Chromosomal Position Effects

Eye Color

Chromosome Mapping

Chromosomes

Transgenes

Aneuploidy

Recombination, Genetic

X Chromosome

Chromosome Banding

Chromosome Inversion

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

CRISPR-Associated Proteins

CRISPR-Cas Systems

Inverted Repeat Sequences

Recombinational DNA Repair

Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster

PubMed

Periodicals as Topic

Books

Publishing

MEDLINE

Serial Publications

Biological Science Disciplines

Dyneins

Axonemal Dyneins

Spermatocytes

Microtubule-Associated Proteins

t-Complex Genome Region

Cytoplasmic Dyneins

Telomere

Telomere Homeostasis

Telomere Shortening

Telomerase

Size Perception

Body Size

Telomere-Binding Proteins

Ubiquitination

Phenotype

Gene Knockdown Techniques

Ubiquitin

Molecular Sequence Data

Mutation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Foot Deformities, Congenital

Translocation, Genetic

Limb Deformities, Congenital

Genes, Developmental

Portraits as Topic

Residence Characteristics

Encyclopedias as Topic

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Transcription Factors

Base Sequence

Transcription, Genetic

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PreCisIon: PREdiction of CIS-regulatory elements improved by genes positION. - PubMed - NCBI

Position-effect variegation and the genetic dissection of chromatin regulation in Drosophila. - PubMed - NCBI

JoVE Author Search: Elgin SC

In vivo live imaging of RNA polymerase II transcription factories in primary cells. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine

Effect of Nicotinamide in Friedreich's Ataxia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov

Effect of Nicotinamide in Friedreich's Ataxia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov

Human Nucleome Reveals Amazing 4-D World | The Institute for Creation Research

Biology-Online • View topic - Traslocation

Power Calibration Area Error - Chat - ImgBurn Support Forum

David Le Monnier

Genomic imprinting of chromatin in Drosophila melanogaster

Variegation - Wikipedia

Welcome to Xcelris Genomics

Rob Martienssen - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

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A Correlation of Ring-Shaped Chromosomes with Variegation in Zea Mays (December 15, 1932)

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Cp190 - Centrosome-associated zinc finger protein CP190 - Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) - Cp190 gene & protein

Silencing DNAmet-imprin 2012

Localization of Sir2p: the nucleolus as a compartment for silent information regulators | The EMBO Journal

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Gene repositioning within the cell nucleus is not random and is determined by its genomic neighborhood. - TUbiblio

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TPE 2003 - Anti-Fogging

WERAM - Writers, Erasers & Readers of Histone Acetylation and Methylation Database

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Proteins: Recombinant, Native & Peptides | Cell Sciences

Ldb1 | Markus Library News

Tetrahymena Stock Center - Stock ID SD01866

TPE 2003 - Wire and cable

Chromatin bridge

University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center

Recombinant inbred strain

Clonal hypereosinophilia

Diamond-Blackfan anemia

Polar body

Hermann Joseph Muller

Ethidium bromide

Pathophysiology of hypertension

Prokaryotic cytoskeleton

Loss of heterozygosity

Alexander van Oudenaarden

Designer baby

Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease

Epigenetics of human development

Spermatogenesis

List of polymorphisms

Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling

Chloroplast DNA

Off-target genome editing

Demographics of Iran

Genetic studies on Serbs

Caulobacter crescentus

Mouse model of colorectal and intestinal cancer

Nivalenol

Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor

Gray matter heterotopia

List of multiple discoveries

Viceroy (butterfly)

Anopheles

Chloroplast DNA

Caulobacter crescentus

Endospore

Histone

Obstructive sleep apnea

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Proteasome

Haplogroup Q-M242

Radiation therapy

Jewish diaspora

PRNP

Epigenetics

Y chromosome

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

Medical genetics

Hemoglobin

Folate

Tajima's D

Mitosis

Rhinoceros

Horse

Prader-Willi syndrome

Melatonin

Evolution - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stillbirth

Insect

Intersex medical interventions

Nature versus nurture

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2

ATP-binding cassette transporter

Genes29

• Variegated phenotypes often result from chromosomal rearrangements that place euchromatic genes next to heterochromatin. (nih.gov)
• The effects on gene expression that depend on the location of a gene with respect to its neighboring genes and region of chromosome. (bioportfolio.com)
• Some chromosomal rearrangements, such as a simple translocation or an inversion, may affect just a few genes. (genetics.org)
• 1993 ) trithorax regulates multiple homeotic genes in the bithorax and Antennapedia complexes and exerts different tissue specific, parasegment specific and promoter specific effects on each. (biologists.org)
• 1995 ) Genetic interactions and dosage effects of Polycomb group genes of Drosophila . (biologists.org)
• However, despite decades of extensive research on development in all sorts of organisms, it is not understood precisely how developmental control genes are regulated, expressed or silenced at the correct position and with their exact timing in the course of development, nor how the development of different cells types and tissues is coordinated during embryogenesis. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• In a variety of organisms, euchromatic genes brought into juxtaposition with pericentric heterochromatin show position-effect variegation (PEV), a silencing of gene expression in a subset of the cells in which the gene is normally expressed. (nih.gov)
• Identifying the genes that confer these conditionally beneficial effects to particular chromosomal duplications can improve our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms that enable certain aneuploidies to persist in cell populations and contribute to disease and evolution. (g3journal.org)
• Our findings add to a growing body of literature that shows the conditionally beneficial effects of chromosomal duplication are typically mediated by a small number of genes that enhance tolerance to specific stresses when their copy numbers are increased. (g3journal.org)
• An important question regarding such conditionally beneficial aneuploidies is, do their effects tend to arise due to changes in the copy numbers of one or multiple genes on the aneuploid chromosome(s)? (g3journal.org)
• The expression of constitutively expressed genes can vary up to fivefold based on chromosomal location, but it is not clear what level of variation would occur in naturally regulated operons. (asm.org)
• Several studies have quantified the gene dosage effect experimentally and shown that the levels of expression of genes vary up to fivefold depending on their chromosomal location ( 5 , 7 , 8 ). (asm.org)
• The proposed procedure for the reduction of confounding and suppression effects and the semi-supervised clustering method are essential steps to identify genes associated with the chemotherapeutic response. (biomedcentral.com)
• Prime objective of the present study is to determine the biological effect of reported alleles in INPP5E genes. (thefreelibrary.com)
• On the basis of these findings, it is hypothesized that ectopic and excessive expression of the Om genes in the eye imaginal discs is induced by an eye imaginal disc-specific enhancer present in the tom LTR, the effect of which may be subject to chromosomal position effects. (springer.com)
• protein-coding genes were grouped by chromosome, sorted by position, and paired with the 100 nearest neighbors within the same chromosome. (g3journal.org)
• The position of genes within chromosomes is known to modulate their rate of transcription ( 48 ), but relatively few studies have systematically compared regulation at multiple chromosomal sites. (asm.org)
• We have previously shown that several susceptibility alleles of low-to-moderate-effects in NPSR1 may modify the asthma risk and show epistasis depending on the carrier status for variants in genes belonging to common biological pathways [ 17 ]. (plos.org)
• To analyze the effects of background genes, backcross offspring were examined from the interspecific cross of (MRL-lpr x CAST/Ei)F_1 x MRL-lpr. (nii.ac.jp)
• The profound effects of background genes on the extent of nephritis, lymphadenopathy and anti-DNA antibody were demonstrated. (nii.ac.jp)
• Of major note, this study suggested the identification of chromosomal positions for genes that modify nephritis. (nii.ac.jp)
• The top and bottom diagrams depict the chromosomal organization of globin and nonglobin genes. (els.net)
• Major effect genes or loose confederations? (biomedcentral.com)
• The rapid development of genetically modulated resistance to insecticides is postulated to develop in two distinct ways: By selection for single major effect genes or by selection for loose confederations in which several factors, not normally associated with each other, inadvertently combine their effects to produce resistance phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
• Heterochromatin is a form of tightly-coiled chromosomal material that carries genes, and is considered to be largely inert genetically. (wisegeek.com)
• Background Mapping the breakpoints in de novo balanced chromosomal translocations (BCT) in symptomatic individuals provides a unique opportunity to identify in an unbiased way the likely causative genetic defect and thus find novel human disease candidate genes. (bmj.com)
• The potential of heterochromatin to silence nearby genes, a phenomenon known as position effect variegation (PEV), has been both puzzling and attractive for scientists since its discovery (for review, see Eissenberg and Elgin, 2000 ). (plantphysiol.org)
• complementary g's two independent pairs of nonallelic genes, neither of which will produce its effect in the absence of the other. (thefreedictionary.com)
• major gene a gene whose effect on the phenotype is always evident, regardless of how this effect is modified by other genes. (thefreedictionary.com)

Aberrations3

• This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), rather than traditional chromosome analysis, in prenatal diagnosis of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) for superior prenatal genetic counseling and to reveal a potential correlation between submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations and VSDs. (springer.com)
• Mutations of the DLX5 ( distal-less ) transcription factor-encoding gene in chromosome 7 cause SHFM through haploinsufficiency, but the vast majority of cases result from heterozygous chromosomal aberrations of the region without mutating the DLX5 gene. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• An increased incidence of SA and chromosomal aberrations has been reported in smokers [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

Chromosome20

• A) Burkitt's lymphoma t(8;14)(q24;q32) can be developed due to chromosomal translocations juxtaposing the c-myc gene on chromosome 8 to one of the immunoglobulin loci. (cainscrossing.org)
• Chromosome engineering in mice enables the construction of models of human chromosomal diseases and provides key reagents for genetic studies. (genetics.org)
• Chromosome IV duplication is the most frequent mutation, as well as the only change in chromosomal copy number seen in the screen. (g3journal.org)
• Using a genetic mapping strategy that involves systematically deleting segments of a duplicated chromosome, we show that the chromosome IV's duplication effect is largely due to the generation of a second copy of the stress-inducible cytoplasmic thioredoxin peroxidase TSA2 . (g3journal.org)
• We tested the magnitude of the chromosome location effect using EF-Tu ( tufA , tufB ), an abundant protein whose cellular level correlates with, and limits, the maximum growth rate. (asm.org)
• This locational bias is thought to reflect a selection for maximum growth rate that can be achieved by increasing relative gene copy number and, therefore, expression, due to gene dosage effects associated with bacteria having overlapping cycles of chromosome replication under fast growth conditions ( 3 - 6 ). (asm.org)
• Suppressors of position effect variegation alter chromosome and chromatin structure. (ubc.ca)
• A susceptibility locus with significant linkage to vasculitis of main branches of the aorta was mapped on chromosome 4 at D4Mit213 (map position 13.3cM) selectively in males, while vasculitis of medium-sized arteries in the lower limbs was mapped to different chromosomes: at D8Mit31 on chromosome 8 (map position 33.0) selectively in females and at D5Mit36 on chromosome 5 (map position 65.0). (wiley.com)
• We examined the effect of cell cycle progression on various levels of chromosome organization in Drosophila . (rupress.org)
• Such interphase chromosome movements suggest a possible mechanism that links gene regulation via nuclear positioning to the cell cycle: delayed maturation of heterochromatin during G1-phase delays establishment of a silent chromatin state. (rupress.org)
• Chromosomal territories have also been demonstrated in Drosophila early embryo and polytene nuclei, where most of the genome is contained on only five large chromosome arms. (rupress.org)
• When study lead author Neil Ganem, PhD, of Dana-Farber used newly developed microscope equipment to watch living cancer cells for a week or more, he found that not only were such abnormal divisions quite rare, but the resulting daughter cells were so discombobulated by their chromosomal quirks, they generally survived for only a few days "" far too briefly to deliver abnormal chromosome content to a tumor. (redorbit.com)
• The centrosomes' role is to construct the mitotic spindle, the axis along which the chromosome pairs position themselves as division proceeds. (redorbit.com)
• It has also been known to be a highly mutable form of DNA prone to cancerous effects, but, in this case, centromeric heterochromatin is a stable and protective feature of the chromosome. (wisegeek.com)
• Insertional inactivation of the yyaA gene had no apparent effect on chromosome organization and partitioning during vegetative growth or sporulation. (asm.org)
• The role of Soj in chromosome partitioning is less clear, as a null mutation has only a minor effect on segregation ( 21 ). (asm.org)
• Unexpectedly, a yyaA null mutation had no obvious effect on chromosome segregation or nucleoid organization. (asm.org)
• Chromosome loci that were positioned away from telomeres exhibited reduced motion in the presence of an actin polymerization inhibitor but were unaffected by the lack of Csm4. (biologists.org)
• Overall, interphase chromosome dynamics are modulated by the additive effects of cytoskeletal actin through forces mediated by the nuclear envelope and nuclear actin, probably through the function of actin in chromatin-remodeling complexes. (biologists.org)
• one of the biologic units of heredity, self-reproducing, and located at a definite position (locus) on a particular chromosome. (thefreedictionary.com)

Drosophila7

• We report here that a point mutation in the gene which encodes the heterochromatin-specific nonhistone chromosomal protein HP-1 in Drosophila melanogaster is associated with dominant suppression of position-effect variegation. (pnas.org)
• Germ line transformation of white − Drosophila embryos with P -element vectors containing white expression cassettes results in flies with different eye color phenotypes due to position effects at the sites of transgene insertion. (asm.org)
• These position effects can be cured by specific DNA elements, such as the Drosophila scs and scs′ elements, that have insulator activity in vivo. (asm.org)
• Two different human MARs, from the apolipoprotein B and α1-antitrypsin loci, insulated white transgene expression from position effects in Drosophila melanogaster . (asm.org)
• 1993 ) A 5′ element of the chicken beta-globin domain serves as an insulator in human erythroid cells and protects against position effect in Drosophila . (biologists.org)
• Geyer PK, Corces VG (1992) DNA position-specific repression of transcription by a Drosophila zinc finger protein. (springer.com)
• Hoover KK, Chien AJ, Corces VG (1993) Effects of transposable elements on the expression of the forked gene of Drosophila melanogaster . (springer.com)

Heterochromatin3

• This suggests that heterochromatin-specific proteins play a central role in the gene suppression associated with heterochromatic position effects. (pnas.org)
• He and his colleagues have shed light on a phenomenon called position-effect variegation, caused by inactivation of a gene positioned near densely packed chromosomal material called heterochromatin. (cshl.edu)
• Where heterochromatin formation is present, it usually represses the transcription of genetic information in itself or nearby chromatin regions, and this effect on gene expression is known as position effect variegation. (wisegeek.com)

Rearrangements2

• Pathogenesis associated with CPE can be found in various cancers, or constitutional pathologies, in which chromosomal rearrangements (translocations, deletions, or inversions) take place (1). (cainscrossing.org)
• Computational Prediction of Position Effects of Apparently Balanced Human Chromosomal Rearrangements. (nih.gov)

Abnormality1

• UChicago accomplishments include landmark prostate cancer treatment in 1939, the identification of the first chromosomal abnormality in leukemia in 1972, the 1988 discovery of the molecular mechanism by which tamoxifen blocks the effects of estrogen, and the 2008 development of a new MRI procedure that can detect early breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)

Translocations1

• ONE of the most common causes of human developmental disorders and fetal loss are chromosomal abnormalities such as inversions, duplications, deficiencies, translocations, and nondisjunction. (genetics.org)

Instability2

• According to Pellman, chromosomal instability, it turns out, "is actually a side effect of the cells' ability to cluster their excess centrosomes. (redorbit.com)
• Genotoxic effects from RF exposure, including studies of non-thermal levels of exposure, consistently and specifically show chromosomal instability, altered gene expression, gene mutations, DNA fragmentation and DNA structural breaks. (aaemonline.org)

Abnormalities2

• There are different mechanisms through which chromosomal position effect (CPE) can result in developing human abnormalities: juxtaposition of one gene with the enhancer of another gene, separation of the transcription unit from an essential distant regulatory element, competition for the same regulatory element, or classical PEV where a gene is transferred to a new chromatin environment. (cainscrossing.org)
• Karyotype analysis identified 16 chromosomal abnormalities. (springer.com)

Translocation1

• We found that transcriptional regulation buffered the effects of translocation and that even under conditions where growth rate was reduced, genetic changes that increased the expression of tufB were easily and rapidly selected. (asm.org)

Proteins1

• Position-effect Variegation: An Assay for Non-histone Chromosomal Proteins and Chromatin Assembly and Modifying Factors. (ubc.ca)

Insulator1

• This is an attractive hypothesis because it equates the structural boundaries of a chromatin loop, the flanking MAR elements, with the functional boundaries of the domain, the putative chromosomal insulator elements. (asm.org)

Anomalies2

• There are numerous forms of genetic variation in the human genome, ranging from large chromosomal anomalies to single nucleotide variation. (thefreelibrary.com)
• Higher frequency of SA was seen in test mothers using oral contraceptives than in control mothers and in Down syndrome, XXY Klinefelter, and XO Turner syndrome, suggesting that drug intake and chromosomal anomalies predispose to satellite associations [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

Inactivation2

• In position-effect variegation (PEV) therefore, gene inactivation results from a change in chromatin structure. (nih.gov)
• Epigenetics is the study of non-DNA-mediated hereditary changes in cells, a rapidly growing field I find personally satisfying because it is finding answers to many of the riddles and mysteries in biology which entranced me as a college student many years ago: "cytoplasmic inheritance,"position-effect variegation, chromosomal inactivation, and so on. (oberlin.edu)

Genetic14

• Evolutionary theory predicts that the chromosomal region would show a reduced level of genetic variation and an excess of rare alleles. (sciencemag.org)
• More importantly, chromosomal deficiencies are commonly exploited in genetic screens because a small portion of the genome is functionally hemizygous. (genetics.org)
• Although chromosomal duplications are often deleterious, in some cases they enhance cells' abilities to tolerate specific genetic or environmental challenges. (g3journal.org)
• The final result of the ura-blaster genetic disruption method is an intact copy of the C. albicans URA3 gene located within the ura-blaster cassette at the position in the genome corresponding to one allele of the target gene. (asm.org)
• The effect of SNP is exclusively dependent upon its genetic position. (thefreelibrary.com)
• Identifying the patients of their genetic damage through cytogenetic studies and treating them with Chyawanprash Awaleha, an antioxidant, seemed to be a promising strategy and an attractive alternative that reduces toxic effects of tobacco. (hindawi.com)
• We sought to examine the effects of different combinations of these NPS and NPSR1 variants on downstream signaling and genetic risk of asthma. (plos.org)
• Analysis of genetic regulatory effects on DNA methylation at known pSS risk loci was performed. (bmj.com)
• The third method of repression doesn't apply to human genetic coding and instead is a limiting factor on gene expression in some insect species that have been studied for the effect, such as fruit flies. (wisegeek.com)
• We are now in a position to ask how early childhood environments work together with genetic variation and epigenetic regulation to generate socially partitioned developmental trajectories with impact on health across the life course. (plos.org)
• The nature of these effects may be epigenetic occurring in some cells, but not others, of the same genetic background. (plantphysiol.org)
• Difficulties arise from genetic heterogeneity, insufficient sample sizes, and small effects of each disease-regulating gene. (jimmunol.org)
• Genetic outcrosses by transformation with chromosomal DNA and introduction of plasmids carrying either the wild-type or the mutated grlB gene indicated that this mutation causes both increased MICs of fluoroquinolones and decreased MICs of coumarins and that the mutant grlB allele is codominant for both phenotypes with multicopy alleles. (asm.org)
• 3 Genetic damage, reproductive defects, cancer, neurological degeneration and nervous system dysfunction, immune system dysfunction, cognitive effects, protein and peptide damage, kidney damage, and developmental effects have all been reported in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. (aaemonline.org)

Protein7

• 1994 ) The trithorax gene encodes a chromosomal protein and directly regulates the region-specific homeotic gene fork head . (biologists.org)
• We propose a new model of protein evolution that is reminiscent of a constrained 'random walk' through fitness space, which is based on the fitness consequences and distribution of mutational effects on function, stability, aggregation and degradation. (uncommondescent.com)
• There are currently no models that reconcile the constant rate of protein evolution with the biochemical reality that missense mutations have large, context-dependent effects and that few, if any, are selectively neutral. (uncommondescent.com)
• The results indicate that a pericentric transgene showing PEV can be associated with different types of DNA sequences, while maintaining a common association with the chromosomal protein HP1. (nih.gov)
• To identify chromosomal regulators of HIV transcription, we infected Jurkat T cells with an HIV-based vector transducing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and separated cells into populations containing well-expressed (GFP-positive) or poorly expressed (GFP-negative) proviruses. (umd.edu)
• The INPP5E gene, which encodes inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase, is a 644 amino acids long protein and is involved in removing phosphate from inositol phosphates or inositol phospholipids from its 5' position (Kisseleva et al. (thefreelibrary.com)
• These include the lysine residue at position 90 of ribosomal protein L22, the 23S rRNA segment between nucleotides 749 to 752, and 23S rRNA nucleotide U2609 ( 4 ). (asm.org)

Transgenes3

• While many of these studies have shown that transgenes flanked by MARs are more highly expressed than similar transgenes without MAR elements, conflicting views have been expressed as to whether MAR elements can render transgene expression position-independent. (asm.org)
• The majority of transgenes succumb to transcriptional silencing by their chromosomal environment when they are randomly integrated into the genome, a phenomenon known as chromosomal position effect (CPE). (gla.ac.uk)
• Transgenes as probes for active chromosomal domains in mouse devel-opment // Nature. (nsc.ru)

Loci3

• Systemic vasculitis in MRL/lpr mice is genetically controlled with cumulative effects of multiple gene loci, each of which has tissue specificity. (wiley.com)
• Eleven QTLs were clustered in five chromosomal regions, indicating that common Rf loci restored different CMS systems, and the favorable O . rufipogon alleles could be used to develop restorer lines for various CMS types by marker-assisted selection. (hindawi.com)
• A quinolone resistance locus referred to as flqA was localized to the A fragment of chromosomal DNA of first-step ciprofloxacin- and ofloxacin-selected resistant mutants digested with Sma I between the thr and trp loci ( 37 ). (asm.org)

Genomes2

• In many cases, somatic cells that suffer chromosomal damage that is deleterious to a cell may simply cause that cell to be lost from the organism and be replaced by cells from the same lineage with intact genomes. (genetics.org)
• Vertebrate genomes are organised into a variety of nuclear environments and chromatin states that have profound effects on the regulation of gene transcription. (gla.ac.uk)

Putative2

• This assay can be scaled up to test tens of new putative barrier elements in the same chromosomal context in parallel. (gla.ac.uk)
• These ribosomal residues are located in the ribosome peptide exit tunnel, near the putative position of W12 of TnaC-tRNA Pro ( 4 ) (Fig. 1 ). (asm.org)

Duplications2

• Chromosomal changes that result in gene dosage differences (deletions, duplications, and nondisjunction) can be particularly severe. (genetics.org)
• Alternatively, an insecticide resistance phenotype is likely to evolve under intense selection as a single major effect controlled by one or a very small number of mutant alleles or gene duplications. (biomedcentral.com)

Epigenetic1

• To resolve this paradox, we invoke a chromosomal epigenetic mechanism for limb development. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Transcriptional3

• Possible effects of endogenous cellular transcription were characterized by transcriptional profiling. (umd.edu)
• These data provide a genome-wide picture of chromosomal features that repress transcription and suggest models for transcriptional latency in cells from HIV-infected patients. (umd.edu)
• Here we have used human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integration to identify negatively acting chromosomal features, an issue of interest both in understanding global control of transcription and in assessing HIV transcriptional latency in patients. (asm.org)

Telomeres2

• When specifically targeted to telomeres, TRF1 overexpression releases the so-called telomere position effect, suggesting a role for TRF1 in controlling telomere silencing ( 30 ). (asm.org)
• It is also located at the telomeres, or ends of chromosomal segments, of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (wisegeek.com)

Assay2

• The RGBarrier assay consists in a Flp-based RMCE reaction for the integration of an expression construct, carrying candidate DREs, in a pre-characterised chromosomal location. (gla.ac.uk)
• Many of these sites were further defined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and used to generate a position-weighted matrix (PWM) for EBNA1. (asm.org)

Mutations5

• The narrow range of tolerance of deviations from optimum characteristics and the significant effects of mutations give rise to a substantial degree of epistasis for fitness. (uncommondescent.com)
• Another important challenge to evolutionary theory, which emphasizes the independent and additive effects of mutations, arises from studies of compensatory evolution. (uncommondescent.com)
• Here the deleterious effects of mutations are rapidly and effectively compensated by conditionally beneficial mutations. (uncommondescent.com)
• These effects may not be uncovered by SNP arrays which are suitable for detection of common polymorphisms but cannot detect the effects of less frequent coding mutations and low frequency functional SNPs. (plos.org)
• Combining the grlA (Phe-80) and grlB (Asp-470) mutations with this gyrA mutation also had differing effects. (asm.org)

19921

• Thoma F (1992) Nucleosome positioning. (els.net)

Substances1

• It contains many active substances with multiple effects and several (unknown) mechanisms of action. (druglibrary.org)

Alterations2

• Consequently, many chromosomal alterations are incompatible with full-term fetal development. (genetics.org)
• The findings indicate that alterations in topoisomerases may have pleiotropic effects on different classes of inhibitors as well as on inhibitors within the same class. (asm.org)

Regulatory4

• Thus, the variation in HIV-1 gene expression at different integration sites reports the activity of regulatory sequences at nearby chromosomal positions. (umd.edu)
• DNAaseI hypersensitive sites that mark the positions of cis ‐regulatory elements such as promoters (P) or enhancers (E) are indicated as vertical arrows. (els.net)
• 1995) Contrasting effects of alpha and beta globin regulatory elements on chromatin structure may be related to their different chromosomal environments. (els.net)
• According to the FCC and other regulatory agencies, only thermal effects are relevant regarding health implications and consequently, exposure limits are based on thermal effects only. (aaemonline.org)

Deleterious effects2

• An important aspect of RNA interference is its role in protecting organisms from some deleterious effects of viruses [8] . (wikiversity.org)
• But it may also have deleterious effects that could make tumor cells susceptible to therapeutic attack. (redorbit.com)

Transcription5

• Beyond this mitotic clock role attributed to the need for telomere to be maintained over a critical length, the very tip of our DNA has been shown to impact transcription by position effect. (mdpi.com)
• Despite rapid advances in the profiling of transcription factor binding, chromatin states and chromosomal looping interactions, progress towards functionally validating the many candidate barrier elements in vertebrates has been very slow. (gla.ac.uk)
• Retroviral model systems provide a tractable means of studying the influence of chromosomal context on transcription. (asm.org)
• Thus, the viral genome provides a homogeneous transcription template that can be analyzed at different chromosomal locations, allowing the influence of flanking chromosomal features to be assessed. (asm.org)
• On the basis of our findings, we conclude that downregulation of renin synthesis caused by interleukin-1 occurs primarily at the level of transcription and that DNA sequence or sequences mediating that effect are positioned within 4.1 kilobases upstream of the renin gene. (ahajournals.org)

Mice4

• 3 Moreover, mice with both chromosomal copies of the IL-1β-converting enzyme gene inactivated were resistant to endotoxic shock. (ahajournals.org)
• Publications] Ogasawara,J.: 'Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice' Nature. (nii.ac.jp)
• Grosveld F, Bloom van Assendelft G, Greaves DR and Kollias G (1987) Position‐independent, high‐level expression of the human β‐globin gene in transgenic mice. (els.net)
• Adverse developmental effects due to non-thermal RF exposure have been shown with decreased litter size in mice from RF exposure well below safety standards. (aaemonline.org)

Mechanisms2

• Understanding these mechanisms will be of paramount importance for the design of specific solutions for overcoming chromosomal silencing in specific transgenic applications. (gla.ac.uk)
• As malaria vector control becomes increasingly reliant on successfully managing insecticide resistance, the characterisation of resistance mechanisms and their pleiotropic effects becomes increasingly important. (biomedcentral.com)

Sequences1

• The sequences for these newly identified sites were used to generate a position-weighted matrix (PWM) for EBNA1's DNA-binding sites. (asm.org)

Interphase1

• Using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and DNA quantitation in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization, we detected gross chromosomal movements in diploid interphase nuclei of larvae. (rupress.org)

Transgenic1

• Transgenic technology transgresses both species integrity and species boundaries, leading to unexpected, systemic effects on the physiology of the transgenic organisms produced as well as the balanced ecological relationships on which biodiversity depends. (sfsu.edu)

Developmental1

• In the article, they do not apply biological embedding in an indiscriminate fashion, rather stating that "not only must experience have biological effects, but also these effects must, in turn, influence long-term human developmental outcomes and the expression of gradients in human development (336). (plos.org)

Cells8

• What is surprising is that the DNA is not degraded, but remains in the cells as an extra-chromosomal circular molecule. (deepdyve.com)
• K5TRF1 cells also show increased end-to-end chromosomal fusions, multitelomeric signals, and increased telomere recombination, indicating an impact of TRF1 on telomere integrity, again similar to the case in K5TRF2 cells. (asm.org)
• In present study, we investigated the effect of CSA on corticosterone-induced cell apoptosis and explored its possible signaling pathways in PC12 cells. (jove.com)
• In transfected cells, the magnitude of NPSR1-induced activation of cAMP/PKA signal transduction pathways and downstream gene expression was dependent on the combination of the NPS and NPSR1 variants with NPS-Val(6)/NPSR1-Ile(107) resulting in strongest and NPS-Leu(6)/NPSR1-Asn(107) in weakest effects, respectively. (plos.org)
• To determine direct effects of IL-1β on renin-expressing cells we used a clonal cell line, As4.1 (AmericanType Culture Collection [ATCC] No. CRL2193), of renal origin. (ahajournals.org)
• Thus, As4.1 cells may represent a unique model of juxtaglomerular cells with which to study in greater detail the mechanism of IL-1β effects on renin expression during septicemia. (ahajournals.org)
• In addition, the results from the present study will provide a basis for further studies of the effects of cytokines on renin synthesis in juxtaglomerular cells in vivo. (ahajournals.org)
• Because microtubules maintain the positions of the chromosomes during mitosis, they appear to be densely pinched between the two dividing, daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)

Locus1

• 2000). Cytogenetically INPP5E is positioned on 9q34.3 locus. (thefreelibrary.com)

Chromosomes3

• Among them, satellite chromosomes in associations appear to be one of the most suitable tests to assess the toxic effects of carcinogens like tobacco on chromosomes. (hindawi.com)
• The phenomena of SA, where satellite chromosomes assume a specific position with their satellites directed towards each other, were first observed in mitotic human chromosomes and were later also found in meiotic chromosomes [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
• This effect is created when sticky ends of chromosomes remain connected to one another, even after mitosis. (wikipedia.org)

Pleiotropic effects1

• Insecticide resistance is a common occurrence and has been intensively studied in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae , providing a useful model for examining how insecticide resistance develops and what pleiotropic effects are likely to emerge as a consequence of resistance. (biomedcentral.com)

Occur1

• 2 However, many in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies demonstrate that significant harmful biological effects occur from non-thermal RF exposure and satisfy Hill's criteria of causality. (aaemonline.org)

Suppression1

• To address these issues, herein we propose an analysis procedure designed to reduce suppression effect by focusing on a specific chemotherapeutic treatment, and to remove confounding effects such as batch effect, patient's age, and tumor stages. (biomedcentral.com)

Gene dosage5

• This location skew is thought to reflect selective advantages associated with gene dosage effects during the replication cycle. (asm.org)
• The distance from OriC had only a small effect on growth rate, consistent with this operon having the natural ability to upregulate expression and compensate for reduced gene dosage. (asm.org)
• In contrast, when the total EF-Tu concentration was limiting for the growth rate ( tufA deleted), we observed a strong gene dosage effect when tufB was located further from OriC. (asm.org)
• Our findings demonstrate that, at least for the tufB operon, gene dosage is probably not the dominant force selecting for a chromosomal location close to OriC. (asm.org)
• We conclude, at least for tufB , that forces other than gene dosage may be significant in selecting for chromosomal location. (asm.org)

Segments1

• The most radical effects are generated by juxtaposing the minimal stripe enhancers MSE2 and MSE3 for stripes 2 and 3 with and without small "spacer" segments less than 360 bp in length. (prolekare.cz)

Dominant1

• dominant gene one that produces an effect (the phenotype) in the organism regardless of the state of the corresponding allele. (thefreedictionary.com)