AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, Agriculture
ChromatophoresBacterial ChromatophoresRhodospirillum rubrumRhodospirillumBacteriochlorophyllsRhodopseudomonasPhotophosphorylationRhodobacter sphaeroidesSepiaChromatiumMelanophoresAnimal FinsPigmentationRhodobacter capsulatusAntimycin APhotosynthesisPalaemonidaeLightElectron Transport Complex IIIUbiquinoneChlorophyllPigments, BiologicalLight-Harvesting Protein ComplexesPhotosynthetic Reaction Center Complex ProteinsBacterial Proton-Translocating ATPasesSpectrophotometryPolarographyCytochromes c2Electron TransportDecapodiformesOxidative Phosphorylation Coupling FactorsDarknessCytochromes c1DicyclohexylcarbodiimideSuccinatesNADP TranshydrogenasesGenome, PlastidIndophenolValinomycinProtonsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationAmoebaProton-Translocating ATPasesCarotenoidsCollodionSpheroplastsCytochromesBacterial ProteinsKinetics
Chromatophores
The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES).)
Bacterial Chromatophores
Organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Vibrio- to spiral-shaped phototrophic bacteria found in stagnant water and mud exposed to light.
Rhodospirillum
A genus of gram-negative, spiral bacteria that possesses internal photosynthetic membranes. Its organisms divide by binary fission, are motile by means of polar flagella, and are found in aquatic environments.
Bacteriochlorophylls
Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.
Rhodopseudomonas
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.
Photophosphorylation
The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occurs during OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION in MITOCHONDRIA.
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.
Sepia
A genus of cuttlefish in the family Sepiidae. They live in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters in most oceans.
Chromatium
A genus of gram-negative, ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that is phototrophic. All species use ammonia as a nitrogen source. Some strains are found only in sulfide-containing freshwater habitats exposed to light while others may occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments.
Melanophores
Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.
Animal Fins
Membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance.
Pigmentation
Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
Rhodobacter capsulatus
Non-pathogenic ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed and found in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.
Antimycin A
An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Palaemonidae
A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the palaemonid shrimp. Genera include Macrobrachium, Palaemon, and Palaemonetes. Palaemonidae osmoregulate by means of gills.
Light
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
Electron Transport Complex III
A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Ubiquinone
A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.
Chlorophyll
Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
Pigments, Biological
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes
Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.
Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins
Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.
Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases
Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to generate ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. A second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis.
Spectrophotometry
The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.
Polarography
An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
Cytochromes c2
Type C cytochromes that are small (12-14 kD) single-heme proteins. They function as mobile electron carriers between membrane-bound enzymes in photosynthetic BACTERIA.
Electron Transport
The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)
Decapodiformes
A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Coupling Factors
Darkness
The absence of light.
Cytochromes c1
The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
Succinates
Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.
NADP Transhydrogenases
Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of NAD by NADPH to yield NADP and NADH. This reaction permits the utilization of the reducing properties of NADPH by the respiratory chain and in the reverse direction it allows the reduction of NADP for biosynthetic purposes.
Genome, Plastid
The genetic complement of PLASTIDS as represented in their DNA.
Indophenol
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.
Protons
Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Amoeba
A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission.
Proton-Translocating ATPases
Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.
Carotenoids
The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.
Collodion
A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant.
Spheroplasts
Cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round.
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Substrate specificity studies of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C and heparitinases towards the glycosaminoglycan--protein linkage region. Use of a sensitive analytical method developed by chromophore-labeling of linkage glycoserines using dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride. (1/112)

Bacterial chondroitinases and heparitinases are potentially useful tools for structural studies of chondroitin sulfate and heparin/heparan sulfate. Substrate specificities of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C, as well as heparitinases I and II, towards the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region -HexA-HexNAc-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-Ser (where HexA represents glucuronic acid or iduronic acid and HexNAc represents N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine) were investigated using various structurally defined oligosaccharides or oligosaccharide-serines derived from the linkage region. In the case of oligosaccharide-serines, they were labeled with a chromophore dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride (DABS-Cl), which stably reacted with the amino group of the serine residue and rendered high absorbance for microanalysis. Chondroitinase C cleaved the GalNAc bond of the pentasaccharides or hexasaccharides derived from the linkage region of chondroitin sulfate chains and tolerated sulfation of the C-4 or C-6 of the GalNAc residue and C-6 of the Gal residues, as well as 2-O-phosphorylation of the Xyl residue. In contrast, it did not act on the GalNAc-GlcA linkage when attached to a 4-O-sulfated Gal residue. Heparitinase I cleaved the innermost glucosaminidic bond of the linkage region oligosaccharide-serines of heparin/heparan sulfate irrespective of substitution by uronic acid, whereas heparitinase II acted only on the glucosaminidic linkages of the repeating disaccharide region, but not on the innermost glucosaminidic linkage. These defined specificities of chondroitinase C, as well as heparitinases I and II, will be useful for preparation and structural analysis of the linkage oligosaccharides.  (+info)

Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. (2/112)

Current interest in pattern formation can be traced to a seminal paper by Turing, who demonstrated that a system of reacting and diffusing chemicals, called morphogens, can interact so as to produce stable nonuniform concentration patterns in space. Recently, a Turing model has been suggested to explain the development of pigmentation patterns on species of growing angelfish such as Pomacanthus semicirculatus, which exhibit readily observed changes in the number, size, and orientation of colored stripes during development of juvenile and adult stages, but the model fails to predict key features of the observations on stripe formation. Here we develop a generalized Turing model incorporating cell growth and movement, we analyze the effects of these processes on patterning, and we demonstrate that the model can explain important features of pattern formation in a growing system such as Pomacanthus. The applicability of classical Turing models to biological pattern formation is limited by virtue of the sensitivity of patterns to model parameters, but here we show that the incorporation of growth results in robustly generated patterns without strict parameter control. In the model, chemotaxis in response to gradients in a morphogen distribution leads to aggregation of one type of pigment cell into a striped spatial pattern.  (+info)

Hybrid Rhodospirillum rubrum F(0)F(1) ATP synthases containing spinach chloroplast F(1) beta or alpha and beta subunits reveal the essential role of the alpha subunit in ATP synthesis and tentoxin sensitivity. (3/112)

Trace amounts ( approximately 5%) of the chloroplast alpha subunit were found to be absolutely required for effective restoration of catalytic function to LiCl-treated chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum with the chloroplast beta subunit (Avital, S., and Gromet-Elhanan, Z. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7067-7072). To clarify the role of the alpha subunit in the rebinding of beta, restoration of catalytic function, and conferral of sensitivity to the chloroplast-specific inhibitor tentoxin, LiCl-treated chromatophores were analyzed by immunoblotting before and after reconstitution with mixtures of R. rubrum and chloroplast alpha and beta subunits. The treated chromatophores were found to have lost, in addition to most of their beta subunits, approximately a third of the alpha subunits, and restoration of catalytic activity required rebinding of both subunits. The hybrid reconstituted with the R. rubrum alpha and chloroplast beta subunits was active in ATP synthesis as well as hydrolysis, and both activities were completely resistant to tentoxin. In contrast, a hybrid reconstituted with both chloroplast alpha and beta subunits restored only a MgATPase activity, which was fully inhibited by tentoxin. These results indicate that all three copies of the R. rubrum alpha subunit are required for proton-coupled ATP synthesis, whereas for conferral of tentoxin sensitivity at least one copy of the chloroplast alpha subunit is required together with the chloroplast beta subunit. The hybrid system was further used to examine the effects of amino acid substitution at position 83 of the beta subunit on sensitivity to tentoxin.  (+info)

The calcium dependence of pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp red ovarian chromatophores. (4/112)

The roles of calcium in cell signaling consequent to chromatophorotropin action and as an activator of mechanochemical transport proteins responsible for pigment granule translocation were investigated in the red ovarian chromatosomes of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium olfersii. Chromatosomes were perfused with known concentrations of free Ca++ (10(-3) to 10(-9) M) prepared in Mg(++)-EGTA-buffered physiological saline after selectively permeabilizing with 25 microM calcium ionophore A23187 or with 10(-8) M red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH). The degree of pigment aggregation and the translocation velocity of the leading edges of the pigment mass were recorded in individual chromatosomes during aggregation induced by RPCH or A23187 and dispersion induced by low Ca++. Aggregation is Ca++ dependent, showing a dual extracellular and intracellular requirement. After perfusion with reduced Ca++ (10(-4) to 10(-9) M), RPCH triggers partial aggregation (approximately 65%), although the maximum translocation velocities (approximately 16.5 microns/min) and velocity profiles are unaffected. After aggregation induced at or below 10(-5) M Ca++, spontaneous pigment dispersion ensues, suggesting a Ca++ requirement for RPCH coupling to its receptor, or a concentration-dependent, Ca(++)-induced Ca(++)-release mechanism. The Ca(++)-channel blockers Mn++ (5 mM) and verapamil (50 microM) have no effect on RPCH-triggered aggregation. An intracellular Ca++ requirement for aggregation was demonstrated in chromatosomes in which the Ca++ gradient across the cell membrane was dissipated with A23187. At free [Ca++] above 10(-3) M, aggregation is complete; at 10(-4) M, aggregation is partial, followed by spontaneous dispersion; below 10(-5) M Ca++, pigments do not aggregate but disperse slightly. Aggregation velocities diminish from 11.6 +/- 1.2 microns/min at 5.5 mM Ca++ to 7.4 +/- 1.3 microns/min at 10(-4) M Ca++. Half-maximum aggregation occurs at 3.2 x 10(-5) M Ca++ and half-maximum translocation velocity at 4.8 x 10(-5) M Ca++. Pigment redispersion after 5.5 mM Ca(++)-A23187-induced aggregation is initiated by reducing extracellular Ca++: slight dispersion begins at 10(-7) M, complete dispersion being attained at 10(-9) M Ca++. Dispersion velocities increase from 0.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.5 microns/min. Half-maximum dispersion occurs at 7.6 x 10(-9) M Ca++ and half-maximum translocation velocity at 2.9 x 10(-9) M Ca++. These data reveal an extracellular and an intracellular Ca++ requirement for RPCH action, and demonstrate that the centripetal or centrifugal direction of pigment movement, the translocation velocity, and the degree of pigment aggregation or dispersion attained are calcium-dependent properties of the granule translocation apparatus.  (+info)

Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent 'eyespots' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris. (5/112)

Observations were made of the reflective properties of the iridophore stripes of the squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris, and the likely functions of these stripes are considered in terms of concealment and signalling. In both species, the mantle muscle is almost transparent. Stripes of iridophores run along the length of each side of the mantle, some of which, when viewed at normal incidence in white light, reflect red, others green or blue. When viewed obliquely, the wavebands best reflected move towards the blue/ultraviolet end of the spectrum and their reflections are almost 100% polarised. These are properties of quarter-wavelength stacks of chitin and cytoplasm, predicted in theoretical analyses made by Sir A. F. Huxley and Professor M. F. Land. The reflecting surfaces of the individual iridophores are almost flat and, in a given stripe, these surfaces are within a few degrees of being parallel. Both species of squid have conspicuous, brightly coloured reflectors above their eyes. These 'eyespots' have iridescent layers similar to those found on the mantle but are overlaid by a green fluorescent layer that does not change colour or become polarised as it is viewed more obliquely. In the sea, all reflections from the iridophore stripes will be largely confined to the blue-green parts of the spectrum and all reflections in other wavebands, such as those in the red and near ultraviolet, will be weak. The functions of the iridophores reflecting red at normal incidence must be sought in their reflections of blue-green at oblique angles of incidence. These squid rely for their camouflage mainly on their transparency, and the ventral iridophores and the red, green and blue reflective stripes must be used mainly for signalling. The reflectivities of some of these stripes are relatively low, allowing a large fraction of the incident light to be transmitted into the mantle cavity. Despite their low reflectivities, the stripes are very conspicuous when viewed from some limited directions because they reflect light from directions for which the radiances are much higher than those of the backgrounds against which they are viewed. The reflective patterns seen, for example, by neighbouring squid when schooling depend on the orientation of the squid in the external light field and the position of the squid relative to these neighbours.  (+info)

Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis. (6/112)

The biochemical characteristics of dermal iridophore crystals from Anolis carolinensis have been investigated. Iridophores isolated by collangenase-hyaluronidase treatment were sonicated and their contents fractionated through sucrose. Pure iridophore crystals so obtained were examined by chromatography and electron diffraction. They were found to be pure hydrated crystalline form. The suggestion is made that the subcrystalline structure of this guanine does not play a role in color production by the iridophore.  (+info)

Behavioral visual responses of wild-type and hypopigmented zebrafish. (7/112)

Zebrafish possess three classes of chromatophores that include iridophores, melanophores, and xanthophores. Mutations that lack one or two classes of chromatophores have been isolated or genetically constructed. Using a behavioral assay based on visually mediated escape responses, we measured the visual response of fully and partially pigmented zebrafish. In zebrafish that lack iridophores (roy mutants), the behavioral visual responses were similar to those of wild-type animals except at low contrast stimulation. In the absence of melanophores (albino mutants) or both melanophores and iridophores (ruby mutants), the behavioral visual responses were normal under moderate illumination but reduced when tested under dim or bright conditions or under low contrast stimulation. Together, the data suggest that screening pigments in the retina play a role in the regulation of behavioral visual responses and are necessary for avoiding "scatter" under bright light conditions.  (+info)

Temporal and cellular requirements for Fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. (8/112)

Ectothermic vertebrates exhibit a diverse array of adult pigment patterns. A common element of these patterns is alternating dark and light stripes each comprising different classes of neural crest-derived pigment cells. In the zebrafish, Danio rerio, alternating horizontal stripes of black melanophores and yellow xanthophores are a prominent feature of the adult pigment pattern. In fms mutant zebrafish, however, xanthophores fail to develop and melanophore stripes are severely disrupted. fms encodes a type III receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by xanthophores and their precursors and is the closest known homologue of kit, which has long been studied for roles in pigment pattern development in amniotes. In this study we assess the cellular and temporal requirements for Fms activity in promoting adult pigment pattern development. By transplanting cells between fms mutants and either wild-type or nacre mutant zebrafish, we show that fms acts autonomously to the xanthophore lineage in promoting the striped arrangement of adult melanophores. To identify critical periods for fms activity, we isolated temperature sensitive alleles of fms and performed reciprocal temperature shift experiments at a range of stages from embryo to adult. These analyses demonstrate that Fms is essential for maintaining cells of the xanthophore lineage as well as maintaining the organization of melanophore stripes throughout development. Finally, we show that restoring Fms activity even at late larval stages allows essentially complete recovery of xanthophores and the development of a normal melanophore stripe pattern. Our findings suggest that fms is not required for establishing a population of precursor cells during embryogenesis but is required for recruiting pigment cell precursors to xanthophore fates, with concomitant effects on melanophore organization.  (+info)

Re: what a Chromatophores diet is and how long they usaly live?Re: what a Chromatophores diet is and how long they usaly live?
Chromatophores are not independent, free-living organisms, which might explain why its been difficult to find info. regarding their diet & lifespan. However, there are also several very different types of chromatophores that exist within a variety of different organisms, which could certainly lead to confusion over their exact function(s), as well.. The most widely known type of chromatophore is the pigment cells of cold-blooded animals, including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods, some of which can amazingly change their color by expansion or contraction. An excellent illustration of a Cephalopod Chromatophore (i.e. from octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) is found in the Tree of Life Web Project.. Chromatophores generally known as melanocytes are also present as pigment cells in warm-blooded mammals and birds, but they cannot alter their pigmentation through expansion or contraction.. Within plant cells, small pigment-bearing organelles known as plastids (e.g. ...
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2007-02/1170451428.Cb.r.html
Sciency Thoughts: Preserved pigment cells reveal the colour of a Colubrid Snake from the Miocene of Spain,
The chromatophores are extremely abundant, and can be differentiated into three types, small disc shaped bodies in the upper part of the stratum spongiosum 1-5 μm across, a middle layer of irregular spheroid to ovoid cells, with a granular interior made up of two types of granules (smaller irregular sub-spherical granules and larger rounded granules), and a lower layer comprising larger smooth surfaced ovoid cells with prominant lateral processes. These are interpretted as being different types of chromatophores based upon comparison with living Snakes, with an upper layer of iridophores (reflective, irridescent cells), a middle layer of xanthophores (cells contianing yellow carotenoid pigments) and erythrophores (cells contianing orange pteridine pigments), and a base layer comprising melanophores (cells with black or dark brown melanin pigments ...
http://sciencythoughts.blogspot.co.uk/2016/04/preserved-pigment-cells-reveal-colour.html
North Carolina State Salt Water Fish, Channel Bass | NCpediaNorth Carolina State Salt Water Fish, Channel Bass | NCpedia
Hi, Ella.. Thank you for your excellent question. I had not thought very hard about this question before, so Im glad to have this opportunity to learn about this with you.. As with all fish, Red Drum receive their coloration from chromatophores, which are cells in the skin of the fish. The Encyclopedia Brittanica article that I included for you below explains that Depending on the colour of their pigment, chromatophores are termed melanophores (black), erythrophores (red), xanthophores (yellow), or leucophores (white). The distribution of the chromatophores and the pigments they contain determine the colour patterns of an organism.. https://www.britannica.com/science/chromatophore. The color of the pigment within these cells varies greatly across fish types.. The diet of a fish also contributes to its color. Carotenoids, for instance, are found in algae and the creatures that eat that algae. According to the article called Carotenoid-based coloration in cichlid fishes (see link below), ...
https://www.ncpedia.org/comment/3189
Mutations affecting xanthophore pigmentation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Mutations affecting xanthophore pigmentation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. AU - Odenthal, J. AU - Rossnagel, K. AU - Haffter, P. AU - Kelsh, R N. AU - Vogelsang, E. AU - Brand, M. AU - vanEeden, F J M. AU - Furutani-Seiki, Makoto. AU - Granato, M. AU - Hammerschmidt, M. AU - Heisenberg, C P. AU - Jiang, Y J. AU - Kane, D A. AU - Mullins, M C. AU - NussleinVolhard, C. PY - 1996. Y1 - 1996. N2 - In a large-scale screen for mutants with defects in embryonic development we identified 17 genes (65 mutants) specifically required for the development of xanthophores, We provide evidence that these genes are required for three different aspects of xanthophore development, (1) Pigment cell formation and migration (pfeffer and salt); (2) pigment synthesis (edison, yobo, yocca and brie) and (3) pigment translocation (esrom, tilsit and tofu). The number of xanthophore cells that appear in the body is reduced in embryos with mutations in the two genes, salt and pfeffer. In heterozygous and ...
https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/mutations-affecting-xanthophore-pigmentation-in-the-zebrafish-dan
IDEALS @ Illinois: Computational investigations into two biological processes: membrane reshaping by light-harvesting proteins...IDEALS @ Illinois: Computational investigations into two biological processes: membrane reshaping by light-harvesting proteins...
This dissertation presents research on two different biological systems: (1) the light-harvesting proteins in the chromatophores of purple photosynthetic bacteria, and (2) the structure and function of the Hepatitis C viroporin p7. Purple photosynthetic bacteria form membranous pseudo-organelles called chromatophores which house the photosynthetic machinery. These chromatophore structures are formed out of the cytoplasmic membrane into various species-dependent shapes, such as spheres or flat lamellar folds. AFM images show that chromatophores are densely populated by the light harvesting complexes LH1 and LH2. LH1 is always found surrounding the reaction center, forming LH1-RC core complexes, which may be elliptically-shaped monomers or S-shaped dimers depending on the species of bacteria. LH2 is a small ring-shaped complex which is produced to expand the light-harvesting capacity of the chromatophore. In addition to their role in photosynthesis, the LH2 and LH1-RC proteins may also influence ...
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/29569
ZFIN Publication: Higdon et al., 2013ZFIN Publication: Higdon et al., 2013
In order to facilitate understanding of pigment cell biology, we developed a method to concomitantly purify melanocytes, iridophores, and retinal pigmented epithelium from zebrafish, and analyzed their transcriptomes. Comparing expression data from these cell types and whole embryos allowed us to reveal gene expression co-enrichment in melanocytes and retinal pigmented epithelium, as well as in melanocytes and iridophores. We found 214 genes co-enriched in melanocytes and retinal pigmented epithelium, indicating the shared functions of melanin-producing cells. We found 62 genes significantly co-enriched in melanocytes and iridophores, illustrative of their shared developmental origins from the neural crest. This is also the first analysis of the iridophore transcriptome. Gene expression analysis for iridophores revealed extensive enrichment of specific enzymes to coordinate production of their guanine-based reflective pigment. We speculate the coordinated upregulation of specific enzymes from ...
http://zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-130805-27
Stripes are In! Style Tips on How to Rock this Awesome Trend in 2013 | BellaNaijaStripes are In! Style Tips on How to Rock this Awesome Trend in 2013 | BellaNaija
We may be early in the year, but fashion is already in full swing. Its so amazing and exciting that stripes are back! Big and bold, slim and oblique, - Ayodeji Osinulu. September 21, 2021
https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/stripes-are-in-style-tips-on-how-to-rock-this-awesome-trend-in-2013/
Genome mapping of a LYST mutation in corn snakes indicates that vertebrate chromatophore vesicles are lysosome-related...Genome mapping of a LYST mutation in corn snakes indicates that vertebrate chromatophore vesicles are lysosome-related...
The Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles. Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents research outputs by institution and country. Use the Nature Index to interrogate publication patterns and to benchmark research performance.
https://www.natureindex.com/article/10.1073/pnas.2003724117
chromatophore - definition and meaningchromatophore - definition and meaning
chromatophore: A pigment-containing or pigment-producing cell, especially in certain lizards, that by expansion or contraction can change the color of the skin. Also called pigment cell.
https://www.wordnik.com/words/chromatophore
IDEALS @ Illinois: Quinol oxidation by the ubiquinol:cytochrome c(2) oxidoreductase in the chromatophores from Rhodobacter...IDEALS @ Illinois: Quinol oxidation by the ubiquinol:cytochrome c(2) oxidoreductase in the chromatophores from Rhodobacter...
The kinetics and thermodynamics of the high potential chain in the chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been reexamined. It was found that RC, cyt c$\sb2$ and c$\sb1$ after a flash reached a state not far from the expected ideal equilibrium under the conditions of our experiments ...
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/19323
The Scorpion and the Frog: February 2013The Scorpion and the Frog: February 2013
So, when an octopus wants to change color, a signal travels from the brain and down the neural axon to the chromatophore, telling the muscles to contract. The muscle contraction pulls on the pigment-filled sac, stretching it to change its translucence and thereby changing the amount of color showing through. The chromatophores can produce yellow, orange, red, brown, and occasionally black pigments. The intensity of the color depends on how many muscle fibers are contracted, and therefore how much the sac expands and the pigment is spread out. Once a chromatophore develops, it will stay put for the rest of the animals life. As the animal grows, new, smaller chromatophores develop in the spaces between the old ones. These new organs are only able to produce yellow pigment at first, but darken as they get older ...
http://the-scorpion-and-the-frog.blogspot.gr/2013/02/
The Scorpion and the Frog: February 2013The Scorpion and the Frog: February 2013
So, when an octopus wants to change color, a signal travels from the brain and down the neural axon to the chromatophore, telling the muscles to contract. The muscle contraction pulls on the pigment-filled sac, stretching it to change its translucence and thereby changing the amount of color showing through. The chromatophores can produce yellow, orange, red, brown, and occasionally black pigments. The intensity of the color depends on how many muscle fibers are contracted, and therefore how much the sac expands and the pigment is spread out. Once a chromatophore develops, it will stay put for the rest of the animals life. As the animal grows, new, smaller chromatophores develop in the spaces between the old ones. These new organs are only able to produce yellow pigment at first, but darken as they get older ...
http://the-scorpion-and-the-frog.blogspot.it/2013/02/
Fishing for iridophores, catching an oncogene<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Fishing for iridophores, catching an oncogene. AU - Kelsh, R. N.. AU - Lopes, S. S.. AU - Muller, Jeanette. AU - Carney, T. J.. AU - McAdow, R. A.. AU - Rauch, J.. AU - Jacoby, A. S.. AU - Hurst, L. D.. AU - Haffter, P.. AU - Geisler, R.. AU - Johnson, S. J. PY - 2004. Y1 - 2004. UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00187_2.x. U2 - 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00187_2.x. DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00187_2.x. M3 - Article. VL - 17. SP - 563. JO - Pigment Cell Research. JF - Pigment Cell Research. SN - 0893-5785. IS - 5. T2 - 12th Meeting of the European Society for Pigment Cell Research, 2004. Y2 - 22 September 2004 through 25 September 2004. ER - ...
https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/fishing-for-iridophores-catching-an-oncogene
Zebra Stripes through the Eyes of Their Predators, Zebras, and HumansZebra Stripes through the Eyes of Their Predators, Zebras, and Humans
The century-old idea that stripes make zebras cryptic to large carnivores has never been examined systematically. We evaluated this hypothesis by passing digital images of zebras through species-specific spatial and colour filters to simulate their appearance for the visual systems of zebras primary predators and zebras themselves. We also measured stripe widths and luminance contrast to estimate the maximum distances from which lions, spotted hyaenas, and zebras can resolve stripes. We found that beyond ca. 50 m (daylight) and 30 m (twilight) zebra stripes are difficult for the estimated visual systems of large carnivores to resolve, but not humans. On moonless nights, stripes are difficult for all species to resolve beyond ca. 9 m. In open treeless habitats where zebras spend most time, zebras are as clearly identified by the lion visual system as are similar-sized ungulates, suggesting that stripes cannot confer crypsis by disrupting the zebras outline. Stripes confer a minor advantage over solid
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145679
AQUASYMBIO | Parasites and endosymbiosesAQUASYMBIO | Parasites and endosymbioses
Frustules in short or long filaments, sometimes free, oblong, separated by foramina and united by setae crossing each other near their insertion. Valves convex, concave or plane, usually elliptical, sometimes nearly circular. From each valve extend two setae, one on each side, which cross the setae of the opposing valve. Setae robust or slender, variable in length, with or without spines, punctate or transversely striated, often hollow. Chromatophores of various kinds, either laminate, single, on the wall of the zone, double, one on each valve, or granular and more or less numerous, either on the wall of the cell or scattered through the cell and the setae. Pyrenoids occasionally found. Spores occur in some species with more or less equal and convex valves, sometimes furnished with spines or with the setae of the parent cell attached. All species are marine or occur in saline water. Gran classifies the genus according to the chromatophores. The variation in number and form of the chromatophores ...
http://aquasymbio.fr/en/chaetoceros-sp-symbiont-peridinium-quinquecorne
Sundadanio axelrodi
Radios blandos dorsales (total): 9; Radios blandos anales: 9; Vértebra: 34 - 35. Semicircular indentation present on the ventromedian flange of the dentary. Branched anal rays 5. Weberian apparatus with the 4th centrum extending well below the fused 2nd + 3rd centra. Sexual dichromatism conspicuous; melanophores in males are a little stronger, and the erythrophores and iridophores are much more developed. When disturbed, repeated croaking sounds are produced. No lateral line pores nor barbels (Ref. 38434). ...
http://fishbase.sinica.edu.tw/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10349&lang=spanish
Gonatus fabricii
Paralarvae of G. fabricii are most easily separated from the partially sympatric species, G. steenstrupi, by the presence two large chromatophores on the ventral surface of the head in G. fabricii vs none in G. steenstrupi. This difference distinguishes the adults as well. The full chromatophore pattern of the paralarva is not known. The number of suckers on arms I-IV is useful at sizes greater than 13 mm ML as is the form of the funnel organ in all but smallest paralarvae. The paralarval stage appears to end at about 20 mm ML which corresponds with hook development and movement into deeper water (Falcon, et al., 2000).. ...
http://tolweb.org/Gonatus_fabricii/19777
Gonatus fabricii
Paralarvae of G. fabricii are most easily separated from the partially sympatric species, G. steenstrupi, by the presence two large chromatophores on the ventral surface of the head in G. fabricii vs none in G. steenstrupi. This difference distinguishes the adults as well. The full chromatophore pattern of the paralarva is not known. The number of suckers on arms I-IV is useful at sizes greater than 13 mm ML as is the form of the funnel organ in all but smallest paralarvae. The paralarval stage appears to end at about 20 mm ML which corresponds with hook development and movement into deeper water (Falcon, et al., 2000).. ...
http://www.tolweb.org/Gonatus_fabricii
Eclipse Short-eared OwlEclipse Short-eared Owl
Short-eared owls are less commonly seen at Critter Creek. They are usually found on the open chaparral and flatlands on the western side of the Central Valley. They are medium-sized owls at about 15 inches tall. The basic body coloration is streaked tawny brown with light facial disks. Their markings are quite striking. They have bright yellow eyes with no ear tufts. The vocalization is a high, raspy barking sound. They are silent in flight. Because their eyes are positioned in the front of their head, they have excellent binocular vision even at close range. Their vision at night is 100 times more sensitive than humans and their hearing is equally sensitive. The feathery facial disks help channel sound to their large eardrums. They are capable of turning their head 270 degrees.. ...
http://crittercreek.org/Animals/Eclipse.htm
Serebii.net Pokédex - #352 KecleonSerebii.net Pokédex - #352 Kecleon
KECLEON alters its body coloration to blend in with its surroundings, allowing it to sneak up on its prey unnoticed. Then it lashes out with its long, stretchy tongue to instantly ensnare the unsuspecting target ...
https://www.serebii.net/pokedex-rs/352.shtml
Patente US6418606 - Method of manufacturing an assaying device - Google PatentesPatente US6418606 - Method of manufacturing an assaying device - Google Patentes
An assaying device and a method of manufacturing same are provided. The assaying device includes a unitary, absorbent membrane having multiple reagent stripes incorporated therein. The reagent stripes display an observable reaction if a sample component is present in a fluid sample being tested. The reagent stripes are deposited simultaneously on a continuous membrane ribbon and individual membranes are die cut therefrom. Each individual membrane includes commonly connected channels having die cut slots therebetween. The channels are preferably disposed perpendicularly with respect to the reagent stripes and provide means for causing contact between the fluid and reagent stripes. The present invention preferably includes a cassette for containing the membrane and for facilitating analysis of test results. During assembly of an assaying device, the unitary membrane is easily inserted into the cassette by engaging the slots with ridges in the cassette, thus minimizing a chance of error of alignment of the
http://www.google.es/patents/US6418606?dq=flatulence
Devos IV: May 2018Devos IV: May 2018
The green vanquisher is an orphan from a DKK batch from a fb DKK page a couple of years ago. It was clearly the best piece there and one of the few which didnt need major re-working. Now I would always do the triple stripe with equal width stripes over the first panel. But as you can see in the photo below, the stripes are consistent both sides of the tank ...
https://devos4.blogspot.com/2018/05/
Type 1 Chevron Teal TopType 1 Chevron Teal Top
This sweater is more than meets the eye. The teal stripes are interrupted for a jolt out of the ordinary, creating the illusion of a chevron pattern dancing along the stripes. The lightweight sweater works across the seasons, while the high-low design and ribbed trim give it a fun bit of style. Unlined. Opaque. Size an
https://shop.liveyourtruth.com/products/type-1-chevron-teal-top
New study on unions and wages | allnursesNew study on unions and wages | allnurses
this is a study of all woman workers, not nurse specific, but is still pretty thought provoking - and nothing really new as it is similar to numerous other studies over the years. heres the brief
http://allnurses.com/collective-bargaining-nursing/new-study-on-352582.html
Anolis carolinensis synonyms, Anolis carolinensis antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comAnolis carolinensis synonyms, Anolis carolinensis antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for Anolis carolinensis in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Anolis carolinensis. 2 synonyms for Anolis carolinensis: American chameleon, anole. What are synonyms for Anolis carolinensis?
http://www.freethesaurus.com/Anolis+carolinensis
Rescue From Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4 Using Medaka slc45a2 cDNA Driven by Its Own Promoter | GeneticsRescue From Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4 Using Medaka slc45a2 cDNA Driven by Its Own Promoter | Genetics
THE colors and patterns on animal body surfaces are often important for visual communication in the wild and are determined primarily by pigment cells (chromatophores) in vertebrates. The chromatophores are distributed in the skin, and their types, sizes, densities, and physiological activities affect these colors and patterns. Although mouse mutants have contributed greatly to our knowledge of skin- and coat-color formation (see Coat Color Genes, http://www.espcr.org/micemut/), mammals possess only one type of chromatophore, the melanocyte. In fish, up to six chromatophore types (melano-, leuco-, erythro-, xantho-, irido-, and cyanophores) have been identified, and there are two distinctive model species to which molecular genetics can be feasibly applied, the zebrafish and the medaka. Chromatophore studies in these species have successfully provided novel clues to the development, regulation, and interaction of these chromatophores (e.g., Parichy et al. 2000; Fukamachi et al. 2004a; Watanabe ...
http://www.genetics.org/content/178/2/761
New records of Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) argus Brakoniecki & Roper, 1985 (Myopsida: Loliginidae) in northwestern MexicoNew records of Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) argus Brakoniecki & Roper, 1985 (Myopsida: Loliginidae) in northwestern Mexico
Squids from the family Loliginidae (Suborder: Myopsida) are represented by 47 species grouped in ten genera and nine subgenera (Jereb et al., 2010). They are widely distributed in neritic zones of tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas around the world, excepting Polar Regions (Young, 1972; Okutani, 1980; (Roper et al, 1984; Hanlon et al., 1992). In Mexico, loliginids are commonly fished artisanally, and also caught as by-catch in trawl fisheries for shrimp (e.g., Litopenaeus stylirostris, L. vannamei, Farfantepenaeus californiensis, and F. brevirostris), off the Pacific coast of Mexico and in the Gulf of California Roper et al., 1984, 1995; Cardozo & Valdivieso, 1988; Barrientos & Garcia-Cubas, 1997; Alejo-Plata et al, 2001, 2002).. Five species have been reported off the Pacific coast of Mexico and in the Gulf of California: Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) panamensis Berry, 1911, Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) argus Brakoniecki & Roper, 1985, Lolliguncula (Loliolopsis) diomedeae (Hoyle, 1904), ...
https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-560X2013000300022&lng=en&nrm=iso
Sepioteuthis lessoniana Bigfin
Cephalopoda have extreme nervous development, predacious and a closed circulatory system.. Order Teuthida. All organisms in the order Teuthida are marine squid.. Family Loligidae. Consists of mostly of squid that occupy waters that cover the continental shelves. They all have a cornea that covers the lens of each eye. Genus Sepioteuthis. Broad, posterior rounded mantle and fins that extend the full length of the mantle. Compared to other Loliginids, Sepioteuthis lay much larger eggs. Species Sepioteuthis lessoniana. One of three Sepioteuthis species. For more information please visit zipcodezoo.com for a look into a favorite species of your own!. ...
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/johnson_ama2/classificationphylogeny.htm
Anolis carolinensis - Living the Scientific Life (Scientist, Interrupted)Anolis carolinensis - Living the Scientific Life (Scientist, Interrupted)
tags: Green Anole, Anolis carolinensis, reptiles, North Carolina, Image of the Day I am the Anole King, I can do anything. Green Anole, Anolis carolinensis, Carolina Beach, NC. Image: Don Wirth [larger].. ...
http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/tag/anolis-carolinensis/
Items in Freshwater Shrimp store on eBay !Items in Freshwater Shrimp store on eBay !
Buy Freshwater Shrimp items on eBay. Find a huge selection of items and get what you want today Freshwater Shrimp items - Get great deals on items on eBay Stores!
http://stores.ebay.co.uk/Freshwater-Shrimp
Chameleon of the sea revealing natures camouflage • Utah Peoples PostChameleon of the sea revealing natures camouflage • Utah Peoples Post
A recent news release from Harvard University gave an insight on cuttlefishs camouflaging techniques. It will help military members during war times.. The cuttlefish, also called the chameleon of the sea, can swiftly alter both the color and pattern of its skin, letting it to unify in its surroundings and conceal from predators.. In a paper published January 29 in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, the Harvard-Marine Biological Laboratory team reports new details on the sophisticated bimolecular nanophotonic system underlying the cuttlefishs color-changing ways.. The cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is a cephalopod, like squid and octopuses. Neurally controlled, pigmented organs called chromatophores allow it to change its appearance as a reaction to the visual clues, but scientists have had an insufficient understanding of the chemical, biological and optical functions that make this adaptive coloration likely.. Nature solved the riddle of adaptive camouflage a long time ago, said ...
http://www.utahpeoplespost.com/2014/01/chameleon-of-the-sea-revealing-natures-camouflage/
Interactions with iridophores and the tissue environment required for patterning melanophores and xanthophores during zebrafish...Interactions with iridophores and the tissue environment required for patterning melanophores and xanthophores during zebrafish...
Skin pigment patterns of vertebrates are a classic system for understanding fundamental mechanisms of morphogenesis, differentiation, and pattern formation, and recent studies of zebrafish have started to elucidate the cellular interactions and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. In thi …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737760/?dopt=Abstract
ZFIN Publication: Lister et al., 2006ZFIN Publication: Lister et al., 2006
foxd3 encodes a winged helix/forkhead class transcription factor expressed in the premigratory neural crest cells of many vertebrates. We have investigated the function of this gene in zebrafish neural crest by a loss of function approach using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides and immunostaining for Foxd3 protein. Knockdown of Foxd3 expression produces deficits in several differentiated neural crest derivatives, including jaw cartilage, peripheral neurons, and glia, and iridophore pigment cells. Other derivatives, such as melanophore and xanthophore pigment cells are not affected. Reduction in the expression of several lineage-specific markers becomes evident soon after the onset of neural crest migration, suggesting that Foxd3 knockdown affects these lineages at early stages in their development. In contrast, analysis of the expression of early neural crest markers indicates little effect on neural crest induction or initial emigration. Finally, cell transplantation suggests that with ...
https://zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-051221-4
Regulation of the distribution of carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores and possible implication to secretory processes.
In goldfish xanthophores, the formation of pigment aggregate requires: 1) that a pigment organelle (carotenoid droplet) protein p57 be in the unphosphorylated state; 2) that self-association of pigment organelles occur in a microtubule-independent ma
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Regulation-distribution-carotenoid-droplets-in/2972398.html
Syncrossus berdmorei - Loaches OnlineSyncrossus berdmorei - Loaches Online
Sometimes confused with S. beauforti when young. They can be easily told apart in adult due to the disparate size, and S. beauforti becomes a rather plain fish. S. beauforti only reaches around 4 inches. A good indicator in juveniles is the direction of the stripes anterior to the dorsal fin. In S. beauforti, the stripes are orientated so that they start at the dorsal surface with the bottom of the stripes finishing further towards the rear of the fish. Posterior to the dorsal, the stripes are only slightly more vertical. In S. berdmorei, the stripes posterior of the dorsal are vertical. S. berdmorei has a series of mixed size, dark oval spots and dashes, aligned horizontally in rows along the dorsal half of the body, and two prominent black stripes that run from the nose and over above the eyes, breaking up into two rows of dashes as they go towards the dorsal origin. Two finer black lines connect the dark rostral barbels and the eyes. S. beauforti shares a similar pattern, but the markings are ...
https://www.loaches.com/species-index/syncrossus-berdmorei
quantum mechanics - Double-slit experiment on cats makes inconsistency? - Physics Stack Exchangequantum mechanics - Double-slit experiment on cats makes inconsistency? - Physics Stack Exchange
According to Wave-Particle Duality, in a normal double-slit experiment, the quantum object behaves as wave and many stripes are displayed on the screen. But if we measure which way the quantum object passes (the measurer being the observer), the object becomes a particle upon being observed and just 2 stripes are displayed.. Since double-slit experiment succeeded with electron objects, other objects such as neutrons and buckyballs were also succeeded with. Theoretically, any object must be applicable, even cats.. But if we really did the experiment with cats, wouldnt the theory be inconsistent? By our perspective, there is no such thing as observers (just like with electrons, or just like in Schrödingers Cat) and many stripes must be displayed. But what about in the perspective of the cat itself? Isnt the cat itself an observer (ex. it might feel collision into the plate), and must just 2 stripes be displayed? The perspectives being inconsistent?. At first, what exactly is an observer? ...
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/388621/double-slit-experiment-on-cats-makes-inconsistency/388625
STX4 - Syntaxin 4 - Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) - STX4 gene & proteinSTX4 - Syntaxin 4 - Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) - STX4 gene & protein
endomembrane system, integral component of membrane, plasma membrane, presynaptic active zone membrane, presynaptic membrane, SNARE complex, synaptic vesicle, SNAP receptor activity, SNARE binding, exocytosis
https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/H9GCM4
SSH3 - Uncharacterized protein - Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) - SSH3 gene & proteinSSH3 - Uncharacterized protein - Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) - SSH3 gene & protein
cytoplasm, actin binding, phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, actin cytoskeleton organization, negative regulation of actin filament polymerization
https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/G1KHA2
Anolis carolinensis strain:JBL SC #1 (ID 18787) - BioProject - NCBIAnolis carolinensis strain:JBL SC #1 (ID 18787) - BioProject - NCBI
A BioProject is a collection of biological data related to a single initiative, originating from a single organization or from a consortium. A BioProject record provides users a single place to find links to the diverse data types generated for that project
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/18787
Recent Articles | Pigment, Culture And Ecology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 6Recent Articles | Pigment, Culture And Ecology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 6
Zebrafish, Danio rerio, develop patterns of colorful stripes on their skin thanks to pigmented cells-dark melanophores, orange-gold xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. 0 Comments. ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.list/tagNo/573,3,7/tags/pigment,culture,ecology/pageNo/6/
Watch These Technicolor Squid Cells Dance to Insane in the Brain - Discoblog : DiscoblogWatch These Technicolor Squid Cells Dance to Insane in the Brain - Discoblog : Discoblog
Insane in the Chromatophores from Backyard Brains on Vimeo.. The folks at Backyard Brains, a DIY-neurobiology project, made these pigment-producing cells in a dead squid pulse to the base beats of Cypress Hills Insane in the Brain. Go watch that thing right now.. Done? Wowed? Prepare to be more wowed: They did it by exploiting the fact that electrical current is key to both the actions of cells and the playing of mp3s. These pigmented cells, called chromatophores, are surrounded by muscle cells, and its by flexing these muscles that the squid reveals its colorful spots. By hooked up the nerve that sends the flexing orders to the wire of a set of earbuds, they got these amazing results.. Heres their description of how music made the muscles pulse:. ...
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2012/08/28/watch-these-technicolor-squid-cells-dance-to-insane-in-the-brain/
Evolution Aqua Freshwater Shrimp | Joes Aquatic World
Joes Aquatic World stock a wide array of accessories for the garden pond and indoor aquarium, all at great prices! Check out our website today and grab yourself a bargain.
http://www.joesaquaticworld.co.uk/evolution-aqua-freshwater-shrimp.html
A seasnakes colour affects its susceptibility to algal fouling | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological...A seasnakes colour affects its susceptibility to algal fouling | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological...
Polymorphisms involving melanistic versus banded colour phases in terrestrial snakes typically have been attributed to the effects of dorsal colour on rates of thermal exchange. That is, darker dorsal colour facilitates heat uptake, perhaps at the cost of increased conspicuousness and, thus, vulnerability to predation (Andren & Nilson 1981; Gibson & Falls 1988; Madsen & Stille 1988; Luiselli 1992; King 1993; Shine & Madsen 1994; King & Lawson 1995; Lindell & Forsman 1996; Zaidan 2001; Bittner et al. 2002). However, thermal-based explanations cannot be applied to the case in Emydocephalus, because (unlike on land) colour does not affect the body temperatures of a snake under water (Shine et al. 2003). Our data suggest another potential fitness consequence of colour in seasnakes (and potentially other aquatic animals): susceptibility to algal fouling.. Our results support two key predictions from the hypothesis that body coloration affects algal fouling. First, black snakes were more heavily ...
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/04/06/rspb.2010.0255
Salvelinus youngeri, Golden charrSalvelinus youngeri, Golden charr
Distinguished from congeners in British Isles by the following characters: body coloration plain purplish-brown (silvery to goldish outside spawning season), belly creamy-pink to light orange in large individuals; eye large, about 3.7-4.0 times in HL; snout blunt; pectoral fin equal to or longer than head, sometimes almost reaching pelvic origin in large males; pectoral, pelvic and anal fins reddish; pelvic and anal fins with white anterior margin, very narrow in pectoral; maxilla reaching posterior margin of eye or beyond (Ref. 59043). ...
https://www.fishbase.se/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=49686&lang=dutch
Butterflies Mimic Other Species with Amazing Supergene | The Institute for Creation ResearchButterflies Mimic Other Species with Amazing Supergene | The Institute for Creation Research
To the untrained eye, certain butterflies can look essentially identical to corresponding varieties of another species. This way they can evade predators, who wont eat them because the insects theyre copying taste terrible.. Biologists since Darwins time have wondered how these butterflies can so closely mimic the wing and body coloration patterns of an unrelated kind. Now, an international team of researchers has sorted out the genetics, and what it found was not at all what was expected.. Publishing online in the journal Nature, the team found that the varieties of color patterns in butterflies of the genus Heliconius corresponded perfectly with single DNA base differences found in a special set of genes called a supergene. This supergene, named P, consists of only a few gene sets that are shuffled in discrete patterns. Different generations can variously deploy differently ordered gene-blocks so that a single kind can express different color patterns using the same DNA. Analyses of 31 ...
http://www.icr.org/article/6308/281
SkyServer: GLossary
A stripe is defined by a line of constant eta, bounded on the north and south by the edges of the two strips that make up the stripe, and bounded on the east and west by lines of constant lambda. Because both strips and stripes are defined in observed space, they are rectangular areas which overlap as one approaches the poles. NOTE: You may see the term stripe used to mean an area bounded by eta lines, which would be a unique part of the sky. That is a common use of the term, as some of the target selection documentation uses it that way. The proper (and relatively new) term for the unique, eta-bound portion of a stripe is a stave ...
http://skyserver.sdss.org/dr3/en/help/docs/glossary.asp
Sergeant Ronald Campbell Ross - Australian Light Horse AssociationSergeant Ronald Campbell Ross - Australian Light Horse Association
The band was playing at the boxing contest the other night. Hicks in the band too. He also has a stripe, acting lance corporal. He does not get any extra pay for it, but it is a start if you intend to rise from the ranks. Stripes are not hard to get if you have no influence behind you, and if you have not got that one has to do things that is against my grain if I wanted to start, but as I have said before I did not come away for money, stripes or anything else, it was experience and I got it. A private will do me, a private is a man that can hold out his hand without it shaking when getting his money, he was the only man that did his job properly on the Peninsular, it was not his fault because they had to evacuate. ...
http://www.lighthorse.org.au/personal-histories/personal-histories-boer-war-ww1-1/personal-histories-1
Non-standard RAID levels - WikipediaNon-standard RAID levels - Wikipedia
The ZFS filesystem provides RAID-Z, a data/parity distribution scheme similar to RAID 5, but using dynamic stripe width: every block is its own RAID stripe, regardless of blocksize, resulting in every RAID-Z write being a full-stripe write. This, when combined with the copy-on-write transactional semantics of ZFS, eliminates the write hole error. RAID-Z is also faster than traditional RAID 5 because it does not need to perform the usual read-modify-write sequence. RAID-Z does not require any special hardware, such as NVRAM for reliability, or write buffering for performance.[19] As all stripes are of different sizes, RAID-Z reconstruction has to traverse the filesystem metadata to determine the actual RAID-Z geometry. This would be impossible if the filesystem and the RAID array were separate products, whereas it becomes feasible when there is an integrated view of the logical and physical structure of the data. Going through the metadata means that ZFS can validate every block against its ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_MD_RAID_10
Non-standard RAID levels - WikipediaNon-standard RAID levels - Wikipedia
The ZFS filesystem provides RAID-Z, a data/parity distribution scheme similar to RAID 5, but using dynamic stripe width: every block is its own RAID stripe, regardless of blocksize, resulting in every RAID-Z write being a full-stripe write. This, when combined with the copy-on-write transactional semantics of ZFS, eliminates the write hole error. RAID-Z is also faster than traditional RAID 5 because it does not need to perform the usual read-modify-write sequence. RAID-Z does not require any special hardware, such as NVRAM for reliability, or write buffering for performance.[19] As all stripes are of different sizes, RAID-Z reconstruction has to traverse the filesystem metadata to determine the actual RAID-Z geometry. This would be impossible if the filesystem and the RAID array were separate products, whereas it becomes feasible when there is an integrated view of the logical and physical structure of the data. Going through the metadata means that ZFS can validate every block against its ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID_6E
Images September2 2009Images September2 2009
A diffusionless transformation in normal alkane: we observed an interesting pattern of twinned domains that occurs in the phase sequence of a particular n-alkane, tricosane (C23H48). Phase transitions between this twinned regime and one of its neighboring phases preserve atomic-scale features such as growth steps, indicating that the regime is entered via a diffusionless (martensitic-like) transition. This is an optical microscopy image, which shows a pattern of stripes with a spacing of 1 m organized into domains with sizes of tens of micrometers, as shown in figure at a temperature 42 C, stripes are separated into domains separated by two types of twin boundaries. ...
http://www.physics.uwo.ca/~lgonchar/grads/ToUpload/HTML/2.htm
Make Up | Anita Fitness
There may be several mascaras out there to enhance your eyelashes, but nothing works like a quality pair of cheap eyelashes. If you want longer and denser lashes to complete your look, you absolutely need to check out the eyelash collection by Madame Madeline. If you are new to makeup, youre in luck. Here, we will covers all the details about false eyelashes.. Purchasing False Eyelashes: When it comes to falsies, expensive isnt always better because there are some great brands out there available at a reasonable price. Here are a few things that you should know when you buy false lashes: ? Get the lashes made from human hair instead of the ones made from synthetic hair because they tend to blend well with your natural lash line.. ? Pay attention to the width of the eyelash. If you are new to makeup, you should go for a thin lash line as you will be able to achieve a natural look with it.. ? Thinner lash stripes are comfortable to wear since they are light in weight, so keep that in mind.. ? Keep ...
http://anitabrown.info/categories/10-Make-Up
Just more fashion: April 2011Just more fashion: April 2011
3. Maxi-mum Potential In contrast to its cousin, the mini, the 1970s-inspired maxi dress returned to haute couture two summers ago and is here to stay for now. As the style of the dress is floor-length or just above the ankles, it can easily overwhelm a smaller frame. If you plan on wearing one this year, be sure to find a maxi with a defined waistline so you dont resemble a floating bedsheet! Black halter and bohemian chic styles are common, while wilder patterns like zebra stripes are for a brave few ...
http://bazarfreedom.blogspot.com/2011/04/
GLITTER PUKE!!: Perlier Refreshing Crackling Ice Body Water - Italian Sorbet Limone
The packaging is adorable! The green stripes are super cute and the aluminum bottle does not take away from its chic look. I love that the cap sits on the bottle SECURELY, so I do not have to worry about it becoming detached while it is in my beach bag. Everyone wants to know what perfume I am wearing when I have it on (the scent is pretty powerful so there is no point in wearing a different perfume; I like to wear ones that are floral with it when I feel like I MUST wear a separate perfume. ...
http://www.glitterpukee.com/2013/07/perlier-refreshing-crackling-ice-body.html
G1KI51 | SWISS-MODEL Repository
SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for G1KI51 (G1KI51_ANOCA), Uncharacterized protein. Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) (American chameleon)
https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/G1KI51
GBT0312 - zfishbookGBT0312 - zfishbook
This week we had 5 prs. Pr. 1. 22/30 RFP+ No melanophores in some but also found no melanophores in rfp-. pr. 2. 29/34 RFP+ no phenotype observed.. pr. 3 25/31 RFP+ no Phenotype observed. pr. 4 23/31 RFP+ no phenotype observed.. pr. 5. 36/30 RFP+ some with no melanophores.. There were no linked phenotypes observed this week. ...
http://www.zfishbook.org/index.php?topic=GBT0312
Öko kaup | Mahekaup | Mahekauplus | Mahetooted
Oleme tegelenud Öko kauba müügiga aastast 2010. Mahekauplus on e-kaubamaja kus proovime hoida kvaliteetset ja heade hindadega mahetooteid. Tutvu öko kaubaga sii
https://www.mahekaup.eu/tahiti-monoi-oli-tiare-lillega,-150ml---naturado/
Avaleht Digisalong e-poodAvaleht Digisalong e-pood
Sinu parimate pakkumiste e-pood. Parima hinnaga sülearvutid, serverid, tarkvara ja muud kodu ja kaubad. Tasumine internetipangas või järelmaksuga. Kaup kätte 2 kuni 5 tööpäevaga.
https://www.digisalong.ee/
Toidulisandid, vitamiinid ja supertoidud - IluversumToidulisandid, vitamiinid ja supertoidud - Iluversum
Suur valik erinevaid toidulisandeid, vitamiine ning supertoite, mis aitavad toetada immunsussüsteemi ning vähendada väsimust. Kvaliteetne kaup soodsa hinnaga
https://iluversum.ee/kataloog/toidulisandid-6.html?brand=Diet+Food&landing=no
ChromatophoreChromatophore
Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial, and sheath cells. Inside ... Chromatophores are sometimes used in applied research. For example, zebrafish larvae are used to study how chromatophores ... Therefore, the distinction between these chromatophore types is not always clear. Most chromatophores can generate pteridines ... As the other biochromatic chromatophores are also capable of pigment translocation, animals with multiple chromatophore types ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatophore
Chromatophore (bacteria)Chromatophore (bacteria)
Chromatophores contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. In purple bacteria, such as Rhodospirillum rubrum, the ... In some forms of photosynthetic bacteria, a chromatophore is a coloured, membrane-associated vesicle used to perform ... light-harvesting proteins are intrinsic to the chromatophore membranes. However, in green sulfur bacteria, they are arranged in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatophore_(bacteria)
Chromatophore (disambiguation)Chromatophore (disambiguation)
The word chromatophore may refer to: Chromatophore, a kind of pigmented cell or organ found in some animals. Chromatophore ( ... Chloroplast, also called a chromatophore in some organisms "Chromatophore", a song by BT from _ (album) This disambiguation ... page lists articles associated with the title Chromatophore. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatophore_(disambiguation)
AxanthismAxanthism
"Dermal Chromatophores". American Zoologist. 12 (1): 43-62. doi:10.1093/icb/12.1.43. JSTOR 3881731. Berns, Narayan, Michael W., ... K. Shankar (October 1970). "An histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the dermal chromatophores of the variant ranid ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axanthism
MummichogMummichog
Chromatophores and color change. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Able, K.W.; Felley, J.D. (1986). "Geographical variation in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummichog
Astyanax microschemosAstyanax microschemos
It possesses dark chromatophores scattered on the lateral portion of its head, which are more concentrated on its snout and the ... Scales on the midlateral surface of its body are bordered with dark brown chromatophores which form a reticulate pattern. Its ... Fins have scattered dark chromatophores. A. microschemos is only known from the river source of the Itapemirim River, in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_microschemos
Astyanax pelecusAstyanax pelecus
Its fins show scattered dark chromatophores. A. pelecus is known from the upper Rio Pardo, at Cândido Sales in the state of ... The scales on its midlateral surface are bordered with dark brown chromatophores that form an overall reticulate pattern. Its ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_pelecus
CuttlefishCuttlefish
In cuttlefish, activation of a chromatophore can expand its surface area by 500%. Up to 200 chromatophores per mm2 of skin may ... The chromatophores are sacs containing hundreds of thousands of pigment granules and a large membrane that is folded when ... In Loligo plei, an expanded chromatophore may be up to 1.5 mm in diameter, but when retracted, it can measure as little as 0.1 ... Because chromatophores are under direct neural control from the brain, this effect can be immediate. Cephalopod iridophores ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlefish
Wunderpus photogenicusWunderpus photogenicus
Juvenile and para-larvae octopuses also have chromatophores called founder chromatophores, which are also sac-like organs that ... The founder chromatophores are found along the ventral mantle and funnel of the para-larvae and it makes it easy to identify ... As these chromatophores interact with their environment, it enables the octopus to select, at any time, a particular body ... The founder chromatophores produce unique patterns in hatchlings and make them easy to identify. The wunderpus has small, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunderpus_photogenicus
MelanosomeMelanosome
In lower vertebrates, they are found in melanophores or chromatophores. Melanosomes are relatively large organelles, measuring ... Messenger, JB (November 2001). "Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history". Biological Reviews of the ... the chromatophore organ. Recent (2008) discoveries by Xu Xing, a Chinese paleontologist, include fossilized feathers in rock ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanosome
SnakeskinSnakeskin
Chromatophores in the dermis yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many ... The colors and iridescence in these scales are largely determined by the types and amount of chromatophores located in the ... kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey. When paired with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakeskin
Pharaoh cuttlefishPharaoh cuttlefish
This colour-changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and black pigmented chromatophores above a layer of ... Similarly to other cuttlefish, pharaoh cuttlefish use these chromatophores for camouflage and other cryptic behaviors. They ... Today, artificial dyes have mostly replaced natural sepia.[citation needed] Cephalopod size Common cuttlefish Chromatophore ... "Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history". Biological Reviews. 76 (4): 473-528. doi:10.1017/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_cuttlefish
ChloroplastChloroplast
Chromatophores cannot survive outside their host. Chromatophore DNA is about a million base pairs long, containing around 850 ... Chromatophores have transferred much less of their DNA to the nucleus of their host. About 0.3-0.8% of the nuclear DNA in ... Paulinella cells contain one or two sausage-shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores, descended ... About the nature and origin of chromatophores in the vegetable kingdom]. Biol Centralbl (in German). 25: 593-604. Alberts B ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast
Rhodobacter sphaeroidesRhodobacter sphaeroides
These invaginations are also known as chromatophores. The genome of R. sphaeroides is also somewhat intriguing. It has two ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodobacter_sphaeroides
EuglenaEuglena
Pringsheim, E. G.; Hovasse, R. (1948-06-01). "The Loss of Chromatophores in Euglena Gracilis". New Phytologist. 47 (1): 52-87. ... "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification." Twenty-two years later, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena
Deception in animalsDeception in animals
Inside the chromatophore cell of cephalopods, pigment granules are enclosed in an elastic sac. To change colour, the animal ... Colour change is made possible by chromatophores; pigment-containing and light-reflecting organelles in cells found in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception_in_animals
Khaki bromeliad frogKhaki bromeliad frog
Venter is grey with scattered yellow chromatophores. The vocal sac is grey to black. The male call is a two-note call, the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaki_bromeliad_frog
European squidEuropean squid
Males have small chromatophores on their mantle. The European squid is a neritic, semidemersal species, which undertakes ... The colour of the European squid is greyish-transparent or reddish, depending on the expansion of chromatophores in the dermis ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_squid
Podarcis muralisPodarcis muralis
Bagnara, Joseph (1 July 1968). "The Dermal Chromatophore Unit". Journal of Cell Biology. 38 (1): 67-79. doi:10.1083/jcb.38.1.67 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podarcis_muralis
BlueBlue
... -pigmented organelles, known as "cyanosomes", exist in the chromatophores of at least two fish species, the mandarin fish ... Goda, Makoto; Fujii, Ryozo (1995). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue
Palaemonella burnsiPalaemonella burnsi
The pleura of the first five abdominal somites also show red chromatophores. The eyestalks are reddish, and some chromatophores ... Its body is transparent and sprinkled with chromatophores. The carapace shows a short and broad transverse white median band in ... the middle consisting of irregular bright white chromatophores. A white line or spot is also visible on the eye stalk. The legs ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaemonella_burnsi
Atlantic pygmy octopusAtlantic pygmy octopus
All Cephalopods have chromatophores, special pigmented and light reflecting cells on their skin which allows them to change ... As hatchlings, their chromatophores can also appear yellow. Though research is limited, some studies suggest that O. joubini ... O. joubini is red-orange in color which is caused by pigmented cells called chromatophores that are common in many animals. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_pygmy_octopus
AmelanismAmelanism
ISBN 1-85317-226-X. Fujii, R (October 2000). "The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores". Pigment Cell Res. 13 ( ... An extremely uncommon type of chromatophore, the cyanophore, produces a very vivid blue pigment. Amelanism in fishes, ... Non-melanin pigments in other vertebrates are produced by cells called chromatophores. Within this categorization, xanthophores ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelanism
Synchiropus splendidusSynchiropus splendidus
Retrieved 2009-09-08.[permanent dead link] Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish ... was proposed for the blue chromatophores, or pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells. In all other known cases, the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchiropus_splendidus
Sternarchogiton nattereriSternarchogiton nattereri
All the fins are hyaline, without dark chromatophores. The maximum known length is 25 cm (10 in), with males tending to be ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternarchogiton_nattereri
FishFish
ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish
FluorescenceFluorescence
Fluorescent chromatophores can be found in the skin (e.g. in fish) just below the epidermis, amongst other chromatophores. ... Wucherer, M. F.; Michiels, N. K. (2012). "A Fluorescent Chromatophore Changes the Level of Fluorescence in a Reef Fish". PLOS ... Fujii, R (2000). "The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores". Pigment Cell Research. 13 (5): 300-19. doi:10.1034 ... Fluorescent cells are innervated the same as other chromatophores, like melanophores, pigment cells that contain melanin. Short ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence
Picturesque dragonetPicturesque dragonet
The name "cyanophore" was proposed for the blue chromatophores, or pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells. In all other ... Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811-813. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturesque_dragonet
Coral reef fishCoral reef fish
"Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811-813. doi:10.2108/zsj.12.811. S2CID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish
MicroeledoneMicroeledone
The smooth creamy-pink body lacks any chromatophores. The specific name honours the Swiss malacologist and marine biologist ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeledone
Chromatophores News, Articles | The Scientist Magazine®Chromatophores News, Articles | The Scientist Magazine®
As it matures, this chromatophore-clad pyjama squid (Sepioloidea lineolata) hatchling will learn to use the color-changing ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/tag/chromatophores
Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations<...
Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. Journal of Cell Biology. 1984;99(1 II):152S-158S. doi: 10.1083/ ... McNiven, M. A. ; Porter, K. R. / Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. In: Journal of Cell Biology. ... McNiven, M. A., & Porter, K. R. (1984). Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. Journal of Cell Biology ... Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. / McNiven, M. A.; Porter, K. R. ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/chromatophores-models-for-studying-cytomatrix-translocations
Do It Today: Chromatophore, I Love Africa, Think+Drink Cinema | Creative Loafing Tampa BayDo It Today: Chromatophore, I Love Africa, Think+Drink Cinema | Creative Loafing Tampa Bay
Many of the more-than-300 mail art works on display engage the concept of the chromatophore (a pigment-bearing cell that ... The [email protected] presents Chromatophore, the multidisciplinary space s second annual mail art exhibition, curated by St. ... Do It Today: Chromatophore, I Love Africa, Think+Drink Cinema By Franki Weddington ... Chromatophore: a Mail Art Exhibit, Aug. 27-Sept. 5 with an opening reception Thurs., Aug. 27, 6:30-9:30 p.m., [email protected] ...
https://www.cltampa.com/tampa/Print?oid=12298552
TYWKIWDBI (Tai-Wiki-Widbee): July 2012TYWKIWDBI ("Tai-Wiki-Widbee"): July 2012
Squid rapidly change colour when the muscles surrounding a chromatophore-filled sac contracts and expands -- when it contracts ... because each chromatophore is linked to a nerve ending. Via Wired and Neatorama. The background version of Pachelbel seems ...
https://tywkiwdbi.blogspot.com/2012/07/
Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction center complexes derived from Rhodopseudomonas...
Gagliano, A. G. ; Breton, J. ; Geacintov, N. E. / Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction ... Gagliano, A. G., Breton, J., & Geacintov, N. E. (1986). Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and ... Gagliano, AG, Breton, J & Geacintov, NE 1986, Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction center ... Dive into the research topics of Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction center complexes ...
https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/electric-linear-dichroism-of-chromatophores-pigment-protein-and-r
TalkTalk
"We found these Chromatophores that are almost like cells inside a squid [for camouflage]. It looked almost like if you put ...
https://www.indiewire.com/2021/06/luca-pixar-animation-disney-1234643133/
Gain-of-function mutations in Aqp3a influence zebrafish pigment pattern formation through the tissue environmentGain-of-function mutations in Aqp3a influence zebrafish pigment pattern formation through the tissue environment
Chromatophores / metabolism * Genes, Dominant * Green Fluorescent Proteins / metabolism * Mutation / genetics* * Mutation, ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28506994/
FA192/FA192: How Ornamental Fishes Get Their ColorFA192/FA192: How Ornamental Fishes Get Their Color
These biological pigments or biochromes are contained within specialized skin cells called chromatophores. Chromatophores have ... The Chromatophores and the Color Pigments in Fishes. Only biological pigments, or biochromes as they are also often called, can ... For example, the chromatophores can concentrate the pigment granules to the center of the cell to make the skin become lighter ... The dermis of the skin in fishes also contains the chromatophores and a fine network of nerves and blood vessels. Also in the ...
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/fa192
Magnapinna sp. C
with chromatophores.. *without glandular regions on proximal-tentacles. Characteristics. *Arms *Proximal-arms approximately ...
http://www.tolweb.org/Magnapinna_sp._C/52211
DeCS - Termos NovosDeCS - Termos Novos
BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES. CROMATOFOROS BACTERIANOS. CROMATOGRAFIA CAPILAR ELETROCINÉTICA MICELAR. CHROMATOGRAPHY, MICELLAR ...
https://decs.bvs.br/P/decswebpage2p.htm
Stickers inspired by squid skin can protect you from UV rays | SYFY WIREStickers inspired by squid skin can protect you from UV rays | SYFY WIRE
Xanthommatin is found in chromatophores. These are organs in cephalopod skin that each have a cytoelsastic sacculus, a bizarre ... Inside the sacculus are tiny spheres of xanthommatin, which can be red, yellow, or brown, the colors chromatophores are ... He wants to keep exploring the reactions between xanthommatin and other molecules in chromatophores, as well as chemical or ...
https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/stickers-inspired-by-squid-skin-can-protect-you-from-uv-rays
Scalable manufacturing of sustainable packaging materials with tunable thermoregulability | Nature SustainabilityScalable manufacturing of sustainable packaging materials with tunable thermoregulability | Nature Sustainability
Messenger, J. B. Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history. Biol. Rev. 76, 473-528 (2001). ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00847-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4452b498-0998-4e16-a947-0dcb84d5c241
DUSK - Artbox AmsterdamDUSK - Artbox Amsterdam
DUSK is an illustrator and CGI designer based in London. Taking an energetic approach to design by exploring a variety of styles and disciplines, allows DUSK to deliver work that is fresh and engaging. ...
https://artbox.nl/artists/dusk
Action potential Archives - The Scholarly KitchenAction potential Archives - The Scholarly Kitchen
Insane in the Chromatophores - Squids and Disco Lights. Want disco lights? Squids might be on your path to dance club heaven. ...
https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/tag/action-potential/
Using smart materials to mimic squid and zebrafish camouflage | RobAidUsing smart materials to mimic squid and zebrafish camouflage | RobAid
"Our artificial chromatophores are both scalable and adaptable and can be made into an artificial compliant skin which can ... For more information, you can read the article published in journal Bioinspiration and Biomimetics: "Biomimetic chromatophores ... The soft, stretchy, artificial muscles are based on chromatophores - specialist cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles and ...
https://www.robaid.com/bionics/using-smart-materials-to-mimic-squid-and-zebrafish-camouflage.htm
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate | Semantic ScholarMethylphenazonium Methosulfate | Semantic Scholar
Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Methylphenazonium-Methosulfate/1278581
Direct Imaging of Protein Organization in an Intact Bacterial Organelle Using High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy - White...Direct Imaging of Protein Organization in an Intact Bacterial Organelle Using High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy - White...
... chromatophores. Despite the highly curved nature of the chromatophore membrane and lack of direct support, the resolution was ... ATP-synthase (ATPase); chromatophores; high-speed AFM; light-harvesting 2 (LH2); native curved membranes; RC-LH1-PufX; ...
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/108575/
Unmixing octopus camouflage by multispectral mapping of Octopus bimaculoides chromatic elementsUnmixing octopus camouflage by multispectral mapping of Octopus bimaculoides' chromatic elements
The mutual interaction of chromatophores and iridophores is also characterized both in terms of spectral response and spatial ... chromatophores, iridophores, and leucophores, that enable them to display complex and rapidly changing color patterns. Despite ... chromatophores occupy the outermost layer in the octopus skin, with lighter chromatophores being more superficial than darker ... both for highly pigmented chromatophores (Figure 3(A) and (B)) and for lightly pigmented chromatophores (Figure 3(C) and (D)). ...
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0102/html
Adrenal Insufficiency Is Misnamed & Misundrstood | One Radio NetworkAdrenal Insufficiency Is Misnamed & Misundrstood | One Radio Network
Human chromophores are similar to chameleon chromatophores.. HUE-man beings, like chameleons, have the ability to regulate the ...
https://oneradionetwork.com/atoms-blog/atoms-blog-articles/adrenal-insufficiency-is-misnamed-misunderstood/?replytocom=83347
Symbiogenesis - WikipediaSymbiogenesis - Wikipedia
... revealed that chromatophores had undergone a drastic genome shrinkage. Chromatophores contained genes that were accountable for ... Thus, these chromatophores were found to be non-functional for organelle-specific purposes when compared with mitochondria and ... The nature and origins of chromatophores in the plant kingdom, and then elaborated it in his 1910 The Theory of Two Plasms as ... which contains chromatophores found to be evolved from cyanobacteria, Keeling and Archibald argue that this is not the only ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis
Neoteuthidae
Head and arm chromatophore patterns are incomplete due to damage. The dotted line indicates the size and position of the ...
http://tolweb.org/Neoteuthidae/19417
Melanosom - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedijaMelanosom - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
"Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. ...
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanosom
9 Outstanding Octopus Facts9 Outstanding Octopus Facts
This is possible because of thousands of chromatophores - skin cells full of pigment that can change colors. This camouflage is ...
https://www.treehugger.com/defense-octopus-extraordinary-facts-4858034
Lembeh, Komodo, Taiwan and Palau - Trip Reports and Travel - Wetpixel :: Underwater Photography ForumsLembeh, Komodo, Taiwan and Palau - Trip Reports and Travel - Wetpixel :: Underwater Photography Forums
Interests:Photography, Philosophy, various libations, light hearted debauchery, Chromatophores and the occasional tupperware ... Interests:Photography, Philosophy, various libations, light hearted debauchery, Chromatophores and the occasional tupperware ...
https://wetpixel.com/forums/index.php?/topic/42016-lembeh-komodo-taiwan-and-palau/&tab=comments#comment-285316
December 10, 2010 - Hug the UndersquidDecember 10, 2010 - Hug the Undersquid
Chromatophores. Chromatophores. Select Category. blip! (31). creations (411). ads (46). audio (1). collages (215). comic (23). ...
https://undersquid.blog/2010/12/10/
Category:Norepinephrine - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Norepinephrine - Wikimedia Commons
A-Fluorescent-Chromatophore-Changes-the-Level-of-Fluorescence-in-a-Reef-Fish-pone.0037913.s001.ogv 28 s, 732 × 480; 2.56 MB. ... A-Fluorescent-Chromatophore-Changes-the-Level-of-Fluorescence-in-a-Reef-Fish-pone.0037913.s002.ogv 24 s, 720 × 576; 460 KB. ...
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norepinephrine
Obsessive About Octopuses | School Library JournalObsessive About Octopuses | School Library Journal
Readers will learn that its brain controls color cells in its skin called chromatophores. "Smarter than the Average" explains ...
https://www.slj.com/review/obsessive-about-octopuses
Gray Tree Frog - Mystic AquariumGray Tree Frog - Mystic Aquarium
This impressive adaptation is because of chromatophores, cells that expand and contract to allow melanin (pigment) into the ...
https://www.mysticaquarium.org/2022/03/14/gray-tree_frog/
Animal imagination? - Armed and Dangerous
Octopi and squid appear to communicate within groups using color flashes made with chromatophores in their skins; nobody know ...
http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=288&replytocom=38256
Flounder With Alien Faces in Lembeh StraitFlounder With Alien Faces in Lembeh Strait
BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORESPigment-carrying celCROMATÓFOROS BACTERIANOSPhotosyntheticLeucophoresCellsOrgansCamouflagePigmentsMembraneColorsIridescentIridophoresSacsSquidsChromophoresComplexesOctopusExpansionPatternsFoundColorConsistEnablesResponseLightVisibleJournalChemicalNatureMadeAverage
BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES1
  • In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles ( BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES ). (bvsalud.org)
Pigment-carrying cel1
  • Thanks to the presence of pigment-carrying cells called chromatophores, the research team found that this Stenopterygius likely had dark shading above and light shading below to help blend in with its ocean environment. (smithsonianmag.com)
CROMATÓFOROS BACTERIANOS1
  • En las bacterias fototrópicas los cromatóforos se refieren a orgánulos membranosos (CROMATÓFOROS BACTERIANOS). (bvsalud.org)
Photosynthetic2
  • The pulsed electric field linear dichroism technique is utilized to study the orientations of pigments in antenna bacteriochlorophyll-protein and reaction center complexes, and chromatophores isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. (nyu.edu)
  • Using this approach, we have imaged the membrane organization of intact vesicular bacterial photosynthetic "organelles", chromatophores. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Leucophores4
  • Cephalopods camouflage abilities arise from highly specialized chromatic elements in their skin, chromatophores, iridophores, and leucophores, that enable them to display complex and rapidly changing color patterns. (degruyter.com)
  • specifically, the skin contains vertically stacked chromatic elements that can generate color either through pigmentation, the chromatophores, or through interference with visible light, iridophores, and leucophores ( Figure 1 ). (degruyter.com)
  • S. sepioidea produce different body colorations by utilizing chromatophores, irridophores and leucophores in their skin. (byrne.at)
  • Chromatophores produce yellow, red and brown, irridophores and leucophores reflect ambient light in blue and green. (byrne.at)
Cells10
  • As it matures, this chromatophore-clad pyjama squid ( Sepioloidea lineolata) hatchling will learn to use the color-changing cells that adorn its body to alter its appearance. (the-scientist.com)
  • We found these Chromatophores that are almost like cells inside a squid [for camouflage]. (indiewire.com)
  • The soft, stretchy, artificial muscles are based on chromatophores - specialist cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles and cephalopods. (robaid.com)
  • This is possible because of thousands of chromatophores - skin cells full of pigment that can change colors. (treehugger.com)
  • Readers will learn that its brain controls color cells in its skin called chromatophores . (slj.com)
  • This impressive adaptation is because of 'chromatophores', cells that expand and contract to allow melanin (pigment) into the skin. (mysticaquarium.org)
  • Chameleon skin is an intricate, four-layered system containing various pigmented cells called chromatophores, which expand or contract in different proportions on cue from the nervous system. (calacademy.org)
  • They have special skin cells called chromatophores that allow them to change the color, or even the texture, of their skin to attract mates and evade predators. (earth.com)
  • It possesses pigment cells called Chromatophores. (aakash.ac.in)
  • Special pigment cells (chromatophores) in the skin are activated and consist of three bags containing different colors that can be adjusted individually, to change the octopus to its desired color pattern. (ptmsc.org)
Organs2
  • The most intelligent, most mobile and largest of all mollusks, these cephalopods use their almost humanlike eyes to send signals to pigmented organs in their skin called chromatophores, which expand and contract to alter their appearance. (ucsb.edu)
  • Cephalopods are able to camouflage themselves almost instantly with the help of thousands of tiny organs in their skin called chromatophores , little balloons full of pigment that change shape and allow the animal to change color. (howstuffworks.com)
Camouflage2
  • If, however, there are chromatophores present, then there is a possibility that the squid has such a vision advantage over prey, competitors and predators, that camouflage is unnecessary. (tepapa.govt.nz)
  • The pigmented patterns on its body, also known as chromatophores, are often used for camouflage, though its exact purpose for this creature needs to be confirmed. (iflscience.com)
Pigments1
  • The shells of all lobsters have a mix of red, blue and yellow pigments, or chromatophores. (lobsteranywhere.com)
Membrane2
  • Despite the highly curved nature of the chromatophore membrane and lack of direct support, the resolution was sufficient to identify the photosystem complexes and quantify their arrangement in the native state. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • These proteins are peripheral proteins of the R. capsulatus chromatophore membrane. (tcdb.org)
Colors3
  • Inside the sacculus are tiny spheres of xanthommatin, which can be red, yellow, or brown, the colors chromatophores are associated with. (syfy.com)
  • They can use chromatophores, small sacs of pigment that can be compressed or stretched by muscles, or they can use light reflectors called iridophores, which are made of stacked thin plates that reflect light to create iridescent colors. (aaas.org)
  • Lobsters come in many different colors because of the pigment chromatophores in their shells. (lobsteranywhere.com)
Iridescent2
  • But when Lydia Mäthger and colleagues at Brown University and the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, bathed blue-ringed octopus skin samples in a range of neurotransmitters known to affect chromatophores and iridophores in other marine animals, they saw no changes in the intensity of the iridescent rings. (aaas.org)
  • Iridescent waves of chromatophore colour ripple from head to tail. (wetshutter.com)
Iridophores4
  • The mutual interaction of chromatophores and iridophores is also characterized both in terms of spectral response and spatial localization. (degruyter.com)
  • The multispectral analysis allows to (C) isolate the spectral response or relevant optical elements of the skin, in this case belonging to (D) the chromatophores (yellow and brown dots), the iridophores (green dot), and the bare skin (white dot), which are labeled according to (E) their average reflectance as a function of wavelength. (degruyter.com)
  • Next, Mäthger and her colleagues investigated the possibility that the octopuses could temporarily hide their iridophores by adjusting nearby chromatophores, as some other cephalopods do. (aaas.org)
  • But the blue-ringed octopus proved to be unusual in this way, too: they lack a layer of chromatophores above their iridophores, in the position where they could modify iridescence. (aaas.org)
Sacs1
  • Like all octopus the mimic has pigment sacs on the skin called chromatophores which can be contracted or expanded to produce rapid changes of pattern and colour. (dive-the-world.com)
Squids1
Chromophores1
Complexes1
  • I. Quinone domains and excitation transfer in chromatophores and reaction center.antenna complexes. (harvard.edu)
Octopus1
  • In order to record the skin's sensitivity across the spectrum, Ramirez exposed octopus skin to different wavelengths of light from violet to orange and found that chromatophore response time was quickest under blue light. (ucsb.edu)
Expansion3
  • Chromatophores in their contracted state (left) and at maximum expansion (right). (ucsb.edu)
  • He and his co-author, Todd Oakley, an EEMB professor, dubbed the process Light-Activated Chromatophore Expansion (LACE). (ucsb.edu)
  • The causal agent is a single-stranded (+) RNA these animals were clearly infected, showing fragile antennas virus, recently reported to be genomically related to the and soft cuticle as well as chromatophore expansion along the Cricket Paralysis virus of the Cripavirus genus, family Dicis- whole surface of the body, particularly at the tail fan (telson troviridae of the "picornavirus superfamily" (2-5). (cdc.gov)
Patterns1
  • Head and arm chromatophore patterns are incomplete due to damage. (tolweb.org)
Found2
  • Xanthommatin is found in chromatophores . (syfy.com)
  • We have found that although wild-type numbers of chromatophore precursors are generated in the first day of development and migrate normally in enz mutants, the numbers of all three chromatophore cell types that ultimately develop are reduced. (zfin.org)
Color2
  • Many of the more-than-300 mail art works on display engage the concept of the chromatophore (a pigment-bearing cell that enables creatures to change color in response to their surroundings) as a theme. (cltampa.com)
  • As part of the experiment, Ramirez shone white light on the tissue, which caused the chromatophores to expand and change color. (ucsb.edu)
Consist1
  • Neural crest-derived chromatophores in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) consist of three types: melanophores, xanthophores and iridiphores. (zfin.org)
Enables1
  • This process, Ramirez noted, suggests that light sensors are connected to the chromatophores and that this enables a response without input from the brain or eyes. (ucsb.edu)
Response2
  • The reflectance spectra are normalized with respect to the response of a region of the skin with no chromatophore/iridophore and the shaded regions correspond to the standard error of the mean. (degruyter.com)
  • 2010. Conservation of the chromatophore pigment response. (oregonstate.edu)
Light1
  • When the light was turned off, the chromatophores relaxed and the skin returned to its original hue. (ucsb.edu)
Visible1
  • If the blue rings cannot be turned off chemically or modified by chromatophores, why aren't they constantly visible? (aaas.org)
Journal1
  • McNiven, MA & Porter, KR 1984, ' Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations ', Journal of Cell Biology , vol. 99, no. 1 II, pp. 152S-158S. (elsevier.com)
Chemical1
  • He wants to keep exploring the reactions between xanthommatin and other molecules in chromatophores, as well as chemical or electrical stimuli that control it, which could eventually lead to - among other things - clothes that make us invisible. (syfy.com)
Nature1
  • σύν syn "together", βίος bios "life", and γένεσις genesis "origin, birth") in his 1905 work, The nature and origins of chromatophores in the plant kingdom , and then elaborated it in his 1910 The Theory of Two Plasms as the Basis of Symbiogenesis, a New Study of the Origins of Organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Made1
  • Our artificial chromatophores are both scalable and adaptable and can be made into an artificial compliant skin which can stretch and deform, yet still operate effectively. (robaid.com)
Average1
  • There is a larger average stoichiometry (of quinones) in chromatophores (i.e. 15-25 compared with 6 in thylakoids), which entails smaller relative statistical fluctuations. (harvard.edu)
TYWKIWDBI (Tai-Wiki-Widbee): July 2012
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