Chromosome structures. Medical search

Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

The three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the paired homologous CHROMOSOMES. It is formed during the ZYGOTENE STAGE of the first meiotic division. It is a prerequisite for CROSSING OVER.

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Extra large CHROMOSOMES, each consisting of many identical copies of a chromosome lying next to each other in parallel.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homologous CHROMOSOMES begins.

The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.

The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous CHROMOSOMES by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites (HOLLIDAY JUNCTIONS) that are resolved during CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. Crossing-over typically occurs during MEIOSIS but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial chromosomes, organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear chromosomes.

A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

The large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group A in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.

One of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

The short, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group E in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18.

A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.

The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Aberrant chromosomes with no ends, i.e., circular.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.

An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The large, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group B in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 4 and 5.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby, at random, one X CHROMOSOME of the pair is repressed in the somatic cells of females.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.

Structures within the CELL NUCLEUS of insect cells containing DNA.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.

The short, metacentric human chromosomes, called group F in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 19 and 20.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

Large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.

An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage leading to translocation; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; SEQUENCE DELETION; or other CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE related aberrations.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

An aberration in which an extra chromosome or a chromosomal segment is made.

Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

Examination of CHROMOSOMES to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the CHROMOSOMES, and location of the GENES on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the CELL CYCLE.

The full set of CHROMOSOMES presented as a systematized array of METAPHASE chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single CELL NUCLEUS arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the CENTROMERE. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

Specific loci that show up during KARYOTYPING as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a CHROMATID arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. These sites are associated with an increase in CHROMOSOME FRAGILITY. They are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. Fragile site loci are named by the letters "FRA" followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. FRAXA refers to fragile site A on the X chromosome. It is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME.)

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal sex chromosome constitution (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS), in which there is extra or missing sex chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment).

The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

Genes that are located on the X CHROMOSOME.

Short tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.

Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The locations in specific DNA sequences where CHROMOSOME BREAKS have occurred.

Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

In the interphase nucleus, a condensed mass of chromatin representing an inactivated X chromosome. Each X CHROMOSOME, in excess of one, forms sex chromatin (Barr body) in the mammalian nucleus. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, elements such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance in progeny cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.

A characteristic symptom complex.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

Interactions of Isw2 chromatin remodeling complex with nucleosomal arrays: analyses using recombinant yeast histones and immobilized templates. (1/51)

To facilitate the biochemical characterization of chromatin-associated proteins in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have developed a system to assemble nucleosomal arrays on immobilized templates using recombinant yeast core histones. This system enabled us to analyze the interaction of Isw2 ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex with nucleosomal arrays. We found that Isw2 complex interacts efficiently with both naked DNA and nucleosomal arrays in an ATP-independent manner, suggesting that ATP is required at steps subsequent to this physical interaction. We identified the second subunit of Isw2 complex, encoded by open reading frame YGL 133w (herein named ITC1), and found that both subunits of the complex, Isw2p and Itc1p, are essential for efficient interaction with DNA and nucleosomal arrays. Both subunits are also required for nucleosome-stimulated ATPase activity and chromatin remodeling activity of the complex. Finally, we found that ITC1 is essential for function of Isw2 complex in vivo, since isw2 and itc1 deletion mutants exhibit virtually identical phenotypes. These results demonstrate the utility of our in vitro system in studying interactions between chromatin-associated proteins and nucleosomal arrays. (+info)

The Drosophila Su(var)2-10 locus regulates chromosome structure and function and encodes a member of the PIAS protein family. (2/51)

The conserved heterochromatic location of centromeres in higher eukaryotes suggests that intrinsic properties of heterochromatin are important for chromosome inheritance. Based on this hypothesis, mutations in Drosophila melanogaster that alter heterochromatin-induced gene silencing were tested for effects on chromosome inheritance. Here we describe the characterization of the Su(var)2-10 locus, initially identified as a Suppressor of Position-Effect Variegation. Su(var)2-10 is required for viability, and mutations cause both minichromosome and endogenous chromosome inheritance defects. Mitotic chromosomes are improperly condensed in mutants, and polytene chromosomes are structurally abnormal and disorganized in the nucleus. Su(var)2-10 encodes a member of the PIAS protein family, a group of highly conserved proteins that control diverse functions. SU(VAR)2-10 proteins colocalize with nuclear lamin in interphase, and little to no SU(VAR)2-10 is found on condensed mitotic chromosomes. SU(VAR)2-10 is present at some polytene chromosome telomeres, and FISH analyses in mutant polytene nuclei revealed defects in telomere clustering and telomere-nuclear-lamina associations. We propose that Su(var2-10 controls multiple aspects of chromosome structure and function by establishing/maintaining chromosome organization in interphase nuclei. (+info)

Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (3/51)

The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for hundreds of millions of cases of malaria, and kills more than one million African children annually. Here we report an analysis of the genome sequence of P. falciparum clone 3D7. The 23-megabase nuclear genome consists of 14 chromosomes, encodes about 5,300 genes, and is the most (A + T)-rich genome sequenced to date. Genes involved in antigenic variation are concentrated in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes. Compared to the genomes of free-living eukaryotic microbes, the genome of this intracellular parasite encodes fewer enzymes and transporters, but a large proportion of genes are devoted to immune evasion and host-parasite interactions. Many nuclear-encoded proteins are targeted to the apicoplast, an organelle involved in fatty-acid and isoprenoid metabolism. The genome sequence provides the foundation for future studies of this organism, and is being exploited in the search for new drugs and vaccines to fight malaria. (+info)

A role of topoisomerase II in linking DNA replication to chromosome condensation. (4/51)

The condensin complex and topoisomerase II (topo II) have different biochemical activities in vitro, and both are required for mitotic chromosome condensation. We have used Xenopus egg extracts to investigate the functional interplay between condensin and topo II in chromosome condensation. When unreplicated chromatin is directly converted into chromosomes with single chromatids, the two proteins must function together, although they are independently targeted to chromosomes. In contrast, the requirement for topo II is temporarily separable from that of condensin when chromosome assembly is induced after DNA replication. This experimental setting allows us to find that, in the absence of condensin, topo II becomes enriched in an axial structure within uncondensed chromatin. Subsequent addition of condensin converts this structure into mitotic chromosomes in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner. Strikingly, preventing DNA replication by the addition of geminin or aphidicolin disturbs the formation of topo II-containing axes and alters the binding property of topo II with chromatin. Our results suggest that topo II plays an important role in an early stage of chromosome condensation, and that this function of topo II is tightly coupled with prior DNA replication. (+info)

Microtubule distribution during meiosis I in flea-beetle [Alagoasa (Oedionychus)] spermatocytes: evidence for direct connections between unpaired sex chromosomes. (5/51)

The meiosis-I spindle in flea-beetle spermatocytes is unusual in that the autosomes and univalent sex chromosomes are separated by a mitochondrial sheath and move polewards at different times. To help understand the basis for this interesting chromosome behaviour, and to gather more detailed information about it, we studied microtubule distributions throughout meiosis I using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, and took careful measurements of pole and kinetochore positions at all stages of division. Our results show that, by late prophase, there is a spindle-shaped cytoplasmic array of microtubules in the central part of the cell, with the nucleus at the periphery. Following nuclear envelope breakdown, both autosomes and sex chromosomes become associated with cytoplasmic microtubules, although only the autosomes move centrally to the 'cytoplasmic spindle'. The two unpaired sex chromosomes remain at the cell periphery and appear to be connected to each other by a microtubule bundle extending between their kinetochores. These bundles often persist into anaphase. Analysis of measurements taken from fixed/stained cells supports previous observations that sex chromosomes move part way to the pole in early prometaphase and then stop. The measurements also suggest that during autosomal anaphase, spindle elongation precedes autosome movement to the poles and polewards movement of sex chromosomes is limited or absent when autosomes are moving polewards. (+info)

Engineered chromosome regions with altered sequence composition demonstrate hierarchical large-scale folding within metaphase chromosomes. (6/51)

Mitotic chromosome structure and DNA sequence requirements for normal chromosomal condensation remain unknown. We engineered labeled chromosome regions with altered scaffold-associated region (SAR) sequence composition as a formal test of the radial loop and other chromosome models. Chinese hamster ovary cells were isolated containing high density insertions of a transgene containing lac operator repeats and a dihydrofolate reductase gene, with or without flanking SAR sequences. Lac repressor staining provided high resolution labeling with good preservation of chromosome ultrastructure. No evidence emerged for differential targeting of SAR sequences to a chromosome axis within native chromosomes. SAR sequences distributed uniformly throughout the native chromosome cross section and chromosome regions containing a high density of SAR transgene insertions showed normal diameter and folding. Ultrastructural analysis of two different transgene insertion sites, both spanning less than the full chromatin width, clearly contradicted predictions of simple radial loop models while providing strong support for hierarchical models of chromosome architecture. Specifically, an approximately 250-nm-diam folding subunit was visualized directly within fully condensed metaphase chromosomes. Our results contradict predictions of simple radial loop models and provide the first unambiguous demonstration of a hierarchical folding subunit above the level of the 30-nm fiber within normally condensed metaphase chromosomes. (+info)

Histone hyperacetylation in mitosis prevents sister chromatid separation and produces chromosome segregation defects. (7/51)

Posttranslational modifications of core histones contribute to driving changes in chromatin conformation and compaction. Herein, we investigated the role of histone deacetylation on the mitotic process by inhibiting histone deacetylases shortly before mitosis in human primary fibroblasts. Cells entering mitosis with hyperacetylated histones displayed altered chromatin conformation associated with decreased reactivity to the anti-Ser 10 phospho H3 antibody, increased recruitment of protein phosphatase 1-delta on mitotic chromosomes, and depletion of heterochromatin protein 1 from the centromeric heterochromatin. Inhibition of histone deacetylation before mitosis produced defective chromosome condensation and impaired mitotic progression in living cells, suggesting that improper chromosome condensation may induce mitotic checkpoint activation. In situ hybridization analysis on anaphase cells demonstrated the presence of chromatin bridges, which were caused by persisting cohesion along sister chromatid arms after centromere separation. Thus, the presence of hyperacetylated chromatin during mitosis impairs proper chromosome condensation during the pre-anaphase stages, resulting in poor sister chromatid resolution. Lagging chromosomes consisting of single or paired sisters were also induced by the presence of hyperacetylated histones, indicating that the less constrained centromeric organization associated with heterochromatin protein 1 depletion may promote the attachment of kinetochores to microtubules coming from both poles. (+info)

Clustering of multiple specific genes and gene-rich R-bands around SC-35 domains: evidence for local euchromatic neighborhoods. (8/51)

Typically, eukaryotic nuclei contain 10-30 prominent domains (referred to here as SC-35 domains) that are concentrated in mRNA metabolic factors. Here, we show that multiple specific genes cluster around a common SC-35 domain, which contains multiple mRNAs. Nonsyntenic genes are capable of associating with a common domain, but domain "choice" appears random, even for two coordinately expressed genes. Active genes widely separated on different chromosome arms associate with the same domain frequently, assorting randomly into the 3-4 subregions of the chromosome periphery that contact a domain. Most importantly, visualization of six individual chromosome bands showed that large genomic segments ( approximately 5 Mb) have striking differences in organization relative to domains. Certain bands showed extensive contact, often aligning with or encircling an SC-35 domain, whereas others did not. All three gene-rich reverse bands showed this more than the gene-poor Giemsa dark bands, and morphometric analyses demonstrated statistically significant differences. Similarly, late-replicating DNA generally avoids SC-35 domains. These findings suggest a functional rationale for gene clustering in chromosomal bands, which relates to nuclear clustering of genes with SC-35 domains. Rather than random reservoirs of splicing factors, or factors accumulated on an individual highly active gene, we propose a model of SC-35 domains as functional centers for a multitude of clustered genes, forming local euchromatic "neighborhoods." (+info)

"Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure". www.ndsu.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2014. "Structure of Chromosomes Revealed." University of ... males have both an X chromosome and a Y chromosome instead of a pair of X chromosomes as seen in females). Each chromosome ... Eukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen ... ISBN 978-1-4641-2614-7. "Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure". SciencePrimer. Retrieved 15 September 2014. "Chromosome". www.nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_chromosome_structure

... refers to the structure of sequences for eukaryotic chromosomes. Some fine sequences are ... Other sequences are used in replication or during interphase with the physical structure of the chromosome. Ori, or Origin: ... Throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, the overall structure of chromosome ends is conserved and is characterized by the telomeric ... They may also be involved in fillers for increasing chromosome size to some minimum threshold level necessary for chromosome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_chromosome_fine_structure

... when two chromosomes containing the relatively same structure exist (e.g., maternal chromosome 15 and paternal chromosome 15), ... One set of 23 chromosomes (n) is from the mother (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome (X only)) and one set of 23 chromosomes (n) is ... Structures called chiasmata are the site of the exchange. Chiasmata physically link the homologous chromosomes once crossing ... It reduces the chromosome number in a germ cell by half by first separating the homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome

diCenzo, George C.; Finan, Turlough M. (2017-08-09). "The Divided Bacterial Genome: Structure, Function, and Evolution". ... Chromids have at least one core gene absent from the main chromosome. (Main chromosomes contain the bulk of the core genes of a ... two separate bacterial chromosomes may arise through the splitting of one larger chromosome, resulting in a main and a ... negotiating the cell cycle in prokaryotes with multiple chromosomes: Multiple chromosomes in prokaryotes". Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_chromosome

Schmid, M.; Haaf, T.; Solleder, E.; Schempp, W.; Leipoldt, M.; Heilbronner, H. (1984). "Satellited Y chromosomes: structure, ... These chromosomes are called satellite chromosomes. In humans it is usually associated with the short arm of an acrocentric ... Satellite or SAT chromosomes are chromosomes that contain secondary constructs that serve as identification. They are observed ... The satellite at metaphase appears to be attached to the chromosomes by a thread of chromatin. SAT-chromosomes whose secondary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_chromosome

August 2015). "Bipartite structure of the inactive mouse X chromosome". Genome Biology. 16 (1): 152. doi:10.1186/s13059-015- ... October 2013). "Single-cell Hi-C reveals cell-to-cell variability in chromosome structure". Nature. 502 (7469): 59-64. Bibcode: ... Chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C) (also known as circular chromosome conformation capture) captures interactions ... "Single-cell Hi-C reveals cell-to-cell variability in chromosome structure". Nature. 502 (7469): 59-64. Bibcode:2013Natur.502... ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_conformation_capture

Maillard, A M (25 November 2014). "The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity". ... Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome ... "Chromosome 16: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 16: ... "Chromosome 16". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on August 3, 2004. Retrieved 2017-05-06. "Chromosome 16". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16

The crystal structure of the Ter DNA-Tus protein complex (A) showing the nonblocking and the fork-blocking faces of Tus. (B) A ... A circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of ... However, a circular chromosome can provide other challenges for cells. After replication, the two progeny circular chromosomes ... Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_chromosome

Chromosome segregation errors during mitosis lead to the formation of structures called micronuclei. These micronuclei, which ... As chromosome instability refers to the rate that chromosomes or large portions of chromosomes are changed, there should be ... It can occur due to loss of a whole chromosome, gain of a whole chromosome or rearrangement of partial chromosomes known as ... Since human chromosomes contain repetitive DNA sections, broken DNA segments from one chromosome can combine with similar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_instability

Pintacuda G, Young AN, Cerase A (2017). "Function by Structure: Spotlights on Xist Long Non-coding RNA". Frontiers in Molecular ... July 2015). "Chromosomes. A comprehensive Xist interactome reveals cohesin repulsion and an RNA-directed chromosome ... October 2016). "Xist recruits the X chromosome to the nuclear lamina to enable chromosome-wide silencing". Science. 354 (6311 ... X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the phenomenon that has been selected during the evolution to balance X-linked gene dosage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycomb_recruitment_in_X_chromosome_inactivation

A circular structure called ring chromosome 7 is also possible. A ring chromosome occurs when both ends of a broken chromosome ... Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, who normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 7 ... "Chromosome 7: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 7: ... Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 7 can cause delayed growth and development, mental disorder, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_7

... their chromosomes-usually an indistinct tangle-were visible as separate structures. In searching for an expert on chromosomes, ... The Philadelphia chromosome is designated Ph (or Ph') chromosome and designates the shortened chromosome 22 which encodes the ... of chromosome 9 and region (1), band (1), sub-band (2) of the long arm (q) of chromosome 22. Hence the chromosome breakpoints ... creating an elongated chromosome 9 (termed a derivative chromosome, or der 9), and a truncated chromosome 22 (the Philadelphia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_chromosome

Kumar S, Kumari R (June 2015). "Origin, structure and function of millions of chromosomes present in the macronucleus of ... As other non-human extant hominidae have 48 chromosomes it is believed that the human chromosome 2 is the result of the merging ... It shows 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two sex chromosomes, as ... The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count

The full range of ambiguity of structure may occur, especially if mosaicism is present. When the Y fragment is minimal and ... Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a ... The chromosome with this allele became the Y chromosome, while the other member of the pair became the X chromosome. Over time ... Only the tips of the Y and X chromosomes recombine. The tips of the Y chromosome that could recombine with the X chromosome are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome

Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI (August 1990). "Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional ... Chromosome 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 6 ... "Chromosome 6: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19. "Human chromosome 6: ... "Chromosome 6". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2017-05-06. "Chromosome 6". Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6

He called these structures Barr bodies after one of the investigators who originally documented their existence. Ohno's studies ... of the Y chromosome during meiosis. Additionally, 10-25% of human X chromosome genes, and 3-7% of mouse X chromosome genes ... A recent study revealed that four platypus X chromosomes, as well as a Y chromosome, are homologous to some regions on the ... Though these RNAs bind at specific sites along the male X chromosome, their effects spread along the length of the chromosome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-chromosome_dosage_compensation

Underhill and Kivisild; Kivisild, T (2007). "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human ... Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome ... Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are the major branches on the human paternal family tree. Each haplogroup has many ... 2005 Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, from FamilyTreeDNA.com ^ A Nomenclature system for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup

... holocentric chromosomes without any further step. A detailed molecular analysis of the structure of holocentric chromosomes is ... transmission electron microscopy of C. elegans chromosomes revealed that the kinetochore has a trilaminar structure very ... Holocentric chromosomes were described for the first time by Franz Schrader in 1935, who identified chromosomes with a diffuse ... Holocentric chromosomes are chromosomes that possess multiple kinetochores along their length rather than the single centromere ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocentric_chromosome

Morgan, G.T. (2002) Lampbrush chromosomes and associated bodies: new insights into principles of nuclear structure and function ... Chromosome Res. 2012. V. 20. P. 911-924. Chromosome Research - Special Issue (2012) "Lampbrush Chromosomes" Edited by Herbert ... Morgan, G.T. (2002) Lampbrush chromosomes and associated bodies: new insights into principles of nuclear structure and function ... Morgan, G.T. (2002) Lampbrush chromosomes and associated bodies: new insights into principles of nuclear structure and function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampbrush_chromosome

"Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy and its application to chromosome structure". Chromosome Res. 16 (3): 351- ... "Full-color structured illumination optical sectioning microscopy". Scientific Reports. 5: 14513. Bibcode:2015NatSR...514513Q. ... or Benzyl-ether which render specimens transparent and therefore allow for observation of internal structures. Optical ... two objective lenses to give extremely accurate depth information about a single fluorophore and three-dimensional structured ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_sectioning

... provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Structural maintenance of chromosomes ... Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4 (SMC-4) also known as chromosome-associated polypeptide C (CAP-C) or XCAP-C ... Ball Jr AR, Yokomori K (2001). "The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins in mammals". Chromosome Res ... Genes on human chromosome 3, All stub articles, Human chromosome 3 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMC4

Werle, S. F. (2005). "Populations of a Connecticut River midge structured by geological history and downstream gene flow". ... Chromosome Research. 13 (1): 97-106. doi:10.1007/s10577-005-2358-6. PMID 15791415. S2CID 16927220. Werle, S. F.; E. Klekowski ... and thus there is genetic structure between populations in the river . The Connecticut River species are also notable in that ... they have extremely well developed polytene chromosomes and also maintain a high degree of inversion polymorphism . A. dorneri ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axarus

Metazoans also have multiple copies of histone genes clustered on chromosomes which are localized in structures called Cajal ... Johansen KM, Johansen J (2006). "Regulation of chromatin structure by histone H3S10 phosphorylation". Chromosome Research. 14 ( ... these being the structures found in normal cells. During mitosis and meiosis, the condensed chromosomes are assembled through ... Archaeal histone only contains a H3-H4 like dimeric structure made out of a single type of unit. Such dimeric structures can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone

It also states that chromosomes are linear structures with genes located at specific sites called loci along them. It states ... "1. The chromosome group of the presynaptic germ-cells is made up of two equivalent chromosome-series, and that strong ground ... The Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the Sutton-Boveri theory) is a ... 5. The chromosomes retain a morphological individuality throughout the various cell-divisions. " W. S. Sutton, The Chromosomes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boveri–Sutton_chromosome_theory

Diagnosis is achieved by examining the structure of the chromosomes through karyotyping; while once born, one can do the ... Ring chromosome 18 syndrome Ring chromosome 20 syndrome Reference, Genetics Home. "ring chromosome 14 syndrome". Genetics Home ... Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is a very rare human chromosome abnormality. It occurs when one or both of the telomeres that mark ... of chromosome 14 . The break that causes the telomere(s) to be lost occurs near the end of the chromosome, and is called a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_chromosome_14_syndrome

The high prevalence of autopolyploidy in plants also impacts the structure of their sex chromosomes. Polyploidization can occur ... An X chromosome is always present as the 23rd chromosome in the ovum, while either an X or Y chromosome may be present in an ... The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called allosomes. These consist of two X chromosomes in most females, and an X chromosome and ... a total of 46 chromosomes. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes. Autosomes are homologous chromosomes i.e. chromosomes which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosome

Monocentric centromeres are the most common structure on highly repetitive DNA in plants and animals. Monocentric chromosomes ... The monocentric chromosome is a chromosome that has only one centromere in a chromosome and forms a narrow constriction. ... Holocentric chromosomes do have an evolutionary advantage by preventing the loss of chromosome after a DNA double-strand break ... In monocentric chromosomes there is one primary constriction and the centromere its CenH3 loci at this location. Holocentric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocentric_chromosome

"Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure , Science Primer". scienceprimer.com. Retrieved 2015-11-22. Smith, Dwight G (2015). Bacteria. ... Stromatolites, structures made up of layers of calcium carbonate and trapped sediment left over from cyanobacteria and ... Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear ... self-replicating DNA molecules that are separate from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids can carry genes responsible for novel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular_organism

... which are very different from those of the eukaryotic chromosomes in structure and function. The known structures of bacterial ... and hypothesized the existence of a special structure at the chromosome tip that would maintain chromosome stability. During ... The function of telomeres is widely accepted as a buffer against tumor growth, to protect chromosome structure, and prevent the ... Maloy S (July 12, 2002). "Bacterial Chromosome Structure". Retrieved 2008-06-22. Martínez P, Blasco MA (October 2010). "Role of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere

... refers to only one copy of each chromosome. Some eukaryotes have distinctive sex chromosomes such as the X and Y chromosomes of ... Transposable elements (TEs) are sequences of DNA with a defined structure that are able to change their location in the genome ... Eukaryotic genomes are composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes. The number of chromosomes varies widely from Jack jumper ... it consists of one copy of each of the 22 autosomes plus one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. A genome sequence is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome

Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 20, All stub articles, ... 2002). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20". Nature. 414 (6866): 865-71. Bibcode:2001Natur.414.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCKL1

Structure. 16 (1): 82-92. doi:10.1016/j.str.2007.10.020. PMID 18184586. Wu N, Pai EF (Aug 2002). "Crystal structures of ... gene to river buffalo chromosomes by FISH". Chromosome Research. 2 (3): 255-6. doi:10.1007/BF01553326. PMID 8069469. S2CID ... In humans, the gene that codes for this enzyme is located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q13). This bifunctional enzyme has ... There is a 30:1 equilibrium between the close and open structures in the enzyme-Mg-PRPP complex, which suggests that the close ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthase

Suwanto, A; Kaplan, S (1992). "Chromosome transfer in Rhodobacter sphaeroides: Hfr formation and genetic evidence for two ... Physical structure, incompatibility determinants, origin of replication, and transfer functions". Journal of Bacteriology. 174 ... known for discovering two circular chromosomes or plasmids in Rhodobacter with Kaplan S in 1989. He was born in Jember, ... Presence of two unique circular chromosomes". Journal of Bacteriology. 171 (11): 5850-9. PMC 210445. PMID 2808300. Suwanto, A; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Suwanto

The tertiary and quaternary structures of PTGS1 (COX-1) and PTGS2 (COX-2) enzymes are almost identical. Each subunit has three ... Genes on human chromosome 1, All articles lacking reliable references, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2011, ... Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2

A predicted 3' UTR structure was generated using Unafold and depicts predicted stem loop structures. Two stem loop structures ... PANO1 is located on human chromosome 11 at positions 797,511-799,190 and is positioned on the + strand. Its protein contains 1 ... The structure of PANO1 is 82% disordered meaning the protein is able to move around easily. The secondary structure reveals a ... CS1 maint: url-status, Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 11). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANO1

Russek SJ, Farb DH (October 1994). "Mapping of the beta 2 subunit gene (GABRB2) to microdissected human chromosome 5q34-q35 ... Coyle JE, Qamar S, Rajashankar KR, Nikolov DB (January 2002). "Structure of GABARAP in two conformations: implications for GABA ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 5, Wikipedia articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid_receptor_subunit_gamma-2

This induces long-range allostery via protein domain dynamics, causing the structure to be destabilized, resulting in the ... Portal: Biology (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 20, Webarchive ... Structure. 25 (4): 630-640.e4. doi:10.1016/j.str.2017.02.011. PMID 28319009. Cooper JA, Gould KL, Cartwright CA, Hunter T ( ... and Philadelphia chromosome-positive (PH+) acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Dasatinib is also in clinical trials for the use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

... is due to a loss-of-function mutation in the HNF4A (MODY1) gene on chromosome 12. This gene codes for hepatocyte nuclear ... Dhe-Paganon S, Duda K, Iwamoto M, Chi YI, Shoelson SE (2002). "Crystal structure of the HNF4 alpha ligand binding domain in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODY_1

... has a single circular chromosome containing 6.8 Mb and 6,631 genes. The G+C content has been determined ... April 2010). "Genomic structure of an economically important cyanobacterium, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis NIES-39". DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrospira_platensis

2001). "Sequence, structure and pathology of the fully annotated terminal 2 Mb of the short arm of human chromosome 16". Hum. ... 2005). "The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16". Nature. 432 (7020): 988-94. Bibcode:2004Natur.432.. ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 16). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK8IP3

For example, the pattern of X chromosome inactivation is affected by placental status. There is some evidence that it affects ... and primary structure of a chorion cDNA from the gypsy moth". Developmental Biology. 160 (1): 28-38. doi:10.1006/dbio.1993.1283 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choriogenesis

v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 5, All stub articles, ... They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure, such as translation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDX46

Microtubules are protein structures that are part of the cytoskeleton and are necessary for cells to have diverse, complex ... Strømme syndrome is caused by mutations in both copies of the CENPF gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 1. CENPF codes ... CENPF also has a role in orienting long, cylindrical structures called microtubules to form thin cell protrusions called cilia ... This allows the microtubules to pull the chromosomes apart in the process of dividing the cell. Mutations in this gene lead to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strømme_syndrome

Lugovskoy AA, Zhou P, Chou JJ, McCarty JS, Li P, Wagner G (December 1999). "Solution structure of the CIDE-N domain of CIDE-B ... Portal: Biology (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 1, Apoptosis, ... Uegaki K, Otomo T, Sakahira H, Shimizu M, Yumoto N, Kyogoku Y, Nagata S, Yamazaki T (April 2000). "Structure of the CAD domain ... Zhou P, Lugovskoy AA, McCarty JS, Li P, Wagner G (May 2001). "Solution structure of DFF40 and DFF45 N-terminal domain complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated_DNase

Chromosome replication in bacteria is regulated at the initiation stage. DnaA-ATP is hydrolyzed into the inactive DnaA-ADP by ... D-loop replication is mostly seen in organellar DNA, Where a triple stranded structure called displacement loop is formed. " ... Bird RE, Louarn J, Martuscelli J, Caro L (October 1972). "Origin and sequence of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli". ... Frimodt-Møller J, Charbon G, Løbner-Olesen A (December 2016). "Control of bacterial chromosome replication by non-coding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_DNA_replication

Genes on human chromosome 6, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine). ... PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Death domain-associated protein 6 ... "Cloning and expression of primate Daxx cDNAs and mapping of the human gene to chromosome 6p21.3 in the MHC region". DNA Cell ... "PML is critical for ND10 formation and recruits the PML-interacting protein daxx to this nuclear structure when modified by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-associated_protein_6

These include loses in the long arm of chromosome 16q, loses in the short arm of chromosome 16, gains in the long arm of ... finger-like or leaf-like structures) lined with one or several layers of neoplastic, columnar-shaped epithelial cells (i.e. ... arm of chromosome 16, gains of genetic material in the p (or short) arm of chromosome 16, and gains of genetic material in the ... blunt papillae or ductal structures consisting of neoplastic epithelial cells surrounding a fibrovascular core; 2) papillae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_carcinomas_of_the_breast

v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 19, All stub articles, ... and protein structure". Genomics. 81 (2): 234-44. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00002-8. PMID 12620401. "Entrez Gene: EPS8L1 EPS8- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPS8L1

2002). "Crystal structure of auxin-binding protein 1 in complex with auxin". EMBO J. 21 (12): 2877-85. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf291 ... "Molecular analysis of an auxin binding protein gene located on chromosome 4 of Arabidopsis". Plant Cell. 4 (2): 193-201. doi: ... They are located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The primary structure of these proteins contains an N-terminal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin_binding_protein

The CMTM5 gene is located in band 11.2 on the long (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 14. The CMTM5 isoforms are members of the CKLF- ... have similar structures but vary in their apparent physiological and pathological functions. Preliminary studies suggest that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF-like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain-containing_5

Odz1 to Mouse Chromosome 11; and ODZ3 to Human Chromosome Xq25". Genomics. 58 (1): 102-3. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5798. PMID ... The primary structure, or amino acid sequence identity, of the proteins between paralogs is ~60% identical and between ... Odz1to Mouse Chromosome 11; and ODZ3 to Human Chromosome Xq25". Genomics. 58 (1): 102-103. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5798. PMID ... At E8.5, Ten-m3 is expressed at the caudal forebrain, the midbrain region and structures outside of the CNS, including the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TENM3

Although chromosomes are initially shattered into many fragments, complete chromosomes are regenerated by making use of over- ... These vesicles are complex structures made of proteins encoded by at least 14 genes. Gas vesicles were first discovered in H. ... NRC-1 genome consists of 2,571,010 base pairs on one large chromosome and two mini-chromosomes. The genome encodes 2,360 ... The large chromosome is very G-C rich (68%). High GC-content of the genome increases stability in extreme environments. Whole ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

These structures are normally located at the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). The G-quadruplex can either be parallel ... The structure of these G-quadruplexes can be determined by a cation. In DNA, the 5' carbon is located at the top of the leading ... If the DNA structure were to be parallel, the hydrogen bonding would not be possible, as the base pairs would not be paired in ... The antiparallel structure of DNA is important in DNA replication because it replicates the leading strand one way and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)

Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 2, All stub ... articles, Human chromosome 2 gene stubs, Cytoskeleton, Cell adhesion proteins). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordon-bleu_protein-like_1

Roberds SL, Anderson RD, Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O, Campbell KP (Nov 1993). "Primary structure and muscle-specific expression of ... LOVD mutation database: SGCA (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 17 ... "Human adhalin is alternatively spliced and the gene is located on chromosome 17q21". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGCA

Members of the WIPI subfamily of WD40 repeat proteins, such as WIPI2, have a 7-bladed propeller structure and contain a ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 7, All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced statements from November ... 2003). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7". Nature. 424 (6945): 157-64. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..157H. doi:10.1038/ ... 2021, All stub articles, Human chromosome 7 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPI2

... on mouse chromosome 17 and KCNQ1OT1 on human chromosome 11p15.5, have been shown to be essential for the imprinting of genes in ... an extraembryonic structure that nourishes the embryo in a manner analogous to the mammalian placenta. Unlike the embryo, the ... but do depend on which parent the chromosome originated from. This group of epigenetic changes that depend on the chromosome's ... Imprinting of whole chromosomes has been reported in mealybugs (Genus: Pseudococcus) and a fungus gnat (Sciara). It has also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting

"Granulysin crystal structure and a structure-derived lytic mechanism". Journal of Molecular Biology. 325 (2): 355-365. ... It is part of the saponin-like protein family, and its gene is found on the 2nd chromosome in humans. It is distinguished by ... GNLY gene is located on human chromosome 2 and has 5 exons, which code for a 15 kDa protein. The path to transcription has not ... Houchins JP, Kricek F, Chujor CS, Heise CP, Yabe T, McSherry C, Bach FH (1993). "Genomic structure of NKG5, a human NK and T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNLY

Plants with sex-determining chromosomes, like Silene, can develop uni-sexual reproductive structures because of the loss and ... Biologists have found that sex chromosomes in plants originated from pairs of autosomes. As these chromosomes diverge from ... This is made possible through heteromorphic sex chromosomes expressed as XY. Silene recently evolved sex chromosomes 5-10 ... In the case of Silene, the pair of automsomal chromosomes are transformed into heteromorphic sex-determining chromosomes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_determination_in_Silene

I. DNA-content and chromosome sets in various species of Cyprinidae". Humangenetik. 7 (3): 240-244. doi:10.1007/BF00273173. ... A common explanation for these manipulative abilities is their consistently compact and efficient genomic structure. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size

... this region adds to a complex picture of different low copy repeats present across this region and elsewhere on the chromosome. ... Partial duplication of the APBA2 gene in chromosome 15q13 corresponds to duplicon structures BMC Genomics. 2003 Apr 29;4(1):15. ... Background: Chromosomal abnormalities affecting human chromosome 15q11-q13 underlie multiple genomic disorders caused by ... this region adds to a complex picture of different low copy repeats present across this region and elsewhere on the chromosome ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12720574/?dopt=Abstract

adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AC86A ...

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955PNAS...41..727L

Changes in the structure of chromosomes can cause problems with growth, development, and function of the bodys systems. Learn ... Changes in chromosome structure include the following:. Translocations. A translocation occurs when a piece of one chromosome ... Ring chromosomes. Ring chromosomes. usually occur when a chromosome breaks in two places, typically at the ends of the p and q ... Can changes in the number of chromosomes affect health and development?. *Can changes in the structure of chromosomes affect ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/structuralchanges/

Here we present a method to identify isoforms by their specific signatures on chromosomes including both exons and junctions. ... Ji, Y. and Wei, J. (2013) Isoform Inference From RNA-Seq Samples Based on Gene Structures on Chromosomes. Journal of ... Isoform Inference From RNA-Seq Samples Based on Gene Structures on Chromosomes () ... Here we present a method to identify isoforms by their specific signatures on chromosomes including both exons and junctions. ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=27707

Talk:Chromosome structure via Euclidean Distance Matrices. From Wikimization. Revision as of 20:35, 7 August 2008 by Ranjelin ( ... Retrieved from "http://www.convexoptimization.com/wikimization/index.php/Talk:Chromosome_structure_via_Euclidean_Distance_ ...

https://convexoptimization.com/wikimization/index.php?title=Talk:Chromosome_structure_via_Euclidean_Distance_Matrices&oldid=476

Principal Investigator：BANDO Masashige, Project Period (FY)：2007 - 2008, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), Research Field：基礎ゲノム科学

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-19710161/

Molecular structure, chromosome assignment, and promoter organization of the human matrix Gla protein gene.. ... Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Cell Line, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair ... the hMGP cDNA to a series of Chinese Hamster x human hybrid clones assigned this gene to the short arm of the human chromosome ...

https://ccmar.ualg.pt/en/node/932

Exon Structure for KCNIP4-IT1 ...

https://genecards.weizmann.ac.il/geneloc-bin/exon_struct.pl?disp_name=KCNIP4-IT1&chr_nr=4

Gene structure and assignment to chromosome 2q37 of the human inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir 7.1 (KCNJ13). ... 1998). Gene structure and assignment to chromosome 2q37 of the human inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir 7.1 (KCNJ13). Genomics, ... Gene structure and assignment to chromosome 2q37 of the human inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir 7.1 (KCNJ13). ...

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_600898_2

Importance of cohesin to yeasts 3D chromosome structure The 3D organization of chromosomes plays a role in many biological ... Importance of cohesin to yeasts 3D chromosome structure. *Improving bacterial strain classification for more effective ... Importance of cohesin to yeasts 3D chromosome structure. *Improving bacterial strain classification for more effective ... Hepatitis: 3D structure determination of the gateway to the liver. *Hereditary hearing loss: the ear and auditory brain are ...

https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/transgenerational-sterility-caused-heritable-small-rnas?language=fr

Autonomous generation of observation schedules for tracking satellites with structured-chromosome GA optimisation. ...

https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/publications/autonomous-generation-of-observation-schedules-for-tracking-satel/projects/

... chromosomes, and genomes. Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and haploid/diploid. ... Science·High school biology·Reproduction and cell division·Chromosome structure and numbers ...

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/a/dna-and-chromosomes-article

... Over the organic Deuteronomic terms, download Chromatin and Chromosome ... download Chromatin and Chromosome Structure in first-order to task 53. victim in pedagogy to step-by-step I. 56. language rules ... Josephus has L1 species to details and counts in his download Chromatin and Chromosome Structure, and his suffering of these ... download Chromatin and Chromosome Structure 1977 demoralizing led, 2010. work, way, sequence, country. developments describe on ...

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Carrete L., Ksiezopolska E., Pegueroles C., Gomez-Molero E., Saus E., Iraola-Guzman S., Loska D., Bader O., Fairhead C. , Gabaldon T.. (2018) Patterns of Genomic Variation in the Opportunistic Pathogen Candida glabrata Suggest the Existence of Mating and a Secondary Association with Humans. Current biology : CB, 1 (28) 15-27 e7 ...

http://moulon.inrae.fr/en/equipes/secf/

... about 40 percent of the mass of chromosomes is histones. The structure of a chromosome replicates and divides via mitosis and ... Chromosomes are long, single molecules of DNA attached to proteins called histones, which allow for high degrees of three- ... When chromosomes replicate, the two resulting identical chromatids are joined by a structure called a centromere, which is ... but distinct from the other numbered chromosomes and the sex chromosomes; these are known as homologous chromosomes. ...

https://sciencing.com/physical-structure-chromosomes-10013827.html

Chromosome painting in silico in a bacterial species reveals fine population structure」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構 ... Chromosome painting in silico in a bacterial species reveals fine population structure. In: Molecular Biology and Evolution. ... Chromosome painting in silico in a bacterial species reveals fine population structure. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2013 ... Chromosome painting in silico in a bacterial species reveals

https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/chromosome-painting-in-silico-in-a-bacterial-species-reveals-fine

... the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled ... many times around proteins called histones that support its structure. ... Y chromosome loss in men can lead to deadly heart failure, research shows The loss of the male sex chromosome as many men age ... Sometimes cleaved chromosomes do not recover and genomic stability is compromised - which in the long run might promote cancer ...

https://www.news-medical.net/condition/Chromosome?page=3

Chromosome Segregation & Structure. Terri Grodzicker, David Stewart, and Bruce Stillman * Handbook of Physical Measurements. ... 5. Human Chromosomes. 6. Human Biochemical Genetics. 7. The Human Gene Map. 8. Genes, Populations and Human Inherited Disorders ... 5. Human Chromosomes. 6. Human Biochemical Genetics. 7. The Human Gene Map. 8. Genes, Populations and Human Inherited Disorders ... the identification of the first human chromosome abnormalities; and up through the completion of the Human Genome project, this ...

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-short-history-of-medical-genetics-9780195187502?lang=en&cc=us

Exon Structure for ENSG00000229047 ...

https://genecards.weizmann.ac.il/geneloc-bin/exon_struct.pl?disp_name=ENSG00000229047&chr_nr=21

What structures do bacteria have?. Bacteria cells are like plant cells because the have a cell wall. But they dont have a ... are small, round structures in cells that break down large food particles into smaller ones. The answer is lysosomes. ;) ... are small, round structures in cells that break down large food particles into smaller ones. The answer is lysosomes. ;) ... Small round structures in cells that break down large food particles into smaller ones?. the answer is lysosomes ...

https://www.answers.com/natural-sciences/What_is_the_round_structures_inside_the_hydrilla_cells

https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/activation-macrophages-key-agents-immune-response

Telomere-to-Telomere Chromosome Assemblies: New Insights Into Genome Biology & Structure. Add to your list(s) Download to your ... University of Cambridge , Talks.cam , Genetics Seminar , Telomere-to-Telomere Chromosome Assemblies: New Insights Into Genome ... to comprehensively the genomic structure and epigenetic organization in the most repeat-dense regions of our chromosomes. In ... We are entering into an exciting era of genomics where truly complete, high-quality assemblies of human chromosomes are ...

https://www.talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/157951

... genes and chromosomes. The questions are designed to start quite easy but become more difficult as you progress to later ... DNA structure, genes and chromosomes MCQ - 1. Welcome to this MCQ on DNA, genes and chromosomes. The questions are designed to ... you can see three copies of chromosome 7… "trisomy" and you can see two X chromosomes and no Y chromosome, therefore female, ... trisomy chromosome 7. Gorillas and orangutans are very similar in terms of genetics but actually have 48 chromosomes in a ...

https://lantsandlaminins.com/cell-biology-and-genetics-foundation-mcq-1/

Higher-Order Chromosomal Structures Mediate Genome Function Author(s): Ivana Jerković, Quentin Szabo, Frédéric Bantignies, ... Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of chromatin states : the role of Polycomb and 3D chromosome architecture. ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/788972/results

... they are packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes . Diploid organisms, such as humans, have chromosomes... ... they are packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Diploid organisms, such as humans, have chromosomes that come ... with each parent contributing one chromosome per homologous pair. Each chromosome in a given homologous pair represents the ... in homologous pairs (except for the sex chromosomes), ...

https://www.maplesoft.com/support/help/maple/view.aspx?path=MathApps/PunnettSquares&L=E

Chromosome Segregation and Structure (Hardcover)*Chromosome Segregation and Structure (Paperback)*Circadian Rhythms (Hardcover) ...

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More generally, our work demonstrates that competition for resources is likely to have a dominant role in the structuring of ... Here we show that resource partitioning and phylogeny determine community structure and outweigh the positive effects of ... has dominated our understanding of community structure, maintenance and assembly1. Nevertheless, a recent theoretical model ... Chromosomes of Asian cyprinid fishes: cytogenetic analysis of two representatives of small paleotetraploid tribe Probarbini * ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09660?error=cookies_not_supported&code=eb4b84ae-e83f-46a5-8e4e-3508c243070a

Many botanists formerly thought that a diploid number of chromosomes was the cause of sporophytic expression and a haploid ... The structure and function of the sex chromosomes in man.. *M. D. Hayward ... Sex in Relation to Chromosomes and Genes. @article{Bridges1925SexIR, title={Sex in Relation to Chromosomes and Genes}, author={ ... Structure, function and evolution of sex-determining systems in Dipteran insects.. *C. Schütt, R. Nöthiger ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Sex-in-Relation-to-Chromosomes-and-Genes-Bridges/2d03ad18d42cba6b76375abaf5a9d55bad61935a

Large scale changes to the structure of chromosomes called chromosomal rearrangement that can lead to a decrease of fitness but ... Changes in chromosome number may involve even larger mutations, where segments of the DNA within chromosomes break and then ... For example, in the Homininae, two chromosomes fused to produce human chromosome 2; this fusion did not occur in the lineage of ... As the function of a RNA molecule is dependent on its structure [113], the structure of RNA molecules is evolutionarily ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mutation

Injection of anticentromere antibodies in interphase disrupts events required for chromosome movement at mitosis. (cell.com)
Centromeric nucleosomes are at the interface of the chromosome and the kinetochore that connects to spindle microtubules in mitosis. (rcsb.org)
At mitosis, we propose that CCNC asymmetry accommodates its asymmetric connections at the chromosome/kinetochore interface. (rcsb.org)
Mitosis in P. pallidum is similar to that in D. discoideum except that a metaphase plate configuration is rare and that it has more chromosomes ( n = 11 or 12) than D. discoideum ( n = 7). (microbiologyresearch.org)

Chromosomal abnormalities affecting human chromosome 15q11-q13 underlie multiple genomic disorders caused by deletion, duplication and triplication of intervals in this region. (nih.gov)
With this approach, we demonstrate that transposons engage in long-range intra-chromosomal interactions guided by the separation of chromosomes into A and B compartments as well as topologically associated domains (TADs). (springer.com)
Gene structure, chromosomal distribution, tissue specific expression, conserved domain, and phylogenetic analyses of SOD genes were carried out. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Chromosomal distributions revealed that the highest number of SOD genes was on chromosomes 1 and 10, with 2 members on each. (tubitak.gov.tr)
The researchers applied a method called 'Hi-C' (High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture) to samples from patients with developmental disorders suspected to be caused by chromosomal rearrangements. (mpg.de)
The classical analysis of chromosomal defects is done by a karyogram, which is a microscopic view of stained chromosomes. (mpg.de)
As a major form of genomic instability, chromosomal instability comprises aberrant chromosome numbers (i.e., aneuploidy or polyploidy) and structural changes in chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
Chromosome imbalance caused by the absence or duplication of chromosomal material most often results in spontaneous abortion. (medscape.com)
There are 2 basic types of chromosomal imbalance: aberrations in chromosome numbers (numerical abnormalities) and defects in chromosome structure (structural anomalies). (medscape.com)
Numerical chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidies) -- the presence of an extra chromosome (trisomy) or a missing chromosome (monosomy) -- result from segregation errors during cell division: Chromosomes do not divide evenly among daughter cells (nondisjunction) (see Fig. 2). (medscape.com)
Structural chromosomal anomalies are different from numerical anomalies in that they consist of a defect in the structure of 1 or more chromosomes. (medscape.com)
In the case of a numerical chromosomal anomaly in a fetus, parental chromosomes are usually normal, so karyotype analysis of the parents is not indicated. (medscape.com)

Chromosomes are threadlike containers of genetic information that inhabit the nuclei (singular: nucleus) of cells. (sciencing.com)
As part of the mechanisms involved, PREs are thought to mediate this transcriptional memory function by building up higher-order structures in the nucleus. (edu.sa)
Structure in a cell's nucleus that contains heredity. (flashcardmachine.com)
Chromosomes are stick-like structures in the center (nucleus) of each cell. (uhhospitals.org)
In addition, changes of the structure of chromosome terriories or whole human genome in the cell nucleus during differentiation and cancerogenesis will be determined and an attempt will be made to find the basic psrinciples of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. (muni.cz)
Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
nucleus, chromosomes - basic structure, number. (cbseexpert.com)
The chromosomes may be seen, and the nucleus is rather massive. (risingacademy.org)

These changes can affect many genes along the chromosome and disrupt the proteins made from those genes. (medlineplus.gov)
The structure, function and synthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA and their interrelated biological functions within the cell. (sfu.ca)
We found that, in the repressed state, all major elements that have been shown to bind PcG proteins, including PREs and core promoters, interact at a distance, giving rise to a topologically complex structure. (edu.sa)
We show that this structure is important for epigenetic silencing of the BX-C, as we find that major changes in higher-order structures must occur to stably maintain alternative transcription states, whereas histone modification and reduced levels of PcG proteins determine an epigenetic switch that is only partially heritable. (edu.sa)
Chromatin architectural proteins interact with nucleosomes to modulate chromatin accessibility and higher-order chromatin structure. (biomedcentral.com)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
The possible evolutionary pathways that cellular proteins and structures could have taken in this time is tremendous, and it is no wonder that reconstructing these pathways stretches the human imagination. (theness.com)
The goal of her current research is to use two highly innovative and complementary single-molecule imaging techniques (atomic force microscopy and fluorescence imaging) together with quantum dot labeled proteins to investigate the effects of DNA damage on the conformational and dynamic properties of telomeric DNA structure and telomere binding proteins. (ncsu.edu)
Most cells contain ribosomes , which are structures that combine amino acids to create proteins. (visiblebody.com)

The Centre for Genetics Education provides a fact sheet about chromosome changes . (medlineplus.gov)
The University of Leicester's Virtual Genetics Education Center provides an explanation of structural chromosome aberrations . (medlineplus.gov)
Gorillas and orangutans are very similar in terms of genetics but actually have 48 chromosomes in a diploid cell rather than 46 (essentially difference is chromosome 2 in humans becomes two separate chromosomes). (lantsandlaminins.com)
The development and application of new techniques for the study of human chromosomes has revealed that the genetics of sex determination in man appears to be different from any other system so far known and may still be accommodated within the limits of a balance theory. (semanticscholar.org)
Ongoing work includes integration of information to allow navigation via comparative genomics from genetics loci to chromosome, and development of crop genetics databases. (edu.au)
A structured genetics rotation for pediatric residents: an important educational opportunity. (cdc.gov)

A bacterium is a unicellular organism, or prokaryote, with a relatively simple cell structure. (si.edu)
Behe also makes other unspoken assumptions in his reasoning - namely that structures must work well or efficiently in order to be of value to the organism. (theness.com)
Also, he assumes that while a structure is evolving through necessarily useless stages, it would be a detriment to the organism since it would not serve any useful function. (theness.com)
Fixing and staining, however, offer a deeper grasp of the shape and structure of the organism. (risingacademy.org)

Telomeres are a protective nucleoprotein structure at each chromosome end. (cdc.gov)
The ends of chromosomes are marked with DNA sequences called telomeres. (giantmicrobes.com)
Her research focuses on single-molecule experimental investigations of the structure-function relationships that govern the maintenance of telomeres. (ncsu.edu)
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of linear chromosomes. (ncsu.edu)
Telomeres are small structures that protect the ends of your chromosomes. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)

The National Human Genome Research Institute provides a list of questions and answers about chromosome abnormalities , including a glossary of related terms. (medlineplus.gov)
This resource includes illustrated explanations of several chromosome abnormalities. (medlineplus.gov)
Your Genome from the Wellcome Genome Campus discusses chromosome disorders , including types of structural abnormalities in chromosomes that are involved in genetic diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
The syndrome is caused by changes in the structure and function of certain cardiac ion channels and reduced expression of Connexin 43 (Cx43) in the Right Ventricle (RV), predominantly in the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (VSVD), causing electromechanical abnormalities. (bvsalud.org)

Some are caused by changes in genes or chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
These conditions are described as genetic diseases because a defect in one or more genes or chromosomes leads to a pathological condition. (who.int)

Great ape Y Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies reflect subspecies structure and patterns of mating and dispersal. (anthropogeny.org)
Researchers have reconstructed the ancestral sequence of the great ape Y chromosome by comparing three existing (gorilla, human, and chimpanzee) and two newly generated (orangutan and bonobo) Y chromosome assemblies. (scitechdaily.com)

this fusion did not occur in the lineage of the other apes , and they retain these separate chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

A novel locus for Meckel-Gruber syndrome, MKS3, maps to chromosome 8q24. (nature.com)
To address this question, we analysed in vivo the three-dimensional structure of the homeotic locus bithorax complex (BX-C) by combining chromosome conformation capture (3C) with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and FISH immunostaining (FISH-I) analysis. (edu.sa)
A unique locus for an autosomal dominant form of adult-onset PLS in a large French-Canadian family was mapped to chromosome 4ptel-4p16.1. (medscape.com)
gene, unit of hereditary information that occupies a fixed position (locus) on a chromosome. (genome101.com)
A set of 56 SNP locus/phenotype associations was identified and the genomic regions harboring these loci were distributed over nine of the 12 eggplant chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Sometimes cleaved chromosomes do not recover and genomic stability is compromised - which in the long run might promote cancer. (news-medical.net)
This technological advance, crediting the confluence of new assembly methods with long read sequencing technologies, offers a new opportunity to comprehensively the genomic structure and epigenetic organization in the most repeat-dense regions of our chromosomes. (cam.ac.uk)
Using whole genomic sequencing, the complete deletion was mapped to chromosome 6 (60,678,870-61,037,354), a slightly smaller deletion region than that previously reported in the C57BL/6J substrain maintained by Envigo. (nature.com)
The Y chromosome is important for male fertility and contains the genes critical for sperm production, but it is often neglected in genomic studies because it is so difficult to sequence and assemble," said Monika Cechova, a graduate student at Penn State at the time of the research and co-first author of the paper. (scitechdaily.com)
One of the main directions of human genome research in the post-genomic eta is the study of its higher-order structure that became the key to understanding of the most important cellular processes such as cell differentiation or transformation. (muni.cz)

Contribution of advanced fluorescence nano microscopy towards revealing mitotic chromosome structure. (bvsalud.org)
To address this long-standing problem, development of advanced imaging methods has played an essential role in providing understanding into mitotic chromosome structure and compaction. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we discuss the advantages and limitations of both methods followed by their contribution to mitotic chromosome studies. (bvsalud.org)
Techniques used previously to examine the mitotic chromosomes of Dictyostelium discoideum have been applied to the cellular slime mould Polysphondylium pallidum. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Low concentrations of benzimidazole derivatives (thiabendazole, cambendazole, ben late and nocodazole) caused the arrest of cell division, mitotic indices greater than 50%, chromosome doubling and lowered plating efficiency. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Rapid degradation of condensin I and condensin II - two essential regulators of mitotic chromosome structure - revealed that both complexes are individually required for cell division in precursor lymphocytes, but not in their differentiated peripheral lymphocyte derivatives. (elifesciences.org)

Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and haploid/diploid. (khanacademy.org)

these are known as homologous chromosomes. (sciencing.com)

Dresden and Leipzig researchers find that stem cells in the developing brain of modern humans take longer to divide and make fewer errors when distributing their chromosomes to their daughter cells, compared to those of Neanderthals. (news-medical.net)
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell except for the gametes, which are the "sex cells" that fuse to form "typical" cells in the process of reproduction. (sciencing.com)
Diploid organisms, such as humans, have chromosomes that come in homologous pairs (except for the sex chromosomes), with each parent contributing one chromosome per homologous pair. (maplesoft.com)
A clearer picture of the evolution of the Y chromosome is important for studying male fertility in humans as well as our understanding of reproduction patterns and the ability to track male lineages in the great apes, which can help with conservation efforts for these endangered species. (scitechdaily.com)
If you just compare the sequence identity-comparing the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs of the chromosomes-humans are more similar to chimpanzees, as you would expect," said Kateryna Makova, Pentz Professor of Biology at Penn State and one of the leaders of the research team. (scitechdaily.com)

FISH mapping further narrowed the region of deletion of chromosome 4 to 39.6 centimorgans (cM) and the region of duplication to 10-35 cM. (cdc.gov)

These 23 pairs include 22 pairs of chromosomes simply numbered 1 through 22 and a pair of sex chromosomes, which are X and Y in males and X and X in females. (sciencing.com)
Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes - half are from your mom and half are from your dad - for a total of 46. (kidshealth.org)
Most human cells have two pairs of 23 chromosomes, one pair from your mother and the other from your father, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (giantmicrobes.com)
DNA is so tightly wound in each chromosome that the entire human genetic code of 3 billion base pairs fits in an area of just 6 microns, 10 times smaller than the diameter of hair! (giantmicrobes.com)
23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
Sep 22, 2022 Telomere vesicles retained the Rad51 recombination factor that enabled telomere fusion with T-cell chromosome ends lengthening them by an average of 3,000 base pairs. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)
A human chromosome can have up to 500 million base pairs of DNA with thousands of genes. (genome101.com)
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cell of human body. (solutionsclass.com)

Chromosomes are threadlike structures inside of cells that store genetic information. (giantmicrobes.com)

A gene for Meckel syndrome maps to chromosome 11q13. (nature.com)
Blast-1 possesses a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor, is related to LFA-3 and OX-45, and maps to chromosome 1q21-23. (hcdm.org)

But a baby with Down syndrome has an extra chromosome (47 instead of 46) or one chromosome has an extra part. (kidshealth.org)
Arrow indicates extra chromosome. (medscape.com)

2010) Ab initio reconstruction of cell type-specific transcriptomes in mouse reveals the con-served multi-exonic structure of lincRNAs. (scirp.org)
Right after a cell divides along with every one of its chromosomes, it contains a single copy of all 46 of its individual chromosomes. (sciencing.com)
Karyotyping is done at metaphase as this is the only stage of the cell cycle when chromosomes are condensed and lined up. (lantsandlaminins.com)
They're thread-like structures within each cell and are made up of genes. (kidshealth.org)
A cell with one of every kind of chromosome. (flashcardmachine.com)
The medial portion of chromosome 4 was deleted in 67% of all of the cell Strains. (cdc.gov)
Duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 4 occurred in 22% of the spontaneously-occurring high-invasive cells strains and 83% of the chemically-induced high-invasive cell culrures. (cdc.gov)
Mouse chromosome 1 and 15 were amplified in 90% of the high-invasive cell strains. (cdc.gov)
Radiation can disrupt the structure of the DNA (and other macromolecules), thereby disrupting normal cell and organ functions. (cdc.gov)
For example, children with Down syndrome can be born with a heart defect and Down syndrome is a genetic condition in which children have extra genetic material known as chromosome number 21 in every cell of their body, and it's thought that this extra genetic material causes the infant's heart not to develop normally during the pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
We and other multicellular organisms contain billions or trillions of cells organized into complex structures, but many organisms consist of a single cell. (alloteacher.com)
2012). In chromosome segregation must start prior to the cytokinetic Z-ring can assemble at mid-cell, coordinated with BKM120 biological activity the gradient-forming FtsZ BKM120 biological activity inhibitor MipZ (Thanbichler and Shapiro, 2006). (biobender.com)
The 23rd pair in gonadal cell called sex chromosome which is not always a perfect pair. (solutionsclass.com)
Structures inside the cell are suspended in the cytosol. (visiblebody.com)
We actually can cure AIDS and cancer with RA SHIELD, since these two diseases are caused by the failure in crystallization of Chromosomes due to failure of Wave Optics during cell division (so-called translocation, transposition, deletions, and other structural defects of chromosomes). (wordpress.com)

The structural chromosome alterations may arise at the chromosome level (e.g., translocations and gains or losses of large portions of chromosomes) or at the nucleotide level, which influence gene structure or expression such as mutations, insertions, deletions, gene amplifications, and gene silencing by epigenetic effects ( Jefford and Irminger-Finger, 2006 ). (frontiersin.org)
Examples include inversions (part of a chromosome is turned around), rings (a chromosome forms a ring structure), and translocations (parts of chromosomes in the wrong location). (medscape.com)

In addition, we used indirect immunofluorescence to demonstrate that these antibodies recognize centromeres of HeLa chromosomes in the expected pattern for CENP-C. Localization of CENP-C by immunoelectron microscopy reveals that this protein is a component of the inner kinetochore plate. (cell.com)

Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. (nih.gov)
Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into chromatin, a highly compacted structure made up of repeating nucleosome units. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic cells contain smaller structures, called organelles , that help it carry out these functions. (visiblebody.com)

a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material. (genome101.com)
Chromosomes and Inheritance. (bcgcertification.org)

you can see three copies of chromosome 7… "trisomy" and you can see two X chromosomes and no Y chromosome, therefore female, trisomy chromosome 7. (lantsandlaminins.com)

usually occur when a chromosome breaks in two places, typically at the ends of the p and q arms, and then the arms fuse together to form a circular structure. (medlineplus.gov)
Yeast centromere DNA is in a unique and highly ordered structure in chromosomes and small circular minichromosomes. (cell.com)
Bacterial DNA is usually organized into a single circular chromosome. (si.edu)
The large circular structure is the eye, showing the structure of the retina. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Instead, their DNA can be found in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid or in circular chromosomes called plasmids. (visiblebody.com)

Hi-C, a method to map the three-dimensional structure of chromosomes, promises more reliable and accurate diagnoses of such defects, but is not used in the clinic yet. (mpg.de)
Dr. Shapira] Heart defects are problems with the structure of the heart. (cdc.gov)

occur when a chromosome breaks and some genetic material is lost. (medlineplus.gov)
Genetic material may or may not be lost as a result of the chromosome breaks. (medlineplus.gov)
These structures are unstable and often involve a loss of some genetic material. (medlineplus.gov)
In many cases, genetic material near the ends of the chromosome is lost. (medlineplus.gov)
Only eukaryotes have nuclei, and so the genetic material of bacteria, which like that of all living things consists of DNA, exists in the cytoplasm of bacteria cells as a singular, ring-shaped "chromosome. (sciencing.com)
Due to their evolutionary descent from bacteria, mitochondria still have genetic material packaged in chromosome-like structures (nucleoids). (phys.org)

Molecular structure, chromosome assignment, and promoter organization of the human matrix Gla protein gene. (ualg.pt)
Researchers from the National Institutes of Health have developed a three-dimensional structure that allows them to see how and where disease mutations on the twinkle protein can lead to mitochondrial diseases. (news-medical.net)
In fact, a chromosome is nothing more than one very long strand of DNA (called chromatin) bound to a protein called histones. (sciencing.com)
Each chromosome in its non-replicated state consists of a single chromatid, which is simply a very long DNA molecule to which are attached a great many histone protein molecule complexes. (sciencing.com)
A 47-kd human nuclear protein recognized by antikinetochore autoimmunesera is homologous with the protein encoded by RCC1, a gene implicated in onset of chromosome condensation. (cell.com)
1PUL: Solution structure for the 21KDa caenorhabditis elegans protein CE32E8.3. (rcsb.org)
Solution structure for the 21KDa caenorhabditis elegans protein CE32E8.3. (rcsb.org)
His team have shown that chemical or environmental stress detaches a protein called activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) from chromatin, the densely packed DNA that makes up chromosomes. (newscientist.com)
Additionally, 3-dimensional structures were determined and compared within each SbSOD protein. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Which of the following structures is composed of DNA and protein? (studyinnovations.com)

We have studied replication throughout 325 kb of the telomeric region of a human chromosome (16p13.3) and related the findings to various aspects of chromosome structure and function (DNA sequence organization, nuclease-hypersensitive sites, nuclear matrix attachment sites, patterns of methylation and gene expression). (ox.ac.uk)
This has previously been investigated by sequencing autosomal and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), but large-scale sequence analysis of the male-specific region of the Y Chromosome (MSY) has not yet been undertaken. (anthropogeny.org)
New analysis of the DNA sequence of the male-specific Y chromosomes from all living species of the great ape family helps to clarify our understanding of how this enigmatic chromosome evolved. (scitechdaily.com)
While all DNA is stained blue, a specific sequence stained pink appears duplicated in one of the two copies of chromosome 17, but not the other. (mpg.de)

Using PCR and Capture-based chromosome conformation capture (3C) approaches, collectively called 4Tran, we take advantage of the repetitive nature of transposons to capture interactions from multiple copies of endogenous retrovirus (ERVs) in the human and mouse genomes. (springer.com)
With the development of chromosome conformation capture (3C) techniques that rely on crosslinking of chromatin in close spatial proximity, additional levels of organization have been described. (springer.com)

As a result, these abnormal chromosomes have an extra copy of some genes and are lacking copies of genes on the missing arm. (medlineplus.gov)
Dicentric chromosomes result from the abnormal fusion of two chromosome pieces, each of which includes a centromere. (medlineplus.gov)
Most embryos stop developing and perish within days of fertilization, usually because they have an abnormal number of chromosomes. (news-medical.net)

Over the organic Deuteronomic terms, download Chromatin and Chromosome Structure 1977 Readers, civil good RNA and different download according terms and Features Research please happened a impairment of philosophy about the pp. of study computations and their attributes. (bcvsolutions.com)

Each chromosome in a given homologous pair represents the same genes, but with different expressions (called alleles ) of those genes. (maplesoft.com)
A pair of stained chromosomes under the microscope. (mpg.de)
It cause loss of one chromosome out of a pair. (nanavatimaxhospital.org)
Women have a perfect pair having XX - chromosomes. (solutionsclass.com)
But men have a pair having XY-chromosomes. (solutionsclass.com)

this is been shown to be the entire case for MatP, which coordinates chromosome segregation and pole structure in (Coltharp et?al. (biobender.com)

Polyploidy refers to the presence of an extra set of chromosomes. (medscape.com)

The ring may or may not include the centromere, depending on where on the chromosome the breaks occur. (medlineplus.gov)

The natural centromeric DNA path in our structures corresponds to symmetric surfaces for CCNC assembly, deviating from what is observed in prior structures using artificial sequences. (rcsb.org)

Where are the structures that distinguish rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum produced? (studyinnovations.com)

Recently, a method of chromosome painting in silico has been developed to overcome these shortcomings and has been applied to multiple human genome sequences. (elsevier.com)

CENP-C CM is thought to engage a neighboring nucleosome, either one containing conventional H3 or CENP-A, and a crystal structure of a nucleosome complex containing two copies of CENP-C CM was reported. (rcsb.org)

The team began by looking for patterns in this cloverleaf structure, using detailed data from hundreds of molecules representing viruses and each of the three superkingdoms of life: archaea, bacteria and eukarya. (phys.org)

Around 7.000 y.a., human populations from the entire world went through a strong decrease of Y chromosome diversity compared to mtDNA. (openedition.org)
In order to confront this scenario to other hypotheses, we developed a model of populations displaying different descent and residence rules, with or without competition between lineages, and for each scenario, we computed diversity estimators on the Y chromosome and mtDNA. (openedition.org)
Obtained results suggest that if violent competition between lineages strongly decreases diversity on the Y chromosome, patrilineality alone generates a major bottleneck on the Y chromosome with respect to mtDNA. (openedition.org)
Using phylogeographic, population structure and spatial genetic analyses of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data, we inferred the genetic relationships among Uros populations (Los Uros from Peru, Uru-Chipaya and Uru-Poopo from Bolivia), and compared their haplotype profiles with eight Aymara, nine Quechua and two Arawak (Machiguenga and Yanesha) speaking populations from Peru and Bolivia. (umsa.bo)

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) refers to a group of genetic alterations of the normal structure of the dental enamel that disturbs its clinical appearance. (bvsalud.org)
Multi-institutional experience of genetic diagnosis in Ecuador: National registry of chromosome alterations and polymorphisms. (cdc.gov)

Light micrograph of onion (Allium cepa) root tip cells stained with acetocarmine to show nuclei and chromosomes. (cellimagelibrary.org)

Within organisms , genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes , where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules . (wikipedia.org)

The term "atrophy" is a misnomer, since, in its strict histologic definition, atrophy implies involution of a structure due to prolonged disuse. (medscape.com)

The results reveal several puzzling aspects of Drosophila dot chromosome biology to be possible remnants of its former life as a sex chromosome, such as its minor feminizing role in sex determination or its targeting by a chromosome-specific regulatory mechanism. (semanticscholar.org)
The organization of chromatin into higher-order structures and its condensation process represent one of the key challenges in structural biology . (bvsalud.org)

Analysis of the timing of replication in chromosomes with deletions, or in transgenes containing various segments of this telomeric region, suggests that there are no critical origins or zones that initiate replication, rather the pattern of replication appears to be related to the underlying chromatin structure which may restrict or facilitate access to multiple, redundant origins. (ox.ac.uk)
Once it is detached, the chromatin structure physically opens up, enabling otherwise hidden genes to become active. (newscientist.com)
Collectively, our data suggest that dynamic and mutually exclusive binding of H1 and HMGD1 to nucleosomes and their linker sequences may control the fluid chromatin structure that is required for transcriptional regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite suggestive evidence of a relationship between HMGs and H1, their genome-wide distributions are not known and a clear understanding of how they are related to chromatin structure and gene expression is lacking. (biomedcentral.com)

The duplication of APBA2 sequences in this region adds to a complex picture of different low copy repeats present across this region and elsewhere on the chromosome. (nih.gov)
A team of biologists and computer scientists at Penn State sequenced and assembled the Y chromosome from orangutan and bonobo and compared those sequences to the existing human, chimpanzee, and gorilla Y sequences. (scitechdaily.com)
The Y chromosome contains a lot of repetitive sequences, which are challenging for DNA sequencing, assembling sequences, and aligning sequences for comparison. (scitechdaily.com)

Anatomy68

Organisms10

Diseases27

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes169

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Interactions of Isw2 chromatin remodeling complex with nucleosomal arrays: analyses using recombinant yeast histones and immobilized templates. (1/51)

The Drosophila Su(var)2-10 locus regulates chromosome structure and function and encodes a member of the PIAS protein family. (2/51)

Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (3/51)

A role of topoisomerase II in linking DNA replication to chromosome condensation. (4/51)

Microtubule distribution during meiosis I in flea-beetle [Alagoasa (Oedionychus)] spermatocytes: evidence for direct connections between unpaired sex chromosomes. (5/51)

Engineered chromosome regions with altered sequence composition demonstrate hierarchical large-scale folding within metaphase chromosomes. (6/51)

Histone hyperacetylation in mitosis prevents sister chromatid separation and produces chromosome segregation defects. (7/51)

Clustering of multiple specific genes and gene-rich R-bands around SC-35 domains: evidence for local euchromatic neighborhoods. (8/51)

Chromosome Structures

Chromosomes

Chromosome Mapping

Chromosome Segregation

Chromosome Banding

X Chromosome

Chromosomes, Human

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Chromosomes, Fungal

Chromosome Aberrations

Chromosome Pairing

Chromosomes, Mammalian

Mitosis

Chromatids

Meiosis

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes, Plant

Synaptonemal Complex

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

Metaphase

Karyotyping

Chromatin

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11

Centromere

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6

Polytene Chromosomes

Chromosome Deletion

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21

Pachytene Stage

Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X

Crossing Over, Genetic

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13

Recombination, Genetic

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10

Chromosomes, Human, Y

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

Chromosome Disorders

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial

Molecular Sequence Data

Chromosomes, Human, X

Multiprotein Complexes

Chromosomes, Human, 1-3

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12

Chromosome Painting

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5

Base Sequence

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15

Mutation

Interphase

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18

Chromosomes, Human, 16-18

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20

Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast

Cell Nucleus

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

Telomere

Genetic Linkage

Chromosome Breakage

Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y

DNA

DNA Replication

DNA Topoisomerases, Type II

Adenosine Triphosphatases

Cell Cycle Proteins

Ring Chromosomes

Histones

Drosophila

DNA-Binding Proteins

Heterochromatin