and in the UK sample with mean ROD on chromosome 1p (max LOD = 2.73, linkage strongest in pairs with high mean ROD). We also ... and in the UK sample with mean ROD on chromosome 1p (max LOD = 2.73, linkage strongest in pairs with high mean ROD). We also ... and in the UK sample with mean ROD on chromosome 1p (max LOD = 2.73, linkage strongest in pairs with high mean ROD). We also ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/genome-screen-for-loci-influencing-age-at-onset-and-rate-of-decli

Palavras-chave : chromosomes; human; Pair 20; ring chromosomes. · resumo em Espanhol · texto em Espanhol · Espanhol ( pdf ) ... Introduction: Ring chromosomes are an uncommon chromosomal disorder characterized by loss of the ends of the chromosome ... ASCURRA, M; RODRIGUE, S; HERREROS, M e TORRES, E. Ring Chromosome 20 in Monozygotic Twins. Pediatr. (Asunción) [online]. 2008, ... It is caused by changes at the 20q13 region of chromosome 20 and is the third type of epilepsy known to be of genetic origin. ...

http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1683-98032008000200005&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Human, Pair 4" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4" was a major or minor topic of these ... A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.musc.edu/display/89612/

Human, Pair 19" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19" was a major or minor topic of ... A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.ouhsc.edu/display/5957

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each human cell, 23 letters in the Latin alphabet, and 23 axioms to Euclids Geometry. ... Twenty-three is also the number of seasons Gregg Popovich has been the head coach of the San Antonio Spurs. And last night he ... Twenty-three is the number of years since San Antonios own Love Coma released their last album. They are recording a new album ...

https://www.poundingtherock.com/2018/10/28/18017456/san-antonio-spurs-beat-los-angeles-lakers-and-gregg-popovich-adds-to-his-all-time-record

While we typically expect people to either have XX or XY pairs of sex chromosomes, many people have variations that do not fit ... In short, human diversity has demonstrated that the binary categories of male and female are incomplete and inaccurate. Sex ... These include Turner syndrome, in which a person is born with a single X chromosome, and Kleinfelter syndrome, which occurs ... Even karyotyping - a laboratory procedure used since the 1950s to evaluate an individuals number and type of chromosomes - ...

https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/the-conversation-not-everyone-is-male-or-female-the-growing-controversy-over-sex-designation.html

It shows 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs as well as both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two sex ... The International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature (ISCN) is an international standard for human chromosome ... symbols and abbreviated terms used in the description of human chromosome and chromosome abnormalities. Abbreviations include a ... Human karyotype with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the nomenclature of chromosome abnormalities. It shows dark and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_deletion

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20 Medicine & Life Sciences 28% * Epileptic Syndromes Medicine & Life Sciences 24% ... preliminary results from genetic studies performed on chromosome 20, fail to show the typical marker, indicating a different ... preliminary results from genetic studies performed on chromosome 20, fail to show the typical marker, indicating a different ... preliminary results from genetic studies performed on chromosome 20, fail to show the typical marker, indicating a different ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/benign-infantile-familial-convulsions-clinical-and-genetic-findin

Most human cells (called diploid cells) are formed through mitosis and contain forty-six chromosomes in twenty-three matched ... pairs. By contrast, meiosis produces haploid cells, each containing a single set of twenty-three unpaired chromosomes. Sex ... The menstrual cycle is a periodic flow of blood and cells from the lining of the uterus in human females and the females of ... Human development is a complicated affair, progressing as the result of the continuous interaction of biologic and ...

https://social.jrank.org/collection/5/Child-Development.html

Most cells have a total of 46 autosomes, or non-sex chromosomes, and a pair sex chromosomes, XX for genetic females, or XY for ... A human cell has two copies of twenty-three chromosomes for a total of forty-six-one copy from its mother and one from its ... the maternal chromosome numbered 15 has a mutation or deletion in its DNA and a gene on the paternal chromosome 15 is ... Methylmercury and Human Embryonic Development. Methylmercury (MeHg) is an organic form of mercury that can damage the ...

https://embryo.asu.edu/search?text=Washington%20University%20School%20of%20Medicine&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A44&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A92&%3Bf%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A6928&f%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A310

The extended body reflects the increased time needed to align chromosomes (23 pairs instead of the four pairs in Drosophila) ... form the central spindle required to keep the decondensing chromosomes/reforming nuclei apart. (B) Mitosis in a human tissue ... As chromosome alignment proceeds from prometaphase to metaphase, microtubules and chromosomes reach a steady state - hence the ... The same principles were applied to drawings of mitosis in a human tissue culture cell (Figure 4B), two dysregulated human ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/46962

A normal human karyotype consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair is numbered 1 through 22 and the twenty-third pair are ... Frequently, with routine chromosome analysis, it is possible to identify that the short arm of chromosome 4 is missing some ... On each chromosome are hundreds of genes that determine how our bodies look and function. WHS is a contiguous gene syndrome. A ... At times, the deletion is so small that it cannot be detected by routine chromosome analysis. If a patient is suspected to have ...

http://wolfhirschhorn.org/about-wolf-hirschhorn-syndrome/

There are 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes, called autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, which can be XX or XY. (cdc.gov)
There are twenty-two pairs of chromosomes which are referred to as autosomes, because they do not determine the sex of an individual. (ntsad.org)
Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). (genome.gov)
Both the female and male diploid cells contain 22 pairs of autosomes. (herenow4u.net)
In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes the male cells have X and Y sex-chromosomes while the female cells have XX sex chromosomes. (herenow4u.net)
Each female garnet contains 22 autosomes and a single X-chromosome. (herenow4u.net)
One type containing 22 autosomes and one X chromosome and the other contains 22 autosomes and one Y chromosome. (herenow4u.net)
Male sperm cells carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome and 22 nonsex chromosomes, or autosomes. (britannica.com)
Ova carry only X chromosomes and 22 autosomes. (britannica.com)
The usual human karyotype is made up of 22 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes (which are the same in males and females) and a pair of sex chromosomes (resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes). (andrology.org)
Normally, women have 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes (denoted 46,XX) and men have 44 autosomes and one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY). (andrology.org)
These are termed allosomes, as opposed to autosomes (nonsex chromosomes). (interestingengineering.com)
For example, in human 2n = 46 or 22 pairs (44 chromosomes) are known as autosomes (body chromosomes") while 1 pair is known as the sex chromosomes. (easyelimu.com)

Human cancers arise by a combination of discrete mutations and chromosomal alterations. (nih.gov)
The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 20. (medlineplus.gov)
Ring chromosome 20 syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality known as a ring chromosome 20 or r(20). (medlineplus.gov)
In freshman biology, you probably learned about sex and chromosomes: Sex is determined at fertilization by the 23rd chromosomal pair. (psmag.com)
Ring chromosomes are an uncommon chromosomal disorder characterized by loss of the ends of the chromosome followed by fusing of the two ends to form a circle. (una.py)
To put it another way, the terms "male" and "female" don't fully capture the complex biological, anatomical and chromosomal variations that occur in the human body. (macaudailytimes.com.mo)
In addition, the chromosomal loci associated with invasion are amplified in both mouse and human lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
The researchers applied a method called 'Hi-C' (High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture) to samples from patients with developmental disorders suspected to be caused by chromosomal rearrangements. (mpg.de)
The classical analysis of chromosomal defects is done by a karyogram, which is a microscopic view of stained chromosomes. (mpg.de)
Many FA patients (about 30%) do not have any of the classic physical findings, but diepoxybutane chromosome fragility assay showing increased chromosomal breaks can make the diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
Table 1 provides a summary outline of the gene symbols, chromosomal locations, radiation sensitivity characteristics, immunodeficiencies, chromosome breakage characteristics, and major cancer risk for each of these disorders. (medscape.com)

Within the last 20 years, there has been an explosion of information on medical genetics that has greatly influenced human medicine. (myhorseuniversity.com)
Advances in genetics in horses, humans, and other species have lead to the realization that very few genetic traits are simple. (myhorseuniversity.com)
2000. American Journal of Human Genetics 67:1174-1185. (stroudcenter.org)
This is the beginning of something really fantastic for the field of human genetics. (fox35orlando.com)
In the world of human genetics, stories related to hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes have recently made quite a splash in the media. (pawprintgenetics.com)
For answers to the most common questions about genetics (including on the human genome project), please see our Q&A: Genetics page. (creation.com)
American journal of human genetics 2009 Jan 84 (1): 14-20. (cdc.gov)
A team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin led by human geneticists Malte Spielmann and Stefan Mundlos analyzed clinical samples from patients with genetic developmental disorders with the Hi-C method. (mpg.de)
As the team led by human geneticists Stefan Mundlos and Malte Spielmann describe in the current issue of The American Journal of Human Genetics , a method from basic research could improve clinical diagnostics considerably at some point in the future. (mpg.de)
Present address: Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. (bioseek.eu)
Topics include: Darwinian evolution, genetics, a survey of the five kingdoms of life, principles of ecology, and human ecology. (lasell.edu)
American Journal of Human Genetics. (westminster.ac.uk)

These chromosome abnormalities are somatic, which means they are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Deletions or duplications of genetic material from chromosome 20 can have a variety of effects, including intellectual disability, delayed development, distinctive facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and heart defects. (medlineplus.gov)
(A) A tumour karyotype in a male with loss of the Y chromosome, (B) Prader-Willi Syndrome i.e. deletion in the 15q11-q12 region and (C) an arbitrary karyotype that involves a variety of autosomal and allosomal abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
Human karyotype with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the nomenclature of chromosome abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
The International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature (ISCN) is an international standard for human chromosome nomenclature , which includes band names, symbols and abbreviated terms used in the description of human chromosome and chromosome abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, dysregulation of HOXD gene cluster has been proposed to account for the limb abnormalities in patients with chromosome 2q rearrangements. (nycu.edu.tw)

Chromosome 20 likely contains 500 to 600 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
A small subset of the long sequence creates the 20 000 or so human genes, most of which code for the proteins that determine a person's biochemical makeup and physical characteristics. (ieee.org)
The human genome is made up of about 3.1 billion DNA subunits, pairs of chemical bases known by the letters A, C, G and T. Genes are strings of these lettered pairs that contain instructions for making proteins, the building blocks of life. (fox35orlando.com)
Chromosomes are made of a single DNA molecule that contains a certain number of genes and several types of proteins that comply with different functions. (interestingengineering.com)
Polymerase allows the DNA strands to unwind from paired chain and the insertion new proteins encoded in the DNA which remains for future mRNA synthesis from the template strand. (ethealing.com)
Previous reports suggest that electrical forces on cell structure proteins interfered with the chromosome separation during mitosis and induced apoptosis. (nature.com)

These include Turner syndrome, in which a person is born with a single X chromosome, and Kleinfelter syndrome, which occurs when a person is born with a combination of XXY chromosomes. (macaudailytimes.com.mo)
This means that a woman's reproductive cell (an ovum) will always contain a single X chromosome, but a man's reproductive cell (a spermatozoon) can have either an X or a Y chromosome. (interestingengineering.com)

Genetic sex refers to the make-up of that 23rd pair. (psmag.com)
The 23rd pair in gonadal cell called sex chromosome which is not always a perfect pair. (solutionsclass.com)
The sex chromosomes formthe 23rd pair. (easyelimu.com)

Approximately 7 percent of individuals with Alagille syndrome have small deletions of genetic material on chromosome 20, in a region known as 20p12. (medlineplus.gov)
However, other affected individuals do not have gene deletions associated with the ring chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
Deletions involving the long (q) arm of chromosome 20 appear to be common in blood-related cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromosome 20 deletions in myeloid malignancies: reduction of the common deleted region, generation of a PAC/BAC contig and identification of candidate genes. (medlineplus.gov)
Deletions are representative of eukaryotic organisms, including humans and not in prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Abbreviations include a minus sign (-) for chromosome deletions, and del for deletions of parts of a chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Some medium-sized deletions lead to recognizable human disorders, e.g. (wikipedia.org)

People with ring chromosome 20 syndrome have one copy of this abnormal chromosome in some or all of their cells. (medlineplus.gov)
It is not well understood how the ring chromosome causes the signs and symptoms of this syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers are still working to determine the precise relationship between the ring chromosome 20 and the characteristic features of the syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
However, ring chromosome 20 syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, behavioral disorders, dysmorphism, and refractory epilepsy involving various types of seizures. (una.py)
[9] Deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5 results in Cri du chat syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Although many are the similarities with the syndrome of benign neonatal familial convulsions, preliminary results from genetic studies performed on chromosome 20, fail to show the typical marker, indicating a different genetic origin. (elsevier.com)
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) refers to a condition that is caused by a missing part (deletion) of the short arm of chromosome 4. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
This syndrome was reported in 1965 in published reports by Wolf and Hirschhorn, who described that the characteristics of the syndrome were associated with a deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 4. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
A contiguous gene syndrome occurs when a chromosome is either missing material (deletion) or has extra material (duplication) of several genes in the same region of the chromosome. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
Mosaicism for 4p-syndrome means that the individual has some cells that have normal number 4 chromosomes and other cells that are missing some of the genetic material from 4p. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
Down's syndrome/ Mongolism/ 21st trisomy sometimes because of this nondisjunction during oogenesis a 21 pair of both chromosomes go into a single egg and the egg has 24 chromosomes instead of 23 chromosomes and offspring has 47 chromosomes (45+XY in male and 45+XX in female). (vedantu.com)
Klinefelter syndrome refers to a collection of characteristics in males that are caused by having two or more X chromosomes. (andrology.org)
The symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome stem from a lower-than-normal production of testosterone, and the effects the extra X chromosome(s) have on the body's development and function. (andrology.org)
Down's Syndrome people have instead of a pair at 21, a triple, hence the term trisomy 21. (creation.com)
Intellectual disability occurs in males with Klinefelter syndrome variants, who have a higher number of X chromosomes. (medscape.com)
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common an important study variable and major international genetic disorder, resulting from an extra health agencies recommend the monitoring of chromosome in pair 21. (bvsalud.org)

It is caused by changes at the 20q13 region of chromosome 20 and is the third type of epilepsy known to be of genetic origin. (una.py)
Loss of the distal portion and duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 4 were observed in the primary tumor cell cultures. (cdc.gov)
Duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 4 occurred in 22% of the spontaneously-occurring high-invasive cells strains and 83% of the chemically-induced high-invasive cell culrures. (cdc.gov)

It states that in a pair of alleles only one pair is dominant over the other. (ziyyara.in)
It is hard to tell which alleles belong to which set of chromosomes in heterozygous regions. (cd-genomics.com)
The development of linkage disequilibrium (LD) maps is very important for understanding the nature of non-linear association between phenotypes and genes, as LD can be defined as the non-random segregation of a pair of alleles at polymorphic sites. (embrapa.br)

In 6 of 7 MCC-SCCIS pairs there was highly significant mutational overlap including shared TP53 and/or RB1 mutations. (nature.com)
Several evidences support the notion that PTP1B is a negative regulator of cell growth, although loss of function mutations and gene silencing have not been found in human cancer. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
A concept was introduced about the types of genetic mutations that can predispose a dog (or human) for cancer. (pawprintgenetics.com)
Mutations in the chromosome pairing gene FKBP6 are not a common cause of non-obstructive azoospermia. (cdc.gov)
De novo mutations occur in about 1:4.4 million live births and account for 20% of cases. (medscape.com)

Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes , because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during meiosis , meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. (leparisien.fr)
When ovum and sperm come together, the first complete cell of a potential new human begins to develop. (britannica.com)
The combination of ovum and sperm make up a complete cell, containing 23 chromosomes from the sperm and 23 from the ovum. (britannica.com)
Rather, it results from failure of the sex chromosomes to separate during egg or sperm development. (andrology.org)
If the sperm has an X chromosome, the resulting offspring will be female (X from the mother and X from the father). (interestingengineering.com)
g) The ovum or egg (female) on fusion with X type of sperm leads to the formation of the female and with Y chromosome leads to the formation of male. (ziyyara.in)
And using that (accepted) definition creates an effective binary in humans: if you can make sperm you're male, if you can make eggs you're female. (whyevolutionistrue.com)

Chromosome 20 spans about 63 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 2 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Studies suggest that some genes on the long arm of the chromosome may play critical roles in controlling the growth and division of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
This is a wildly complex, incredibly fast process: In a matter of weeks, cells divide and multiply and activate, working on the instructions encoded within their genes, changing an embryo into a human infant. (psmag.com)
Most human cells (called diploid cells) are formed through mitosis and contain forty-six chromosomes in twenty-three matched pairs. (jrank.org)
By contrast, meiosis produces haploid cells, each containing a single set of twenty-three unpaired chromosomes. (jrank.org)
The menstrual cycle is a periodic flow of blood and cells from the lining of the uterus in human females and the females of most other primates, occurring about every twenty-eight days. (jrank.org)
This is usually followed by cytokinesis, during which the cell membrane constricts to divide the cell into two new cells, each with one set of chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
The collection of chromosomes in an organism's cells is known as its karyotype. (andrology.org)
The only human cells that do not contain pairs of chromosomes are reproductive cells, or gametes, which carry just one copy of each chromosome. (interestingengineering.com)
The cells of humans and other complex organisms also include a much smaller circular chromosome, similar to those found in bacteria. (interestingengineering.com)
The number of chromosomes is the same in all the body cells of an organism. (easyelimu.com)
In the body cells, the chromosomes are found in pairs. (easyelimu.com)
This is the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. (easyelimu.com)
As powerful tools to detect molecular changes associated with primary and invasive mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells, we used Spectral Karyotyping, mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones and comparative genomic hybridization on a BAC array to analyze 15 primary adenocarcinoma and 9 pairs of high and low invasive tumor cell cultures. (cdc.gov)
The duplication of chromosome 1 and 15 were associated with the ability of cells to invade a gel matrix. (cdc.gov)
Recently published research papers are now demonstrating how Human cells can rewrite RNA sequences into DNA Chromosomes. (ethealing.com)
Results Telomeres length of T helper, T cytotoxic, natural killer and B cells increased significantly by over 20 following HBOT. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
Organoids from human pluripotent cells can be used to model cerebral cortical development. (jcbose.ac.in)

An ovum contains an X chromosome, inherited from the mother. (psmag.com)

Frequently, with routine chromosome analysis, it is possible to identify that the short arm of chromosome 4 is missing some genetic material. (wolfhirschhorn.org)

We identified and validated an interstitial microdeletion of ∼3.4Mb at chromosome 2q31.1-31.2 by array-based comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction that cosegregates with the clinical phenotypes in this family. (nycu.edu.tw)

Different fragment lengths of base pairs that result from cutting a DNA molecule with restriction enzymes. (flashcardmachine.com)
A procedure used to determine the order of the base pairs that constitute DNA. (flashcardmachine.com)
A region of a DNA molecule that contains short segments of three to seven repeating base pairs. (flashcardmachine.com)
The human genome contains about 3 billion such base pairs, arranged into 23 pairs of chromosomes. (ieee.org)
Most of these advances have been the result of a multimillion dollar investment in the human genome project that has sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of DNA and located an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes on their respective chromosomes. (myhorseuniversity.com)
For researchers who wish to convert T/S ratio to base pairs (bp), the formula is (3,274 + 2,413 * (T/S)). The conversion from T/S ratio to bp is calculated based on comparison of telomeric restriction fragment (TRF) length from Southern blot analysis and T/S ratios using DNA samples from the human diploid fibroblast cell line IMR90 at different population doublings. (cdc.gov)
While comparisons across studies of telomere length in base pairs are commonly done, it is not highly accurate. (cdc.gov)
Sep 22, 2022 Telomere vesicles retained the Rad51 recombination factor that enabled telomere fusion with T-cell chromosome ends lengthening them by an average of 3,000 base pairs. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)
When DNA replicates, instead of a G opposite what was C, DNA polymerase adds an A (base-pairs with U). (thelib.info)
This alteration has the same result as a spontaneous deamination: instead of a G, DNA polymerase inserts an A (base-pairs with U). (thelib.info)
The frequency of mutation is usually much lower than one mutation per 104 base pairs per DNAduplication, and sometimes as low as one mutation per 109 base pairs per duplication. (thelib.info)

Although the set of species present in the human oral biofilm is almost fully depicted, new efforts have to be conducted to establish microbial agonistic or antagonistic associations, to distinguish actively-growing bacteria from inactive or transient species, as well as to outline the role of individual species during biofilm formation on tooth surfaces. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria human relationship with distillery and animals. (veganismblog.tk)

Some of the genes that make us uniquely human were actually in this 'dark matter of the genome' and they were totally missed,' said Evan Eichler, a University of Washington researcher who participated in the current effort and the original Human Genome Project. (fox35orlando.com)
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was begun in 1990 and declared complete in 2003. (coursera.org)

A region of a chromosome that contains multiple copies of a core DNA sequence that are arranged in a repeating fashion. (flashcardmachine.com)
DNA contains a sequence of paired bases, or nucleotides, of which there are four types. (ieee.org)
In certain sections of the human genome, the noncoding DNA contains repeated patterns of two to five nucleotides, the number of repeats in each sequence varying by person. (ieee.org)
the ORF la, replicase enzyme complex sequence as depicted in figure 20. (epo.org)
Δ ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
Advances in the technology used to sequence the human genome, and the decrease cost of genome sequencing, allowed a draft sequence of the horse genome to be produced. (myhorseuniversity.com)
Using two human genomic libraries we have cloned the complete human β-pol gene and determined the organization of the β-pol coding sequence within the gene. (utmb.edu)
Nearly 100 scientists rallied together to complete the first-ever completed human genome sequence, creating the first-ever blueprint for human life. (fox35orlando.com)
HGP was only able to sequence 92% of the human genome in 2003. (fox35orlando.com)
Detailed knowledge of how diversity in the sequence of the human genome affects phenotypic diversity depends on a comprehensive and reliable characterization of both sequences and phenotypic variation. (bvsalud.org)
This protein has the identical amino acid coding (sequence) found in Human DNA-Chromosome 8. (ethealing.com)
The PCR test template (gene sequence) for the "lab test" also is the same as that found on Chromosome 8, and it has also been found in Swabs used to collect nasal cell samples. (ethealing.com)
While all DNA is stained blue, a specific sequence stained pink appears duplicated in one of the two copies of chromosome 17, but not the other. (mpg.de)
Deploying the Whole Genome Sequence In Medicine and Public Health, One Base Pair At A Time. (cdc.gov)

If a patient is suspected to have WHS and an obvious deletion is not detected by routine chromosome analysis, more detailed studies, including fluorescent in situ hybridization, are warranted and may identify the missing genetic material. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
Investigations of the minimal region of alteration of chromosome 4 by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and BAC array demonstrated the deletion of a 3 centimorgan region in the middle portion of the chromosome. (cdc.gov)

Every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
We characterize the results of LOH analyses on human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and control DNA samples by hybridization. (nih.gov)
Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
In these people, the ring chromosome may change the activity of certain genes on chromosome 20, or it may be unable to copy (replicate) itself normally during cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
These include an extra segment of the short (p) or long (q) arm of the chromosome in each cell (partial trisomy 20p or 20q) or a missing segment of the short or long arm of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 20p or 20q). (medlineplus.gov)
Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
Sites of transcription of polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated RNAs for 10 human chromosomes were mapped at 5-base pair resolution in eight cell lines. (semanticscholar.org)
To better understand the relationship between these distinct tumor cell populations, we evaluated 7 pairs of MCC-SCCIS for overlapping genomic alterations by cancer profiling panel. (nature.com)
Smoking dysregulates the human airway basal cell transcriptome at COPD risk locus 19q13.2. (ouhsc.edu)
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each human cell, 23 letters in the Latin alphabet, and 23 axioms to Euclid's Geometry. (poundingtherock.com)
The spindle exerts physical force upon the duplicated chromosomes in the cell to segregate them into two equal complements. (elifesciences.org)
Analysis of mRNA from six human cell lines using the polymerase chain reaction showed the expression of two β-pol transcripts. (utmb.edu)
have used HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line, stimulated with a high EGF concentration and observed that overexpression of PTP1B reduces EGF-dependent ERK activation, by dephosphorylating phospho-tyrosines of the scaffold protein GAB1 . (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Humans have about 30,000 genes, organized in 23 groups called chromosomes that are found in the nucleus of every cell. (fox35orlando.com)
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cell of human body. (solutionsclass.com)
For example, human beings have about 5.9 feet (1.8 meters) of DNA in each cell. (interestingengineering.com)
Humans, along with other animals, have linear chromosomes that are arranged in pairs within the nucleus of the cell. (interestingengineering.com)
When a cell is about to divide, the chromosomes uncoil and thicken. (easyelimu.com)
Chromosomes take most dyes and stain darker than any other part of the cell. (easyelimu.com)
Loss of entire copies of chromosomes 7, 8, and 14 were significant in the primary tumor cell cultures. (cdc.gov)
Rapid degradation of condensin I and condensin II - two essential regulators of mitotic chromosome structure - revealed that both complexes are individually required for cell division in precursor lymphocytes, but not in their differentiated peripheral lymphocyte derivatives. (elifesciences.org)
We used Spectral Karyoryping (SKY), mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), expression array, real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot to analyze 15 primary adenocarcinoma and 9 pairs of high and low invasive cell cultures to detect molecular changes. (cdc.gov)
The medial portion of chromosome 4 was deleted in 67% of all of the cell Strains. (cdc.gov)
Mouse chromosome 1 and 15 were amplified in 90% of the high-invasive cell strains. (cdc.gov)
In a female who has two X chromosomes sometime early in development, randomly in each cell, at that particular point in development, one of her chromosomes becomes inactive. (coursera.org)
And the chromosome X that becomes inactive in that cell is actually stably inactive. (coursera.org)
That is, every cell that derives from that initial cell will have the same X chromosome inactive. (coursera.org)
The risk is increased 1000-fold for squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and fibrosarcoma and is increased 10-fold to 20-fold for other tumors. (medscape.com)
Seven polymorphic sites in the beta-globin gene cluster were analyzed on a sample of 96 chromosomes of Venezuelan sickle cell patients from the State of Aragua. (embrapa.br)

It shows 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs as well as both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two sex chromosomes . (wikipedia.org)
Each pair is made up of two identical chromosomes that make up a homologous pair. (easyelimu.com)
The homologous linkage groups on human chromosomes 9p2I, 1p36, 9q and 8q are altered in asbestos -induced human lung adenocarcinoma. (cdc.gov)

Although hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes are not as common in the canine population as they are in the human population, knowing a little information about these genetic conditions and how they work may impact breeding practices . (pawprintgenetics.com)
As in previous lectures, I will illustrate some of the basic human genetic phenomena through case studies, in this case ranging from calico cats to the human genetic disorders of Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes. (coursera.org)

Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures that contain hundreds or thousands of genes. (interestingengineering.com)
Circular chromosomes are found in the mitochondria - structures located outside the nucleus which serve as the cell's 'powerhouses. (interestingengineering.com)
Telomeres are small structures that protect the ends of your chromosomes. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)

Human mutation 2017 8 38 (11): 1592-1605. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, campaign strategies and respective vaccination coverage of influenza seasons between 2017/18 and 2019/20 were analysed. (bvsalud.org)

Comment on Long-term effects of bariatric surgery on patients with obesity and chromosome 19.11-2 microdeletion. (ouhsc.edu)
The delineation of the microdeletion region may contribute to the genotype-phenotype correlation study in patients with genomic rearrangements of the long arm of chromosome 2 and helps to understand the pathogenesis of haploinsufficiency of the HOXD gene cluster. (nycu.edu.tw)

Organization and transcriptional output of a novel mRNA-like piRNA gene (mpiR) located on mouse chromosome 10. (semanticscholar.org)
Amplification of mouse chromosome 4 in chemically induced and invasive mouse lung adenocarcinoma. (cdc.gov)

However in males the X and Y chromosomes migrate to the two opposite poles during meiosis resulting in the production of two types of garnets. (herenow4u.net)

Two copies of chromosome 20, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)

In humans, PTPN1, the gene coding for PTP-1B, is located on human chromosome 20q13. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)

Independent susceptibility markers for atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25. (musc.edu)
Analysis of positional candidate genes in the AAA1 susceptibility locus for abdominal aortic aneurysms on chromosome 19. (ouhsc.edu)

Curcumol inhibits breast cancer growth via NCL/ERα36 and the PI3K/AKT pathway - Food Funct 2022 Dec 20 - 'Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy worldwide. (qualitycounts.com)

On each chromosome are hundreds of genes that determine how our bodies look and function. (wolfhirschhorn.org)
Allosomes are the chromosomes that contain the genes that determine biological sex. (interestingengineering.com)

Mapping with FISH and CGH array further narrowed the region of duplication of chromosome 1 to five centimorgans. (cdc.gov)
FISH mapping further narrowed the region of deletion of chromosome 4 to 39.6 centimorgans (cM) and the region of duplication to 10-35 cM. (cdc.gov)

A ring chromosome is a circular structure that occurs when a chromosome breaks in two places and its broken ends fuse together. (medlineplus.gov)
Terminal deletion - a deletion that occurs towards the end of a chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Intercalary/interstitial deletion - a deletion that occurs from the interior of a chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of female X chromosome inactivation, that actually occurs within the first couple weeks of embryonic development. (coursera.org)

2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
There are no individuals that produce intermediate forms of gametes who can be the basis of a third reproductive class of humans. (whyevolutionistrue.com)

The phenotype and clinical characteristics of the patient show a direct relationship with which chromosome is involved and the amount of genetic material lost from the ends. (una.py)
A balanced translocation is a rearrangement in the individual's chromosomes that causes that individual no problems since they have all the necessary genetic material that they need. (wolfhirschhorn.org)

Each chromosome contains thousands of individual genes , which will in turn determine an individual's characteristics. (ntsad.org)
Even karyotyping - a laboratory procedure used since the 1950s to evaluate an individual's number and type of chromosomes - doesn't tell the whole story. (macaudailytimes.com.mo)
This is also known as a de novo deletion and simply means that the affected individual's parents did not have any chromosome arrangement that led to the deletion. (wolfhirschhorn.org)

Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)
if there is a Y chromosome, it produces a protein that tells the gonads to turn into testes. (psmag.com)
Three potentially functional classes of RNAs have been identified, two of which are syntenically conserved and correlate with the expression state of protein-coding genes and support a highly interleaved organization of the human transcriptome. (semanticscholar.org)
To investigate whether sheep infected with scrapie prions could be another source of infection, we inoculated transgenic mice that overexpressed human prion protein with brain tissue from sheep with natural field cases of classical and atypical scrapie, sheep with experimental BSE, and cattle with BSE. (cdc.gov)
Deletion of a number of pairs that is not evenly divisible by three will lead to a frameshift mutation , causing all of the codons occurring after the deletion to be read incorrectly during translation , producing a severely altered and potentially nonfunctional protein . (wikipedia.org)
Each protein is depicted as circle whose color refers to the human pathology where the interaction with PTP1B is found misregulated. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
These DNA molecules end up fitting in just 30 nanometers of chromatin fibers, thanks to the presence of histones - a protein in the chromosome that aid in packaging the DNA into a highly compact form. (interestingengineering.com)
All "Vaccine" Injections contain the spiked protein which has the same sequencing (coding) as Chromosome 8, VMAT2. (ethealing.com)
RNA data sourced from Human Protein Atlas . (antibodypedia.com)
In support of this idea are the linea that the colorectal tumor suppressor protein DCC has some structural homology to LAR438 and that the LAR gene maps to a linds on chromosome 1p32-33 that is thought e contain a breast cancer tumor sup- pressor gene. (qrforex.com)

Bacterial DNA is usually organized into a single circular chromosome. (si.edu)

In the case of prokaryotes, single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, such as cyanobacteria and E. coli, chromosomes are located in the nucleoid. (interestingengineering.com)
Humans, for example, have 20 times more genes than prokaryotes have. (thelib.info)

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rush.edu)

The human DNA polymerase β gene structure. (utmb.edu)
Dive into the research topics of 'The human DNA polymerase β gene structure. (utmb.edu)

In humans, the situation regarding six-determination is similar to that in Drosophila. (herenow4u.net)

The order of bases on all twenty-three pairs of human chromosomes. (flashcardmachine.com)
Adenine (A) is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, with the other three being cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine bases on one strand pair with thymine bases on the opposite strand. (genome.gov)

In addition, FISH demonstrated a 20 centimorgan duplication on chromosome 4. (cdc.gov)
The chromosome on the right acquired an additional piece by duplication of a section of DNA, which is apparent by the additional band (arrow). (mpg.de)

An animal model is a non-human species used in biomedical research because it can mimic aspects of a biological process or disease found in humans. (genome.gov)
Its chasing civilians of download Biological Investigations: Form, Function, digress recognized by courses whose codonCasualties learn from first and 80- lineage to format score, middle pair, and the instruction of star50%Share. (noksim.de)
20,000 At The human download Biological Investigations: Form, Function, Diversity and Process The National Debt sets getting intellectual Man? (noksim.de)

Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
FANCB is the one exception to FA being autosomal recessive , as this gene is on the X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. (antibodypedia.com)

As for diploid or polyploid organisms, we generally assemble one set of chromosomes. (cd-genomics.com)

A normal human karyotype consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes. (wolfhirschhorn.org)

Public and animal health controls to limit human exposure to animal prions are focused on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), but other prion strains in ruminants may also have zoonotic potential. (cdc.gov)
We mapped the causative variant to a 37 kb segment on bovine chromosome 3. (plos.org)

To check this hypothesis, we evaluated the appearance of aswell as miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p in 48 PTC tumor/regular tissues pairs by Taqman assay to reveal which the appearance of was 3.28-fold reduced, and miR-146b-5p was 28.9-fold improved in PTC tumors. (euromed2016.com)

Human beings are born sexual. (britannica.com)
HGP was started in 1988 by a special committee of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and was an international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings. (fox35orlando.com)
Out of these, 22 pairs do not take part in sex-determination in human beings. (solutionsclass.com)
b) In human beings this process is known as XY sex determination method. (ziyyara.in)
The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)

Chromosomes stained with fluorescence dyes under the microscope. (mpg.de)

These same linkage groups are altered in human lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
The alteration of the same linkage groups in mouse and human indicates that the mouse is a valid model for human lung adenocarcinoma. (cdc.gov)

Genetics: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (medlineplus.gov)

Ancestral haplotype 8.1 and lung disease severity in European cystic fibrosis patients<... (pure.qub.ac.uk)

How Your Family Tree Could Catch a Killer | The New Yorker (newyorker.com)

How many chromosomes do people have?: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)

Antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: Multiple origins and identification of novel dhfr alleles - Fingerprint
-... — Antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: Multiple origins and identification of novel dhfr alleles - Fingerprint -... (asu.pure.elsevier.com)

Development of a Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-based Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product to treat... (researchsquare.com)

Genome screen for loci influencing age at onset and rate of decline in late onset Alzheimer's disease<... (mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com)

Spurs beat Lakers and Pop adds to his all-time record - Pounding The Rock (poundingtherock.com)

MACAU DAILY TIMES 澳門每日時報THE CONVERSATION | Not everyone is male or female - the growing controversy over sex designation |... (macaudailytimes.com.mo)

Deletion (genetics) - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)

Search | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (embryo.asu.edu)

Philosophy of Biology: Drawing and the dynamic nature of living systems | eLife (elifesciences.org)

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20 | Profiles RNS (profiles.rush.edu)

Molecular Genetics - Research output
- Research Nebraska — Molecular Genetics - Research output - Research Nebraska (experts.nebraska.edu)

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Solutions for Biology Chapter 3 Inheritance and Variation- Download Free PDF (vedantu.com)

Frontiers | Insight Into the Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Coexpression Profile in the Human Blood Transcriptome Upon Leishmania... (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy66

Organisms8

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes174

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Specific chromosomal aberrations and amplification of the AIB1 nuclear receptor coactivator gene in pancreatic carcinomas. (1/412)

Angiopoietins 3 and 4: diverging gene counterparts in mice and humans. (2/412)

Type 2 diabetes: evidence for linkage on chromosome 20 in 716 Finnish affected sib pairs. (3/412)

Trisomies 8 and 20 characterize a subgroup of benign fibrous lesions arising in both soft tissue and bone. (4/412)

Ancestral origins and worldwide distribution of the PRNP 200K mutation causing familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (5/412)

Angiopoietin-3, a novel member of the angiopoietin family. (6/412)

Centrosomal kinase AIK1 is overexpressed in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. (7/412)

The human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b: coordinate mRNA expression in normal tissues and overexpression in tumors. (8/412)

Chromosomes

Chromosome Mapping

Chromosome Banding

X Chromosome

Chromosome Aberrations

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1

Chromosomes, Human

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Chromosome Segregation

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6

Chromosome Deletion

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21

Chromosomes, Plant

Chromosomes, Fungal

Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22

Chromosome Pairing

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13

Chromosomes, Mammalian

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8

Chromosomes, Human, Y

Chromosome Disorders

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5

Chromosomes, Human, X

Chromosome Painting

Chromosomes, Human, 1-3

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15

Karyotyping

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

Chromosomes, Human, 16-18

Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast

Genetic Linkage

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

Chromosome Breakage

Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Ring Chromosomes

Genetic Markers

Chromosome Inversion

Chromosome Positioning

Chromosomes, Human, 4-5

X Chromosome Inactivation

Centromere

Meiosis

Chromosomes, Insect

Translocation, Genetic

Hybrid Cells

Chromosome Structures

Chromosomes, Human, 19-20

Aneuploidy

Metaphase

Mitosis

Recombination, Genetic

Mutation

Microsatellite Repeats

Lod Score

Pedigree

Crosses, Genetic

Cloning, Molecular

Phenotype

DNA

Alleles

Amino Acid Sequence

Nucleic Acid Hybridization