Chromosomes bacterial. Medical search

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.

The large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group A in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.

One of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The short, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group E in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.

The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.

The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.

Aberrant chromosomes with no ends, i.e., circular.

An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE.

The large, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group B in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 4 and 5.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby, at random, one X CHROMOSOME of the pair is repressed in the somatic cells of females.

The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Structures within the CELL NUCLEUS of insect cells containing DNA.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.

Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.

The short, metacentric human chromosomes, called group F in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 19 and 20.

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).

The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.

The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

Large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.

Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage leading to translocation; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; SEQUENCE DELETION; or other CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE related aberrations.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

An aberration in which an extra chromosome or a chromosomal segment is made.

Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Extra large CHROMOSOMES, each consisting of many identical copies of a chromosome lying next to each other in parallel.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

Examination of CHROMOSOMES to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the CHROMOSOMES, and location of the GENES on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the CELL CYCLE.

The full set of CHROMOSOMES presented as a systematized array of METAPHASE chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single CELL NUCLEUS arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the CENTROMERE. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

Specific loci that show up during KARYOTYPING as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a CHROMATID arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. These sites are associated with an increase in CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY. They are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. Fragile site loci are named by the letters "FRA" followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. FRAXA refers to fragile site A on the X chromosome. It is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME.)

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal sex chromosome constitution (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS), in which there is extra or missing sex chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment).

The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

Genes that are located on the X CHROMOSOME.

Short tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The locations in specific DNA sequences where CHROMOSOME BREAKS have occurred.

Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

In the interphase nucleus, a condensed mass of chromatin representing an inactivated X chromosome. Each X CHROMOSOME, in excess of one, forms sex chromatin (Barr body) in the mammalian nucleus. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, elements such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance in progeny cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.

A characteristic symptom complex.

The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homologous CHROMOSOMES begins.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Genes that are located on the Y CHROMOSOME.

Chromosome regions that are loosely packaged and more accessible to RNA polymerases than HETEROCHROMATIN. These regions also stain differentially in CHROMOSOME BANDING preparations.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.

Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.

A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). It is divided into five stages: leptonema, zygonema, PACHYNEMA, diplonema, and diakinesis.

A characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as SKIN PIGMENTATION in humans. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A method for ordering genetic loci along CHROMOSOMES. The method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with host cells from another species. Following cell fusion, fragments of DNA from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. Molecular probing of DNA obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell DNA.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL; and POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Congenital conditions of atypical sexual development associated with abnormal sex chromosome constitutions including MONOSOMY; TRISOMY; and MOSAICISM.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A sequence-ready BAC clone contig of a 2.2-Mb segment of human chromosome 1q24. (1/4994)

Human chromosomal region 1q24 encodes two cloned disease genes and lies within large genetic inclusion intervals for several disease genes that have yet to be identified. We have constructed a single bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone contig that spans over 2 Mb of 1q24 and consists of 78 clones connected by 100 STSs. The average density of mapped STSs is one of the highest described for a multimegabase region of the human genome. The contig was efficiently constructed by generating STSs from clone ends, followed by library walking. Distance information was added by determining the insert sizes of all clones, and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genes were incorporated to create a partial transcript map of the region, providing candidate genes for local disease loci. The gene order and content of the region provide insight into ancient duplication events that have occurred on proximal 1q. The stage is now set for further elucidation of this interesting region through large-scale sequencing. (+info)

Complete nucleotide sequence of the 27-kilobase virulence related locus (vrl) of Dichelobacter nodosus: evidence for extrachromosomal origin. (2/4994)

The vrl locus is preferentially associated with virulent isolates of the ovine footrot pathogen, Dichelobacter nodosus. The complete nucleotide sequence of this 27.1-kb region has now been determined. The data reveal that the locus has a G+C content much higher than the rest of the D. nodosus chromosome and contains 22 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding products including a putative adenine-specific methylase, two potential DEAH ATP-dependent helicases, and two products with sequence similarity to a bacteriophage resistance system. These ORFs are all in the same orientation, and most are either overlapping or separated by only a few nucleotides, suggesting that they comprise an operon and are translationally coupled. Expression vector studies have led to the identification of proteins that correspond to many of these ORFs. These data, in combination with evidence of insertion of vrl into the 3' end of an ssrA gene, are consistent with the hypothesis that the vrl locus was derived from the insertion of a bacteriophage or plasmid into the D. nodosus genome. (+info)

High throughput direct end sequencing of BAC clones. (3/4994)

Libraries constructed in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors have become the choice for clone sets in high throughput genomic sequencing projects primarily because of their high stability. BAC libraries have been proposed as a source for minimally over-lapping clones for sequencing large genomic regions, and the use of BAC end sequences (i.e. sequences adjoining the insert sites) has been proposed as a primary means for selecting minimally overlapping clones for sequencing large genomic regions. For this strategy to be effective, high throughput methods for BAC end sequencing of all the clones in deep coverage BAC libraries needed to be developed. Here we describe a low cost, efficient, 96 well procedure for BAC end sequencing. These methods allow us to generate BAC end sequences from human and Arabidoposis libraries with an average read length of >450 bases and with a single pass sequencing average accuracy of >98%. Application of BAC end sequences in genomic sequen-cing is discussed. (+info)

Rapid modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes by ET-recombination. (4/4994)

We present a method to modify bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) resident in their host strain. The method is based on homologous recombination by ET-cloning. We have successfully modified BACs at two distinct loci by recombination with a PCR product containing homology arms of 50 nt. The procedure we describe here is rapid, was found to work with high efficiency and should be applicable to any BAC modification desired. (+info)

Natural competence for DNA transformation by Legionella pneumophila and its association with expression of type IV pili. (5/4994)

We have recently described the expression of two pili of different lengths on the surface of Legionella pneumophila (B. J. Stone and Y. Abu Kwaik, Infect. Immun. 66:1768-1775, 1998). Production of long pili requires a functional pilEL locus, encoding a type IV pilin protein. Since type IV pili in Neisseria gonorrhoeae are associated with competence for DNA transformation, we examined the competence of L. pneumophila for DNA transformation under conditions that allowed the expression of type IV pili. We show that L. pneumophila is naturally competent for DNA transformation by isogenic chromosomal DNA and by plasmid DNA containing L. pneumophila DNA. Many different L. pneumophila loci are able to transform L. pneumophila after addition of plasmid DNA, including gspA, ppa, asd, and pilEL. The transformation frequency is reduced when competing DNA containing either L. pneumophila DNA or vector sequences is added to the bacteria, suggesting that uptake-specific sequences may not be involved in DNA uptake. Competence for DNA transformation correlates with expression of the type IV pili, and a pilEL mutant defective in expression of type IV pili is not competent for DNA transformation. Complementation of the mutant for competence is restored by the reintroduction of a cosmid that restores production of type IV pili. Minimal competence is restored to the mutant by introduction of pilEL alone. We conclude that competence for DNA transformation in L. pneumophila is associated with expression of the type IV pilus and results in recombination of L. pneumophila DNA into the chromosome. Since expression of type IV pili also facilitates attachment of L. pneumophila to mammalian cells and protozoa, we designated the type IV pili CAP (for competence- and adherence-associated pili). (+info)

Ferritin mutants of Escherichia coli are iron deficient and growth impaired, and fur mutants are iron deficient. (6/4994)

Escherichia coli contains at least two iron storage proteins, a ferritin (FtnA) and a bacterioferritin (Bfr). To investigate their specific functions, the corresponding genes (ftnA and bfr) were inactivated by replacing the chromosomal ftnA and bfr genes with disrupted derivatives containing antibiotic resistance cassettes in place of internal segments of the corresponding coding regions. Single mutants (ftnA::spc and bfr::kan) and a double mutant (ftnA::spc bfr::kan) were generated and confirmed by Western and Southern blot analyses. The iron contents of the parental strain (W3110) and the bfr mutant increased by 1.5- to 2-fold during the transition from logarithmic to stationary phase in iron-rich media, whereas the iron contents of the ftnA and ftnA bfr mutants remained unchanged. The ftnA and ftnA bfr mutants were growth impaired in iron-deficient media, but this was apparent only after the mutant and parental strains had been precultured in iron-rich media. Surprisingly, ferric iron uptake regulation (fur) mutants also had very low iron contents (2.5-fold less iron than Fur+ strains) despite constitutive expression of the iron acquisition systems. The iron deficiencies of the ftnA and fur mutants were confirmed by Mossbauer spectroscopy, which further showed that the low iron contents of ftnA mutants are due to a lack of magnetically ordered ferric iron clusters likely to correspond to FtnA iron cores. In combination with the fur mutation, ftnA and bfr mutations produced an enhanced sensitivity to hydroperoxides, presumably due to an increase in production of "reactive ferrous iron." It is concluded that FtnA acts as an iron store accommodating up to 50% of the cellular iron during postexponential growth in iron-rich media and providing a source of iron that partially compensates for iron deficiency during iron-restricted growth. In addition to repressing the iron acquisition systems, Fur appears to regulate the demand for iron, probably by controlling the expression of iron-containing proteins. The role of Bfr remains unclear. (+info)

A novel reduced flavin mononucleotide-dependent methanesulfonate sulfonatase encoded by the sulfur-regulated msu operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (7/4994)

When Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown with organosulfur compounds as sulfur sources, it synthesizes a set of proteins whose synthesis is repressed in the presence of sulfate, cysteine, or thiocyanate (so-called sulfate starvation-induced proteins). The gene encoding one of these proteins, PA13, was isolated from a cosmid library of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and sequenced. It encoded a 381-amino-acid protein that was related to several reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2)-dependent monooxygenases, and it was the second in an operon of three genes, which we have named msuEDC. The MsuD protein catalyzed the desulfonation of alkanesulfonates, requiring oxygen and FMNH2 for the reaction, and showed highest activity with methanesulfonate. MsuE was an NADH-dependent flavin mononucleotide (FMN) reductase, which provided reduced FMN for the MsuD enzyme. Expression of the msu operon was analyzed with a transcriptional msuD::xylE fusion and was found to be repressed in the presence of sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, or cysteine and derepressed during growth with methionine or alkanesulfonates. Growth with methanesulfonate required an intact cysB gene, and the msu operon is therefore part of the cys regulon, since sulfite utilization was found to be CysB independent in this species. Measurements of msuD::xylE expression in cysN and cysI genetic backgrounds showed that sulfate, sulfite, and sulfide or cysteine play independent roles in negatively regulating msu expression, and sulfonate utilization therefore appears to be tightly regulated. (+info)

The Bradyrhizobium japonicum nolA gene encodes three functionally distinct proteins. (8/4994)

Examination of nolA revealed that NolA can be uniquely translated from three ATG start codons. Translation from the first ATG (ATG1) predicts a protein (NolA1) having an N-terminal, helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif similar to the DNA-binding domains of the MerR-type regulatory proteins. Translation from ATG2 and ATG3 would give the N-terminally truncated proteins NolA2 and NolA3, respectively, lacking the DNA-binding domain. Consistent with this, immunoblot analyses of Bradyrhizobium japonicum extracts with a polyclonal antiserum to NolA revealed three distinct polypeptides whose molecular weights were consistent with translation of nolA from the three ATG initiation sites. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to produce derivatives of nolA in which ATG start sites were sequentially deleted. Immunoblots revealed a corresponding absence of the polypeptide whose ATG start site was removed. Translational fusions of the nolA mutants to a promoterless lacZ yielded functional fusion proteins in both Escherichia coli and B. japonicum. Expression of NolA is inducible upon addition of extracts from 5-day-old etiolated soybean seedlings but is not inducible by genistein, a known inducer of the B. japonicum nod genes. The expression of both NolA2 and NolA3 requires the presence of NolA1. NolA1 or NolA3 is required for the genotype-specific nodulation of soybean genotype PI 377578. (+info)

F' (F-prime) bacteria are formed by incorrect excision from the chromosome, resulting in F plasmid carrying bacterial sequences ... Bioengineers have created F plasmids that can contain inserted foreign DNA; this is called a bacterial artificial chromosome. ... F+ bacteria possess F factor as a plasmid independent of the bacterial genome. The F plasmid contains only F factor DNA and no ... The episome that harbors the F factor can exist as an independent plasmid or integrate into the bacterial cell's genome. There ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)

... with chromosomes of bacterial size". Plant Biology. 8 (6): 770-777. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924101. PMID 17203433. Fleischmann A, ... "Evolution of genome size and chromosome number in the carnivorous plant genus Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae), with a new estimate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genlisea_tuberosa

P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs) have features of both P1 vectors and Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs). Similar to P1 ... Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are circular DNA molecules, usually about 7kb in length, that are capable of holding ... Yoo EY, Kim S, Kim JY, Kim BD (August 2001). "Construction and characterization of a bacterial artificial chromosome library ... Osoegawa K, de Jong PJ, Frengen E, Ioannou PA (May 2001). "Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC/PAC) libraries ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_library

Human artificial chromosome Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome. ... Bacterial promoters consist of two parts, the '-35' region and the '-10' region (the Pribnow box). These two regions bind the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tac-Promoter

The latter is involved in bacterial wilt and canker of tomato. It's located in the circular chromosome of this kind of ... In terms of the aminoacid sequence (1224 aminoacids), the sbtB gene has the following motifs: The circular chromosome of this ... "Chromosome: 2,851,656-2,855,336 - Region in detail - Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB 382". Ensembl Genomes ... molecular investigation of gram-positive bacterial plant pathogens". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 49: 445-64. doi:10.1146/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SbtB_protein

1973) Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:3240-3244. Paul Berg (1980 ... Nobel lecture 1980: Dissections and reconstructions of genes and chromosomes. Nobel Lectures: Chemistry 1971-1980, World ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_E._Mertz

... the whole bacterial population can quickly adapt to the antibiotic. Prophages can loop out of bacterial chromosomes to produce ... Prophages are genomes of bacteriophages (a type of virus) that are inserted into bacterial chromosomes; prophages can then be ... Plasmids were discovered in the 1940s as genetic materials outside of bacterial chromosomes. ... this allows prophages to propagate quickly among the bacterial population, to the harm of the bacterial host. Discovered in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilome

The chromosome and extrachromosomal plasmid of MoPn have been sequenced. Chlamydia muridarum MoPn binds mAbs recognizing ... Chlamydia muridarum is an intracellular bacterial species that at one time belonged to Chlamydia trachomatis. However, C. ... Type strain of Chlamydia muridarum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_muridarum

Artificial chromosomes are manufactured chromosomes in the context of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial ... an organism that transmits disease Human artificial chromosomes Yeast artificial chromosomes Bacterial artificial chromosomes ... Such vectors have bacterial or viral elements which may be transferred to the non-bacterial host organism, however other ... chromosomes (BACs), or human artificial chromosomes (HACs). An artificial chromosome can carry a much larger DNA fragment than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)

Strain B. safensis JPL-MERTA-8-2 is (so far) the only bacterial strain shown to grow noticeably faster in micro-gravity ... This strain displays a GC-content of 46.1% in a circular chromosome of 3.68 Mbp. 3,928 protein-coding sequences were identified ... This gene is conserved among bacterial species. The rate of evolution at the molecular level deduced from gyrB-related gene ... RAST, Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology, is a server that generates bacterial and archaeal genome annotations. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_safensis

Bacterial growth results in production of enterotoxins, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids (pH levels between 2 ... The nhe/hbl/cytK genes are located on the chromosome of the bacteria. Transcription of these genes is controlled by PlcR. These ... Millar, Ian; Gray, David; Kay, Helen (1998). "Bacterial toxins found in foods". In Watson, David H. (ed.). Natural Toxicants in ... Bacillus foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when infected food is not, or inadequately, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus

... s are protein complexes that ensure accurate segregation (partitioning) of plasmids or chromosomes during bacterial ... Margolin, W (Aug 2007). "Bacterial cytoskeleton: not your run-of-the-mill tubulin". Curr. Biol. 17 (16): R633. doi:10.1016/j. ... Segrosomes are usually composed of three basic components- the DNA (plasmid or chromosome) that needs to be segregated into ... Hayes, F; Barillà, D (May 2006). "Assembling the bacterial segrosome". Trends Biochem Sci. 31 (5): 247-50. doi:10.1016/j.tibs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segrosome

... is used in Giemsa banding, commonly called G-banding, to stain chromosomes and often used to create a karyogram ( ... It differentially stains human and bacterial cells purple and pink respectively. It can be used for histopathological diagnosis ... Giemsa stain is also used to visualize chromosomes. This is particularly relevant for detection of Cytomegalovirus infection, ... chromosome map). It can identify chromosomal aberrations such as translocations and rearrangements.[citation needed] It stains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa_stain

The speB and speJ genes are located in the core bacterial chromosome of all strains of S. pyogenes. However, despite its ... There is a lack of consensus over the location of the speG gene, which has been attributed to both the core chromosome and ... Streptococcal cysteine proteinase has roles in immune evasion and apoptosis, as well as potential influence on bacterial ... Brosnahan, A.J.; Schlievert, P.M. (December 2011). "Gram-positive bacterial superantigen outside-in signaling causes toxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrogenic_toxin

During logarithmic growth, two or more copies of any particular region of the chromosome may be present in a bacterial cell, as ... The translocated single-stranded DNA may then be integrated into the bacterial chromosomes by a RecA-dependent process. In Gram ... This process depends on a second homologous chromosome in addition to the damaged chromosome. During logarithmic growth, a DNA ... Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer that depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)

They are encoded by genes within histone cluster 1 located in human cells on chromosome 6. The five further variants are ... Rather than originating from archaeal histones, it probably evolved from a bacterial protein. Unlike core histones featuring a ... inactive chromatin: distribution in human fetal fibroblasts". Chromosome Research. 8 (5): 405-424. doi:10.1023/A:1009262819961 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker_histone_H1_variants

The team has synthesized a 1.08 million base pair chromosome of a modified Mycoplasma mycoides. The synthetic cell is called: ... "First Self-Replicating Synthetic Bacterial Cell". Press Release. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 17 ... The whole assembled genome was transplanted in yeast cells and grown as yeast artificial chromosome. This synthetic cell will ... which will enable them to dissect a genetic instruction set of a bacterial cell and see how it really works. The synthetic life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_genome

When the nucC operon carrying the nucEDC genes is placed in the Escherichia coli chromosome, NucE functions as a holin. ... "Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP1_holin_family

... has 1 bacterial chromosome, 5 chromids, and 1 plasmid.Plasmids and bacteriophages are usually replicated as single replicons, ... For most prokaryotic chromosomes, the replicon is the entire chromosome. One notable exception found comes from archaea, where ... For eukaryotic chromosomes, there are multiple replicons per chromosome. In the case of mitochondria the definition of ... chromosomes are often described as a molecule that is a mixture between a true chromosome and a plasmid and are sometimes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicon_(genetics)

... is a rare disease in humans that can cause life-threatening bacterial infections in children due ... ICAS is a ribosomopathy, due to autosomal dominant mutation of the RPSA gene on chromosome 3p21. Unlike heterotaxy syndrome, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_congenital_asplenia

CD18 is found on chromosome 21 and CD11 is found on chromosome 16. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Lifitegrast, a drug that ... LAD1 is characterized by recurring bacterial infection, delayed (>30 days) separation of umbilical cord, ineffective wound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte_function-associated_antigen_1

... to tetradecanucleotides are useful measures of the bacterial genomic signature. The P. putida KT2440 chromosome is ... Type strain of Pseudomonas putida at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase. ... and of naphthalene contamination on the soil bacterial community". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 54 (1): 21-33. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_putida

Among numerous possibilities, rare diseases may result from bacterial or viral infections, allergies, chromosome disorders, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1945.tb16142.x. Lwoff, A; Audureau, A; Cailleau, R (1947). "Bacterial oxidation of 1-malic acid in the ... Nelson-Rees, Walter (1978). "Lung organ-specific antigens on cells with HeLa marker chromosomes". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 60 (6 ... She published several papers on bacterial metabolism with Lwoff. Leaving France in 1949, Cailleau began work at UC Berkeley in ... Lwoff, A.; Cailleau, R. (1947). "Direct bacterial production of pyruvic acid at the expense of malic acid". Comptes Rendus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relda_Marie_Cailleau

Both enzymes are part of a DNA repair pathway that protects the bacterial chromosome from mutations by the spontaneous ... 2006). The delitto perfetto approach to in vivo site-directed mutagenesis and chromosome rearrangements with synthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis

With this discovery and some mapping of the E. coli chromosome, Lederberg was able to receive his Ph.D. from Yale University in ... bacterial conjugation). He shared the prize with Edward Tatum and George Beadle, who won for their work with genetics. In ... that the bacterium Escherichia coli entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information through bacterial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg

Cosmid/BAC/YAC end sequences use Cosmid/Bacterial artificial chromosome/Yeast artificial chromosome to sequence the genome from ... To get enough chromosome, they need a large number of E. coli culture that 2.5 - 5 litres may be a reasonable amount. Cosmid/ ... Yeast artificial chromosome Venter, J. Craig, Hamilton O. Smith, and Leroy Hood. "A New Cooperative Strategy for Sequencing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_survey_sequence

Chromosome 1 has 2.9 million base pairs (Mbp) and chromosome 2 has 1.3 Mbp, bringing the total genome to 4.2 Mbp. A. fischeri ... The bacterial luciferin-luciferase system is encoded by a set of genes labelled the lux operon. In A. fischeri, five such genes ... Natural bacterial transformation is an adaptation for transferring DNA from one individual cell to another. Natural ... The bacterium is a key research organism for examination of microbial bioluminescence, quorum sensing, and bacterial-animal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliivibrio_fischeri

Technologies for constructing and testing yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), synthetic yeast genomes (Sc2.0), and virus/phage ... bacterial genomes have industrial, agricultural, and medical applications. A complete haploid copy of the human genome consists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Project-Write

They found that the X chromosome had faster divergence and significantly less polymorphism than previously expected. They also ... studied the diversification and epidemiology of endemic bacterial pathogens by using the Borrelia burgdorferi species complex ( ... They discovered previously unknown, large scale fluctuations in both polymorphism and divergence along chromosome arms. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genomics

For a bacterium to bind, take up, and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must enter a special physiological state ... Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the surrounding medium. ... van de Beek, Diederik; de Gans, Jan; Tunkel, Allan R.; Wijdicks, Eelco F.M. (5 January 2006). "Community-Acquired Bacterial ... Type strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._pneumoniae

It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched ... Because it is similar to bacterial amino acid transporters and the mitochondrial import protein Tim17[38] (translocase on the i ... The new cpDNA structures separate, creating daughter cpDNA chromosomes. In addition to the early microscopy experiments, this ... compact genomes and genes of bacterial origin". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 204. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1418-3. PMC 4487195. PMID ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

For example, Down syndrome happens when there are three copies of chromosome #21. (Usually people have 2 of every chromosome.) ... Koba S, Nowak S (February 1976). "[A case of acute bacterial dysentery with cerebrospinal meningitis]" (in Polish). Wiadomości ... When a human is conceived, it gets 23 chromosomes from its mother and 23 from its father. If it does not get the right number ... Most embryos and fetuses with chromosome problems will not live for a long time. They die very early. There are a few ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion

... replication of the chromosome involves about 2 million DNA synthesis reactions for each arm of the chromosome over 40 to 80 min ... The bacterial cell's control system has a hierarchical organization.[16] The signaling and the control subsystem interfaces ... Chromosome replication and cell division only occurs in the stalked cell stage. Its name derives from its crescent shape caused ... The Caulobacter CB15 genome has 4,016,942 base pairs in a single circular chromosome encoding 3,767 genes.[7] The genome ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter_crescentus

"Being Pathogenic, Plastic, and Sexual while Living with a Nearly Minimal Bacterial Genome". PLoS Genet. 3 (5): e75. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_complexity

The chromosomes can be seen in blue. The chromosome that is labeled with green and red spots (upper left) is the one where the ... Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region. FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to ... Then, an interphase or metaphase chromosome preparation is produced. The chromosomes are firmly attached to a substrate, ... Probes that hybridize along an entire chromosome are used to count the number of a certain chromosome, show translocations, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

Bacterial cultures were regarded as Gold standards for detection of MAP. Detection is very limited in fresh tissues, food, and ... The genome of MAP strain K-10 was sequenced in 2005 and found to consist of a single circular chromosome of 4,829,781 base ... Type strain of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase ... Gram-positive bacterial infection: Actinobacteria (primarily A00-A79, 001-041, 080-109) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium_subspecies_paratuberculosis

condensed chromosome. • nuclear chromosome, telomeric region. • nucleus. • nuclear chromatin. • lateral element. • cytosol. • ... RAD51 family members are homologous to the bacterial RecA, Archaeal RadA and yeast Rad51.[5][6] The protein is highly conserved ... nuclear chromosome. • mitochondrial matrix. • nucleolus. • mitochondrion. • perinuclear region of cytoplasm. • chromatin. • ... condensed nuclear chromosome. • macromolecular complex. Biological process. • regulation of protein phosphorylation. • strand ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51

... to chromosome 12p13.2-pter using a dinucleotide repeat". Genomics. 14 (1): 206-7. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(05)80312-X. PMID ... to chromosome 12p12-pter". Genomics. 10 (3): 835-9. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90471-P. PMID 1653763.. ... "Mapping of a human brain voltage-gated calcium channel to human chromosome 12p13-pter". Genomics. 14 (4): 1092-4. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.2

... the cycle has characteristics that are similar to both bacterial and eukaryotic systems. The chromosomes replicate from ... Circular chromosomes, similar translation and transcription to Eukarya. Circular chromosomes, unique translation and ... after the cell's chromosome is replicated and the two daughter chromosomes separate, the cell divides.[154] In the genus ... while archaeal flagella appear to have evolved from bacterial type IV pili.[106] In contrast to the bacterial flagellum, which ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

2005). "Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4". Nature. 434 (7034): 724-31. doi:10.1038/ ... cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin. • positive regulation of interferon-gamma production. • embryonic axis ... Saitoh T, Hirai M, Katoh M (Jun 2001). "Molecular cloning and characterization of human Frizzled-5 gene on chromosome 2q33.3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZD5

The real danger lies that the psyllid can carry a deadly, bacterial tree disease called Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as ... "Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrusspecies: analysis of chromosome 2" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus

The bacterial and fungal cultures found in the fermenting piles were found to vary widely from factory to factory throughout ... This notion has recently been refuted through a systematic chromosome analysis of the species attributed to many East Asian ... Tian, Jianqing; Zhu, Zixiang; Wu, Bing; Wang, Lin; Liu, Xingzhong (2013-08-19). "Bacterial and fungal communities in Pu'er tea ... bacterial, or autooxidation influences. Pu'er flavors can change dramatically over the course of the aging process, resulting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu

One of the exotoxins is encoded on the bacterial chromosome, while the other is encoded on a plasmid. These exotoxins are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritter's_disease

This article on a gene on human chromosome 17 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... It is functionally similar to glycogen debranching enzyme, but is on a different chromosome, processed differently by the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_alpha-glucosidase

Bacteria have one bacterial chromosome.[5] Shape[change , change source]. Bacteria vary widely in size and shape, but in ... Bacterial evolution. Microbiological reviews 51 (2): 221-71. [1] *↑ Holland L. (1990). "Woese, Carl in the forefront of ... Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus, and most have no organelles with membranes around them. Most have a cell wall. They do ... There are about 1:1 bacterial cells as human cells in each of our bodies[2][3]. Some bacteria can cause diseases, but others ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria

Ochman, H; Lawrence, JG; Groisman, EA (18 May 2000). "Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation.". Nature ... "Three-Dimensional Maps of All Chromosomes in Human Male Fibroblast Nuclei and Prometaphase Rosettes". PLoS Biology 3 (5): e157 ... "Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome". Science 351 (6280): aad6253. Bibcode:2016Sci...351.....H. doi:10.1126/ ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ವಂಶವಾಹಿ

Nudler E, Mironov AS (Jan 2004). "The riboswitch control of bacterial metabolism". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 29 (1): 11-7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

The genes for HYAL1-3 are clustered in chromosome 3, while HYAL4-6 are clustered in chromosome 7.[3] HYAL1 and HYAL2 are the ... In addition, bacterial hyaluronate lyases (EC 4.2.2.1) may also be referred to as hyaluronidases, although this is uncommon.[6] ... "Expression analysis of six paralogous human hyaluronidase genes clustered on chromosomes 3p21 and 7q31". Genomics. 60 (3): 356- ... having a function akin to bacterial hyaluronidases.[18] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase

C content of bacterial chromosomes by monitoring fluorescence intensity during DNA denaturation in a capillary tube". Int. J. ... Euzeby, JP (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int. J. Syst. ... Palys, T; Nakamura LK; Cohan FM (1997). "Discovery and classification of ecological diversity in the bacterial world: the role ... Gurtler, V; Mayall BC (2001). "Genomic approaches to typing, taxonomy and evolution of bacterial isolates". Int. J. Syst. Evol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korarchaeota

The human TNF gene (TNFA) was cloned in 1985.[22] It maps to chromosome 6p21.3, spans about 3 kilobases and contains 4 exons. ... other bacterial products, and Interleukin-1 (IL-1). In the skin, mast cells appear to be the predominant source of pre-formed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

... localization to region q13 of chromosome 5". Blood. 82 (5): 1532-7. PMID 8395910. "Entrez Gene: F2R coagulation factor II ( ... "Regulation of neutrophilic inflammation by proteinase-activated receptor 1 during bacterial pulmonary infection". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor

Genes on human chromosome 4. *EC 3.2.1. *Enzymes of known structure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucosidase

... coli unable to synthesize it were commonly used by geneticists before the emergence of genomics to map bacterial chromosomes. ... An agar plate - an example of a bacterial growth medium*: Specifically, it is a streak plate; the orange lines and dots are ... Certain bacterial inhibitors are used for gonococci, and buffered glycerol saline for enteric bacilli. ... YM (yeast extract, malt extract agar) has a low pH, deterring bacterial growth. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_medium

"The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection". Nature Medicine. 12 (6 ... Cathelicidins serve a critical role in mammalian innate immune defense against invasive bacterial infection.[6] The ... Genes on human chromosome 3. *Immune system. *Antimicrobial peptides. *Leukocytes. *Protein families ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin

On beef meat pieces, PEA reduced the bacterial cell count by 90% after incubation of the PEA treated and E. coli contaminated ... is located in the same region of chromosome 7 that has been proposed as a susceptibility locus for ADHD (50). ... Lynnes T, Horne SM, Prüß BM (2014). "ß-Phenylethylamine as a novel nutrient treatment to reduce bacterial contamination due to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

Similar systems exist in other bacterial genera.[117]. Medicine[edit]. Epigenetics has many and varied potential medical ... Methylation of cytosines can also persist from the germ line of one of the parents into the zygote, marking the chromosome as ... In 2008, a consensus definition of the epigenetic trait, "stably heritable phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome ... Specific epigenetic processes include paramutation, bookmarking, imprinting, gene silencing, X chromosome inactivation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

Bacterial colony. *Embryogenesis. *Organogenesis. References[edit]. *^ Becker, Wayne M.; et al. (2008). The world of the cell. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organisms

... he researched the regulation of bacterial gene expression by cyclic AMP. In 1970, he began postdoctoral research in Bishop's ... a half decades include descriptions of the mechanisms by which retroviral DNA is synthesized and integrated into chromosomes;[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Varmus

Recurrent bacterial infections develop by three months. The majority of children with WAS develop at least one autoimmune ... WAS is associated with mutations in a gene on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp11.23) that was originally termed the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskott-Aldrich_syndrome

... chromosome and the pathway of its compaction to the nucleoid state by taking several approaches: (i) by genetically analyzing ... We are investigating the structure of E. coli chromosome and the pathway of its compaction to the nucleoid state by taking ... the overall bacterial behavioral pattern. ...

http://www.jbsdonline.com/hu-nucleoid-structure-and-transcription-profile-p12875.html

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for ... The bacterial artificial chromosomes usual insert size is 150-350 kbp. A similar cloning vector called a PAC has also been ... Domi A, Moss B (September 2002). "Cloning the vaccinia virus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli ... The Big Bad BAC: Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes - a review from the Science Creative Quarterly Empire Genomics (company that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome

... everything you need for studying or teaching Bacterial artificial chromosome. ... Immediately download the Bacterial artificial chromosome summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, ... Bacterial artificial chromosome Summary. Everything you need to understand or teach Bacterial artificial chromosome. ... Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (Bac) Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) involve a cloning system that is derived from a ...

http://www.bookrags.com/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome/

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes, Second Edition expands upon the previous edition with current, detailed methods developed for ... Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes, Second Edition expands upon the previous edition with current, detailed methods developed for ... Authoritative and cutting-edge, Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes, Second Edition seeks to aid scientists in advancing their ... Herpesvirus Mutagenesis Facilitated by Infectious Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (iBACs) Karl E. Robinson, Timothy J. Mahony ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1652-8

Spatial organization of bacterial chromosomes.. Wang X1, Rudner DZ.. Author information. 1. Department of Microbiology and ... Bacterial chromosomes are organized in stereotypical patterns that are faithfully and robustly regenerated in daughter cells. ... The left and right chromosome arms are shown as thick blue and purple lines (or blobs). The chromosome arms are shown with a ... analysis of chromosome organization in a larger and more diverse set of bacteria and a deeper characterization of chromosome ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460798?dopt=Abstract

Alonso J.M., Stepanova A.N. (2014) Arabidopsis Transformation with Large Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes. In: Sanchez-Serrano ... Generation of a high-quality P1 library of Arabidopsis suitable for chromosome walking. Plant J 7:351-358CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Complementation of plant mutants with large genomic DNA fragments by a transformation-competent artificial chromosome vector ...

https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007%2F978-1-62703-580-4_15

Viral Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: Generation, Mutagenesis, and Removal of Mini-F Sequences. B. Karsten Tischer and ... Finally, we review the reconstitution of viruses from BAC vectors and the removal of the bacterial sequences from the virus ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/472537/abs/

A. Domi and B. Moss, "Engineering of a vaccinia virus bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli by bacteriophage λ- ... Viral Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: Generation, Mutagenesis, and Removal of Mini-F Sequences. B. Karsten Tischer and ... 2. Generation of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs). 2.1. Homologous Recombination in Mammalian Cells. One of the most ... A. Domi and B. Moss, "Cloning the vaccinia virus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli and recovery ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/472537/

... Mol Gen Genet. 1996 Nov 27;253(1-2):217- ... The results indicate that the method should be applicable to any non-essential gene in numerous bacterial species. ... Cointegrate formation of the integration vectors with the chromosome of the target strain is selected by antibiotic resistance ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003306/?dopt=Abstract

A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes.. Gong S1, Zheng C, Doughty ML ... and to provide a library of verified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors and transgenic mouse lines that offer ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14586460?dopt=Abstract

In a single step we cloned an infectious cytomegalovirus DNA as a bacterial artificial chromosome in E. coli and reconstituted ... The MCMV genome was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in Escherichia coli and viral progeny were reconstituted ... The mouse cytomegalovirus genome was cloned and maintained as a 230 kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in E. coli. ... Cloning and mutagenesis of a herpesvirus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. Martin Messerle, Irena ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/94/26/14759?ijkey=051bc9eae1c3ebb6c0bceeabbf3332562bbcc133&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Super-Sized Inserts Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) have been developed to hold much larger pieces of DNA than a plasmid ... With such a vector, it is easier to grow sufficient amounts of the herpes virus for research, since it can live in bacterial ... For instance, there are researchers studying the herpes virus who have made a BAC vector that can be cultured in bacterial ... breed healthier farm animals or even process radioactive waste are just a few examples of what Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes ...

https://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-big-bad-bac-bacterial-artificial-chromosomes/

Results: Relative entropy was highest in bacterial chromosomes and had the sequence chromosomes ,GI,phage,plasmid. There was an ... Relative entropy differences in bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, phages and genomic islands. Author(s). Bohlin, J.; Passel, M.W ... The rate at which amelioration of horizontally acquired DNA occurs within the chromosome is likely to account for the small ... We analyzed the differences in information capacity between prokaryotic chromosomes, genomic islands (GI), phages, and plasmids ...

http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/421622

Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome. Sébastien Leclercq, Julien Thézé, ... Here we provide evidence indicating that Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts triggered the evolution of new sex chromosomes in ... Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome ... In many animals, sex determination is controlled by sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are heterozygous in males in XY/XX systems ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/113/52/15036

A program called Oriloc has been developed for the prediction of bacterial replication origins. The method builds on the fact ... Oriloc: prediction of replication boundaries in unannotated bacterial chromosomes Bioinformatics. 2000 Jun;16(6):560-1. doi: ... A program called Oriloc has been developed for the prediction of bacterial replication origins. The method builds on the fact ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10980154/?dopt=Abstract

... was to test the ability of oligonucleotide-based arrays to reproduce the results of focused bacterial artificial chromosome ( ... platform to give high-resolution coverage of regions within the genome sequence coordinates of BAC/P1 artificial chromosome ( ... P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs), or bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), or of polymerase chain reaction products ... Ou, Z., Kang, S., Shaw, C. et al. Bacterial artificial chromosome-emulation oligonucleotide arrays for targeted clinical array- ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/gim200842?error=cookies_not_supported&code=fa3a7603-707e-4216-a6c3-060ae5ac5813

Hans Ris (1914-2004). Genophore, chromosomes and the bacterial origin of chloroplasts ... Ris was very disappointed when his appropriate name for the "bacterial chromosome, the "genophore ", a term he coined, was not ... Even in some marine protists, the dinoflagellates, whose peculiar chromosomes (made of bacterial-like 25 nm-small fibrils that ... The chromatids (half-chromosomes) of the large X chromosomes do not separate from each other in the first meiotic cell division ...

http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1139-67092005000200011&lng=es&nrm=i

This is a central location for all information relating to the Replication of a circular bacterial chromosome cluster. It is ... abc = Replication of a circular bacterial chromosome. cat_check = n. status = 1. underlinked = n. cleanup = y. Workgroup ... pagename = Replication of a circular bacterial chromosome. variant = Article size = 21,698 bytes. Cluster subpages. Required ... Template:Replication of a circular bacterial chromosome/Metadata. From Citizendium, the Citizens Compendium ...

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Template:Replication_of_a_circular_bacterial_chromosome/Metadata

Bacterial artificial chromosomes or BACS are circular DNA molecules which contain a replicon that is based on the F factor. ... A modular, positive selection bacterial artificial chromosome vector with multiple cloning sites. Genomics. 1999 Jun 15;58(3): ... Retrieved from "https://openwetware.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Bacterial_artificial_chromosomes&oldid=111020" ...

https://openwetware.org/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosomes

The structure of the bacterial chromosome can be considered at several different levels. By analogy with protein structure one ... Bacterial Chromosome Oxolinic Acid Bacterial Nucleoid Domain Substructure Torsional Tension These keywords were added by ... coli chromosome. In: Riley M, Drlica K (eds) The bacterial chromosome. ASM Publishing, Washington, DC (in press)Google Scholar ... Pettijohn D (1988) Histone-like proteins and bacterial chromosome structure. J Biol Chem 263: 12793-12796PubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-84150-7_9

... and chromosome segregation. Although bacterial chromosomes are probably highly organized within cells (1-6), the resolution of ... Dynamics of the bacterial SMC complex and SMC-like proteins involved in DNA repair. Chromosome Res. 17, 265-275 (2009). doi: ... High-Resolution Mapping of the Spatial Organization of a Bacterial Chromosome. By Tung B. K. Le, Maxim V. Imakaev, Leonid A. ... High-Resolution Mapping of the Spatial Organization of a Bacterial Chromosome. By Tung B. K. Le, Maxim V. Imakaev, Leonid A. ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6159/731?ijkey=dda2d44d53a84f17c19121fb12f640caa2b728d7&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The origin sequences vary across species, but all bacterial oriCs contain the information necessary to guide assembly of the ... Other crucial sequences of bacterial origin include DNA unwinding element (DUE, which designates the site at which oriC melts ... The origin sequences vary across species, but all bacterial oriCs contain the information necessary to guide assembly of the ... Other crucial sequences of bacterial origin include DNA unwinding element (DUE, which designates the site at which oriC melts ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00735/full

In the majority of bacterial species, faithful chromosome segregation is… ... Proper chromosome segregation during cell division is essential in all domains of life. ... Proper chromosome segregation during cell division is essential in all domains of life. In the majority of bacterial species, ... Additionally, we discuss outstanding questions and challenges in understanding bacterial chromosome segregation. ...

https://www.jic.ac.uk/research-impact/publications/bacterial-chromosome-segregation-by-the-parabs-system/

If you are a society or association member and require assistance with obtaining online access instructions please contact our Journal Customer Services team ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471142301.ns0521s31/pdf

Triticum monococcum bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library D. Lijavetzky, G. Muzzi, T. Wicker, B. Keller, R. Wing, and J ...

http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/BAC-library/BAC_Home.htm

Rapid modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes by ET-recombination. Nucleic Acids Research. 1999;27(6):1555-1557. [PMC ... Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Mutagenesis Using Recombineering. Kumaran Narayanan 1, 2 * and Qingwen Chen 2 ... Modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and preparation of intact BAC DNA for generation of transgenic mice. [ ... Bacterial artificial chromosomes, or BACs, are fertility- (F-) factor-based plasmid vectors that replicate stably in low copy ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3005948/

The Biology and Physics of Bacterial Chromosome Organisation 2018. 4-6 June 2018. Golden Tulip, Leiden, The Netherlands ... Future Events , The Biology and Physics of Bacterial Chromosome Organisation 2018 , Registration ...

http://www.biochemistry.org/Events/tabid/379/View/registration/MeetingNo/SA212/Default.aspx

New approaches and technologies have revolutionized the field of bacterial chromosome biology in the last fifteen years. For ... The Biology and Physics of Bacterial Chromosome Organisation 2018. 4-6 June 2018. Golden Tulip, Leiden, The Netherlands ... between biologists and physicists have generated key discoveries regarding our understanding of bacterial chromosome structure ... physics models allow researchers to tackle questions that go far beyond the traditional biological description of chromosome ...

http://www.biochemistry.org/Events/tabid/379/MeetingNo/SA212/view/Conference/Default.aspx

2000) A bacterial artificial chromosome library for barley (Hordeum vulgare). Theor Appl Genet 101:1093-1099. ... Comparative Sequence Analysis of Colinear Barley and Rice Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes Message Subject (Your Name) has sent ... Comparative Sequence Analysis of Colinear Barley and Rice Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes. Jorge Dubcovsky, Wusirika ... Comparative Sequence Analysis of Colinear Barley and Rice Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes. Jorge Dubcovsky, Wusirika ...

http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/125/3/1342?ijkey=94907ed5d1b9abbee43da462e295c250627817f5&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... has been described as a specific inhibitor of bacterial DNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro1-3, but its mechanism of action on ... Nalidixic acid and bacterial chromosome replication. @article{Crumplin1976NalidixicAA, title={Nalidixic acid and bacterial ... NALIDIXIC acid (NAL) has been described as a specific inhibitor of bacterial DNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro1-3, but its ... chromosome replication}, author={Geoff Crumplin and Jeffrey T. L. Smith}, journal={Nature}, year={1976}, volume={260}, pages={ ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Nalidixic-acid-and-bacterial-chromosome-replication-Crumplin-Smith/36d5feb8ab75df74f4811847043a80b6d3da80ab

BACs can also be utilized to detect genes or large sequences of interest and then used to map them onto the human chromosome using BAC arrays . (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are large F-based plasmid vectors that can accommodate large inserts of DNA. (bookrags.com)
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (Bac) Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) involve a cloning system that is derived from a particular plasmid found in the bacterium Escherichia coli. (bookrags.com)
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes, Second Edition expands upon the previous edition with current, detailed methods developed for working with BACs. (springer.com)
however, this problem could also be overcome by the use of single or low-copy vectors, such as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). (hindawi.com)
Until recently, most clinical applications of array-CGH, other than some cancer studies, have been based on arrays constructed by covalent attachment to glass slides of DNA from whole clones, typically cosmids, P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs), or bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), or of polymerase chain reaction products generated from such clones. (nature.com)
Bacterial artificial chromosomes or BACS are circular DNA molecules which contain a replicon that is based on the F factor. (openwetware.org)
Bacterial artificial chromosomes, or BACs, are fertility- (F-) factor-based plasmid vectors that replicate stably in low copy number [ 2 , 3 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
To test this possibility, transgenic mice were generated with 145- and 207-kb bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that contained the human apoB gene and more extensive 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences. (caltech.edu)
A minimal set of 50 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that covers almost all of the genome of M. microti OV254 was constructed, and individual BACs were compared to the corresponding BACs from M. bovis AF2122/97 and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. (epfl.ch)
Interestingly, large vectors that fulfill these criteria such as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) have been widely used for generation of transgenic mice [ 4 ] but not for production of recombinant proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
In this context the recent demonstration by Dr. Koichi Kawakami and colleagues that the vertebrate transposon system Tol2 can be re-engineered to facilitate integration of BAC DNA into the chromosomes of zebrafish and mice is likely to accelerate the use of BACs in a variety of studies with transgenic animals. (openaccessbooks.com)
This book focuses on the numerous applications of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) in a variety of studies. (openaccessbooks.com)
The large size of the insert DNA in BACs and the ease of engineering mutations in that DNA within the bacterial host, allowed manipulating the BAC-viral DNA of Varicella-Zoster Virus. (openaccessbooks.com)
This study evaluated the individual and combined diagnostic performance of the bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)-on-Beads (BoBs™) assay and conventional karyotyping for the prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnant women who were 35 or more years-old. (biomedcentral.com)
The BACs, with their inserted DNA, are then taken up by bacterial cells. (genome.gov)

Finally, we review the reconstitution of viruses from BAC vectors and the removal of the bacterial sequences from the virus genome during this process. (hindawi.com)
The mouse cytomegalovirus genome was cloned and maintained as a 230 kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in E. coli . (pnas.org)
Here we provide evidence indicating that the genome of Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts was horizontally transferred into a chromosome of the common pillbug Armadillidium vulgare , which resulted in this chromosome evolving as a new female (W) sex chromosome. (pnas.org)
Methods: Custom oligonucleotide (oligo) arrays were designed using the Agilent Technologies platform to give high-resolution coverage of regions within the genome sequence coordinates of BAC/P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) clones that had already been validated for use in previous versions of clone arrays used in clinical practice. (nature.com)
These differences in DNA content indicate that a single chromosome from barley contains more DNA than one complete haploid rice genome. (plantphysiol.org)
The bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) ( 1 ) is now the most widely utilized vector system to construct large-insert genomic libraries for genome analysis. (springer.com)
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries are extremely valuable for the genome-wide genetic dissection of complex organisms. (mdpi.com)
Liu C, Bai C, Guo Y, Liu D, Lu T, Li X, Ma J, Ma Y, Guan W. Construction and Analysis of Siberian Tiger Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Library with Approximately 6.5-Fold Genome Equivalent Coverage. (mdpi.com)
An important outgrowth of the Human Genome Project that has assisted investigators in defining the boundaries of genomic DNA necessary for the complete expression of a particular gene has been the development of artificial chromosomes ( 4 , 50 ). (physiology.org)
Examples : Integration of bacteriophage DNA into host bacterial chromosome Immunoglobulin and T Cell Receptor genes DNA rearrangements via Transposition involves the movement of sequences throughout the genome and has no requirement for sequence homology. (coursehero.com)
Local events such as inversions or the incorporation of genome islands are balanced by global changes in genome organization to minimize PS that may represent one of the leading evolutionary forces driving bacterial genome diversification. (biomedcentral.com)
OU biases are characteristic features of a bacterial genome [ 4 , 11 ], but according to Chargaff's first and second parity rule [ 14 ] the complementary strands are believed to be symmetric. (biomedcentral.com)
However, with more and more complete bacterial genome sequences at hand, the AT and GC composition are meanwhile known to be skewed between leading and lagging strand [ 15 , 16 ] and the extrapolation of the first-order parity rule to higher orders of oligonucleotide composition has yet not been investigated in sufficient depth to draw any valid conclusions. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we describe the cloning of the KHV genome as a stable and infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone that can be used to produce KHV recombinant strains. (pasteur.fr)
A large DNA sequence that is artificially inserted into a bacterial genome for replication or expression. (thefreedictionary.com)
Construction and characterization of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for the A genome of wheat. (thefreedictionary.com)
We have constructed a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library consisting of 33 792 clones and an estimated 3- to 5-fold coverage of the common bean genome. (elsevier.com)
Battistoni F, Bartels D, Kaiser O, Reamon-Buettner SM, Hurek T, Reinhold-Hurek B. Physical map of the Azoarcus sp strain BH72 genome based on a bacterial artificial chromosome library as a platform for genome sequencing and functional analysis. (uni-bielefeld.de)
We have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for bovine use in genome mapping. (wcgalp.org)
We report the cloning of the entire genome of cowpox virus strain Brighton Red (BR) as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in Escherichia coli and the recovery of infectious virus from cloned DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors were first developed to facilitate the propagation and manipulation of large DNA fragments in molecular biology studies for uses such as genome sequencing projects and genetic disease models. (mdpi.com)
Recently the SVV genome was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and BAC-derived SVV displayed similar replication kinetics as wild-type (WT) SVV in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)

Liu YG, Shirano Y, Fukaki H, Yanai Y, Tasaka M, Tabata S, Shibata D (1999) Complementation of plant mutants with large genomic DNA fragments by a transformation-competent artificial chromosome vector accelerates positional cloning. (springer.com)
We analyzed the differences in information capacity between prokaryotic chromosomes, genomic islands (GI), phages, and plasmids. (wur.nl)
Purpose: The goal of this work was to test the ability of oligonucleotide-based arrays to reproduce the results of focused bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based arrays used clinically in comparative genomic hybridization experiments to detect constitutional copy number changes in genomic DNA. (nature.com)
For example, super-resolution microscopy is now being used to visualize previously unresolved structure, genomic tools have enabled the capture of new types of proximity information on a genomic-scale and polymer physics models allow researchers to tackle questions that go far beyond the traditional biological description of chromosome structure. (biochemistry.org)
These results led us to apply information theoretical methods to examine the extent to which information content differed between the genomes of bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, phages and GIs, and whether such differences could be related to distinct genomic properties of bacterial chromosomes and mobile genomic elements. (biomedcentral.com)
Artificial chromosomes, which harbor hundreds of kilobases of genomic DNA, preserve a large sequence landscape containing most, if not all, regulatory elements controlling the expression of a particular gene. (physiology.org)
A metagenomic (community genomic) library consisting of 5,760 bacterial artificial chromosome clones was prepared in Escherichia coli DH10B from DNA extracted from the large-bowel microbiota of BALB/c mice. (asm.org)
To develop the resources for positional cloning and structural genomic analyses in barley, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for the cultivar Morex using the cloning enzyme HindIII. (arizona.edu)
A trend towards minimal PS was observed for almost all complete sequences of bacterial chromosomes and plasmids, however, PS was substantially higher in separate genomic loci and several types of plasmids and phages characterized by long stretches of non-coding DNA and/or asymmetric gene distribution on the two DNA strands. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacterial artificial chromosome libraries have also been used to develop physical maps for genomic regions containing resistance gene analog sequences (Marek and Shoemaker, 1997). (thefreedictionary.com)
Traditional chromosome analyses enable the detection of large genomic alterations, such as triploid, aneusomy, balanced and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements of at least 3-5 Mb in size, and mosaicism [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Cointegrate formation of the integration vectors with the chromosome of the target strain is selected by antibiotic resistance. (nih.gov)
Here we describe a large-scale screen to create an atlas of CNS gene expression at the cellular level, and to provide a library of verified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors and transgenic mouse lines that offer experimental access to CNS regions, cell classes and pathways. (nih.gov)
Gene expression from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones has been demonstrated to facilitate physiologically relevant levels compared to viral and nonviral cDNA vectors. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Burke, D. T., Carle, G. F., and Olson, M. V. (1987) Cloning of large-segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. (springer.com)
Creating BAC clones by inserting DNA fragments into vectors and transferring them into bacterial cells. (yourgenome.org)
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors are especially suitable in the preparation of metagenomic clone libraries because they stably maintain large DNA inserts (greater than 100 kbp) in Escherichia coli ( 3 ). (asm.org)
Generation of stable cell clones for protein production using Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes offers a clear advantage over the use of conventional vectors. (biomedcentral.com)

Colinearity of a large region from barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) chromosome 5H and rice ( Oryza sativa ) chromosome 3 has been demonstrated by mapping of several common restriction fragment-length polymorphism clones on both regions. (plantphysiol.org)
One of these clones, WG644, was hybridized to rice and barley bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries to select homologous clones. (plantphysiol.org)
1992) Continuum of overlapping clones spanning the entire human chromosome 21q. (springer.com)
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones have proven invaluable for genetic manipulation of herpesvirus genomes. (gla.ac.uk)

In Escherichia coli , a single pair of replisomes is responsible for duplicating the entire 4.6 Mbp circular chromosome. (elifesciences.org)
In particular, I was supposed to explain the driving force underlying segregation of a replicating chromosome in Escherichia coli . (asmblog.org)
Escherichia coli cells depleted of the conserved GTPase, ObgE, show early chromosome-partitioning defects and accumulate replicated chromosomes in which the terminus regions are colocalized. (wiley.com)
They find that, in Escherichia coli , the oscillating Min system mediates a novel Brownian ratchet-type mechanism of chromosome segregation, challenging the conventional view that the Min system only functions in mid-cell determination. (dkfz.de)
Chromosome segregation by the Escherichia coli Min system. (dkfz.de)

In recent years, analysis of chromosome organization in a larger and more diverse set of bacteria and a deeper characterization of chromosome dynamics in the original model systems have provided a broader and more complete picture of both chromosome organization and the activities that generate the observed spatial patterns. (nih.gov)
A solution to the problems was the maintenance and modification of virus genomes in bacteria where the accuracy of the bacterial polymerase allows clonal maintenance of viral sequences in E. coli . (hindawi.com)
In contrast to the situation in Eukaryotes, chromosomal replication in bacteria begins at a single site on the chromosome: the origin of replication ( oriC ) ( Leonard and Méchali, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
NALIDIXIC acid (NAL) has been described as a specific inhibitor of bacterial DNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro1-3, but its mechanism of action on susceptible bacteria remains obscure. (semanticscholar.org)
During the replication process of bacteria with circular chromosomes, an odd number of homologous recombination events results in concatenated dimer chromosomes that cannot be partitioned into daughter cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, many bacteria harbor highly conserved chromosome dimer resolution (CDR) machinery to separate the dimer chromosome into two monomer daughter chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Whether bacteria segregate their chromosomes by passive or active mechanisms has been a long-standing debate. (dkfz.de)
A large piece of DNA can be engineered in a fashion that allows it be propagated as a circular artificial chromosome in bacteria--so-called bacterial artificial chromosome, or BAC. (genome.gov)
Because the BAC is much smaller than the endogenous bacterial chromosome, it is straightforward to purify the BAC DNA away from the rest of the bacteria cell's DNA, and thus have the cloned DNA in a purified form. (genome.gov)
In most bacteria two vital processes of the cell cycle: DNA replication and chromosome segregation overlap temporally. (edu.pl)
If plasmids are important for bacteria to express specific genes under stressful conditions, why are these genes not already incorporated into their chromosome to begin with? (stackexchange.com)
Plasmids do have the advantage that they replicate independently of the cells chromosome and that they can be transferred between different bacteria. (stackexchange.com)
Plasmids can also get lost, if they are not needed by the bacteria due to a missing selection pressure, which is also much harder for genes encoded on the chromosome. (stackexchange.com)

Construction, characterization, and preliminary BAC-end sequencing analysis of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of white clover (Trifolium repens L. (aber.ac.uk)
Construction and characterization of a deep-coverage bacterial artificial chromosome library for maize. (thefreedictionary.com)
Vanhouten, W & MacKenzie, S 1999, ' Construction and characterization of a common bean bacterial artificial chromosome library ', Plant molecular biology , vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 977-983. (elsevier.com)
1998) Characterization of a prokaryotic SMC protein involved in chromosome partitioning. (edu.pl)

abstract = "Antibiotics targeting DNA gyrase have been a clinical success story for the past half-century, and the emergence of bacterial resistance has fueled the search for new gyrase inhibitors. (elsevier.com)
Abstract We have constructed three bacterial artificial chromosome BAC libraries of wheat cultivar Triticum aestivum Wangshuibai, germplasms T. monococcum TA2026 and TA2033. (duhnnae.com)

1986) and other features of the structure of bacterial chromosomes as well (Kleppe et al. (springer.com)
We report the use of chromosome conformation capture coupled with deep sequencing (Hi-C) to map the structure of bacterial chromosomes. (sciencemag.org)

As a first step in carrying out detailed analysis of the functions of the HVT genes, a full-length infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of HVT was constructed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Upon successful establishment of the infectious BR clone, we modified the full-length clone such that recombination-mediated excision of bacterial sequences can occur upon transfection in eukaryotic cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Oligonucleotide frequencies were shown to be conserved signatures for bacterial genomes, however, the underlying constraints have yet not been resolved in detail. (biomedcentral.com)
Five of the 155 bacterial chromosomes have anomalously high PS, of which the chromosomes of Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c and Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9313 exhibit extreme PS values suggesting an intermediate unstable state of these two genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Strand symmetry as indicated by minimal PS is a universally conserved feature of complete bacterial genomes that results from the matching mutual compensation of local OU biases on both replichors while OUV is more a taxon specific feature. (biomedcentral.com)
First, we wanted to know whether an association exists between structural features of DNA and the frequency of particular tetranucleotide words in bacterial genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

The BAC allows the application of bacterial mutagenesis procedures including minimal modifications and markerless approaches. (biomedcentral.com)

We provide evidence that domain boundaries are established by highly expressed genes and the formation of plectoneme-free regions, whereas the histone-like protein HU and SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) promote short-range compaction and the colinearity of chromosomal arms, respectively. (sciencemag.org)
With their high-resolution images, Zhuang and team determined that areas with lots of genes ("gene-rich") tend to flock to similar areas on any chromosome. (innovations-report.com)
During the formation of reproductive cells or gametes, sexual reproduction is accompanied by an exchange of genes between the two chromosomes inherited from the parents. (innovations-report.com)
In a gamete, on a given chromosome, there are genes inherited from both the father and mother (see illustration). (innovations-report.com)
This initial shuffling of the genes is followed by a random distribution of chromosomes at the next stage of meiosis. (innovations-report.com)
At one point in the cell's life, its chromosomes become untangled and open up to expose their genes. (encyclopedia.com)

Here we describe the generation of a recombinant clone of RRV strain 17577 (RRV 17577 ) utilizing bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology. (elsevier.com)

Genetic material is most readily exchanged between related genetic elements, [ 5 ] i.e . chromosomes exchange DNA with chromosomes, plasmids with plasmids, and phages with phages. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence we determined strand symmetry and its relationship to oligonucleotide composition in a comprehensive collection of completely sequenced bacterial chromosomes, plasmids and phages. (biomedcentral.com)

A modular, positive selection bacterial artificial chromosome vector with multiple cloning sites. (openwetware.org)
To overcome these chromatin effects, we have employed a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) as expression vector to obtain stable cell lines suitable for protein production. (biomedcentral.com)
In this work, we explore the efficacy of a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome based vector applied to production of the constant region of the human IgG1. (biomedcentral.com)
This self-excision of the bacterial replicon is made possible by a sequence duplication within mini-F sequences and allows recovery of recombinant virus progeny without remaining marker or vector sequences. (biomedcentral.com)

Chromosomes must be highly compacted and organized within cells, but how this is achieved in vivo remains poorly understood. (sciencemag.org)
Collectively, our results reveal general principles for the organization and structure of chromosomes in vivo. (sciencemag.org)
For eukaryotes, chromosome conformation capture coupled with deep sequencing, or Hi-C, has enabled higher-resolution studies of chromosome structure in vivo ( 7 , 8 ). (sciencemag.org)
Here, we report on the use of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) to begin understanding the in vivo regulation of smooth muscle calponin (SM-Calp). (physiology.org)
This discovery, published in the October 18, 2002 issue of Cell, has led to the development of a method, for which a patent application has been made, which henceforth allows scientists to stimulate and "target" in vivo recombination at specific sites on the chromosomes, near one or other gene. (innovations-report.com)

In the 'extrusion-capture' model, replication through an anchored replisome provides the force to move daughter chromosomes to the poles ( Lemon and Grossman, 2001 ). (wiley.com)

Here, we review the various models for the formation of the ParABS complex and describe its role in segregating the origin-proximal region of the chromosome. (jic.ac.uk)
Because there is only one origin of replication on bacterial circular chromosomes, replication generally terminates in a specific region of the chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the analogy with protein structure should not be carried too far, because the three-dimensional structure of the chromosome appears to be dynamic in its organization and its structural fluctuations may go beyond the kinds of statistical perturbations expected in proteins. (springer.com)
Other crucial sequences of bacterial origin include DNA unwinding element (DUE, which designates the site at which oriC melts under the influence of DnaA) and binding sites for additional proteins that positively or negatively regulate the initiation process. (frontiersin.org)
We discuss diversity of bacterial oriC regions with the main focus on roles of individual DNA recognition sequences at oriC in binding the initiator and regulatory proteins as well as the overall impact of these proteins on the formation of initiation complex. (frontiersin.org)
The proteins SeqA, SMC/MukB, MinCDE, MreB/Mbl, RacA, FtsK/SpoIIIE playing different roles in bacterial cells are also involved in chromosome segregation. (edu.pl)
The chromosomally encoded ParAB homologs of active partitioning proteins of low-copy number plasmids are also players, not always indispensable, in the segregation of bacterial chromosomes. (edu.pl)
Today we know that a chromosome contains a single molecule of DNA along with several kinds of proteins. (encyclopedia.com)
Fujiwara, K , Katayama, T & Nomura, SIM 2013, ' Cooperative working of bacterial chromosome replication proteins generated by a reconstituted protein expression system ', Nucleic acids research , vol. 41, no. 14, pp. 7176-7183. (elsevier.com)
About half of the dry mass of a bacterial cell consists of carbon, and also about half of it can be attributed to proteins. (bionity.com)

To do that, cells divide and replicate their DNA, which is wrapped into labyrinthine libraries inside chromatin, the stuff inside chromosomes. (innovations-report.com)
The work Bacterial artificial chromosomes, Volume 1, Library construction, physical mapping, and sequencing represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Oklahoma Libraries . (ou.edu)

Replication of the bacterial chromosome initiates at a single origin of replication that is called oriC . (frontiersin.org)
The parS site is most often located near the origin of replication and is segregated first after chromosome replication. (jic.ac.uk)

There was an association between relative entropy and AT content in chromosomes, phages, plasmids and GIs with the strongest association being in phages. (wur.nl)
Conclusions: We argue that relative entropy differences reflect how plasmids, phages and GIs interact with microbial host chromosomes and that all these biological entities are, or have been, subjected to different selective pressures. (wur.nl)
In this paper we analyzed oligonucleotide usage (OU) biases in a comprehensive collection of 155 completely sequenced bacterial chromosomes, 316 plasmids and 104 phages. (biomedcentral.com)

Cosmid End-sequence profiling Fosmid Human artificial chromosome Yeast artificial chromosome O'Connor M, Peifer M, Bender W (June 1989). (wikipedia.org)

Spatial organization of bacterial chromosomes. (nih.gov)
To study the organization of bacterial chromosomes with high resolution, we used Hi-C on Caulobacter cells (figs. S1 and S2). (sciencemag.org)
Progressive condensation of the chromosome as it emerges from the replisome may provide force or organization of the chromosome to facilitate segregation. (wiley.com)

Split into two chromatids, the chromosomes form homologous pairs, one inherited from the father and the other from the mother. (innovations-report.com)

The final key checkpoint occurs at the end of mitosis, when the cycle stops if chromosomes are not properly attached to the mitotic spindle. (encyclopedia.com)

Using this method, dif sites were identified in 641 organisms among 16 phyla, with a 97.64% identification rate for single-chromosome strains. (biomedcentral.com)

p. 731 , published online 24 October) analyzed the structure of the circular chromosome in the prokaryote Caulobacter crescentus by using chromosome conformation capture and deep-sequencing. (sciencemag.org)

Flashner Y, Gralla J (1988) DNA dynamic flexibility and protein recognition: differential stimulation by bacterial histone-like protein HU. (springer.com)

Liu Y, Mitsukawa N, Vazquez-Tello A, Whittier RF (1995) Generation of a high-quality P1 library of Arabidopsis suitable for chromosome walking. (springer.com)
This animation provides an overview of the techniques involved in making a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library. (yourgenome.org)
We have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of an advanced breeding line of white clover. (aber.ac.uk)
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library of durum wheat. (thefreedictionary.com)
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed and analysed. (uni-bielefeld.de)
do first online Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: Volume 1 Library Construction, Physical Mapping, and Sequencing to the military Workshop quantum car that which is you a national support name! (benevisions.net)
Construction of a bovine bacterial artificial chromosome library. (wcgalp.org)

The results demonstrate that the gyramides prevent bacterial growth by a mechanism in which the topological state of chromosomes is altered and halts DNA replication and segregation. (elsevier.com)

What worried me was the directionality-if I were a small protein sitting on a replicating chromosome, could I tell which DNA segment belongs to which sister DNA? (asmblog.org)
When DNA gyrase is trapped on bacterial chromosomes by quinolone antibacterials, reversible complexes form that contain DNA ends constrained by protein. (semanticscholar.org)
Scientists hope to identify drugs that not only inhibit this protein but also induce errors when cancer cells divide their chromosomes to form new cells. (genengnews.com)
Aussel L, Barre F-X, Aroyo M, Stasiak A, Stasiak AZ, Sherratt D. (2002) FtsK is a DNA motor protein that activates chromosome dimer resolution by switching the catalytic state of the XerC and XerD recombinases. (edu.pl)

In: Gualerzi C, Pon CL (eds) Bacterial chromatin. (springer.com)

c) a three-dimensional picture of, the chromosomal DNA that includes the writhing and supercoiling of the axis of the DNA double helix in the chromosome. (springer.com)
CIDs appeared to be established during or shortly after DNA replication, and could potentially facilitate chromosomal segregation by preventing newly replicated chromosomes from becoming entangled. (sciencemag.org)
In this review, we summarize our current knowledge and understanding of the information encoded in bacterial origins of chromosomal replication, particularly in the context of replication initiation and its regulation. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, testing for fetal chromosomal abnormalities in the cells of amniotic fluid using a combination of chromosome G karyotype analysis and the BoBs™ assay should provide more accurate results [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Repeated binding and unbinding of chromosomal segments to these tethering sites eventually can mediate segregation of sister chromosomes by biasing their random movement toward the poles in a Brownian ratchet-like manner. (dkfz.de)
With their new high-resolution 3D imaging method, the team started to build a chromosomal map from both wide-lens images of all 46 chromosomes and close-ups of one section of one chromosome. (innovations-report.com)

Each pair of chromosomes - one of paternal origin, the other maternal - is positioned independently of the other pairs on the equatorial plate, before migrating to the poles to produce two daughter cells. (innovations-report.com)

The speed at which chromosomes segregate appears to require an active process, but the machinery remains elusive. (wiley.com)

The sequence of dif sites is widely conserved among many bacterial phyla, and they can be computationally identified using our method. (biomedcentral.com)
The dif /XerCD chromosome dimer resolution system seems widely conserved. (biomedcentral.com)
We refined the "Nucleation & caging" model and successfully applied it to the chromosomally encoded Par system of Vibrio cholerae , indicating that this stochastic self‐assembly mechanism is widely conserved from plasmids to chromosomes. (embopress.org)

The entire whole X chromosome, with both chromatids still attached to each other at the kinetochore, stretches along the axis of the spindle fibers, parallel to them. (isciii.es)

Alonso J.M., Stepanova A.N. (2014) Arabidopsis Transformation with Large Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes. (springer.com)

Human Apolipoprotein B Transgenic Mice Generated with 207- and 145-Kilobase Pair Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes. (caltech.edu)
In October, Solexa announced that Company scientists had sequenced a human Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) on an early laboratory prototype instrument. (thefreedictionary.com)
Further, last month we announced the successful resequencing of a human bacterial artificial chromosome , which demonstrates that our reversible-terminator chemistry and Clonal Single-Molecule Array(TM) technology can be applied to resequence human DNA. (thefreedictionary.com)
Nasdaq:SLXA) today announced that its scientists have sequenced a human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), an important milestone demonstrating that Solexa's reversible-terminator chemistry and Clonal Single-Molecule Array(TM) technology can be applied to resequence human DNA. (thefreedictionary.com)
How many chromosomes are in a human gamete? (reference.com)
Researchers at the University of Edinburgh, the Institute Curie in Paris, the U.S. National Cancer Institute, and the Kazusa DNA Institute of Japan tested drug compounds using artificial human chromosomes with in-built fluorescent markers. (genengnews.com)
High-resolution, 3D images of human chromosomes in single cells reveal how DNA structure might influence its function. (innovations-report.com)
In high school textbooks, human chromosomes are pictured as wonky Xs like two hotdogs jammed together. (innovations-report.com)
Last year, before Su graduated with his Ph.D., he and three current Ph.D. candidates in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences-Pu Zheng, Seon Kinrot and Bogdan Bintu-captured high-resolution 3D images of human chromosomes, the complex houses for our DNA. (innovations-report.com)

Anatomy66

Organisms12

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs28

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes170

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

A sequence-ready BAC clone contig of a 2.2-Mb segment of human chromosome 1q24. (1/4994)

Complete nucleotide sequence of the 27-kilobase virulence related locus (vrl) of Dichelobacter nodosus: evidence for extrachromosomal origin. (2/4994)

High throughput direct end sequencing of BAC clones. (3/4994)

Rapid modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes by ET-recombination. (4/4994)

Natural competence for DNA transformation by Legionella pneumophila and its association with expression of type IV pili. (5/4994)

Ferritin mutants of Escherichia coli are iron deficient and growth impaired, and fur mutants are iron deficient. (6/4994)

A novel reduced flavin mononucleotide-dependent methanesulfonate sulfonatase encoded by the sulfur-regulated msu operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (7/4994)

The Bradyrhizobium japonicum nolA gene encodes three functionally distinct proteins. (8/4994)

Chromosomes

Chromosome Mapping

Chromosome Banding

X Chromosome

Chromosome Aberrations

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1

Chromosomes, Human

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Chromosome Segregation

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6

Chromosome Deletion

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21

Chromosomes, Plant

Chromosomes, Fungal

Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22

Chromosome Pairing

Chromosomes, Mammalian

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10

Chromosomes, Human, Y

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

Chromosome Disorders

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial

Chromosomes, Human, X

Chromosomes, Human, 1-3

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12

Chromosome Painting

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15

Karyotyping

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18

Chromosomes, Human, 16-18

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20

Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

Genetic Linkage

Chromosome Breakage

Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y

Ring Chromosomes

Chromosome Inversion

Genetic Markers

Chromosome Positioning

Chromosomes, Human, 4-5

Molecular Sequence Data

X Chromosome Inactivation

Centromere

Base Sequence

Chromosomes, Insect

Translocation, Genetic

Meiosis

Hybrid Cells

Chromosome Structures

Chromosomes, Human, 19-20

Aneuploidy

Metaphase

Mitosis

Recombination, Genetic

Lod Score

Pedigree

Crosses, Genetic

Mutation

Microsatellite Repeats

Phenotype

Alleles

Cloning, Molecular

Trisomy

Nondisjunction, Genetic

Chromosomes, Artificial, Human