Chromosomes human pair 18. Medical search

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

One of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).

The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.

A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.

The large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group A in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

The short, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group E in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18.

Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.

A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.

The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Aberrant chromosomes with no ends, i.e., circular.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.

The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE.

The large, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group B in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 4 and 5.

A dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby, at random, one X CHROMOSOME of the pair is repressed in the somatic cells of females.

The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Structures within the CELL NUCLEUS of insect cells containing DNA.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.

Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.

The short, metacentric human chromosomes, called group F in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 19 and 20.

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).

The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.

Large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage leading to translocation; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; SEQUENCE DELETION; or other CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE related aberrations.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

An aberration in which an extra chromosome or a chromosomal segment is made.

Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Extra large CHROMOSOMES, each consisting of many identical copies of a chromosome lying next to each other in parallel.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

The full set of CHROMOSOMES presented as a systematized array of METAPHASE chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single CELL NUCLEUS arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the CENTROMERE. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Examination of CHROMOSOMES to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the CHROMOSOMES, and location of the GENES on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the CELL CYCLE.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Specific loci that show up during KARYOTYPING as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a CHROMATID arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. These sites are associated with an increase in CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY. They are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. Fragile site loci are named by the letters "FRA" followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. FRAXA refers to fragile site A on the X chromosome. It is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME.)

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Short tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.

Genes that are located on the X CHROMOSOME.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal sex chromosome constitution (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS), in which there is extra or missing sex chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment).

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.

Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).

The locations in specific DNA sequences where CHROMOSOME BREAKS have occurred.

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.

The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.

Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.

The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

In the interphase nucleus, a condensed mass of chromatin representing an inactivated X chromosome. Each X CHROMOSOME, in excess of one, forms sex chromatin (Barr body) in the mammalian nucleus. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A characteristic symptom complex.

The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homologous CHROMOSOMES begins.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, elements such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance in progeny cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

A characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as SKIN PIGMENTATION in humans. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.

Genes that are located on the Y CHROMOSOME.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Chromosome regions that are loosely packaged and more accessible to RNA polymerases than HETEROCHROMATIN. These regions also stain differentially in CHROMOSOME BANDING preparations.

A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).

The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Novel regions of allelic deletion on chromosome 18p in tumors of the lung, brain and breast. (1/992)

Lung cancer is now the number one cause of cancer death for both men and women. An age-adjusted analysis over the past 25 years shows that in women specifically, lung cancer incidence is on the rise. It is estimated that 10-20 genetic events including the alteration of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes will have occurred by the time a lung tumor becomes clinically evident. In an effort to identify regions containing novel cancer genes, chromosome 18p11, a band not previously implicated in disease, was examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). In this study, 50 matched normal and NSCLC tumor samples were examined using six 18p11 and one 18q12.3 PCR-based polymorphic markers. In addition, LOH was examined in 29 glioblastoma pairs and 14 paired breast carcinomas. This analysis has revealed potentially two regions of LOH in 18p11 in up to 38% of the tumor samples examined. The regions of LOH identified included a 2 cm area between markers D18S59 and D18S476, and a more proximal, 25 cm region of intermediate frequency between D18S452 and D18S453. These results provide evidence for the presence of one or more potential tumor suppressor genes on the short arm of chromosome 18 which may be involved in NSCLC, brain tumors and possibly breast carcinomas as well. (+info)

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and autoimmune thyroiditis in a boy with a ring chromosome 18: additional evidence of autoimmunity or IDDM gene(s) on chromosome 18. (2/992)

A 4 year 3 month old boy with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), autoimmune thyroiditis, slight mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, and a de novo ring chromosome 18 (deletion 18q22.3-18qter) is described. This unique association of defects could represent a chance association. Alternatively, the clinical features could be the result of the chromosomal aberration. If so, one could speculate that a gene or genes on chromosome 18 might act as a suppressor or activator of the autoimmune process by itself or in concert with other IDDM loci. (+info)

Loss of heterozygosity at 18q21 is indicative of recurrence and therefore poor prognosis in a subset of colorectal cancers. (3/992)

Adjuvant therapies are increasingly used in colorectal cancers for the prevention of recurrence. These therapies have side-effects and should, thus, be used only if really beneficial. However, the development of recurrence cannot be predicted reliably at the moment of diagnosis, and targeting of adjuvant therapies is thus based only on the primary stage of the cancer. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the long arm of chromosome 18 is suggested to be related to poor survival and possibly to the development of metastases. We studied the value of LOH at 18q21 as a marker of colorectal cancer prognosis, association with clinicopathological variables, tumour recurrence and survival of the patients. Of the 255 patients studied, 195 were informative as regards LOH status when analysed in primary colorectal cancer specimens using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fragment analysis. LOH at 18q21 was significantly associated with the development of recurrence (P = 0.01) and indicated poor survival in patients of Dukes' classes B and C, in which most recurrences (82%) occurred. An increased rate of tumour recurrence is the reason for poor survival among patients with LOH at 18q21 in primary cancer. These patients are a possible target group for recurrence-preventing adjuvant therapies. (+info)

An integrated map of chromosome 18 CAG trinucleotide repeat loci. (4/992)

Expansions of trinucleotide CAG repeats have been demonstrated in at least eight neurodegenerative disorders, and suggested to occur in several others, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Chromosome 18 loci have been implicated in bipolar disorder pedigrees by linkage analysis. To address this putative link between chromosome 18 CAG trinucleotide repeats and neuropsychiatric illness, we have screened a chromosome 18 cosmid library (LL18NCO2" AD") and identified 14 novel candidate loci. Characterisation of these loci involved repeat flank sequencing, estimation of polymorphism frequency and mapping using FISH as well as radiation hybrid panels. These mapped trinucleotide loci will be useful in the investigation of chromosome 18 in neurodegenerative or psychiatric conditions, and will serve to integrate physical and radiation hybrid maps of chromosome 18. (+info)

Detection of t(14;18) carrying cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood from patients affected by non-lymphoid diseases. (5/992)

AIMS/BACKGROUND: To assess the presence of bcl-2/JH rearrangements in bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients affected by diseases other than malignant lymphomas. The t(14;18) (q32;q21) translocation, which juxtaposes the bcl-2 oncogene on chromosome 18 and the JH segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes on chromosome 14, is found frequently in follicular lymphomas. METHODS: A sensitive semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect t(14;18) translocation in bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood lymphocytes from 48 patients. In 137 additional individuals peripheral blood lymphocytes only were tested. RESULTS: Cells carrying bcl-2/JH rearrangements were detected in about a quarter of the bone marrow samples and half of the peripheral blood lymphocyte samples. In seven patients, t(14;18) positive cells were found in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocyte samples. The size of the PCR products and bcl-2/JH DNA sequence analysis showed that the same t(14;18) carrying clone was present in the bone marrow and the corresponding peripheral blood lymphocyte samples in three of these seven patients. Some patients had more than one bcl-2/JH rearrangement. There was no significant correlation between age and the translocation incidence. Cells carrying the t(14;18) translocation were present in peripheral blood lymphocyte samples with a similar incidence--between 47% and 52% in all age groups from 20 to 79 years. Patients older than 80 years had a lower (37%) but not significantly different incidence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that patients affected by non-lymphoid diseases may have several t(14;18) carrying cells and some of them undergo a clonal expansion. Whether individuals with t(14;18) positive cells are at a higher risk of lymphoid malignancies remains unanswered and further epidemiological studies are required. (+info)

Asynchronous replication of alleles in genomes carrying an extra autosome. (6/992)

Transcriptional activity of genes appears to be highly related to their replication timing; alleles showing the common biallelic mode of expression replicate highly synchronously, whereas those with a monoallelic mode of expression replicate asynchronously. Here we used FISH to determine the level of synchronisation in replication timing of alleles in amniotic fluid cells derived from normal foetuses and from those with either of the trisomies for autosomes 21, 18 or 13, or for sex chromosomes (47,XXX and 47,XXY). Two pairs of alleles, not associated with the extra chromosome, were studied in subjects with each trisomy and three in normal subjects. In cells derived from normal foetuses and from foetuses with sex chromosome trisomies, each pair of alleles replicated synchronously; yet these very same alleles replicated asynchronously in cells derived from foetuses with trisomy for any of the three autosomes studied. The results suggest that the gross phenotypic abnormalities associated with an extra autosome are brought about not only by over-expression of genes present in three doses, but also by modifications in the expression of genes present in the normal two doses. (+info)

Correlation of bcl-2 rearrangement with clinical characteristics and outcome in indolent follicular lymphoma. (7/992)

The t(14;18) translocation, which involves the bcl-2 oncogene, occurs in follicular lymphomas (FL) at two common sites: the major breakpoint region (MBR) and the minor cluster region (mcr). The biological and clinical significance of these breakpoints is unknown. The bcl-2 breakpoint site was determined in 247 previously untreated patients (49% men; median age 52 years) with indolent FL (155 grade I, 83 grade II, and 8 grade III) to correlate it with pretreatment characteristics, response, and outcome. The bcl-2 breakpoint site was determined by a polymerase chain reaction method of peripheral blood (all cases), bone marrows (149 cases), and fresh lymph node biopsy specimens (68 cases). The breakpoint site occurred at MBR in 175 cases (71%) and at mcr in 27 (11%). In 45 cases (18%), no breakpoint was detected (germline). No significant relationship was found between the rearrangements and the expression of BLC-2 and BAX proteins. Patients' germline for MBR and mcr tended to present more frequently with stage IV disease and higher beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) levels, whereas mcr-rearranged patients presented more frequently with early stage and normal beta2M. The complete response rate of germline patients was significantly lower than that of MBR and mcr patients. An estimated 3-year failure-free survival (FFS) for mcr, MBR, and germline cases was 95%, 76%, and 57%, respectively (P <.001). The bcl-2 breakpoint site was independent of serum beta2M and lactate dehydrogenase in its correlation with FFS. In conclusion, the bcl-2 rearrangement site is an important prognostic factor in indolent FL, useful to identify patients who may require different treatment. (+info)

Lymphatic vessel hypoplasia in fetuses with Turner syndrome. (8/992)

Turner syndrome is associated with subcutaneous accumulation of fluid in the neck region that can be visualized sonographically from 10-14 weeks of gestation as massively increased nuchal translucency thickness. Possible mechanisms for this increased translucency include dilatation of the jugular lymphatic sacs because of developmental delay in the connection with the venous system, or a primary abnormal dilatation or proliferation of the lymphatic channels interfering with a normal flow between the lymphatic and venous systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of lymphatic vessels in nuchal skin tissue from fetuses with Turner syndrome compared with fetuses carrying trisomies 21, 18 and 13 and chromosomally normal controls. The distribution of vessels was examined by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody, PTN63, against 5' nucleotidase and an anti-laminin antibody. In normal control fetuses (n = 6) and those with trisomies 21 (n = 3), 18 (n = 2) and 13 (n = 2), PTN63-positive and laminin-positive vessels were evenly distributed throughout the dermis and subcutis. In Turner syndrome (n = 3), there was a chain of large vessels that stained with both PTN63 and laminin at the border between dermis and subcutis, but there was scarcity of vessels in the upper dermis and the subcutis. Using PTN63 alone, there were no positive vessels in the upper dermis. We conclude that in Turner syndrome lymphatic vessels in the upper dermis are hypoplastic. (+info)

As this karyotype displays, a diploid human cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.. Section ... chromosomes." For example, the number of homologous sets of chromosomes in humans is 23 if one considers a "set" to be one pair ... Number of homologous pairs[edit]. The introduction states: a typical human somatic cell contains [...] 23 homologous chromosome ... What about the X chromosome and Y chromosome in male humans? By the definition they do not belong to any homologous set, since ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Ploidy

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and other great apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes. In the human evolutionary lineage, two ... Human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very similar. The primary difference is that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes ... Human evolutionary genetics Human chromosome 2 Human Genome Project Suntsova, M.V.; Buzdin, A.A. (2020-09-10). "Differences ... producing human chromosome 2. There are nine other major chromosomal differences between chimpanzees and humans: chromosome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee_genome_project

... is located on the long arm of chromosome 1 (1.q22-1.q23) and was cloned in 1993. The gene was first localised to chromosome 1 ... DARC+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Duffy at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen ... The mouse gene has two exons (100 and 1064 nucleotides in length respectively), separated by a 461 base pair intron. In the ... The ancestral form of extant DARC alleles in humans appears to be the FY*B allele. The gene appears to be under strong ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system

The human ROCK1 gene is located on human chromosome 18 with specific location of 18q11.1. The location of the base pair starts ... In humans, the main function of ROCK1 is actomyosin contractility. As mentioned before, this contributes to many proximal ... "Q13464 (ROCK1_HUMAN)". "Inhibition of Rho-dependent kinases ROCK I/II activates VEGF-driven retinal neovascularization and ... Therefore, increased expression of RhoA and its downstream effector ROCK1 is often observed in human cancers. These cancers are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCK1

Humans carry pairs of chromosomes, so each individual possesses two copies of the gephyrin gene. Dark blue and red horizontal ... David-Watine B (2001). "The human gephyrin (GPHN) gene: structure, chromosome localization and expression in non-neuronal cells ... Gephyrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPHN gene.[5][6][7][8][9] ... "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.. .mw-parser-output ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gephyrin

Genes on human chromosome 1. *Clusters of differentiation. *Immune system. *Blood antigen systems ... The mouse gene has two exons (100 and 1064 nucleotides in length respectively), separated by a 461 base pair intron. In the ... "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.. ... "American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (5): 1669-79. doi:10.1086/302879. PMC 1378024. PMID 10762551.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_ethnic_neutropenia

... is a human gene encoded on the X chromosome. in humans. CXorf59 is located on chromosome X at locus Xp21.1 of the human genome ... In the 324 to 403 base pair region, there is a Calponin homology domain. Calponin homology domains are found in cytoskeletal ... "Chromosome X open reading frame 59". NCBI. "CFAP47 Gene". genecards.org/. Korenbaum, E.; Rivero, F. (2002). "Calponin homology ... There are no paralogs within the human genome. CXorf59 is a protein coding gene that is confirmed to be expressed in 27 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFAP47

In humans, miR-122 is encoded at a single genomic locus in chromosome 18. The primary miR-122 transcript (pri-miR-122) is a ... The miR-122 hairpin precursor consensus shown here is predicted based on base pairing and cross-species conservation. The ... Lin CJ, Gong HY, Tseng HC, Wang WL, Wu JL (2008). "miR-122 targets an anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-w, in human hepatocellular ... Wilson JA, Zhang C, Huys A, Richardson CD (2010). "Human Ago2 is required for efficient miR-122 regulation of HCV RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-122

Cox MP, Mirazón Lahr M (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian ... Haplogroup S1a is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs Z41335, Z41336, Z41337, Z41338, Z41339, Z41340, and Z41341. S1a is ... European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369-373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152. Kayser M, Choi Y, ... "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_S1a_(Y-DNA)

"C2orf81 chromosome 2 open reading frame 81 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-06. ... The mRNA sequence contains and 2086 base pairs and 4 isoforms. C2orf81 has a molecular weight of 66.6 kDa and its isoelectric ... In human c2orf81, phosphorylation is expected to be undergone only in serines, but not in any threonines or tyrosines. O-linked ... C2orf81 is a human gene encoding protein c2orf81, which is predicted to have nuclear localization. C2orf81's aliases are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2orf81

... genealogy Haplogroup Haplotype Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup Molecular phylogenetics Paragroup Subclade Y-chromosome ... "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking ... "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of ... Haplogroup S-M230, also known as S1a1b (and previously as S* or K2b1a4), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is by far the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_S-M230

Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Human Mutation. 17 (4): 271-80. doi:10.1002/humu.23 ... "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking ... "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of ... and East Indonesia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. Oceania Languages of Oceania Demographics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Oceania

"Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking ... She and Robert Foley were the first to propose a 'southern route' for humans out of Africa, and for human diversity to be the ... Lahr's research is in human evolution, and ranges across human and hominin morphology, prehistory and genetics. Her early work ... Lahr, M. M. & Foley, R. (1998). "Towards a theory of modern human origins: Geography, demography, and diversity in recent human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Mirazón_Lahr

Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired ... Spread of Haplogroup M, from National Geographic Genetic genealogy Haplogroup Haplotype Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup ... "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of ... Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_M-P256

... genetic genealogy Haplogroup Haplotype Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup molecular phylogeny Paragroup Subclade Y-chromosome ... Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired ... Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in ... "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175

The NDUFA6 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 22 in position 13.2 and spans 5,359 base pairs. The gene produces an 18 ... Related pseudogenes have also been identified on four other chromosomes. The human NDUFA6 gene codes for a subunit of Complex I ... 1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22". Nature. 402 (6761): 489-95. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..489D. doi:10.1038/990031. ... 2000). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21". Nature. 405 (6784): 311-9. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..311H. doi:10.1038/35012518 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDUFA6

Most cells in the human body have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46 chromosomes. (The sperm and egg, or gametes, each ... The 23rd pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. Normal females have two X chromosomes, while normal males have one X ... But sometimes, the whole pair of chromosomes will end up in one gamete, and the other gamete will not get that chromosome at ... Chromosome abnormalities are detected in 1 of 160 live human births. Autosomal aneuploidy is more dangerous than sex chromosome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy

It is composed of 5065 base pairs spanning from 74,315,875 to 74,359,187 bp on chromosome 18. The gene has a total of 14 exons ... "Human BLAT Search". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-27. Li X, Wang W, Wang J, Malovannaya A, Xi Y, Li W, Guerra R, Hawke DH ... Chromosome 18 open reading frame 63 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C18orf63 gene. This protein is not yet well ... "C18orf63 chromosome 18 open reading frame 63 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-19 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C18orf63

Chromosome abnormalities are detected in 1 of 160 live human births. Apart from sex chromosome disorders, most cases of ... As of 2004, the human nucleotide diversity was estimated to be 0.1% to 0.4% of base pairs. In 2015, the 1000 Genomes Project, ... According to a 2000 study of Y-chromosome sequence variation, human Y-chromosomes trace ancestry to Africa, and the descendants ... Long and Kittles find that rather than 85% of human genetic diversity existing in all human populations, about 100% of human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation

... in the SLC39A9 gene can occur due to genetic deletion of the q24.1-24.3 band of base pairs within the human chromosome 14. This ... ZIP9 influxes zinc ions into the cytosol and its gene is expressed almost in every tissue of human body. The sub-cellular ... Role of human ZIP9 in testosterone-induced prostate and breast cancer cell apoptosis". Endocrinology. 155 (11): 4250-65. doi: ... A study in 2014, elucidated the intermediary role of ZIP9 in causing human breast and prostate cancer, as it induced the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_transporter_ZIP9

... a novel gene encoding a protein involved in meiotic chromosome pairing and location of STAG3-related genes flanking the ... "Chromatid cohesion defects may underlie chromosome instability in human colorectal cancers". Proceedings of the National ... Stromal antigen 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAG3 gene. STAG3 protein is a component of a cohesin complex ... STAG3 appears to participate in sister-chromatid cohesion throughout the meiotic process in human oocytes. A homozygous 1-bp ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAG3_(gene)

HAR1 is a 106-base pair stretch found on the long arm of chromosome 20 overlapping with part of the RNA genes HAR1F and HAR1R. ... Human accelerated regions (HARs), first described in August 2006, are a set of 49 segments of the human genome that are ... They are named according to their degree of difference between humans and chimpanzees (HAR1 showing the largest degree of human ... HAR1F is active in the developing human brain. The HAR1 sequence is found (and conserved) in chickens and chimpanzees but is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_accelerated_regions

The chromosomes in this snail are small, and the haploid number of chromosomes is 18. A complete genome sequence from the ... 1997). The genome length is estimated as about 929,10 Mb (millions of base pairs; 0.95 ± 0.01 pg), which is a small genome size ... Sequencing of the whole genome was approved as a priority by National Human Genome Research Institute in August 2004, Its ... PMID 16153319.. Crompton, D. W. (1999). "How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?" (PDF). The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomphalaria_glabrata

The SDHD gene is located on chromosome 11 at locus 11q23 and it spans 8,978 base pairs. There are pseudogenes for this gene on ... "A gene subject to genomic imprinting and responsible for hereditary paragangliomas maps to chromosome 11q23-qter". Human ... GeneCards Human Gene Database. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Jackson CB, Nuoffer JM, Hahn D, Prokisch H, Haberberger B, Gautschi M, ... Hirawake H, Taniwaki M, Tamura A, Kojima S, Kita K (1997). "Cytochrome b in human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHD

14 chromosomes. It contains approximately 1 Gbp (giga base pairs) or 10 9 base pairs. This genome size is close to the average ... The ciliary photoreceptor cells resemble molecularly and morphologically the rods and cones of the human eye. Additional, they ... A pair of these eyes mediate phototaxis in the early Platynereis dumerilii trochophore larva. In the later nectochaete larva, ... Jha, A. N.; Hutchinson, T. H.; Mackay, J. M.; Elliott, B. M.; Pascoe, P. L.; Dixon, D. R. (1995). "The chromosomes Of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platynereis_dumerilii

"A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. ISSN ... Cox, Murray P. & Lahr, Marta Mirazon, 2006, "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired ... "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. ISSN ... July 2010). "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K-M9

Murray P. Cox and Marta Mirazón Lahr, "Y-Chromosome Diversity Is Inversely Associated With Language Affiliation in Paired ... Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea Am J Hum Genet 72:281-302 ... Y-chromosome haplogroup M is the most common, with Y-chromosome haplogroup O2a as a small minority in second place and Y- ... Asian Human Rights Commission - and - Human Rights and Peace for Papua. September 2013. ISBN 978-962-8314-621. Archived (PDF) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea

Paired box gene 4, also known as PAX4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PAX4 gene. This gene is a member of the ... Tamura T, Izumikawa Y, Kishino T, Soejima H, Jinno Y, Niikawa N (1994). "Assignment of the human PAX4 gene to chromosome band ... Pilz AJ, Povey S, Gruss P, Abbott CM (1993). "Mapping of the human homologs of the murine paired-box-containing genes". ... Members of this gene family typically contain a paired box domain, an octapeptide, and a paired-type homeodomain. These genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX4

1997). "Mutation of human keratin 18 in association with cryptogenic cirrhosis". J. Clin. Invest. 99 (1): 19-23. doi:10.1172/ ... chromosomal location emphasizes difference from other keratin pairs". New Biol. 2 (5): 464-78. PMID 1705144. Romano V, Hatzfeld ... Waseem A, Gough AC, Spurr NK, Lane EB (1990). "Localization of the gene for human simple epithelial keratin 18 to chromosome 12 ... Detection of mRNAs encoding human cytokeratins nos. 8 and 18 in normal and tumor cells by hybridization with cDNA sequences in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_18

The haploid human genome (23 chromosomes) is estimated to be about 3.2 billion bases long and to contain 20,000-25,000 distinct ... The GU pairing, with two hydrogen bonds, does occur fairly often in RNA (see wobble base pair). Paired DNA and RNA molecules ... kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp Mb (= Mbp) = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp. ... In the human genome, the centimorgan is about 1 million base pairs. List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms Non-canonical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair

This article on a gene on human chromosome 2 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... "Clustering of two fragile sites and seven homeobox genes in human chromosome region 2q31→q32.1". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 90 (1-2 ... Homeobox protein Hox-D8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD8 gene.[5][6][7] ... Goodman FR (2003). "Limb malformations and the human HOX genes". Am. J. Med. Genet. 112 (3): 256-65. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10776. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXD8

The institute is also the first develop a test to detect chromosome translocations in human embryos to increase the success ... 2009 First Paired Kidney Exchange in New Jersey Performed, Family Health Magazine, Spring/Summer 2006 - accessed July 11, 2009 ... Human cloning is a long way off, but bioengineered kids are already here, Washington Monthly, March 2002 - accessed July 11, ... The division performed the first paired kidney exchange in New Jersey at Saint Barnabas Medical Center in 2005. Over time, it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barnabas_Medical_Center

They are usually found in pairs (diplococci) and do not form spores and are nonmotile.[2] As a significant human pathogenic ... For a bacterium to bind, take up, and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must enter a special physiological state ... The genome of S. pneumoniae is a closed, circular DNA structure that contains between 2.0 and 2.1 million base pairs depending ... pneumoniae can be found in the human upper respiratory system. A study of competition in vitro revealed S. pneumoniae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._pneumoniae

When adenine is deaminated, it becomes hypoxanthine, which can pair with cytosine. During replication, the cytosine will pair ... It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched ... but not human mtDNA).[21] ... Hypoxanthine can bind to cytosine, and when the XC base pair is ... Chloroplast DNAs are circular, and are typically 120,000-170,000 base pairs long.[4][7][8] They can have a contour length of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

Paired box gene 8, also known as PAX8, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PAX8 gene.[5] ... Pilz AJ, Povey S, Gruss P, Abbott CM (1993). "Mapping of the human homologs of the murine paired-box-containing genes". ... Poleev A, Fickenscher H, Mundlos S, Winterpacht A, Zabel B, Fidler A, Gruss P, Plachov D (November 1992). "PAX8, a human paired ... Members of this gene family typically encode proteins which contain a paired box domain, an octapeptide, and a paired-type ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8

... is a multigene haplotype that covers a majority of the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 (not to be ... 1 million base pairs centromeric from DQ2.5 may also be associated with Type 1 diabetes. In addition the BAT1 and MICB variant ... These unique chromosomes are produced by recombination of each unique chromosome passed by each grandparent to each parent. ... At 4.7 million nucleotides in length, A1::DQ2 is the second longest haplotype identified within the human genome.[1] A1::DQ2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA_A1-B8-DR3-DQ2

Because RPS6KA3 is located on the X chromosome, males (who possess only one copy of the X chromosome) display more severe ... "Coffin-Lowry syndrome". European Journal of Human Genetics 18, 627-633 (2010). doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.189 ... In 2002, Helen Fryssira and RJ Simensen identified a 3 base pair deletion in the gene encoding RSK2, which was the first report ... The syndrome is caused by mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene.[1] This gene is located on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp22.2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin–Lowry_syndrome

By pairing chromosomes of similar genomes, the chance for these recessive alleles to pair and become homozygous greatly ... "American Journal of Human Genetics. 64 (1): 225-31. doi:10.1086/302198. PMC 1377721. PMID 9915962.. ... Van Den Berghe, Pierre L (2010). "Human inbreeding avoidance: Culture in nature". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 6: 91-102. doi ... HumansEdit. See also: Incest, Incest taboo, Pedigree collapse, and Cousin marriage ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_breeding

... so each human chromosome can be identified by a characteristic color using whole-chromosome probe mixtures and a variety of ... Each probe for the detection of mRNA and lncRNA is composed of 20 oligonucleotide pairs, each pair covering a space of 40-50 bp ... The chromosomes can be seen in blue. The chromosome that is labeled with green and red spots (upper left) is the one where the ... Then, an interphase or metaphase chromosome preparation is produced. The chromosomes are firmly attached to a substrate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

Presenilin-1 (PS-1) is a presenilin protein that in humans is encoded by the PSEN1 gene.[5] Presenilin-1 is one of the four ... Kang DE, Soriano S, Xia X, Eberhart CG, De Strooper B, Zheng H, Koo EH (September 2002). "Presenilin couples the paired ... "Genetic linkage evidence for a familial Alzheimer's seasesease locus on chromosome 14". Science. 258 (5082): 668-71. Bibcode: ... Tanahashi H, Tabira T (February 1999). "Isolation of human delta-catenin and its binding specificity with presenilin 1". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

Sigurdsson S, Van Komen S, Petukhova G, Sung P (Nov 2002). "Homologous DNA pairing by human recombination factors Rad51 and ... condensed chromosome. • nuclear chromosome, telomeric region. • nucleus. • nuclear chromatin. • lateral element. • cytosol. • ... nuclear chromosome. • mitochondrial matrix. • nucleolus. • mitochondrion. • perinuclear region of cytoplasm. • chromatin. • ... condensed nuclear chromosome. • macromolecular complex. Biological process. • regulation of protein phosphorylation. • strand ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51

V. faba has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12 (six homologous pairs). Five pairs are acrocentric chromosomes and one pair ... It is of uncertain origin[1]:160 and widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption. It is also used as a cover crop, the ... In much of the English-speaking world, the name "broad bean" is used for the large-seeded cultivars grown for human food, while ... might frown on human consumption. But in Liguria, a maritime region near northern Italy, fava beans are loved raw, and consumed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fava

... even though the fox genome has 16 pairs of metacentric autosomes and the dog has 37 pairs of acrocentric autosomes.[10] ... These were foxes that were eager to have human contact. By the 10th generation 18 percent of fox pups were in this "elite" ... Using 320 microsatellites Trut and co-workers showed that all 16 fox autosomes and one X chromosome were covered, and that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Trut

... usually have a single circular chromosome,[129] with as many as 5,751,492 base pairs in Methanosarcina acetivorans,[130 ... making up about one in ten of all the prokaryotes in the human gut.[197] In termites and in humans, these methanogens may in ... Circular chromosomes, similar translation and transcription to Eukarya. Circular chromosomes, unique translation and ... after the cell's chromosome is replicated and the two daughter chromosomes separate, the cell divides.[154] In the genus ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

... is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome ... See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 16.. The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 16. For complete ... "Chromosome 16". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-06.. *. "Chromosome 16". Human Genome Project Information Archive ... Human chromosome 16 pair after G-banding.. One is from mother, one is from father. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16

... each human diploid cell (containing 23 pairs of chromosomes) has about 1.8 meters of DNA; wound on the histones, the diploid ... This involves the wrapping of DNA around nucleosomes with approximately 50 base pairs of DNA separating each pair of ... of the human genome in five human cell lines". Genome Research. 17 (6): 691-707. doi:10.1101/gr.5704207. PMC 1891331. PMID ... is a transcription factor which activates histone gene transcription on chromosomes 1 and 6 of human cells. NPAT is also a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification

Likewise, gray wolf Y-chromosomes have also been found in a few individual male Texan coyotes.[11] This study suggested that ... By late 2012, it was estimated that there were at least 75 wolves and four breeding pairs living in the recovery areas, with 27 ... The Mexican wolf persisted longer in Mexico, as human settlement, ranching and predator removal came later than in the ... A pair of Mexican wolves with pups at Sevilleta Wolf Management Facility in Socorro, New Mexico ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Wolf

Pu'er with chrysanthemum is the most common pairing, and referred as guk pou or guk bou (菊普; Cantonese Yale: guk1 pou2; pinyin ... Larger specimens of this shape are sometimes called "human-head tea" (人頭茶), due in part to its size and shape, and because in ... This notion has recently been refuted through a systematic chromosome analysis of the species attributed to many East Asian ... Wild trees (gŭshù, 古树; literally "old tree"): Teas from old wild trees, grown without human intervention, are the highest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu

Crosland, M.W.J., Crozier, R.H. Myrmecia pilosula, an ant with only one pair of chromosomes. Science. 1986, 231 (4743): 1278. ... Ijdo, J. W., Baldini, A., Ward, D. C., Reeders, S. T., & Wells, R. A. Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere- ... 選擇可以作用在基因而非個體的層級，即使降低個體的適應度，自私DNA仍然可以演化，造成基因組內部衝突。例子包括跳躍子、減數分裂驅動者（meiotic drivers）、殺手X染色體（killer X chromosomes）、自私粒線體（

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/分子演化

Genes on human chromosome 11. *Genes on human chromosome 14. *Genes on human chromosome 20 ... In 1943, with the help of Arda Green, the pair illustrated that glycogen phosphorylase existed in either the a or b forms ... The cloning of the human liver glycogen phosphorylase (HLGP) revealed a new allosteric binding site near the subunit interface ... Voet, Judith G.; Voet, Donald (2004). "Chapter 18: Glycogen Metabolism". Biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

This article on a gene on human chromosome 17 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... "Identification of the base-pair substitution responsible for a human acid alpha glucosidase allele with lower "affinity" for ... "AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 6 (3): 371-80. doi:10.1089/aid.1990.6.371. PMID 2187500.. ... Human GAA genome location and GAA gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_alpha-glucosidase

HumansEdit. Humans are bilaterals and deuterostomes. In humans, the term embryo refers to the ball of dividing cells from the ... Pair-rule genes define 7 segments of the embryo within the confines of the second broad segment that was defined by the gap ... Thus, a fly whose chromosomes are mutant in both copies of the Bicoid gene but who is born from a mother carrying one normal ... As of today, human embryology is taught as a cornerstone subject in medical schools, as well as in biology and zoology programs ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology

"A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles" (PDF).. *^ Härke, Heinrich; Thomas, Mark G; Stumpf, Michael P H. "Integration ... earthsky.org/human-world/jawbone-is-earliest-evidence-of-modern-humans-in-europe ... The Acts of Union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed by both ... "Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration".. *^ " ... Continuous human habitation in England dates to around 13,000 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_England

... chromosome translocation in a human leukemia T-cell line indicates that putative regulatory regions are not altered". Proc. ... 3.2) Paired box. PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) ... to the human c-myc oncogene; presence of a long inverted repeat ... Astrin SM, Laurence J (1992). "Human immunodeficiency virus activates c-myc and Epstein-Barr virus in human B lymphocytes". Ann ... HMGB (1, 2, 3) • HNF (1A, 1B) • LEF1 • SOX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21) • SRY • SSRP1 • TCF (3, 4) ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myc

"Final report on the human rights situation of the Roma, Sinti and travellers in Europe". The European Commissioner for Human ... "Y CHROMOSOME SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS TYPING BY SNaPshot MINISEQUENCING" (PDF). Bjmg.edu.mk. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ... and art present romanticized narratives of mystical powers of fortune telling or irascible or passionate temper paired with an ... European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97-104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742. Archived from the original (PDF) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsies

Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics" (pdf). 9. Retrieved December ... In the 2003 PBS programme African American Lives, Bishop T.D. Jakes had his DNA analyzed; his Y chromosome showed[dubious - ... Igbo women were paired with Coromantee (Akan) men to subdue the men because of the belief that the women were bound to their ... Institute for the Study of Human Issues.. *^ ". Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ibo". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people

... a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187-91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID ... Position (base pair): 180. Total size (base pairs): 366. Forward 5′→ 3′: aactcttgataaaccgtgctg. Reverse 5′→ 3′: ... a b c The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008 *^ a b c d e f g Cristofaro; et al. (2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub- ... 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127-48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_

"The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 ... that overlies Druze and Cypriot samples but not samples from other Levantine populations or paired Diaspora host populations. ... "American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (6): 850-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015. PMC 3032072. PMID 20560205.. ... "European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (4): 498-500. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201764. PMID 17245410.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora

The genotype of the male consists of a Y chromosome paired with an X chromosome. Female gender is determined by the absence of ... Redirected from Human male reproductive system). This article is about the reproductive system in human males. For the male ... This occurs when one X chromosome contains a segment of the Y chromosome, which was inserted into the X chromosome of the ... If this sperm cell contains an X chromosome it will coincide with the X chromosome of the ovum and a female child will develop ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_male_reproductive_system

SMN1 is located in a telomeric region of human chromosome 5 and also contains SMN2 in a centromeric region. SMN1 and SMN2 are ... This single base pair change leads to only 10-20% of SMN2 transcripts resulting in fully functional SMN protein and 80-90% of ... European Journal of Human Genetics : EJHG. 21 (6): 643-52. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.222. PMC 3658191. PMID 23073311.. ... American Journal of Human Genetics. 85 (3): 408-13. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.08.002. PMC 2771537. PMID 19716110.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

Chromosome deletions are the most common genetic events observed in cancer. These deletions are generally thought to reflect ... Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18* * Colorectal Neoplasms / genetics* * DCC Receptor * DNA Mutational Analysis ... Evaluation of candidate tumour suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers Nat Genet. 1996 Jul;13(3):343-6. doi: ... Chromosome deletions are the most common genetic events observed in cancer. These deletions are generally thought to reflect ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8673134/?dopt=Abstract

The prognosis in patients with stage II cancer and chromosome 18q allelic loss is similar to that in patients with stage III ... The status of chromosome 18q has strong prognostic value in patients with stage II colorectal cancer. ... Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18* * Colorectal Neoplasms / diagnosis* * Colorectal Neoplasms / genetics* * Colorectal Neoplasms / ... Allelic loss of chromosome 18q and prognosis in colorectal cancer N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 28;331(4):213-21. doi: 10.1056/ ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8015568/?dopt=Abstract

Full-length coding sequences of two novel human cadherin cDNAs were obtained by sequence analysis of several EST clones and 5 ... Chromosome Mapping. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18*. DNA Primers. Exons. Expressed Sequence Tags. Humans. Introns. Male. Mice. ... 0/CDH19 protein, human; 0/CDH20 protein, human; 0/CDH7 protein, human; 0/Cadherins; 0/Cdh20 protein, mouse; 0/DNA Primers ... These novel human genes, CDH7, CDH19, and CDH20, are localized on chromosome 18q22-q23, distal of both the gene CDH2 (18q11) ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Characterization-three-novel-human-cadherin/10995570.html

A boy with r(18)(p11.3; q23) lacked serum IgA and had arthritis affecting both knees. A girl with del (18)(q21.2; q22) had ... We describe 2 children with a partial deletion of chromosome 18 and chronic arthritis. ... Chromosome Aberrations*. Chromosome Deletion*. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18*. Chronic Disease. Dysgammaglobulinemia / genetics. ... We describe 2 children with a partial deletion of chromosome 18 and chronic arthritis. A boy with r(18)(p11.3; q23) lacked ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Chronic-arthritis-in-two-children/3625639.html

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification. ... Human, Pair 3" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3" was a major or minor ... "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3" by people in Profiles. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Chromosomes,%20Human,%20Pair%203

... base pairs) and represents approximately 2.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Learn about health implications of genetic ... Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Two copies of chromosome 18, one copy inherited from ... Ensembl Human Map View. *Gilbert F. Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 18. Genet Test ... This type of chromosome is formed when breaks occur at both ends of the chromosome and the broken ends join together to form a ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/18/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Ploidy

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13 - genetics Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 - genetics Genes, Recessive Genetic Linkage Humans Phenotype ... Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 - genetics Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 - genetics Female Finland Genetic markers Genetic ... Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 - genetics Cohort Studies DNA Mutational Analysis De Lange Syndrome - genetics Female Humans Male ... Chromosome Mapping Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 - genetics Comorbidity Genetic Linkage Genetic markers Genetic Predisposition to ...

https://arctichealth.org/en/list?q=topic%3A%22Chromosomes%2C+Human%2C+Pair+9+-+genetics%22&p=1&ps=&sort=title_sort+asc

"Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector" ... BACs can also be utilized to detect genes or large sequences of interest and then used to map them onto the human chromosome ... "Construction of a 750-kb bacterial clone contig and restriction map in the region of human chromosome 21 containing the ... Yeast artificial chromosome. References[edit]. *^ OConnor M, Peifer M, Bender W (2018). "Construction of large DNA segments in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome

Two X chromosomes produce a female, and one X and one Y chromosome produce a male. When a baby is conceived, it receives one X ... chromosome from the mother and either an X or a Y chromosome from the father. ... Gender or sex is determined in humans genetically by one pair of chromosomes out of a total of 23 pairs. ... The human organism contains threadlike, gene-bearing chromosomes, twenty three pairs of them. These chromosomes contain the ...

https://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/7083.aspx

"one mutation in every 30 million base pairs" Karmin; et al. (2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides ... In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of ... 2016). "The Divergence of Neandertal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 98 (4): 728-34. ... Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are the major branches on the human paternal family tree. Each haplogroup has many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup

Categories: Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Chromosomes,+Human,+Pair+18&parentid=6426&catid=6396

European Journal of Human Genetics 22 , 480-485 Rights & permissionsfor article A 3-base pair deletion, c.9711_9713del, in ,i, ... Breakpoint analysis of balanced chromosome rearrangements by next-generation paired-end sequencing *Wei Chen ... Rights & permissionsfor article Breakpoint analysis of balanced chromosome rearrangements by next-generation paired-end ... A 3-base pair deletion, c.9711_9713del, in DMD results in intellectual disability without muscular dystrophy *Arjan PM de ...

https://www.nature.com/search?author=%22Tjitske%20Kleefstra%22&error=cookies_not_supported&code=e1a4cfbc-42e7-4ace-bf97-8e8c6fe2d9e1

Gilbert F (1997). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 18". Genet Test. 1 (1): 69-71. ... Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 18: entries, gene ... The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 18. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. ... The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 18. Because researchers use different approaches to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_18

G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 1 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair ... Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome. Humans have two copies of chromosome 1, as they do with all ... See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 1.. The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 1. For complete ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 1.. *. National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 1". Genetics Home ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1

Chromosome 15 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome ... See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 15.. The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 15. For complete ... "Chromosome 15". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-06.. *. "Chromosome 15". Human Genome Project Information Archive ... Human chromosome 15 pair after G-banding.. One is from mother, one is from father. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_15

DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 18. (PMID: 16177791) Nusbaum C … Lander ES (Nature 2005) 3 4 54 ... Browse Matched Antibody Pairs. *Browse Proteins and Peptides. *Search Knockout (KO) Validated Antibodies ... May act as suppressor of replication stress and chromosome missegregation.. *Q5U5Q3-MEX3C_HUMAN ... Creative Biolabs Recombinant Anti-Human MEX3C Antibody Fab Fragment and Recombinant Anti-Human MEX3C Antibody ...

https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MEX3C&keywords=GH18J051189&prefilter=genomic_location

... similarity of DNA between chimp and humans is incorrect. ... Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes while chimpanzees have 24. ... Evolutionary scientists believe that one of the human chromosomes has been formed through the fusion of two small chromosomes ... The Y chromosome in particular is of a different size and has many markers that do not line up between the human and chimpanzee ... Chimpanzees and other apes have about 23 kilobases (a kilobase is 1,000 base pairs of DNA) of repeats. Humans are unique among ...

https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/dna-similarities/greater-than-98-chimp-human-dna-similarity-not-any-more/

Human apolipoprotein B transgenic mice generated with 207- and 145- kilobase pair bacterial artificial chromosomes. Evidence ... kb-alphoid DNA into a human BAC clones via the λ Red recombineering system in an attempt to build human artificial chromosomes ... Construction of human artificial chromosome vectors by recombineering. Gene. 2005;351:29-38. [PubMed] ... Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector. ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3005948/

Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes are numbered 1-22, and the 23rd pair is composed of the sex ... the human body and consisting of a complex of proteins and DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs. Chromosomes ... Karyotyping -A laboratory test used to study an individuals chromosome make-up. Chromosomes are separated from cells, stained ... Using special stains and microscopy, individual chromosomes are identified, and the presence of an extra chromosome 18 is ...

http://www.healthofchildren.com/E-F/Edwards-Syndrome.html

... general Forensic sciences Genetic aspects Gene mutation Diagnosis Physiological aspects Gene mutations Y chromosome ... Analysis of Mutation Rate of 17 Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats Loci Using Tanzanian Father-Son Paired Samples.(Research ... On the combined use of slow and fast evolving polymorphic markers on the human Y chromosome," American Journal of Human ... 2] A. J. Redd, A. B. Agellon, V. A. Kearney et al., "Forensic value of 14 novel STRs on the human Y chromosome," Forensic ...

https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Analysis+of+Mutation+Rate+of+17+Y-Chromosome+Short+Tandem+Repeats+Loci...-a0576051842

Every chromosome pair had a least one rearrangement. No normal X chromosomes were observed and Y chromosomes were absent by QM ... This is a hyper-triploid human cell line with a modal chromosome number of 75. Homogeneously staining regions and dicentric ... No normal X chromosomes were observed and Y chromosomes were absent by QM staining. Normal copies of chromosomes 2,6,11,13,16 ... a chromosome break in 3/30, a chromatid break in 5/30, a ring chromosome in 1/30, and double minutes in 11/30 (1-5 copies). ...

https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Cells_and_Microorganisms/By_Disease__Model/Paired_set_normal_and_diseased_tissue/CRL-2314.aspx?p=1&rel=%7B0%7D

A normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Patau Syndrome. Patau syndrome is a result of an extra chromosome in the ... each cell in the human body carries 23 pairs of chromosomes. At conception, when cells begin to divide, an extra chromosome may ... Trisomies can happen on any one of the human bodys 23 chromosomes, and are usually named by number according to the chromosome ... attach to a pair of chromosomes. This creates cells with 47 chromosomes rather than 46. The extra chromosome is usually ...

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-trisomy.htm

Does Barcoding DNA Reveal a Single Human Ancestral Pair?. I dont think the study can claim all the things it does based on the ... in which they claim that there never was an original pair of humans like Adam and Eve. ... On Prejudiced Models and Human Origins. Recently Dennis Venema joined with Scot McKnight to publish a book, Adam and the Genome ... Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosome Adam, and Adam and the Genome. Both evolutionists and Darwin-skeptics believe that all ...

https://evolutionnews.org/tag/y-chromosome-adam/

Arnold on klinefelters syndrome in children: Presence of more than one x chromosome with one y chromosome is klinefelter ... Chromosome analysis: A basic chromosome test on blood is the most definitive study. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, one ... Error in formation: Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. During the formation of the egg, each pair splits and one of each ... It is a genetic disorder in which there is at least one extra x chromosome to a normal human male karyotype, for a total of 47 ...

https://www.healthtap.com/topics/klinefelters-syndrome-in-children

Each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes, strands of DNA. Trisomy means that there are three copies, not two, of ... Three copies of the 21st chromosome is Trisomy-21, also called Downs Syndrome. Three copies of the 18th chromosome give you ... And an important reminder of something so simple it often eludes us: how to be human.. When I was a kid, I would pass homeless ... But I know whats in my mind: a recognition that Im human and that the person Im interacting with is, too.. And it all just ...

http://www.danielwillingham.com/daniel-willingham-science-and-education-blog/to-the-parents-of-children-who-stare-at-my-disabled-daughter

The BAC system (for bacterial artificial chromosome) is based on Escherichia coli and its single-copy plasmid F factor. It is ... Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector. ... Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector. ... Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector. ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/89/18/8794?ijkey=a65b8cd0c3f60ca36e7a1f114b12f03b41d71d60&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

How many chromosomes does a human body cell have? 23 pairs (46 single) chromosomes. ... Hiw do humans inherit the chromosomes stored in their cells? When the gametes of the parents, each containing half the ... chromosomes of a normal human body cell, fuse together, a cell is formed with a full set of chromosomes, half from each parent. ... Then the chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and it begins to divide. Once the nucleus has split, a membrane forms ...

https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-tests/b1-chromosomes-and-mitosis

To compensate for this, one of each pair of X-chromosomes is silenced [19]. Many humans have multiple L and M genes - we are ... Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5(9):701-8. doi: 10.1038/nrn1494. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] ... X-chromosome inactivation. Curr Biol. 1999;9(7):R235-7. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80151-1. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] ... Human photoreceptor topography. J Comp Neurol. 1990;292(4):497-523. doi: 10.1002/cne.902920402. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3447704/

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 Physical and Genetic Mapping of a Human Apical Epithelial Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE3) Isoform to ... Jabs, E. W., Thomas, P. J., Bernstein, M. T., Coss, C., Ferreira, G. C. & Pedersen, P. L., May 1994, In : Human Genetics. 93, 5 ... Chromosome 5p15.3. Brant, S. R., Bernstein, M. T., Wasmuth, J. J., Taylor, E. W., McPherson, J. D., Li, X., Walker, S., ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/michael-t-bernstein

Using this approach, we define a minimally lost region (MLR) on chromosome 18q21, which contains at least two candidate tumour suppressor genes, DPC4 and DCC. (nih.gov)
Characterization of three novel human cadherin genes (CDH7, CDH19, and CDH20) clustered on chromosome 18q22-q23 and with high homology to chicken cadherin-7. (biomedsearch.com)
These novel human genes, CDH7, CDH19, and CDH20, are localized on chromosome 18q22-q23, distal of both the gene CDH2 (18q11) encoding N-cadherin and the locus of the six desmosomal cadherin genes (18q12). (biomedsearch.com)
Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (medlineplus.gov)
Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromosome 18 likely contains 200 to 300 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
The signs and symptoms of distal 18q deletion syndrome are thought to be related to the loss of multiple genes from this part of the long arm of chromosome 18. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers believe that extra copies of some genes on chromosome 18 disrupt the course of normal development, causing the characteristic features of trisomy 18 and the health problems associated with this disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
This is because the X chromosome contains several times the number of genes contained in the Y chromosome. (brighthub.com)
BACs can also be utilized to detect genes or large sequences of interest and then used to map them onto the human chromosome using BAC arrays . (wikipedia.org)
5 In other words, the genes and markers on these chromosomes are not in the same order in the human and chimpanzee. (answersingenesis.org)
Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). (wikipedia.org)
So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. (wikipedia.org)
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 18. (wikipedia.org)
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 1. (wikipedia.org)
The genes coding for two of these cone photoreceptors (L- and M-cones) are carried on the X-chromosome and any malformation of either gene in a female is necessarily expressed in the phenotype of a male offspring who inherits that gene. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
3) The Y chromosome in chimpanzees is smaller than that of humans and only 60% of the genes are similar to those of the y chromosome of humans. (answers.com)
To the extent that genes make you anything in particular, though the role of genetics in human behavior is pretty limited. (scienceblogs.com)
Chromosomes are made up of coiled up stands of DNA, which form genes. (getrevising.co.uk)
The term refers to genes, the basic units of biological heredity, which are contained on the chromosomes, and contain chemical instructions which direct the development and functioning of an individual. (thefreedictionary.com)
Over the years, knowledge of DNA, human genes, what genes do and how they cause or cure diseases has grown exponentially. (slideshare.net)
The human genome is the sum total of all human genes. (slideshare.net)
Human genes are present on long strands of DNA (complex molecules) called chromosomes. (slideshare.net)
These genes produce proteins which in turn carry out a large variety of often complex functions in the human body. (slideshare.net)
1 However, although a case could be made for "aging genes" in nematode worms, 2 knowledge of human aging processes seems to be diverging into more complex, intertwined processes with numerous negative and positive feedback loops. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
According to evolutionarybiologist Robert May, President of Britain's Royal Society, "Weshare half our genes with the banana" (2001), but genes only makeup 2% of human DNA - the answer depends on what proportion of theremaining 98% is the same. (answers.com)
But this study found widespread differences in how genes are regulated (turned on and off) between the two chromosomes in a pair. (ucsd.edu)
Definition A genetic disorder is an illness caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes, especially a condition that is present from before birth. (prezi.com)
X-linked dominant disorders are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome. (prezi.com)
Exceptions to this finding are extremely rare cases in which boys with Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) also inherit an X-linked dominant condition and exhibit symptoms more similar to those of a female in terms of disease severity RECEssIVE X-linked recessive conditions are also caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome. (prezi.com)
Pair-rule genes were identified and named for their role in segmentation in embryos of the long germ insect Drosophila . (biologists.org)
We have investigated the expression of homologs of the Drosophila Pax group III genes paired, gooseberry and gooseberry-neuro in short germ flour beetles and grasshoppers. (biologists.org)
During Drosophila embryogenesis, paired acts as one of several pair-rule genes that define the boundaries of future parasegments and segments, via the regulation of segment polarity genes such as gooseberry, which in turn regulates gooseberry-neuro, a gene expressed later in the developing nervous system. (biologists.org)
Gradients of maternal information act at the top of a genetic hierarchy that involves the sequential activation of the zygotic gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes. (biologists.org)
To better understand segmentation in short germ insects, we have chosen here to focus on homologs of the pair-rule and segment polarity class of segmentation genes in flour beetles and grasshoppers. (biologists.org)
The segment polarity genes that have been most widely studied in other insects are engrailed ( en ) and wingless ( wg ). (biologists.org)
In contrast to segment polarity genes, pair-rule homologues tend to exhibit more divergent patterns. (biologists.org)
Pair-rule genes were also originally defined by their loss-of-function phenotypes in Drosophila , in which regions of the embryonic cuticle are deleted with a two-segment periodicity ( Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, 1980 ). (biologists.org)
Genes Chromosomes and Cancer , 46 (10), 909-913. (elsevier.com)
This gene encodes an abundant chromosomal protein (MeCP2), which acts as a transcriptional repressor by binding to methylated CpG base pairs throughout the genome and silencing other genes. (healthfinder.gov)
This is the first instance of a human disease caused by defects in a protein whose function is to silence other genes. (healthfinder.gov)
They also found some intriguing protein-coding differences between genes on the Neanderthal and modern human Y chromosomes. (heritagedaily.com)
Three of those changes are missense mutations in genes known in humans to produce male-specific minor histocompatibility antigens. (heritagedaily.com)
The researchers speculate that incompatibilities at one or more of these genes might have played a role in driving ancient humans and Neanderthals apart by discouraging interbreeding between them. (heritagedaily.com)
Genes are grouped along rod-like structures called chromosomes. (artscolumbia.org)
This excess genetic material, in the form of additional genes along the 21st chromosome, results in Down syndrome. (artscolumbia.org)
Genes can be the common factor of the qualities of most human-inherited traits. (euvolution.com)
X-linked genes are found on the sex X chromosome. (euvolution.com)
This is because males inherit their X chromosome and all X-linked genes will be inherited from the maternal side. (euvolution.com)
The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases are a diverse group of enzymes encoded by 57 genes ( 4 ). (ispub.com)
However, the limit of congenic strategy is estimated at 1 cM, which corresponds to 2×10 6 base pairs of DNA and ≈50 candidate genes. (ahajournals.org)
It is anticipated that further developments in positional cloning of susceptibility and severity genes in hypertension and its complications will lead to a direct transfer of these discoveries to essential hypertension in humans and will ultimately produce novel targets for local and systemic gene therapy in cardiovascular disease. (ahajournals.org)
Ditto for humans and chimps, both of which have chemically unique proteins and genes. (uncommondescent.com)
Chromosomes will be the structures that carry genes which in change transmit hereditary characteristics from moms and dads to offspring. (prismmagazine.org)
The Y chromosome is tiny, carries few genes, and has now numerous sequence that is repetitive even though the X chromosome is more autosome-like in type and content. (prismmagazine.org)
14)Despite being fairly gene-poor general due to reduced recombination, the X and Y intercourse chromosomes are enriched for genes that relate with development that is sexual. (prismmagazine.org)
The Y chromosome is tiny, carries few genes, and contains numerous repeated sequence, although the X chromosome is more autosome-like in kind and content. (blankbookingagency.com)

BACs are often used to sequence the genome of organisms in genome projects , for example the Human Genome Project . (wikipedia.org)
It was the last completed chromosome, sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project . (wikipedia.org)
The information generated from the Genome Projects will be of the greatest value if it can be converted into functional data, particularly if this increases our understanding of normal gene function and allows strategies to be developed for prevention and treatment of human disease. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Recently Dennis Venema joined with Scot McKnight to publish a book, Adam and the Genome , in which they claim that there never was an original pair of humans like Adam and Eve. (evolutionnews.org)
The human genome, with 3 billion base pairs can store up to 750MB of data. (hackaday.com)
The gene science community has made leaps and bounds in the last two decades since the start of the Human Genome Project and the discovery of techniques to rapidly sequence DNA, but it still has a long way to go. (hackaday.com)
Duplicated chromosome segments suggest that a genome duplication occurred in ray-fin phylogeny, and comparative studies suggest that this event happened deep in the ancestry of teleost fish. (zfin.org)
Despite genome duplication, zebrafish and humans have about the same number of chromosomes, and zebrafish chromosomes are mosaically orthologous to several human chromosomes. (zfin.org)
The human genome contains roughly 23,000 pairs of proteins that code or produce proteins. (slideshare.net)
Kinetochore clustering, frequently observed in yeasts, plays a key role in genome organization and chromosome segregation. (asm.org)
While the data included in this manuscript are specific to chromosome 18, they may serve as a clinically relevant model that can be applied to the rest of the genome. (elsevier.com)
Credit: National Human Genome Research Institute. (ucsd.edu)
Relative gene locations are derived from the Database of Genomic Variants, human genome build 36 (hg18). (nih.gov)
How to talk about genome editing Starr, Sandy 2018-04-25 00:00:00 Abstract Background Human genome editing is an area of growing prominence, with many potential therapeutic applications. (deepdyve.com)
Human genome editing has many potential therapeutic applications1,2 and is anticipated to be among the most important areas of biomedical innovation in the next 5 years,3 to say nothing of the longer-term. (deepdyve.com)
At present, in the UK and in many other jurisdictions, the only permitted clinical applications of human genome editing are somatic-they involve changes to the genome that will not be inherited by the next generation. (deepdyve.com)
The Xenopus tropicalis species was introduced more recently to laboratories, due to its smaller size and faster generation time than its close relative Xenopus laevis , but above all for its diploid genome (made up of 10 pairs of chromosomes). (mnhn.fr)
Indeed, its entire genome was sequenced in 2010 and has enabled the development of genetic approaches which were more difficult with Xenopus laevis , whose genome is allotetraploid (made up of 18 pairs of chromosomes). (mnhn.fr)
The Y chromosome was the main component remaining to be analyzed from the Neanderthal genome, the researchers say. (heritagedaily.com)
We describe a novel probabilistic mixture model, MixClone, for inferring the cellular prevalences of subclonal populations directly from whole genome sequencing of paired normal-tumor samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, two genome-wide searches carried out in 20 Cantonese-speaking families from the Guangdong province and 18 families from the Hunan province in southern China provided support for susceptibility loci on chromosome 4p15.1-q12 and 3p21.31-21.2, respectively ( 11 , 12 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Recently, Pa has been shown to have a nematode vector that can also infect insects, like its sister species the insect pathogen P. luminescens (Pl). To understand the relationship between pathogenicity to insects and humans in Photorhabdus we have sequenced the complete genome of Pa strain ATCC43949 from North America. (springer.com)
We found that the human pathogen Pa had a smaller genome (5,064,808 bp) than that of the insect pathogen Pl (5,688,987 bp) but that each pathogen carries approximately one megabase of DNA that is unique to each strain. (springer.com)
It has been known for many years that each of these 61 tRNAs has multiple copies spread throughout the genome that is found in the human nucleus. (news-medical.net)
In addition to the 61 tRNAs that are found in the human nuclear genome, 22 more tRNAs are encoded in the genome of the cellular organelle known as the mitochondrion: the mitochondrion, originally a bacterium itself, uses these 22 tRNAs to make proteins out of the just-over-a-dozen mRNAs that are encoded in its genome. (news-medical.net)
But, how many tRNAs are actually encoded by the human genome and could be potentially involved in amino acid translation and other processes? (news-medical.net)
The team searched the 3 billion base pairs of the human genome for DNA sequences that resembled the 530 known nuclear and mitochondrial tRNAs. (news-medical.net)

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). (wikipedia.org)
Human Molecular Genetics. (wikipedia.org)
American Journal of Human Genetics, 83(6): 725-36. (isogg.org)
available by subscription) European Journal of Human Genetics, 13:1293-1302. (isogg.org)
American Journal of Human Genetics, 82(1):236-250. (isogg.org)
Human genetics , 137 (11-12), 961-970. (elsevier.com)
American Journal of Human Genetics, 68:173-190, 2001. (isogg.org)
American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:281-302, 2003. (isogg.org)
Researchers reporting in the American Journal of Human Genetics , published by Cell Press, have completed the first in-depth genetic analysis of a Neanderthal Y chromosome. (heritagedaily.com)
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. (euvolution.com)
Study of human genetics can be useful as it can answer questions about human nature, understand the diseases and development of effective disease treatment, and understand genetics of human life. (euvolution.com)
Gender and Genetics: Humans are created with 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. (prismmagazine.org)

One of the sequences (CDH7L1, HGMW-approved gene symbol CDH7) is so similar to chicken cadherin-7 gene that we consider it to be the human orthologue. (biomedsearch.com)
The human organism contains threadlike, gene-bearing chromosomes, twenty three pairs of them. (brighthub.com)
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 18. (wikipedia.org)
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 1. (wikipedia.org)
The human leukocyte antigen gene for β2-microglobulin is found at chromosome 15. (wikipedia.org)
Gene expression from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones has been demonstrated to facilitate physiologically relevant levels compared to viral and nonviral cDNA vectors. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
2010. Chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content. (answers.com)
Gene maps showed that blocks of conserved syntenies between zebrafish and humans were large, but gene orders were frequently inverted and transposed. (zfin.org)
Consideration of duplicate chromosome segments shows that at least 20% of duplicated gene pairs may be retained from this event. (zfin.org)
A gene map of Chromosome 18. (thefreedictionary.com)
There is a race going on to lower the cost human gene sequencing to a level of a comprehensive battery of blood tests. (slideshare.net)
Gene sequencing allows scientists to map a chromosome. (slideshare.net)
In 2009, we described the first generation of the chromosome 18 gene dosage maps. (elsevier.com)
Our Gene Dosage Map 2.0 has expanded from the gene and phenotype maps to also include a pair of maps specific to hemizygosity and suprazygosity. (elsevier.com)
Two of these studies, led by researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and Ludwig Cancer Research, address the differences between chromosome pairs (one inherited from mom, the other from dad) and how chromosome folding influences gene expression. (ucsd.edu)
Then they used molecular tools to examine how the structure of the cells' chromosomes changed and how that change is associated with gene activity. (ucsd.edu)
Allele loss involving chromosome arm 3p is one of the most frequent and earliest known genetic events in lung cancer pathogenesis and may affect several potential tumor suppressor gene regions. (aacrjournals.org)
There are estimated to be over 4000 human diseases caused by single gene defects. (prezi.com)
Types Multiple gene disorder Depending on which type of chromosome is afected, they can be classified in Autosomal Sexual When the disease is related onto a no sexual chromosome Dominant Recesive Only one mutated copy of the gene will be necessary for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant disorder. (prezi.com)
This was the case with recent research at the UK's Francis Crick Institute where the genomes of human embryos were-for the first time-edited to study the function of a gene during the first few days of development.4 The only alternative to using surplus embryos from fertility treatment is to create embryos specifically for research. (deepdyve.com)
High-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) analysis of tumor DNA revealed a 1.5 Mb chromosome deletion encompassing the WTX gene at Xq11. (elsevier.com)
Evidence for a gene influencing blood pressure on chromosome 17. (semanticscholar.org)
Tau is a candidate gene for chromosome 17 frontotemporal dementia. (semanticscholar.org)
Olfactory receptor gene cluster on human chromosome 17: possible duplication of an ancestral receptor repertoire. (semanticscholar.org)
It's usually caused by a mutation of the MECP2 gene on the x chromosome. (healthfinder.gov)
In October of 1999, the discovery of genetic mutations in the gene MECP2 on the X chromosome (Xq28) revealed significant insight into the cause of Rett syndrome. (healthfinder.gov)
The functional nature of the mutations we found suggests to us that the Y chromosome may have played a role in barriers to gene flow," Bustamante says. (heritagedaily.com)
Autosomal traits are associated with a single gene on an autosome (non-sex chromosome)they are called "dominant" because a single copyinherited from either parentis enough to cause this trait to appear. (euvolution.com)
The trait or gene will be located on a non-sex chromosome. (euvolution.com)
Y-linked inheritance occurs when a gene, trait, or disorder is transferred through the Y chromosome. (euvolution.com)
Recently, we also reported an association between risk of NPC and the polymorphisms in the promoter of palate, lung and nasal epithelial clone ( PLUNC ) gene, which codes a protein that may function in the innate immune response in regions of mouth and nose ( 18 ). (aacrjournals.org)

Chronic arthritis in two children with partial deletion of chromosome 18. (biomedsearch.com)
We describe 2 children with a partial deletion of chromosome 18 and chronic arthritis. (biomedsearch.com)
Distal 18q deletion syndrome occurs when a piece of the long (q) arm of chromosome 18 is missing. (medlineplus.gov)
The term "distal" means that the missing piece (deletion) occurs near one end of the chromosome arm. (medlineplus.gov)
The deletion that causes distal 18q deletion syndrome can occur anywhere between a region called 18q21 and the end of the chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
The term "proximal" means that in this disorder the deletion occurs near the center of the chromosome, in an area between regions called 18q11.2 and 18q21.2. (medlineplus.gov)
The goal of these annotated genetic maps is to provide clinicians with a tool to appreciate the potential clinical impact of a chromosome 18 deletion or duplication. (elsevier.com)
Interestingly, unlike most tumors with acquired chromosomal translocations, where a new fusion oncogene or promoter-oncogene fusion is created and drives tumor growth, the t(X;18) in this tumor appears to drive tumorigenesis via deletion of a tumor suppressor. (elsevier.com)
or one arm or part of one arm of a single chromosome may be missing (deletion). (britannica.com)
How can my babies health be affected with deletion chromosome 2? (healthtap.com)
Is chromosome deletion a probable cause of cerebral palsy? (healthtap.com)
My daughter has deletion 22q chromosome syndrome. (healthtap.com)
Can dental x-rays without precaution cause chromosome deletion to the baby? (healthtap.com)
My 3 year old son has 47 chomosome with a deletion in the chromosome 7 nobody knows the cause for severe anemia and hypoproteinemia. (healthtap.com)

One might read this to mean "homologous sets" (ie: sets of homologous chromosomes), or homologous "sets of (non-homologous) chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the number of homologous sets of chromosomes in humans is 23 if one considers a "set" to be one pair of homologous chromosomes, or it could be 2 if one considers a "set" to be the collective number of non-homologous chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Ploidy therefore refers to the number of sets of non-homologous chromosomes, not homologous chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Perhaps a more accurate definition would be something like, "Number of homologous sets of non-homologous chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
trisomy The condition of a nucleus, cell, or organism in which one of the pairs of homologous chromosomes has gained an additional chromosome, resulting in a chromosome number of 2 n + 1 (see aneuploid ). (encyclopedia.com)

Chromosome deletions are the most common genetic events observed in cancer. (nih.gov)
We evaluated chromosome 18q allelic loss, a genetic event associated with tumor progression, as a prognostic marker for this disease. (nih.gov)
A review by Gagneux and Varki 2 described a list of genetic differences between humans and the great apes. (answersingenesis.org)
The family of genetic conditions known as "trisomies" happen when certain cells have three, rather then two, chromosomes . (wisegeek.com)
Trisomy is a genetic condition in which cells have an extra chromosome. (wisegeek.com)
Likewise, the output of genetic variants of human disease uncovered by the International HapMap Project [ 1 ] requires effective tools to accurately translate this growing knowledge to model systems for functional studies. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Klinefelter's syndrome is a genetic disorder in which there is at least one extra x chromosome to a normal human male karyotype, for a total of 47 chromosomes. (healthtap.com)
It is a genetic disorder in which there is an extrax chromosome for a total of 47 chromosomes, and happens in 1in500to1in1000live male births it causes hypogonadism (decrease testosterone ), less muscular body, less facial and body hair , broader hips and teenagers10% have gynecomastia (large breasts), weaker bones and low energy the genetic variation is not reversible.With ivf technology10%successful preg. (healthtap.com)
Newer research has suggested that there is approximately 96% genetic similarity between Humans and chimpanzees overall. (answers.com)
Genetic differences between humans and great apes. (answers.com)
A review by Gagneux and Varki2 described a list of genetic differences between humans and the great apes. (sciforums.com)
the manner in which the arrangement of nucleotides in the polynucleotide chain of a chromosome governs the transmission of genetic information to proteins, i.e. determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain making up each protein synthesized by the cell. (thefreedictionary.com)
In most cases, Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p is the result of a spontaneous (de novo) genetic change (mutation) early in embryonic development that occurs for unknown reasons (sporadic). (rarediseases.org)
The knowledge of genetic variants shaping human placental transcriptome is limited and they are not cataloged in the Genotype-Tissue Expression project. (frontiersin.org)
In summary, the study emphasizes the role of genetic variation in driving the transcriptome profile of the human placenta and the importance to explore further its functional implications. (frontiersin.org)
Human karyotype Genetic diseases composed of? (prezi.com)
Central dogma of molecular Duplication Transcription Translation Human Karyotype Genetic Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions. (prezi.com)
One consisted of 14 fertility sector patients and practitioners, and one consisted of 18 people affected by-or caring for someone affected by-genetic disease or rare disease. (deepdyve.com)
No loss of genetic material was detected on chromosome 18. (elsevier.com)
The findings offer new insights into the relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans and some of the genetic factors that might have kept the two lineages apart. (heritagedaily.com)
All of these cells contain a center, called a nucleus, in which genetic code of each human being is stored. (artscolumbia.org)
How accurate is the new test (genomics-based non-invasive prenatal testing (gNIPT)) for detecting abnormal chromosome number in an unborn baby's genetic material (DNA) found in the mother's blood? (cochrane.org)
Abnormal numbers of chromosomes can cause genetic disorders for which there are no cures. (cochrane.org)
Both early work on 'classical markers' using principal components analysis and more recent studies using the Y chromosome have shown that in Europe, genetic variation is distributed along a southeast-northwest gradient. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Several laboratories focused their attention on rat models of genetic hypertension, which can be considered as a reductionist paradigm for human disease. (ahajournals.org)
Despite very significant recent progress in genomic and statistical tools, the genetic dissection of human essential hypertension still provides a major challenge. (ahajournals.org)

Edwards syndrome impacts the 18th chromosome, and Patau's syndrome concerns the 13th. (wisegeek.com)
Three copies of the 18th chromosome give you Trisomy-18, also called Edwards Syndrome. (danielwillingham.com)
Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p is a very rare chromosomal disorder in which the short arm of the 18th chromosome (18p) appears four times (tetrasomy) rather than twice in cells of the body. (rarediseases.org)
Of The long arm of the 18th chromosome is missing. (healthtap.com)

trisomy 13 syndrome holoprosencephaly due to an extra chromosome 13, in which central nervous system defects are associated with mental retardation, cleft lip and palate, polydactyly (extra fingers or toes), and dermal pattern anomalies, as well as abnormalities of the heart, viscera, and genitalia. (thefreedictionary.com)
In addition, children and adults with Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p often exhibit moderate to severe mental retardation, limitations in speech, and/or behavioral abnormalities. (rarediseases.org)
Most infants with Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p have abnormalities of the head and facial (craniofacial) area. (rarediseases.org)
Individuals with Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p often have several skeletal abnormalities. (rarediseases.org)
In many infants with trisomy 18 syndrome, other physical abnormalities may also be present, such as undescended testes in affected males (cryptorchidism), malformations of the hands and feet, additional skeletal defects, and structural abnormalities of the heart (congenital heart defects). (rarediseases.org)
Hypomethylation of satellite DNA appears to promote a high decondensation that leads to cytogenetic abnormalities preferentially involving the heterochromatin of chromosomes 1 (1qh), 16 (16qh) and, to a lesser extent, 9 (9qh). (biologists.org)
Trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are other numerical abnormalities seen in human populations, albeit at greatly reduced rates compared with Down syndrome. (britannica.com)
Structural abnormalities of the autosomes also occur, including translocations of large pieces of chromosomes as well as smaller deletions, insertions, or rearrangements. (britannica.com)
Down's Syndrome, it is one of the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormalities found in humans effecting people of all ages, races and economic levels. (artscolumbia.org)
Could be myelodysplastic syndrome with fanconi's anemia , or one of several other aberrations that may arise from chromosome 7 abnormalities. (healthtap.com)
I have been told my son has an abnormalities in the brain and delition of chromosome 2, what does it mean? (healthtap.com)

In some cases, the extra copy of chromosome 18 is present in only some of the body's cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Edwards' syndrome is caused by an extra (third) copy of chromosome 18. (healthofchildren.com)

Of the 46 chromosomes in each human cell except sperm and egg cells (which have only half that number), 44 are non-sex chromosomes or "autosomes. (brighthub.com)
Humans have two copies of chromosome 1, as they do with all of the autosomes , which are the non- sex chromosomes . (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomes occur in pairs and a normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Most normal human somatic cells contain a diploid (2N) set of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and a pair of sex chromosomes. (thermofisher.com)

The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. (wikipedia.org)
Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup. (wikipedia.org)
1. the location of mutations along the length of a chromosome, as determined by recombination experiments. (thefreedictionary.com)
Y linked Y-linked disorders are caused by mutations on the Y chromosome. (prezi.com)
Curiously, most cancers (mutations) and disease that plague us today are found on Chromosome 9. (godlikeproductions.com)
Y-chromosome DNA testing is especially helpful because the male Y-chromosome is handed down, father to son, unchanged through the generations, except for rare mutations which, in themselves, can be helpful indicators of branching. (familytreedna.com)
The researchers say additional research is required to confirm the role of those Y-chromosome mutations in discouraging the formation of a hybrid Neanderthal and human species. (heritagedaily.com)
It has also been shown that in cancers lacking p53 mutations, the p53 function is abolished or attenuated by other mechanisms, such as the overexpressed human homologue of the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) protein ( 22 ). (aacrjournals.org)
21 ] described several new SNP mutations downstream of R-M269 that show strong geographical structuring in a much larger sample of 2043 R-M269 chromosomes. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Likewise some females may also be created 46XY due to mutations into the Y chromosome. (prismmagazine.org)
Likewise some females will also be born 46XY due to mutations when you look at the Y chromosome. (blankbookingagency.com)

Trisomies can happen on any one of the human body's 23 chromosomes, and are usually named by number according to the chromosome to which they're attached. (wisegeek.com)
Some conditions, known as full trisomies, impact nearly every chromosome, while so-called " mosaic " conditions affect just a smattering. (wisegeek.com)
Trisomies are typically numbered according to the location of the extra chromosome in relation to the 23 present in the chain. (wisegeek.com)
Full trisomies occur when every cell in the body has an extra chromosome. (wisegeek.com)
Trisomies can and do occur on any chromosome other then 21, 18, or 13, but they rarely result in live births. (wisegeek.com)
In mosaic trisomies, only some cells contain the extra chromosome. (wisegeek.com)
People with partial trisomies have just part of the extra chromosome in their cells. (wisegeek.com)
Ninety-five percent of the children are full trisomies, 2 percent are due to translocations, where only part of an extra chromosome is present (this may be hereditary), while 3 percent are mosaic trisomies, where the extra chromosome is present in some but not all of the cells. (healthofchildren.com)
The additional member can join any of the normal homologous pairs, although most human trisomies involve the small chromosomes, such as those in the E or G group or the sex chromosomes. (thefreedictionary.com)
Genomics-based non-invasive prenatal testing methods appear to be sensitive and highly specific for detection of fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 in high- risk populations. (cochrane.org)
Common types of aneuploidy are monosomy (the loss of one chromosome) of the X chromosome in females-Turner syndrome (45, X)-and some trisomies, three copies of a given chromosome in a diploid cell. (thermofisher.com)
Other chromosome imbalances include trisomies of chromosomes 13 (Patau syndrome), 18 (Edwards syndrome), and 21 (Down syndrome), as with the presence of extra sex chromosomes, such as in Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) and Triplo-X syndrome (47, XXX). (thermofisher.com)

Chromosome 18 spans about 78 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 2.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Chimpanzees and other apes have about 23 kilobases (a kilobase is 1,000 base pairs of DNA) of repeats. (answersingenesis.org)
1000 base pairs long. (answersingenesis.org)
Surprisingly, the indels added an additional 3.4 % of base pairs that were different. (answersingenesis.org)
Chromosome 1 spans about 249 million nucleotide base pairs , which are the basic units of information for DNA . (wikipedia.org)
Chromosome 15 spans about 101 million base pairs (the building material of DNA ) and represents between 3% and 3.5% of the total DNA in cells . (wikipedia.org)
2. the sequence of base pairs along the DNA of a chromosome, a technique being applied to humans. (thefreedictionary.com)

The illustration below shows a photograph of the human chromosomes when viewed with a microscope (this is called a karyotype). (familytreedna.com)
The visual display of the chromosomes is known as a karyotype. (artscolumbia.org)

Amon, the Kathleen and Curtis Marble Professor in Cancer Research and a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, was honored for her work in determining the consequences of aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome number that results from mis-segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (mit.edu)
Early efforts at gradual cooling wrecked the spindles of mouse, hamster, and rabbit eggs, leading to the wrong number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). (plos.org)

Three copies of the 21st chromosome is Trisomy-21, also called Downs Syndrome. (danielwillingham.com)
Because 95 percent of all cases of Down syndrome occur because there are three copies of the 21st chromosome, it is often referred to as "trisomy 21. (artscolumbia.org)

A series of observations revealed a diverse group of proteins that contribute to the process of kinetochore clustering to ensure proper chromosome segregation. (asm.org)
It is important that this process occurs otherwise a woman would produce twice the amount of normal X chromosome proteins. (euvolution.com)

The most common mutation affects the 21st chromosome, and is usually diagnosed as Down syndrome. (wisegeek.com)
Trisomy 21 , also called Down syndrome, is the most common mutation and happens when there are three chromosomes in the 21st location. (wisegeek.com)
Edwards syndrome, or Trisomy 18 , is the second most common chromosomal mutation. (wisegeek.com)
Patau syndrome is a result of an extra chromosome in the 13th location, and is also known as Trisomy 13. (wisegeek.com)
Edwards' syndrome is associated with the presence of a third copy of chromosome number 18. (healthofchildren.com)
In the case of Edwards' syndrome, the child inherits three (trisomy), rather than two, copies of chromosome 18. (healthofchildren.com)
Edwards' syndrome is also referred to as trisomy 18, trisomy E, and trisomy 16-18. (healthofchildren.com)
Presence of more than one x chromosome with one y chromosome is klinefelter syndrome. (healthtap.com)
Klinefelter syndrome occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra X chromosomes. (healthtap.com)
trisomy 8 syndrome a syndrome associated with an extra chromosome 8, usually mosaic (trisomy 8/normal), characterized by mild to severe mental retardation, prominent forehead, deep-set eyes, thick lips, prominent ears, and camptodactyly (abnormally flexed fingers). (thefreedictionary.com)
trisomy 22 syndrome a syndrome due to an extra chromosome 22, characterized typically by mental and growth retardation, undersized head, low-set or malformed ears, small receding mandible, long philtrum on the upper lip, preauricular skin tag or sinus, and congenital heart disease. (thefreedictionary.com)
and Edwards' syndrome, in which there is an extra chromosome 18 ( trisomy 18 ). (encyclopedia.com)
Trisomy 18 syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder in which all or a critical region of chromosome 18 appears three times (trisomy) rather than twice in cells of the body. (rarediseases.org)
Infants with trisomy 18 syndrome may also have a small pelvis with limited movements of the hips, a short breastbone (sternum), kidney malformations, and structural heart (cardiac) defects at birth (congenital). (rarediseases.org)
The symptoms and findings associated with trisomy 18 syndrome may be extremely variable. (rarediseases.org)
However, certain findings before birth (prenatally) and during infancy are considered characteristic of trisomy 18 syndrome. (rarediseases.org)
However, about one third of newborns with trisomy 18 syndrome are born prior to 37 weeks' gestation (premature infant), and approximately one third are born after 42 weeks (postmature infant). (rarediseases.org)
Many infants with trisomy 18 syndrome also have distinctive malformations of the craniofacial region. (rarediseases.org)
Down syndrome has plagued the human race since the beginning of time. (artscolumbia.org)
Instead of the usual 46 chromosomes present in each cell, Lejeune observed 47 in the cells of individuals with Down syndrome. (artscolumbia.org)
It was later determined that an extra partial or complete 21st chromosome results in the characteristics associated with Down syndrome. (artscolumbia.org)
Males with Klinefelter syndrome, who have an extra X chromosome, will also undergo X inactivation to have only one completely active X chromosome. (euvolution.com)
We assessed the accuracy for the screening of Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edward syndrome (trisomy 18), Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), Turner syndrome (45,X), Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), Triple X syndrome (47,XXX) and 47,XYY syndrome. (cochrane.org)
gNIPT seems to be accurate for screening unborn babies (either singletons or twins), especially for detecting Down syndrome, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. (cochrane.org)

As a result, each cell has four copies of the short arm of chromosome 18. (medlineplus.gov)

the presence of an additional (third) chromosome of one type in an otherwise diploid cell (2n +1). (thefreedictionary.com)
a chromosomal aberration characterized by the presence of one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a diploid complement. (thefreedictionary.com)
Diploid cells have a complete set of chromosomes-46 arranged in 23 pairs. (slideserve.com)

A bacterial artificial chromosome ( BAC ) is a DNA construct , based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid ), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria , usually E. coli . (wikipedia.org)
The BAC system (for bacterial artificial chromosome) is based on Escherichia coli and its single-copy plasmid F factor. (pnas.org)

We developed an assay based on the targeted analysis of cell-free DNA for the detection of fetal aneuploidies of chromosomes 21, 18, and 13. (cdc.gov)

Cells normally have two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from each parent. (medlineplus.gov)
In people with tetrasomy 18p, cells have the usual two copies of chromosome 18 plus an isochromosome 18p. (medlineplus.gov)
Partial trisomy 18 occurs when part of the q arm of chromosome 18 becomes attached (translocated) to another chromosome during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or very early in embryonic development. (medlineplus.gov)
[5] It represents about 8% of the total DNA in human cells. (wikipedia.org)
At conception, when cells begin to divide, an extra chromosome may attach to a pair of chromosomes. (wisegeek.com)
This creates cells with 47 chromosomes rather than 46. (wisegeek.com)
Hiw do humans inherit the chromosomes stored in their cells? (getrevising.co.uk)
Her work on understanding how cells control the decisions to divide and the effects of imbalances in chromosome number has helped shape how we think about normal development and disease. (mit.edu)
Most living cells have a defined number of chromosomes. (mit.edu)
Human cells, for example, have 23 pairs of chromosomes. (mit.edu)
However, as cells divide, they can make errors that lead to a gain or loss of chromosomes. (mit.edu)
However, in individuals with Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p, four short arms (18ps) are present in cells of the body rather than the normal two. (rarediseases.org)
In some cases, the chromosomal abnormality may be present in only a percentage of cells, whereas other cells contain the normal chromosomal pair (mosaicism). (rarediseases.org)
Depending on the specific location of the duplicated (trisomic) portion of chromosome 18--as well as the percentage of cells containing the abnormality--symptoms and findings may be extremely variable from case to case. (rarediseases.org)
To duplicate all this information stored in the chromosomes and to make it usefull cells use a process we call central dogma. (prezi.com)
In humans, genomic amplification is exclusively restricted to tumor cells and is a major mechanism for the activation of dominant-acting oncogenes during tumorigenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
The group provided important data to the REP on several cell types, including epigenomes of the normal human placenta, sperm, breast cells, blood cells, fetal and adult brain cells, and skin cells. (ucsf.edu)
The human body is made of cells. (artscolumbia.org)
Chromosomes may be studied by examining blood or tissue cells. (artscolumbia.org)
The spindle apparatus is among the most elegant structures in a cell, quickly self-assembling from microtubules and grabbing and aligning chromosomes so that equal sets separate into the two daughter cells that result from a division. (plos.org)

Here we present a rigorous strategy for mapping and evaluating allelic deletions in sporadic tumours, and apply it to the evaluation of chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. (nih.gov)
Kids with chromosome deletions can have issues that mimic CP and some may suffer the same neurologic injury. (healthtap.com)
Detect duplications or deletions of entire chromosomes within a day, using Ion Reporter Software, at significantly lower cost than karyotyping. (thermofisher.com)

In reality every cell has two sets of chromosomes, so nearly every human cell has 1.5GB of data shoved inside. (hackaday.com)

Exons for a third cDNA sequence were identified in a public-domain human genomic sequence, and the coding sequence was completed by 3' RACE. (biomedsearch.com)
It is capable of maintaining human genomic DNA fragments of greater than 300 kilobase pairs. (pnas.org)
A genomic analysis indicated that NPC1-MELK arose from a complex interchromosomal translocation event involving chromosomes 18, 3, and 9 with 3 rearrangement points, and this was consistent with chromoplexy. (elsevier.com)
Genomic amplification is observed in many, if not all, types of human malignancy and is one of the mechanisms for the activation of dominant-acting oncogenes in tumorigenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
Genomic amplification is commonly observed in many types of human malignancies, including esophageal adenocarcinoma. (aacrjournals.org)
A new discovery suggests that the number of human genomic loci that might be coding for tRNAs is nearly double what is currently known. (news-medical.net)

Results Through homozygosity mapping, we genetically linked the USH phenotype segregating in family PKDF1051 to markers on chromosome 1p36.32-p36.22. (bmj.com)
Using the sequence tagged site-amplification mapping approach, we defined the core-amplified domain by screening 75 normal-tumor paired esophageal samples. (aacrjournals.org)
STS-amplification mapping was applied to the DNA from 75 normal-tumor paired esophageal samples using STS markers in the chromosomal vicinity of the three cloned restriction fragments to define the frequency and extent of amplification. (aacrjournals.org)

Evolutionary scientists believe that one of the human chromosomes has been formed through the fusion of two small chromosomes in the chimp instead of an intrinsic difference resulting from a separate creation. (answersingenesis.org)

The overall estimated hazard ratio for death in patients whose tumor had chromosome 18q allelic loss was 2.83 (P = 0.008) according to univariate analysis. (nih.gov)
In contrast, patients with stage II disease who do not have chromosome 18q allelic loss in their tumor have a survival rate similar to that of patients with stage I disease and may not require additional therapy. (nih.gov)

When the cell divides, the whole chromosomes split in half, and then nucleotides that pair with the half-chain combine with the strand to make two complete copies. (hackaday.com)
10 Mb up to whole chromosomes are commonly associated with human reproductive viability. (thermofisher.com)

89 (18): 8794-8797. (wikipedia.org)

A child can only inherit an X chromosome from its mother, but it can inherit either an X or a Y chromosome from its father. (brighthub.com)
Because females inherit an X chromosome from their fathers, female offspring of affected fathers are never affected. (prezi.com)

In contrast, the published partial sequence of human cadherin-7 is identical to our second cadherin sequence (CDH7L2), for which we propose CDH19 as the new name. (biomedsearch.com)
If only part of the q arm is present in three copies, the physical signs of partial trisomy 18 may be less severe than those typically seen in trisomy 18. (medlineplus.gov)
Partial trisomy occurs when only a part of a chromosome attaches to another. (thefreedictionary.com)

An isochromosome is a chromosome with two identical arms. (medlineplus.gov)
While 18 pairs of chromosomes are 'virtually identical', chromosomes 4, 9 and 12 show evidence of being 'remodeled. (answersingenesis.org)
Are humans and chimpanzees 99 percent genetically identical? (answers.com)
Although 96% of the DNA is similar overall, there are some very significant differences in some chromosomes, where other chromosomes are nearly identical. (answers.com)
Specifically, 18 of the chromosomes of humans are nearly identical to those of chimpanzees, the rest are very different (eg: chromosomes 4, 9, 12, 21, and y). (answers.com)
Chromosome pairs are often thought to be identical, one just a backup for the other. (ucsd.edu)

A 2-Mb YAC/BAC-based physical map of the ovum mutant (Om) locus region on mouse chromosome 11. (biomedsearch.com)
10 ) were the first to map a susceptibility locus to chromosome 6p22 in affected sib pairs collected from southern China, supporting the involvement of the human leukocyte antigens in the pathogenesis of NPC. (aacrjournals.org)

For example, previous studies have demonstrated that chromosome 18q is lost in over 60% of colorectal as well as in other cancers, but the lost region could not be precisely determined. (nih.gov)
Allelic loss of chromosome 18q was assessed in 145 consecutively resected stage II or III colorectal carcinomas. (nih.gov)
The status of chromosome 18q has strong prognostic value in patients with stage II colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
Clonal analysis of human colorectal tumors. (semanticscholar.org)

The establishment of the human methylome during fetal development coincides with early immune development relevant to IgE-mediated allergic sensitization and makes DNA methylation in cord blood a potential early molecular marker of IgE-mediated disease onset. (springer.com)

It is important that pregnant women are given full information on the possible health problems that might arise for babies affected by an additional chromosome. (cochrane.org)

Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. (wikipedia.org)
Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. (wikipedia.org)
Resolving the Placement of Haplogroup I-M223 in the Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree. (isogg.org)

Abstract -Human essential hypertension is a complex, multifactorial, quantitative trait under a polygenic control. (ahajournals.org)

Angelika Amon, an MIT professor of biology, is one of five scientists who will receive a 2019 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, given for transformative advances toward understanding living systems and extending human life. (mit.edu)

Chromosome 3q arm gain linked to immunotherapy response in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. (harvard.edu)
Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
Tetrasomy 18p results from the presence of an abnormal extra chromosome, called an isochromosome 18p, in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Trisomy 18 occurs when each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 18 instead of the usual two copies, causing severe intellectual disability and multiple birth defects that are usually fatal by early childhood. (medlineplus.gov)
This is a hyper-triploid human cell line with a modal chromosome number of 75. (atcc.org)
Normally, each cell in the human body carries 23 pairs of chromosomes. (wisegeek.com)
A normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (wisegeek.com)
A child conceived with such an egg or sperm cell may inherit an incorrect number of chromosomes. (healthofchildren.com)
Klinefelter patients have an extra female X chromosome giving them 47 chromosomes in every cell instead of 46. (healthtap.com)
Each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes, strands of DNA. (danielwillingham.com)
How many chromosomes does a human body cell have? (getrevising.co.uk)
When the gametes of the parents, each containing half the chromosomes of a normal human body cell, fuse together, a cell is formed with a full set of chromosomes, half from each parent. (getrevising.co.uk)
Then the chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and it begins to divide. (getrevising.co.uk)
in humans, the state of a cell containing 47 normal chromosomes. (thefreedictionary.com)
The condition of having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell rather than the normal number of two. (thefreedictionary.com)
In humans the trisomic cell contains 47 chromosomes and is designated 2 n + 1. (thefreedictionary.com)
On the other hand, kinetochores do not cluster at any stage of the cell cycle in most metazoans, where the formation of the metaphase plate aligns all chromosomes on a single plane. (asm.org)
Cell nucleus and chromosomes stained by spectral karyotyping, a technique that allows scientists to visualize all of the human chromosomes by 'painting' each pair of chromosomes in a different fluorescent color. (ucsd.edu)
DNA strands in every cell are tightly wound and folded into chromosomes. (ucsd.edu)
The team found that chromosomes are partitioned into relatively stable structural units known as topologically associating domains (TADs), and that TAD boundaries remain constant in different cell types. (ucsd.edu)
Most small cell lung carcinomas (91%) and squamous cell carcinomas (95%) demonstrated larger 3p segments of allele loss, whereas most (71%) of the adenocarcinomas and preneoplastic/preinvasive lesions had smaller chromosome areas of 3p allele loss. (aacrjournals.org)
All DNA is stored in each cell in structures we call chromosomes. (prezi.com)
Two dozen scientific papers published online simultaneously on Feb. 18, 2015 present the first comprehensive maps and analyses of the epigenomes of a wide array of human cell and tissue types. (ucsf.edu)
It is a chromosomal anomaly in cell development that results in a person being born with forty-seven chromosomes instead of the normal forty-six chromosomes. (artscolumbia.org)
Normally, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. (artscolumbia.org)
Non-disjunction is a faulty cell division that results in an embryo with three number 21 chromosomes instead of two. (artscolumbia.org)
As the embryo develops, the extra chromosome is replicated in every cell of the body. (artscolumbia.org)
But as one cell splits to become 2, and then 2 become 4, and 4 become 8 as the cleavage divisions of the early embryo ensue, spindles form and vanish and reform to properly distribute the chromosomes. (plos.org)

During this study, buccal swab samples were collected from consented father-son paired samples whose biological relationship was confirmed by autosomal STRs using AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit [8]. (thefreelibrary.com)
The designation for each member of the seventeenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. (semanticscholar.org)

Chromosomes are numbered 1-22, and the 23rd pair is composed of the sex chromosomes, X and Y. A person inherits one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent. (healthofchildren.com)

Forty-two studies (65%) enrolled pregnant women with a high chance of having babies with abnormal chromosome number. (cochrane.org)
However, when a gNIPT detects an abnormal chromosome number, then a confirmation using invasive tests (like amniocentesis or CVS) is still needed before pregnancy-related decisions can be made. (cochrane.org)
In addition, in this review most studies enrolled pregnant women with increased chance of having babies with abnormal chromosome number, so our findings do not directly apply to general populations of pregnant women. (cochrane.org)

Males, on the other hand, only have one X chromosome, and if contains the white trait, the eyes of the fly must be white. (brighthub.com)
Most males have one Y and one X chromosome. (healthtap.com)
Because males inherit a Y chromosome from their fathers, every son of an affected father will be affected. (prezi.com)
The present study addresses this lacuna by analyzing 190 Pathan males from Afghanistan using high-resolution Y-chromosome binary markers. (blogspot.com)
Since Y chromosomes can only be found in males, Y linked traits are only passed on from father to son. (euvolution.com)

The Y chromosome will act as a principal inducer of male phenotype and people having four X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (49XXXXY) are phenotypically male. (prismmagazine.org)

The symptoms of Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p may vary from case to case. (rarediseases.org)
Many infants with Chromosome 18, Tetrasomy 18p have a low birthweight, feeding problems, and a tendency to vomit. (rarediseases.org)

Humans are unique among primates with much shorter telomeres only 10 kilobases long. (answersingenesis.org)
2) Chimpanzees and other apes have telomeres about 23 kilobases long, whereas humans are completely unique among primates with much shorter telomeres only 10 kilobases long. (answers.com)

The researchers say that the Neanderthal Y chromosome they sequenced is distinct from any Y chromosome observed in modern humans, suggesting that the lineage in question is to be extinct. (heritagedaily.com)

Having an extra chromosome is called trisomy and an excess (or less) of sexual chromosome is called sex chromosome abnormality (SCA). (cochrane.org)

A region of chromosome that carries information about, and controls, a particular inherited characteristic. (brainscape.com)

This condition is known as mosaic trisomy 18. (medlineplus.gov)

Defining a New Rate Constant for Y-Chromosome SNPs based on Full Sequencing Data. (isogg.org)

We have multiple chromosomes because if the strands get too long they break in the wrong places, so splitting them up makes sure this doesn't happen. (hackaday.com)
These strands are paired, connected side to side along their lengths. (slideshare.net)

I think human people should get more deference than ones from other species, and that is how it generally happens in society. (sciforums.com)
In the absence of the metaphase plate arrangement, kinetochore clustering in yeast species is believed to facilitate timely kinetochore-microtubule interactions to achieve bivalent attachments of chromosomes during metaphase. (asm.org)
Human species has in total 46 chromosomes, which are grouped into 23 pairs, each pair consisting of one chromosome from our mother and one from our father. (prezi.com)

Anatomy66

Organisms8

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes174

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Novel regions of allelic deletion on chromosome 18p in tumors of the lung, brain and breast. (1/992)

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and autoimmune thyroiditis in a boy with a ring chromosome 18: additional evidence of autoimmunity or IDDM gene(s) on chromosome 18. (2/992)

Loss of heterozygosity at 18q21 is indicative of recurrence and therefore poor prognosis in a subset of colorectal cancers. (3/992)

An integrated map of chromosome 18 CAG trinucleotide repeat loci. (4/992)

Detection of t(14;18) carrying cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood from patients affected by non-lymphoid diseases. (5/992)

Asynchronous replication of alleles in genomes carrying an extra autosome. (6/992)

Correlation of bcl-2 rearrangement with clinical characteristics and outcome in indolent follicular lymphoma. (7/992)

Lymphatic vessel hypoplasia in fetuses with Turner syndrome. (8/992)

Chromosomes

Chromosome Mapping

Chromosome Banding

X Chromosome

Chromosome Aberrations

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1

Chromosomes, Human

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Chromosome Segregation

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6

Chromosome Deletion

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21

Chromosomes, Plant

Chromosomes, Fungal

Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22

Chromosome Pairing

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13

Chromosomes, Mammalian

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8

Chromosomes, Human, Y

Chromosome Disorders

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5

Chromosomes, Human, X

Chromosome Painting

Chromosomes, Human, 1-3

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15

Karyotyping

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

Chromosomes, Human, 16-18

Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast

Genetic Linkage

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

Chromosome Breakage

Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Ring Chromosomes

Genetic Markers

Chromosome Inversion

Chromosome Positioning

Chromosomes, Human, 4-5

X Chromosome Inactivation

Centromere

Meiosis

Chromosomes, Insect

Translocation, Genetic

Hybrid Cells

Chromosome Structures

Chromosomes, Human, 19-20

Aneuploidy

Metaphase

Mitosis

Recombination, Genetic

Mutation

Microsatellite Repeats

Lod Score

Pedigree

Crosses, Genetic

Cloning, Molecular

Phenotype

DNA

Alleles

Amino Acid Sequence

Nucleic Acid Hybridization