Chromatophores. Medical search

The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES).)

Organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane.

Vibrio- to spiral-shaped phototrophic bacteria found in stagnant water and mud exposed to light.

A genus of gram-negative, spiral bacteria that possesses internal photosynthetic membranes. Its organisms divide by binary fission, are motile by means of polar flagella, and are found in aquatic environments.

Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.

The use of light to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occurs during OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION in MITOCHONDRIA.

Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.

A genus of cuttlefish in the family Sepiidae. They live in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters in most oceans.

A genus of gram-negative, ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that is phototrophic. All species use ammonia as a nitrogen source. Some strains are found only in sulfide-containing freshwater habitats exposed to light while others may occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments.

Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.

Membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance.

Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.

Non-pathogenic ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed and found in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the palaemonid shrimp. Genera include Macrobrachium, Palaemon, and Palaemonetes. Palaemonidae osmoregulate by means of gills.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.

Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.

Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.

Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to generate ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. A second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.

Type C cytochromes that are small (12-14 kD) single-heme proteins. They function as mobile electron carriers between membrane-bound enzymes in photosynthetic BACTERIA.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.

The absence of light.

The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)

A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of NAD by NADPH to yield NADP and NADH. This reaction permits the utilization of the reducing properties of NADPH by the respiratory chain and in the reverse direction it allows the reduction of NADP for biosynthetic purposes.

The genetic complement of PLASTIDS as represented in their DNA.

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission.

Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.

The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.

A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant.

Cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round.

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SQUID; CUTTLEFISH; OCTOPUS; and NAUTILUS. These marine animals are the most highly organized of all the mollusks.

Mammalian pigment cells that produce MELANINS, pigments found mainly in the EPIDERMIS, but also in the eyes and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be altered by the number of melanocytes or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called MELANOSOMES. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called MELANOPHORES.

Substrate specificity studies of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C and heparitinases towards the glycosaminoglycan--protein linkage region. Use of a sensitive analytical method developed by chromophore-labeling of linkage glycoserines using dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride. (1/112)

Bacterial chondroitinases and heparitinases are potentially useful tools for structural studies of chondroitin sulfate and heparin/heparan sulfate. Substrate specificities of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C, as well as heparitinases I and II, towards the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region -HexA-HexNAc-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-Ser (where HexA represents glucuronic acid or iduronic acid and HexNAc represents N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine) were investigated using various structurally defined oligosaccharides or oligosaccharide-serines derived from the linkage region. In the case of oligosaccharide-serines, they were labeled with a chromophore dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride (DABS-Cl), which stably reacted with the amino group of the serine residue and rendered high absorbance for microanalysis. Chondroitinase C cleaved the GalNAc bond of the pentasaccharides or hexasaccharides derived from the linkage region of chondroitin sulfate chains and tolerated sulfation of the C-4 or C-6 of the GalNAc residue and C-6 of the Gal residues, as well as 2-O-phosphorylation of the Xyl residue. In contrast, it did not act on the GalNAc-GlcA linkage when attached to a 4-O-sulfated Gal residue. Heparitinase I cleaved the innermost glucosaminidic bond of the linkage region oligosaccharide-serines of heparin/heparan sulfate irrespective of substitution by uronic acid, whereas heparitinase II acted only on the glucosaminidic linkages of the repeating disaccharide region, but not on the innermost glucosaminidic linkage. These defined specificities of chondroitinase C, as well as heparitinases I and II, will be useful for preparation and structural analysis of the linkage oligosaccharides. (+info)

Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. (2/112)

Current interest in pattern formation can be traced to a seminal paper by Turing, who demonstrated that a system of reacting and diffusing chemicals, called morphogens, can interact so as to produce stable nonuniform concentration patterns in space. Recently, a Turing model has been suggested to explain the development of pigmentation patterns on species of growing angelfish such as Pomacanthus semicirculatus, which exhibit readily observed changes in the number, size, and orientation of colored stripes during development of juvenile and adult stages, but the model fails to predict key features of the observations on stripe formation. Here we develop a generalized Turing model incorporating cell growth and movement, we analyze the effects of these processes on patterning, and we demonstrate that the model can explain important features of pattern formation in a growing system such as Pomacanthus. The applicability of classical Turing models to biological pattern formation is limited by virtue of the sensitivity of patterns to model parameters, but here we show that the incorporation of growth results in robustly generated patterns without strict parameter control. In the model, chemotaxis in response to gradients in a morphogen distribution leads to aggregation of one type of pigment cell into a striped spatial pattern. (+info)

Hybrid Rhodospirillum rubrum F(0)F(1) ATP synthases containing spinach chloroplast F(1) beta or alpha and beta subunits reveal the essential role of the alpha subunit in ATP synthesis and tentoxin sensitivity. (3/112)

Trace amounts ( approximately 5%) of the chloroplast alpha subunit were found to be absolutely required for effective restoration of catalytic function to LiCl-treated chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum with the chloroplast beta subunit (Avital, S., and Gromet-Elhanan, Z. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7067-7072). To clarify the role of the alpha subunit in the rebinding of beta, restoration of catalytic function, and conferral of sensitivity to the chloroplast-specific inhibitor tentoxin, LiCl-treated chromatophores were analyzed by immunoblotting before and after reconstitution with mixtures of R. rubrum and chloroplast alpha and beta subunits. The treated chromatophores were found to have lost, in addition to most of their beta subunits, approximately a third of the alpha subunits, and restoration of catalytic activity required rebinding of both subunits. The hybrid reconstituted with the R. rubrum alpha and chloroplast beta subunits was active in ATP synthesis as well as hydrolysis, and both activities were completely resistant to tentoxin. In contrast, a hybrid reconstituted with both chloroplast alpha and beta subunits restored only a MgATPase activity, which was fully inhibited by tentoxin. These results indicate that all three copies of the R. rubrum alpha subunit are required for proton-coupled ATP synthesis, whereas for conferral of tentoxin sensitivity at least one copy of the chloroplast alpha subunit is required together with the chloroplast beta subunit. The hybrid system was further used to examine the effects of amino acid substitution at position 83 of the beta subunit on sensitivity to tentoxin. (+info)

The calcium dependence of pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp red ovarian chromatophores. (4/112)

The roles of calcium in cell signaling consequent to chromatophorotropin action and as an activator of mechanochemical transport proteins responsible for pigment granule translocation were investigated in the red ovarian chromatosomes of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium olfersii. Chromatosomes were perfused with known concentrations of free Ca++ (10(-3) to 10(-9) M) prepared in Mg(++)-EGTA-buffered physiological saline after selectively permeabilizing with 25 microM calcium ionophore A23187 or with 10(-8) M red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH). The degree of pigment aggregation and the translocation velocity of the leading edges of the pigment mass were recorded in individual chromatosomes during aggregation induced by RPCH or A23187 and dispersion induced by low Ca++. Aggregation is Ca++ dependent, showing a dual extracellular and intracellular requirement. After perfusion with reduced Ca++ (10(-4) to 10(-9) M), RPCH triggers partial aggregation (approximately 65%), although the maximum translocation velocities (approximately 16.5 microns/min) and velocity profiles are unaffected. After aggregation induced at or below 10(-5) M Ca++, spontaneous pigment dispersion ensues, suggesting a Ca++ requirement for RPCH coupling to its receptor, or a concentration-dependent, Ca(++)-induced Ca(++)-release mechanism. The Ca(++)-channel blockers Mn++ (5 mM) and verapamil (50 microM) have no effect on RPCH-triggered aggregation. An intracellular Ca++ requirement for aggregation was demonstrated in chromatosomes in which the Ca++ gradient across the cell membrane was dissipated with A23187. At free [Ca++] above 10(-3) M, aggregation is complete; at 10(-4) M, aggregation is partial, followed by spontaneous dispersion; below 10(-5) M Ca++, pigments do not aggregate but disperse slightly. Aggregation velocities diminish from 11.6 +/- 1.2 microns/min at 5.5 mM Ca++ to 7.4 +/- 1.3 microns/min at 10(-4) M Ca++. Half-maximum aggregation occurs at 3.2 x 10(-5) M Ca++ and half-maximum translocation velocity at 4.8 x 10(-5) M Ca++. Pigment redispersion after 5.5 mM Ca(++)-A23187-induced aggregation is initiated by reducing extracellular Ca++: slight dispersion begins at 10(-7) M, complete dispersion being attained at 10(-9) M Ca++. Dispersion velocities increase from 0.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.5 microns/min. Half-maximum dispersion occurs at 7.6 x 10(-9) M Ca++ and half-maximum translocation velocity at 2.9 x 10(-9) M Ca++. These data reveal an extracellular and an intracellular Ca++ requirement for RPCH action, and demonstrate that the centripetal or centrifugal direction of pigment movement, the translocation velocity, and the degree of pigment aggregation or dispersion attained are calcium-dependent properties of the granule translocation apparatus. (+info)

Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent 'eyespots' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris. (5/112)

Observations were made of the reflective properties of the iridophore stripes of the squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris, and the likely functions of these stripes are considered in terms of concealment and signalling. In both species, the mantle muscle is almost transparent. Stripes of iridophores run along the length of each side of the mantle, some of which, when viewed at normal incidence in white light, reflect red, others green or blue. When viewed obliquely, the wavebands best reflected move towards the blue/ultraviolet end of the spectrum and their reflections are almost 100% polarised. These are properties of quarter-wavelength stacks of chitin and cytoplasm, predicted in theoretical analyses made by Sir A. F. Huxley and Professor M. F. Land. The reflecting surfaces of the individual iridophores are almost flat and, in a given stripe, these surfaces are within a few degrees of being parallel. Both species of squid have conspicuous, brightly coloured reflectors above their eyes. These 'eyespots' have iridescent layers similar to those found on the mantle but are overlaid by a green fluorescent layer that does not change colour or become polarised as it is viewed more obliquely. In the sea, all reflections from the iridophore stripes will be largely confined to the blue-green parts of the spectrum and all reflections in other wavebands, such as those in the red and near ultraviolet, will be weak. The functions of the iridophores reflecting red at normal incidence must be sought in their reflections of blue-green at oblique angles of incidence. These squid rely for their camouflage mainly on their transparency, and the ventral iridophores and the red, green and blue reflective stripes must be used mainly for signalling. The reflectivities of some of these stripes are relatively low, allowing a large fraction of the incident light to be transmitted into the mantle cavity. Despite their low reflectivities, the stripes are very conspicuous when viewed from some limited directions because they reflect light from directions for which the radiances are much higher than those of the backgrounds against which they are viewed. The reflective patterns seen, for example, by neighbouring squid when schooling depend on the orientation of the squid in the external light field and the position of the squid relative to these neighbours. (+info)

Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis. (6/112)

The biochemical characteristics of dermal iridophore crystals from Anolis carolinensis have been investigated. Iridophores isolated by collangenase-hyaluronidase treatment were sonicated and their contents fractionated through sucrose. Pure iridophore crystals so obtained were examined by chromatography and electron diffraction. They were found to be pure hydrated crystalline form. The suggestion is made that the subcrystalline structure of this guanine does not play a role in color production by the iridophore. (+info)

Behavioral visual responses of wild-type and hypopigmented zebrafish. (7/112)

Zebrafish possess three classes of chromatophores that include iridophores, melanophores, and xanthophores. Mutations that lack one or two classes of chromatophores have been isolated or genetically constructed. Using a behavioral assay based on visually mediated escape responses, we measured the visual response of fully and partially pigmented zebrafish. In zebrafish that lack iridophores (roy mutants), the behavioral visual responses were similar to those of wild-type animals except at low contrast stimulation. In the absence of melanophores (albino mutants) or both melanophores and iridophores (ruby mutants), the behavioral visual responses were normal under moderate illumination but reduced when tested under dim or bright conditions or under low contrast stimulation. Together, the data suggest that screening pigments in the retina play a role in the regulation of behavioral visual responses and are necessary for avoiding "scatter" under bright light conditions. (+info)

Temporal and cellular requirements for Fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. (8/112)

Ectothermic vertebrates exhibit a diverse array of adult pigment patterns. A common element of these patterns is alternating dark and light stripes each comprising different classes of neural crest-derived pigment cells. In the zebrafish, Danio rerio, alternating horizontal stripes of black melanophores and yellow xanthophores are a prominent feature of the adult pigment pattern. In fms mutant zebrafish, however, xanthophores fail to develop and melanophore stripes are severely disrupted. fms encodes a type III receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by xanthophores and their precursors and is the closest known homologue of kit, which has long been studied for roles in pigment pattern development in amniotes. In this study we assess the cellular and temporal requirements for Fms activity in promoting adult pigment pattern development. By transplanting cells between fms mutants and either wild-type or nacre mutant zebrafish, we show that fms acts autonomously to the xanthophore lineage in promoting the striped arrangement of adult melanophores. To identify critical periods for fms activity, we isolated temperature sensitive alleles of fms and performed reciprocal temperature shift experiments at a range of stages from embryo to adult. These analyses demonstrate that Fms is essential for maintaining cells of the xanthophore lineage as well as maintaining the organization of melanophore stripes throughout development. Finally, we show that restoring Fms activity even at late larval stages allows essentially complete recovery of xanthophores and the development of a normal melanophore stripe pattern. Our findings suggest that fms is not required for establishing a population of precursor cells during embryogenesis but is required for recruiting pigment cell precursors to xanthophore fates, with concomitant effects on melanophore organization. (+info)

"Dermal Chromatophores". American Zoologist. 12 (1): 43-62. doi:10.1093/icb/12.1.43. JSTOR 3881731. Berns, Narayan, Michael W., ... K. Shankar (October 1970). "An histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the dermal chromatophores of the variant ranid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axanthism

It possesses dark chromatophores scattered on the lateral portion of its head, which are more concentrated on its snout and the ... Scales on the midlateral surface of its body are bordered with dark brown chromatophores which form a reticulate pattern. Its ... Fins have scattered dark chromatophores. A. microschemos is only known from the river source of the Itapemirim River, in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_microschemos

Its fins show scattered dark chromatophores. A. pelecus is known from the upper Rio Pardo, at Cândido Sales in the state of ... The scales on its midlateral surface are bordered with dark brown chromatophores that form an overall reticulate pattern. Its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax_pelecus

In cuttlefish, activation of a chromatophore can expand its surface area by 500%. Up to 200 chromatophores per mm2 of skin may ... The chromatophores are sacs containing hundreds of thousands of pigment granules and a large membrane that is folded when ... In Loligo plei, an expanded chromatophore may be up to 1.5 mm in diameter, but when retracted, it can measure as little as 0.1 ... Because chromatophores are under direct neural control from the brain, this effect can be immediate. Cephalopod iridophores ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlefish

Juvenile and para-larvae octopuses also have chromatophores called founder chromatophores, which are also sac-like organs that ... The founder chromatophores are found along the ventral mantle and funnel of the para-larvae and it makes it easy to identify ... As these chromatophores interact with their environment, it enables the octopus to select, at any time, a particular body ... The founder chromatophores produce unique patterns in hatchlings and make them easy to identify. The wunderpus has small, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunderpus_photogenicus

In lower vertebrates, they are found in melanophores or chromatophores. Melanosomes are relatively large organelles, measuring ... Messenger, JB (November 2001). "Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history". Biological Reviews of the ... the chromatophore organ. Recent (2008) discoveries by Xu Xing, a Chinese paleontologist, include fossilized feathers in rock ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanosome

Chromatophores in the dermis yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many ... kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey. When paired with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakeskin

These invaginations are also known as chromatophores. The genome of R. sphaeroides is also somewhat intriguing. It has two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodobacter_sphaeroides

Inside the chromatophore cell of cephalopods, pigment granules are enclosed in an elastic sac. To change colour, the animal ... Colour change is made possible by chromatophores; pigment-containing and light-reflecting organelles in cells found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception_in_animals

Venter is grey with scattered yellow chromatophores. The vocal sac is grey to black. The male call is a two-note call, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaki_bromeliad_frog

Males have small chromatophores on their mantle. The European squid is a neritic, semidemersal species, which undertakes ... The colour of the European squid is greyish-transparent or reddish, depending on the expansion of chromatophores in the dermis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_squid

Bagnara, Joseph (1 July 1968). "The Dermal Chromatophore Unit". Journal of Cell Biology. 38 (1): 67-79. doi:10.1083/jcb.38.1.67 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podarcis_muralis

Some colors are the mixtures of the chromatophores; xanthophores (yellow/orange), erythrophores (red/orange), iridophores (blue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocaridina_davidi

The pleura of the first five abdominal somites also show red chromatophores. The eyestalks are reddish, and some chromatophores ... Its body is transparent and sprinkled with chromatophores. The carapace shows a short and broad transverse white median band in ... the middle consisting of irregular bright white chromatophores. A white line or spot is also visible on the eye stalk. The legs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaemonella_burnsi

All Cephalopods have chromatophores, special pigmented and light reflecting cells on their skin which allows them to change ... As hatchlings, their chromatophores can also appear yellow. Though research is limited, some studies suggest that O. joubini ... O. joubini is red-orange in color which is caused by pigmented cells called chromatophores that are common in many animals. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_pygmy_octopus

ISBN 1-85317-226-X. Fujii, R (October 2000). "The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores". Pigment Cell Res. 13 ( ... An extremely uncommon type of chromatophore, the cyanophore, produces a very vivid blue pigment. Amelanism in fishes, ... Non-melanin pigments in other vertebrates are produced by cells called chromatophores. Within this categorization, xanthophores ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelanism

Retrieved 2009-09-08.[permanent dead link] Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish ... was proposed for the blue chromatophores, or pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells. In all other known cases, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchiropus_splendidus

All the fins are hyaline, without dark chromatophores. The maximum known length is 25 cm (10 in), with males tending to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternarchogiton_nattereri

The name "cyanophore" was proposed for the blue chromatophores, or pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells. In all other ... Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811-813. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturesque_dragonet

"Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811-813. doi:10.2108/zsj.12.811. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish

Squid are capable of rapid changes in skin color and pattern through nervous control of chromatophores. In addition to ... Cloney, RA; Florey, E (1968). "Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs". Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_language

Some cephalopods are capable of rapid changes in skin colour and pattern through nervous control of chromatophores. This ... Cloney, R.A.; Florey, E. (1968). "Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs". Z. Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat. 89 (2): 250- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_intelligence

"Anthony Pateras: Chromatophore - Anthony Pateras , Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Couture, ... Pateras spends most of his time inside the piano, hitting, scraping, and rubbing its strings." Chromatophore (September 2008), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Pateras

Squid are capable of rapid changes in skin color and pattern through nervous control of chromatophores. In addition to ... "Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs". Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie. 89 (2): 250-280 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_reef_squid

Some cephalopods, such as the octopus and the cuttlefish, have specialized skin cells (chromatophores) that can change the ... ISBN 978-1-4438-3810-8. Cloney, R.A.; Florey, E. (1968). "Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs". Z. Zellforsch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication

Chromatophores are special pigment-containing cells that may change their size, but more often retain their original size but ... Albinism in biology Chromatophore Dog coat colours and patterns Cat coat genetics Deception in animals Equine coat colour ... Chromatophores may respond to hormonal and/or neurobal control mechanisms, but direst responses to stimulation by visible light ... Amphibians such as frogs have three kinds of star-shaped chromatophore cells in separate layers of their skin. The top layer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_coloration

Chromatophores are color pigment changing cells that are directly stimulated by central motor neurons. They are primarily used ... Chromatophores contract and contain vesicles that stores three different liquid pigments. Each color is indicated by the three ... The process of changing the color pigment of their skin relies on a single highly developed chromatophore cell and many muscles ... The various colors are made by the combination of the different layers of the chromatophores. These cells are usually located ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigment

Large chromatophores densely cover the upper surfaces of the head, mantle and arms. They are distributed more sparsely on the ... The fins do not possess chromatophores on the underside. Living specimens range in colour from translucent creamy white through ... rapidly changing body colouration and patterns through voluntary control of chromatophores. They also possess iridophores ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfin_reef_squid

"Improvement of photosynthesis in zooxanthellate corals by autofluorescent chromatophores". Oecologia. 99 (1-2): 124-131. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavona_maldivensis

It is almost colourless except for small chromatophores scarcely distributed. It has a long, thin, cylindrical mantle which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachioteuthis_riisei

Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial, and sheath cells. Inside ... Chromatophores are sometimes used in applied research. For example, zebrafish larvae are used to study how chromatophores ... Therefore, the distinction between these chromatophore types is not always clear. Most chromatophores can generate pteridines ... As the other biochromatic chromatophores are also capable of pigment translocation, animals with multiple chromatophore types ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatophore

Chromatophores contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. In purple bacteria, such as Rhodospirillum rubrum, the ... In some forms of photosynthetic bacteria, a chromatophore is a coloured, membrane-associated vesicle used to perform ... light-harvesting proteins are intrinsic to the chromatophore membranes. However, in green sulfur bacteria, they are arranged in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatophore_(bacteria)

A chromatophore organ is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Pigment ... Primary infoldings and pouches of the chromatophore appear in its upper and lower surfaces during chromatophore retraction and ... Cephalopod Chromatophore. Richard E. Young, Michael Vecchione, and Katharina M. Mangold (1922-2003) Cephalopoda Glossary ... Page: Tree of Life Cephalopod Chromatophore Authored by Richard E. Young, Michael Vecchione, and Katharina M. Mangold (1922- ...

http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=2038

Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and ... Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells.[32] ... The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain, in a similar order to the chromatophores ... Therefore erythrocytes are not classified as chromatophores. Xanthophores and erythrophores Chromatophores that contain large ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Chromatophore.html

... Date: Thu Feb 1 17:39:25 2007. Posted By: Jeff Buzby, ... Chromatophores generally known as melanocytes are also present as pigment cells in warm-blooded mammals and birds, but they ... The most widely known type of chromatophore is the pigment cells of cold-blooded animals, including amphibians, fish, reptiles ... Chromatophores are not independent, free-living organisms, which might explain why its been difficult to find info. regarding ...

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2007-02/1170451428.Cb.r.html

chromatophore: A pigment-containing or pigment-producing cell, especially in certain lizards, that by expansion or contraction ... "chromatophore" or pigment bearing cells, called erythrophores, from Siamese fighting fish, whose response to specific toxic ... Besides the pigment-cells just described, Heincke discovered another kind of chromatophore, which was filled with iridescent ... He blinks, barely noticing her black bob of hair, chromatophore-tinted shadows artfully tuned around her eyes. ...

https://www.wordnik.com/words/chromatophore

Membrane bound PPases have been found in chromatophores (2), mitochondria (3) and chloroplasts (4). The membrane bound PPase ... Some Similarities and Differences between Bacterial Chromatophore, Spinach Chloroplast and Yeast Mitochondrial Inorganic ... We have studied some similarities and differences between chromatophore, chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane bound PPases. ... Some Similarities and Differences between Bacterial Chromatophore, Spinach Chloroplast and Yeast Mitochondrial Inorganic ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_483

Tagged: chromatophore Recent Paper. Posted by Brigite Nunes Simoes Rodrigues on January 15, 2015. ... agouti, asip1, chromatophore, dct, iridophore, ltk, melanocyte, melanophore, mitfa, pigment pattern formation, transgenic, ...

http://blogs.bath.ac.uk/kelsh-lab/tag/chromatophore/

Phosphorylation of the Chromatophore Membranes of Rhodospirillum rubrum G9 and Isolation of a B875 Protein Kinase. ... Ghosh R., Tschopp P., Eicher S., Bachofen R. (1990) Phosphorylation of the Chromatophore Membranes of Rhodospirillum rubrum G9 ... Holmes, N.G. and Allen, J.F. (1988). Protein phosphorylation in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Biochim. Biophys. ... have shown that electron transfer within the chromatophore membrane may be regulated by the degree of phosphorylation of the ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_239

Thus, the chromatophores of P. chromatophora are the only known cyanobacterial descendants besides plastids with a ... Our data characterize the chromatophore as a photosynthetic entity that is absolutely dependent on its host for growth and ... Chromatophore genome sequence of Paulinella sheds light on acquisition of photosynthesis by eukaryotes Curr Biol. 2008 Mar 25; ... Although the chromatophore genome contains a complete set of photosynthesis genes, it lacks not only genes thought to be ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356055/

Several chromatophore types possess motile organelles, which enable rapid changes in coloration. Recently, we described red ... Here, we describe the discovery of a chromatophore in fishes that regulates the distribution of fluorescent pigments in parts ... Poikilotherms, and especially fishes possess several cell types, so-called chromatophores, which employ either of these ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0037913

Translations, &c: On Chromatophores in the Frog Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Cell Science ...

http://jcs.biologists.org/content/s1-2/8/254

This study provides compelling evidence that the chromatophore response is not dependent on fish color and that chromatophore ... Blue B. splendens chromatophore cells were assessed for their longevity in tissue culture and their responses to previously ... Blue B. splendens chromatophore cells were exposed to select chemicals and pathogenic bacteria to assess their ability to ... Red B. splendens chromatophore cells were subjected to the select chemical and bacterial toxicants, and observed for their ...

https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/pc289n139

We call this chromatophore response light-activated chromatophore expansion (LACE). LACE behavior in isolated octopus skin ... When the white light was switched off and the chromatophores were illuminated with only red light, the chromatophores in fresh ... and averaged the chromatophore area pixel count within each of the 10 samples to get the mean chromatophore size before and ... Chromatophores remain in their contracted state after 3 s of exposure to bright white light. (B) Chromatophores have reached ...

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/10/1513

A) Mean chromatophore response (±s.e.m.) in a fresh skin preparation from D. gigas evoked by electrical stimulation 5 V above ... Individual chromatophores can be seen in the insets. The squid pictured in panel A was photographed in the lab in Santa Rosalia ... Chromatophore activity observed in fresh skin preparations from D. gigas. (A) Electrical stimulation elicits a rapid, twitch- ... Effects of serotonin (5-HT) on chromatophore activity. Stimulated responses are greatly reduced by 2.5 µmol l−1 5-HT in D. ...

https://jeb.biologists.org/content/220/24/4669.figures-only

Oxidation kinetic of quinol by bc$\sb1$ complex in chromatophores was simulated. A set of kinetic parameters were obtained from ... Quinol oxidation by the ubiquinol:cytochrome c(2) oxidoreductase in the chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Welcome to ... The kinetics and thermodynamics of the high potential chain in the chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been ... Quinol oxidation by the ubiquinol:cytochrome c(2) oxidoreductase in the chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Wang, ...

https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/19323

Chromatophores are special pigment-containing cells that can change their size, thus varying the colour and pattern of the ... When they enter a darker environment, they allow their chromatophores to expand, creating a pattern of larger dark spots, and ... The voluntary control of chromatophores is known as metachrosis.[35] For example, cuttlefish and chameleons can rapidly change ... they contract many of their chromatophores, concentrating the pigment into a smaller area, resulting in a pattern of tiny, ...

http://mesjeuxdeguerre.net/By%20chromatophores.html

Mc Niven, Mark A ; Porter, K. R. / Microtubule polarity confers direction to pigment transport in chromatophores. In: Journal ... Mc Niven, M. A., & Porter, K. R. (1986). Microtubule polarity confers direction to pigment transport in chromatophores. Journal ... Mc Niven, MA & Porter, KR 1986, Microtubule polarity confers direction to pigment transport in chromatophores, Journal of ... Microtubule polarity confers direction to pigment transport in chromatophores. / Mc Niven, Mark A; Porter, K. R. ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/microtubule-polarity-confers-direction-to-pigment-transport-in-ch

"Bacterial Chromatophores" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Bacterial Chromatophores" by people in this website by year, ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Bacterial Chromatophores" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Bacterial Chromatophores". ...

https://profiles.rush.edu/display/3217

CHROMATOPHORES. The top layer consists of three rows of colored cells (yellow, red, and brown). These tiny cells are widely ... CHROMATOPHORES. The top layer consists of three rows of colored cells (yellow, red, and brown). These tiny cells are widely ... In hues of yellow, red, and brown, the chromatophores act as small packets of color that the cuttlefish can shrink or expand at ... The white of zebra patterns, for example, is produced here (but the brown stripes are produced by chromatophores). ...

https://answersingenesis.org/aquatic-animals/masters-disguise/

There are several types of chromatophores, each of which is responsible for a colour. The colour may be produced as a result of ... Chromatophores are pigmented cells in the dermis. There are several types of chromatophores, each of which is responsible for a ... Chromatophores also allow organisms to use a visual method of communication or to camouflage themselves in their environment by ... It is the chameleons chromatophores which give it its amazing capacity for camouflage. © Today is a good day CC by-nc-nd 2.0 ...

http://www.futura-sciences.us/dico/d/biology-chromatophore-50001155/

The dermal chromatophore unit is an association of three chromatophores residing in the dermis just beneath the basal lamina. ... Where the three chromatophores are stacked, as in the dermal chromatophore unit, green color is achieved through the absorption ... located in a unique blue chromatophore. Studies by Goda and Fujii (1995) on the chromatophores of two callionymid species, the ... Bagnara, T.T., Taylor, J.D., and Hadley, M.E. (1968). The dermal chromatophore unit. J. Cell Biol. 38, 67-69. *CrossRef , ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00360.x/full

With Special Reference to Chromatophores. Parker, G. H. Published: April 2015 $24.99 (R). Paperback. Add to cart ...

https://www.cambridge.org/ni/academic/subjects/life-sciences/zoology

The HGT of the carboxysomal operon predated the divergence of the chromatophore ancestor from the PS-clade. Following HGT and ... The γ-proteobacterium Nitrococcus mobilis was identified as sister of the Paulinella chromatophore and the PS-clade in the ... In rDNA-phylogenies, the Paulinella chromatophore diverged basal to the PS-clade, raising the question whether the HGT occurred ... The isolated position of the Paulinella chromatophore in molecular phylogenies as well as its elevated AT content suggests that ...

https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-7-85

... en_US. dc.type. Preprint. en_US ... Rhodopsin, retinochrome, and Gqα transcripts were also found in RNA extracts from dissociated chromatophores isolated from D. ... Visual phototransduction components in cephalopod chromatophores suggest dermal photoreception. dc.contributor.author. Kingston ... This is the first evidence that cephalopod dermal tissues, and specifically chromatophores, may possess the requisite ...

https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/7361?show=full

Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial, and sheath cells.[40] ... Chromatophores are sometimes used in applied research. For example, zebrafish larvae are used to study how chromatophores ... As the other biochromatic chromatophores are also capable of pigment translocation, animals with multiple chromatophore types ... and mitf are important in controlling chromatophore differentiation.[32] If these proteins are defective, chromatophores may be ...

https://infogalactic.com/info/Chromatophore

Chromatophore - Chromatophores de Poisson zèbre à l obscurité (au dessus) et à la lumière (en dessous). Les chromatophores sont ... Смотреть что такое "chromatophore cell" в других словарях:. *. Chromatophore - Zebrafish chromatophores mediate background ... chromatophore - [krō mat′ə fôr΄, krō′mə tə fôr΄] n. [ CHROMATO + PHORE] 1. a special animal cell, usually dermal, that contains ... Chromatophore - Chro ma*to*phore , n. [Gr. ?, ?, color + fe rein to bear.] 1. (Zo[ o]l.) A contractile cell or vesicle ...

https://ecology_en_ru.academic.ru/769/chromatophore_cell

25 Intracellular recordings from the chromatophore lobes of Octopus J. A. Miyan, and J. B. Messenger. ... 22 Neurotransmitters of squid chromatophores C. J. CORNWELL and J. B. MESSENGER ... 21 Organization of cephalopod chromatophore systems: a neuromuscular image-generator Andrew Packard. ...

http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198547907.001.0001/acprof-9780198547907?rskey=Eh5ZzM&result=1

... important for animals that can change their coloration by altering the dispersion of pigments within the chromatophores ( ... important for animals that can change their coloration by altering the dispersion of pigments within the chromatophores ( ... Responses of Other Chromatophores to Light. In addition to melanophores, there is evidence that other types of chromatophore ... Figure 1. The structure and function of chromatophores. (A) Illustration of a section of skin showing the dermal chromatophore ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2016.00106/full

Epidermal chromatophoresEdit. Pigment cells that exhibit fluorescence are called fluorescent chromatophores, and function ... Fujii, R (2000). "The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores". Pigment Cell Research. 13 (5): 300-19. doi:10.1034 ... Short term fluorescent patterning and signaling is controlled by the nervous system.[24] Fluorescent chromatophores can be ... and dispersion within the fluorescent chromatophore that cause directed fluorescence patterning.[24][25] Fluorescent cells are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence

These structures, often referred to as "chromatophores" come in various shapes, such as tubules, long lamellar folds, or small vesicles. (uiuc.edu)
There are also additional proteins found in chromatophore vesicles whose structure and function are not as well understood. (uiuc.edu)
The photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria is located in the internal (i.e. cytoplasmic) membrane and in chromatophores-intracellular vesicles that split off that membrane. (slideshare.net)

citation needed] Whereas all chromatophores contain pigments or reflecting structures (except when there has been a mutation, as in albinism), not all pigment-containing cells are chromatophores. (wikipedia.org)
Chromatophores contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. (wikipedia.org)
Chromatophores that contain large amounts of yellow pteridine pigments are named xanthophores and those with an excess of red/orange carotenoids termed erythrophores. (bionity.com)
This form of non-visual photosensitivity may be particularly important for animals that can change their coloration by altering the dispersion of pigments within the chromatophores (pigment containing cells) of the skin. (frontiersin.org)
A chromatophore is an organ that contains pigments. (sciencefriday.com)
Our results suggest that cephalopod chromatophore pigment granules are more complex than homogeneous clusters of chromogenic pigments. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
By constricting all the chromatophores with a certain pigment and relaxing all the ones with other pigments, the animal can change the overall color of its body. (howstuffworks.com)

Chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. (wikipedia.org)
The term chromatophore was adopted (following Sangiovanni's chromoforo) as the name for pigment-bearing cells derived from the neural crest of cold-blooded vertebrates and cephalopods. (wikipedia.org)
A chromatophore organ is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. (tolweb.org)
The rather structureless sheath cells (not shown in drawing) presumably enable the slippage of the chromatophore organs within the dermis of the skin. (tolweb.org)
Chromatophores are pigment -containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. (bionity.com)
The most widely known type of chromatophore is the pigment cells of cold-blooded animals, including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods, some of which can amazingly change their color by expansion or contraction. (madsci.org)
Chromatophores generally known as melanocytes are also present as pigment cells in warm-blooded mammals and birds, but they cannot alter their pigmentation through expansion or contraction. (madsci.org)
Within plant cells, small pigment-bearing organelles known as plastids (e.g. chromoplasts & chloroplasts ) can also be referred to as chromatophores . (madsci.org)
Besides the pigment-cells just described, Heincke discovered another kind of chromatophore , which was filled with iridescent crystals. (wordnik.com)
chromatophore " or pigment bearing cells, called erythrophores, from Siamese fighting fish, whose response to specific toxic chemicals have been studied in detail by Trempy's collaborator, OSU biochemist Phil McFadden. (wordnik.com)
Chromatophore cells, responsible for the pigmentation of poikilothermic animal, have shown immense potential as cell-based biosensors in the detection of a broad range of environmental toxicants. (oregonstate.edu)
Chromatophore cells possess the motile pigment granules that intracellularly aggregate or disperse in response to external stimuli. (oregonstate.edu)
Previous studies have assessed chromatophore cells isolated from red Betta splendens and grey Oncorhynchus tschawytscha fish for use as a biosensor. (oregonstate.edu)
The objective of this study was to describe blue B. splendens chromatophore cells in tissue culture. (oregonstate.edu)
Blue B. splendens chromatophore cells were assessed for their longevity in tissue culture and their responses to previously established control agents. (oregonstate.edu)
Blue B. splendens chromatophore cells were exposed to select chemicals and pathogenic bacteria to assess their ability to respond to environmental toxicants. (oregonstate.edu)
Red B. splendens chromatophore cells were subjected to the select chemical and bacterial toxicants, and observed for their responses. (oregonstate.edu)
Chromatophore cells isolated from both blue and red B. splendens were responsive to methyl mercuric chloride and sodium arsenite. (oregonstate.edu)
Grey O. tschawytscha chromatophore cells have shown responsiveness to mercuric chloride and sodium arsenite. (oregonstate.edu)
Blue and red B. splendens chromatophore cells were both responsive to B. cereus and both Salmonella serovars. (oregonstate.edu)
In conclusion, this study reports the chromatophore cells isolated from blue B. splendens in tissue culture and showed similar responsiveness to the selected chemical and bacterial environmental toxicants as chromatophore cells isolated from red and grey colored fish. (oregonstate.edu)
This study provides compelling evidence that the chromatophore response is not dependent on fish color and that chromatophore cells used for a cell-based detection system may be isolated from different colored fish. (oregonstate.edu)
Chromatophores are special pigment-containing cells that can change their size, thus varying the colour and pattern of the animal. (mesjeuxdeguerre.net)
38] Amphibians such as frogs have three kinds of star-shaped chromatophore cells in separate layers of their skin. (mesjeuxdeguerre.net)
Chromatophores are color-changing cells that allow some animals, such as cephalopods, a class of molluscs that includes octopuses, squids and cuttlefish, t. (reference.com)
Much of the red pigment is not in chromatophore organs but dispersed in other integumental cells, although chromatophores are present. (tolweb.org)
A majority of chromatophores are single cells that are highly branched and contain pigment granules that can disperse or aggregate within the cell. (thefreedictionary.com)
Three types of pigment cells (chromatophores) are required to create this pattern. (elifesciences.org)
Camouflage: use special skin cells called, chromatophores. (prezi.com)
Obtaining a comprehensive list of proteins imported into chromatophores, including their functions and origins, as well as understanding the pathway by which these proteins are imported, could provide insight into the mechanism that eukaryotic cells use to 'enslave' bacteria and turn them into organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. (carnegiescience.edu)
These deeper-level cells are called chromatophores . (howstuffworks.com)
The rapid color change is powered by chromatophores , special cells on the fishes' bodies. (livescience.com)
This process is made possible by chromatophores, cells that contain a sac filled with pigment. (treehugger.com)
The artificial muscles are based on color-changing cells known as chromatophores, which are found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, and cephalopods such as squids. (csmonitor.com)

Cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis , possess neurally controlled, pigmented chromatophore organs that allow rapid changes in skin patterning and coloration in response to visual cues. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
This process of adaptive coloration is enabled by the 500% change in chromatophore surface area during actuation. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The leucophores and iridophores (both structural elements of coloration) provide an adaptive base layer in the dermal tissue, whereas the chromatophores, located above them, impart an active colour change through areal expansion [ 11 , 12 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Here, we present molecular evidence suggesting that cephalopod chromatophores, small dermal pigmentary organs that reflect various colors of light, are photosensitive. (mblwhoilibrary.org)
Rhodopsin, retinochrome, and Gqα transcripts were also found in RNA extracts from dissociated chromatophores isolated from D. pealeii dermal tissues. (mblwhoilibrary.org)
This is the first evidence that cephalopod dermal tissues, and specifically chromatophores, may possess the requisite combination of molecules required to respond to light. (mblwhoilibrary.org)

Chromatophore - Zebrafish chromatophores mediate background adaptation on exposure to dark (top) and light environments (bottom). (academic.ru)
Zebrafish, on the other hand, also have chromatophores, but theirs contain liquid pigment that when activated comes to the surface and spreads out like spilled ink. (treehugger.com)
The team mimicked the zebrafish chromatophores using two glass microscope slides sandwiching a silicone layer. (csmonitor.com)

In purple bacteria, such as Rhodospirillum rubrum, the light-harvesting proteins are intrinsic to the chromatophore membranes. (wikipedia.org)
AFM imaging of chromatophore membranes has provided some insight into the arrangement of the photosynthetic proteins within the chromatophore. (uiuc.edu)
We report two adaptations that help to explain how colour intensity is maintained in a fully expanded chromatophore when the pigment granules are distributed maximally: (i) pigment layers as thin as three granules that maintain optical effectiveness and (ii) the presence of high-refractive-index proteins-reflectin and crystallin-in granules. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The Carnegie team honed in on three of the P. chromatophora transferred genes, which encode proteins involved in photosynthesis, a process localized to the chromatophore. (carnegiescience.edu)
They set out to determine whether these proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the amoeba and whether the mature proteins became localized to the chromatophore. (carnegiescience.edu)
Using an advanced array of research techniques, they were able to determine that these three proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported into chromatophores, where they assemble together with other, internally encoded proteins into working protein complexes that are part of the photosynthetic process. (carnegiescience.edu)
Interestingly, the process by which these proteins are transported into chromatophores may also be novel and involve transit through an organelle called the Golgi apparatus, prior to becoming localized to the chromatophore. (carnegiescience.edu)
A structural model of a chromatophore vesicle featuring the three main light-harvesting proteins (see below). (uiuc.edu)
This variation exists despite the main constituent proteins of the chromatophore being very similar across species. (uiuc.edu)
Modifiable chromatophore proteins in photosynthetic bacteria. (asm.org)

In general, body-patterning behaviors in cephalopods depend on three major components: the eyes, the central nervous system (CNS) and pigmented organs called chromatophores embedded in the skin ( Messenger, 2001 ). (biologists.org)
Pigmented organs called chromatophores create patterns with yellow, red, and brown colors. (mbl.edu)

Yet, we do not fully understand how cephalopods control the pigmented chromatophore organs in their skin and change their body pattern. (biologists.org)

In some forms of photosynthetic bacteria, a chromatophore is a coloured, membrane-associated vesicle used to perform photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Membrane bound PPases have been found in chromatophores (2), mitochondria (3) and chloroplasts (4). (springer.com)
The membrane bound PPase from Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores can synthesize PPi (inorganic pyrophosphate) at the expense of light energy (1) and has been described in some detail (2). (springer.com)
We have studied some similarities and differences between chromatophore, chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane bound PPases. (springer.com)
In particular, Allen and Holmes [4] have shown that electron transfer within the chromatophore membrane may be regulated by the degree of phosphorylation of the light harvesting complex [B875]. (springer.com)
Model of a photosynthetic membrane patch from a lamellar (flat) chromatophore. (uiuc.edu)
The chromatophore membrane was equilibrated using the molecular dynamics software NAMD on petascale supercomputing resources including Titan (ORNL, via DOE INCITE), Blue Waters (NCSA), and Tsubame (Tokyo). (uiuc.edu)
This chromatophore membrane simulation was used to study physical properties of the system, as well as to examine energy migration among the pigment molecules in the light harvesting complexes, eventually reaching the reaction center, where that energy is used to create a transmembrane charge separation, the first step in converting light energy eventually into chemical energy in the form of ATP for the cell. (uiuc.edu)
The bacterial PSU is organized in the form of a pseudo-spherical membrane domain of approximately 60 nm diameter called a chromatophore vesicle. (uiuc.edu)
Using this approach, we have imaged the membrane organization of intact vesicular bacterial photosynthetic "organelles", chromatophores. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Despite the highly curved nature of the chromatophore membrane and lack of direct support, the resolution was sufficient to identify the photosystem complexes and quantify their arrangement in the native state. (whiterose.ac.uk)

Aggregation or dispersion of the pigment by expansion or contraction of a circular muscle surrounding an individual chromatophore effects color changes. (academic.ru)
An individual chromatophore is surrounded by a circular muscle that can constrict and expand. (howstuffworks.com)

Pigment granules lie within the chromatophore cell in an intracellular sac, the cytoelastic sacculus, that has elastic walls. (tolweb.org)
chromatophore - A cell (simple or branched), usually in shell (cuticular or subcuticular), containing pigment granules, usually capable of being dispersed or concentrated [Butler, T.H.]. Cell containing pigment [Holdich and Jones, 1983]. (academic.ru)
Chromatophores contain pigment granules that move within them, giving them an appearance that ranges from spotted to fibrous on the five-stage scale that is widely used to measure the degree of chromatophore expansion. (thefreedictionary.com)
Each cephalopod chromatophore organ comprises an elastic sac containing pigment granules. (thefreedictionary.com)
The latter discovery, combined with our finding that isolated chromatophore pigment granules fluoresce between 650 and 720 nm, refutes the prevailing hypothesis that cephalopod chromatophores are exclusively pigmentary organs composed solely of ommochromes. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour (more properly "hue") under white light: xanthophores (yellow), erythrophores (red), iridophores (reflective / iridescent), leucophores (white), melanophores (black/brown), and cyanophores (blue). (wikipedia.org)
They can also combine these iridescent hues with those of the chromatophores to make shimmering purples and oranges, for example. (asknature.org)
The complex nerve network distributed throughout the squid's skin instantly coordinates tens of thousands of chromatophores with iridescent reflectors for rapidly changing behaviors ranging from camouflage to signaling. (mbl.edu)

However, only recently has an analogous phenomenon been implicated for the chromatophore membranes of purple non-sulfur bacteria [2,3,4]. (springer.com)
Ghosh R., Tschopp P., Eicher S., Bachofen R. (1990) Phosphorylation of the Chromatophore Membranes of Rhodospirillum rubrum G9 and Isolation of a B875 Protein Kinase. (springer.com)

And since that single chromatophore is joined by an army of other chromatophores, you get all kinds of color changes-from a solid patch of red, to a mottling of brown and white, to a strange yellow shape on a dark background. (sciencefriday.com)

Recently, we presented evidence that photosynthetic inclusions, termed "chromatophores," present in the filose thecamoeba Paulinella chromatophora originated from an independent, more recent primary endosymbiotic event. (nih.gov)
Paulinella chromatophora is a freshwater filose amoeba with photosynthetic endosymbionts (chromatophores) of cyanobacterial origin that are closely related to free-living Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus species (PS-clade). (biomedcentral.com)
In rDNA-phylogenies, the Paulinella chromatophore diverged basal to the PS-clade, raising the question whether the HGT occurred before or after the split of the chromatophore ancestor. (biomedcentral.com)
Phylogenetic analyses of the almost complete rDNA operon with an improved taxon sampling containing most known cyanobacterial lineages recovered the Paulinella chromatophore as sister to the complete PS-clade. (biomedcentral.com)
The γ-proteobacterium Nitrococcus mobilis was identified as sister of the Paulinella chromatophore and the PS-clade in the RubisCO phylogeny. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene content and order in the carboxysomal operon correlates well with the RubisCO phylogeny demonstrating that the complete carboxysomal operon was acquired by the common ancestor of the Paulinella chromatophore and the PS-clade through HGT. (biomedcentral.com)
The isolated position of the Paulinella chromatophore in molecular phylogenies as well as its elevated AT content suggests that the Paulinella chromatophore has already undergone typical steps in the reductive evolution of an endosymbiont. (biomedcentral.com)
Paulinella chromatophora is a thecate filose amoeba of the Rhizaria that contains a photosynthetic entity of cyanobacterial origin termed chromatophore. (biomedcentral.com)
It has previously been shown that neither the Paulinella host cell nor the chromatophores are related to the eukaryotic lineage containing primary plastids. (biomedcentral.com)
Instead, the Paulinella chromatophore is affiliated with free-living Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus spp. (biomedcentral.com)
It is currently debated whether the Paulinella chromatophore represents an organelle comparable to a primary plastid, or merely a stable intracellular symbiont [ 3 - 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, the closest relatives of the Paulinella chromatophore (the PS-clade) possess a proteobacterial form 1A RubisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), in contrast to the remaining cyanobacteria and plastids (except rhodoplasts) with the 'typical' form 1B RubisCO [ 7 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

All thanks to rapidly reacting neurally controlled chromatophores in their skin. (sciencemag.org)

Chromatophores are located just below the junction of the dermis with the epidermis. (britannica.com)

It is suggested that the mechanistic H+/H- ratio is indeed unity, but that a low ratio is obtained in wild-type chromatophores because of inhomogeneity in the vesicle population. (ist.ac.at)

An excellent illustration of a Cephalopod Chromatophore (i.e. from octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) is found in the Tree of Life Web Project . (madsci.org)
Aristotle When cephalopod molluscs like squid and cuttlefish find themselves against a light background, they contract many of their chromatophores, concentrating the pigment into a smaller area, resulting in a pattern of tiny, dense, but widely-spaced dots, appearing light. (mesjeuxdeguerre.net)
The skin of cuttlefish changes color rapidly using elastic pigment sacs called chromatophores, in order to evade predators. (asknature.org)
Some animals, such as various cuttlefish species , can manipulate their chromatophores to change their overall skin color. (howstuffworks.com)
When the cuttlefish constricts the muscle, all the pigment is squeezed to the top of the chromatophore. (howstuffworks.com)

Chromatophores are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in ectothermic animals and are generated in the neural crest during embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
Play media Some species can rapidly change colour through mechanisms that translocate pigment and reorient reflective plates within chromatophores. (wikipedia.org)
the iridophore, a Bragg stack reflector and the chromatophore, previously considered to be a pigmentary organ acting as a selective colour filter [ 4 - 10 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

when the nerves are inactive, energy stored in the elastic sac causes the chromatophore to retract as the muscles relax. (thefreedictionary.com)
The center of each chromatophore contains an elastic sac full of pigment, which may be colored black, brown, orange, red or yellow. (prezi.com)

Thus, the chromatophores of P. chromatophora are the only known cyanobacterial descendants besides plastids with a significantly reduced genome that confer photosynthesis to their eukaryotic host. (nih.gov)

Protein phosphorylation in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum. (springer.com)
Two strains of Rhodospirillum rubrum were constructed in which, by a gene dosage effect, the transhydrogenase activity of isolated chromatophores was increased 7-10-fold and 15-20-fold, respectively. (ist.ac.at)

Baltscheffsky M., Pramanik A., Lundin M., Nyrén P., Baltscheffsky H. (1990) Some Similarities and Differences between Bacterial Chromatophore, Spinach Chloroplast and Yeast Mitochondrial Inorganic Pyrophosphatases. (springer.com)
Bacterial Chromatophores" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rush.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Bacterial Chromatophores" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bacterial Chromatophores" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (rush.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Bacterial Chromatophores" by people in Profiles. (rush.edu)

Our data characterize the chromatophore as a photosynthetic entity that is absolutely dependent on its host for growth and survival. (nih.gov)

In addition, the Duke researchers are conducting behavioral experiments to investigate counter-illumination (a form of bioluminescent camouflage) and chromatophore use in cephalopods by placing them in tanks with walls of variable backgrounds and then photographing the body pattern responses. (wordnik.com)
Chromatophores also allow organisms to use a visual method of communication or to camouflage themselves in their environment by mimicking their surroundings. (futura-sciences.us)
Cephalopods have such remarkable camouflage primarily because of their chromatophores - sacs of red, yellow or brown pigment in the skin made visible (or invisible) by muscles around their circumference. (asknature.org)
The final part of the cuttlefish's camouflage portfolio comes from leucophores and iridophores, essentially reflecting plates that sit underneath the chromatophores. (asknature.org)
The camouflage appears because chromatophores - sacs of pigment in the skin - are stretched by the surrounding muscle, expanding the sacs to create large brown patches. (newscientist.com)
The camouflage disappears when the muscles relax, allowing the chromatophores to shrink to their usual size. (newscientist.com)

Theoretically, pigment cell patterning might result from long-range patterning mechanisms, from local environmental cues, or from interactions between neighbouring chromatophores. (nih.gov)

Cephalopods such as the octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this, whereas vertebrates such as chameleons generate a similar effect by cell signalling. (wikipedia.org)
Although these changes primarily rely on eyesight, we found that light causes chromatophores to expand in excised pieces of Octopus bimaculoides skin. (biologists.org)
Both Florey (1966) and Packard and Brancato (1993) noted that squid and octopus chromatophores in dissociated or denervated skin seem to expand in response to light, but surprisingly, neither study investigated these observations further. (biologists.org)
The researchers took a tissue sample from the octopus and exposed it to different lights, watching as the chromatophores, or color spots that allow the octopus to change color, expanded and contracted when exposed to light. (popsci.com)

Between the colorful chromatophores and the light-scattering leucophores is a reflective lay-er of skin made up of iridophores. (asknature.org)
Nerves in red can be easily traced among the distinctive chromatophores and iridophores that they innervate. (mbl.edu)
Doryteuthis pealeii have conspicuous pigmentary chromatophores and underlying structurally colored iridophores. (mbl.edu)

Each chromatophore is like a microscopic balloon filled with pigment. (sciencefriday.com)

chromatophore - chromatophoric /kreuh mat euh fawr ik, for ik, kroh meuh teuh /, chromatophorous /kroh meuh tof euhr euhs/, adj. (academic.ru)

The color patterns of cephalopods are largely controlled by chromatophore organs. (tolweb.org)
In fish, however, pigment patterns predominantly result from positioning of differently coloured chromatophores. (nih.gov)

When chromatophore muscles contract, the pigment sac at the center is stretched out, showing the chromatophores' color. (biologists.org)
If the pigment color is yellow or cream, the animal tends to look paler if all the chromatophores are at that stage. (thefreedictionary.com)
They use their chromatophores to change their color. (prezi.com)
Each color chromatophore is controlled by a different nerve, and when the attached muscle contracts, it flattens and stretches the pigment sack outward, expanding the color on the skin. (asknature.org)
The findings suggest that the specific color of each iridophore, as well as speed of change, is controlled by the nervous system, as is spatial chromatophore patterning that occurs in the skin layer just above. (mbl.edu)
By perceiving the color of a backdrop and constricting the right combination of chromatophores, the animal can blend in with all sorts of surroundings. (howstuffworks.com)

Chromatophore activity observed in fresh skin preparations from D. gigas . (biologists.org)
The left-most panel shows the skin at the time of stimulation (0 ms). Responsive chromatophores within a defined field (solid border) reach peak expansion by 200 ms and remain expanded for more than 400 ms (fourth panel). (biologists.org)
A) Mean chromatophore response (±s.e.m.) in a fresh skin preparation from D. gigas evoked by electrical stimulation 5 V above threshold ( n =20). (biologists.org)
A) Variance of spontaneous chromatophore activity over 30 s sampling periods in skin samples from D. gigas in 200 nmol l −1 TTX ( n =6), 2.5 µmol l −1 5-HT ( n =5) or 200 µmol l −1 L-Glu ( n =5) compared with the seawater control ( n =16). (biologists.org)
When nerve signals stimulate the chromatophore, the radial muscles pull this balloon from all sides, stretching it out, and covering more area of the skin with the pigment. (sciencefriday.com)
Suddenly, the chromatophore is a visible spot on the skin! (sciencefriday.com)
The chromatophores may be uniformly distributed in the skin (chameleons), or they may occur in patches (flounders) or lines (around the abdomen in shrimps). (thefreedictionary.com)
Chromatophores of various colors may be distributed unevenly across the body, and occur at different depths in the skin. (thefreedictionary.com)
On the skin surface, chromatophores (tiny sacs filled with red, yellow, or brown pigment) ab-sorb light of various wavelengths. (asknature.org)
Chromatophores in the skin of the cephalopod squid Loligo (Doryteuthis) plei. (accessscience.com)
Large brownish chromatophores are encircled by medium-sized red chromatophores, and small yellow chromatophores are interspersed throughout the skin. (accessscience.com)
Skin of the common prawn Palaemon (Leander) serratus, with red and white chromatophores showing a twofold effect upon injecting the prawn with a sinus-gland extract. (accessscience.com)
Skin of a squirrelfish (Holocentrus adscensionis) with chromatophores as seen by transmitted light. (accessscience.com)
Project lead Jonathan Rossiter said "Our artificial chromatophores are both scalable and adaptable and can be made into an artificial compliant skin which can stretch and deform, yet still operate effectively. (treehugger.com)

The data collected in this and previous studies were compiled to compare chromatophore cell responses to a broad range of environmental toxicants. (oregonstate.edu)
Light stimulates the responses of chromatophores, generally indirectly via the eyes and central nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
Perturbations to granular architecture alter optical properties, illustrating a role for nanostructure in the agile, optical responses of chromatophores. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

The kinetics and thermodynamics of the high potential chain in the chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been reexamined. (illinois.edu)

1968. Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs. (tolweb.org)

We call this behavior light-activated chromatophore expansion (or LACE). (biologists.org)
Chromatophore, behavior and embryology research potential. (mbl.edu)

To clarify metabolic capabilities of the chromatophore and its state of integration into the host, we present here the complete genome sequence of the chromatophore. (nih.gov)
Our data reveal a fundamental reduction of the chromatophore genome. (nih.gov)
Although the chromatophore genome contains a complete set of photosynthesis genes, it lacks not only genes thought to be dispensable for an intracellular lifestyle but also genes of essential pathways for amino acid and cofactor synthesis. (nih.gov)

Our observations of the temperature dependence of cyt b reduction suggested that quinone diffusion was more rapid than turnover of the bc$\sb1$ complex, and that the chemical step of quinol oxidation was the rate-limiting step in the photosynthetic electron transport of chromatophore system. (illinois.edu)

Chromatophores are an evolutionary novelty because their morphology in coleoid cephalopods is distinct from those found in any other animal taxa, including other mollusks. (biologists.org)
However, in coleoid cephalopod mollusks (all mollusks except Nautilus ), the chromatophores function as miniature organs, and changes in the dispersion of pigment are brought about by muscles. (thefreedictionary.com)

There is significant variation in chromatophore shape among species. (uiuc.edu)

The chromatophores receive only nerve impulses, and there is no evidence that they are influenced by hormones. (thefreedictionary.com)

It was only in the 1960s that chromatophores were well enough understood to enable them to be classified based on their appearance. (wikipedia.org)
It wasn't until the 1960s that the structure and colouration of chromatophores were understood well enough to allow the development of a system of sub-classification based on their appearance. (bionity.com)

What are chromatophores, and how do squids use them? (reference.com)

Going from the outside in, we find a chromatophore layer, an iridophore layer, and a leucophore layer. (sciencefriday.com)

When the radial muscles are relaxed, then the chromatophore is like a shriveled, deflated balloon. (sciencefriday.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs23

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes10

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Substrate specificity studies of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C and heparitinases towards the glycosaminoglycan--protein linkage region. Use of a sensitive analytical method developed by chromophore-labeling of linkage glycoserines using dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride. (1/112)

Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. (2/112)

Hybrid Rhodospirillum rubrum F(0)F(1) ATP synthases containing spinach chloroplast F(1) beta or alpha and beta subunits reveal the essential role of the alpha subunit in ATP synthesis and tentoxin sensitivity. (3/112)

The calcium dependence of pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp red ovarian chromatophores. (4/112)

Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent 'eyespots' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris. (5/112)

Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis. (6/112)

Behavioral visual responses of wild-type and hypopigmented zebrafish. (7/112)

Temporal and cellular requirements for Fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. (8/112)

Chromatophores

Bacterial Chromatophores

Rhodospirillum rubrum

Rhodospirillum

Bacteriochlorophylls

Rhodopseudomonas

Photophosphorylation

Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Sepia

Chromatium

Melanophores

Animal Fins

Pigmentation

Rhodobacter capsulatus

Antimycin A

Photosynthesis

Palaemonidae

Light

Electron Transport Complex III

Ubiquinone

Chlorophyll

Pigments, Biological

Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes

Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins

Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases

Spectrophotometry

Polarography

Cytochromes c2

Electron Transport

Decapodiformes

Oxidative Phosphorylation Coupling Factors

Darkness

Cytochromes c1

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Succinates

NADP Transhydrogenases

Genome, Plastid

Indophenol

Valinomycin

Protons

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Amoeba

Proton-Translocating ATPases

Carotenoids

Collodion

Spheroplasts

Cytochromes

Bacterial Proteins

Kinetics

Cephalopoda

Melanocytes

Substrate specificity studies of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C and heparitinases towards the glycosaminoglycan--protein linkage region. Use of a sensitive analytical method developed by chromophore-labeling of linkage glycoserines using dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride. (1/112)

Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. (2/112)

Hybrid Rhodospirillum rubrum F(0)F(1) ATP synthases containing spinach chloroplast F(1) beta or alpha and beta subunits reveal the essential role of the alpha subunit in ATP synthesis and tentoxin sensitivity. (3/112)

The calcium dependence of pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp red ovarian chromatophores. (4/112)

Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent 'eyespots' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris. (5/112)

Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis. (6/112)

Behavioral visual responses of wild-type and hypopigmented zebrafish. (7/112)

Temporal and cellular requirements for Fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. (8/112)

Re: what a Chromatophores diet is and how long they usaly live?

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Gonatus fabricii

Gonatus fabricii

Eclipse Short-eared Owl

Serebii.net Pokédex - #352 Kecleon

Patente US6418606 - Method of manufacturing an assaying device - Google Patentes

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Anolis carolinensis synonyms, Anolis carolinensis antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com