Chromatophores
The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES).)
Bacterial Chromatophores
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Rhodospirillum
Rhodopseudomonas
Photophosphorylation
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Sepia
Chromatium
Melanophores
Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.
Rhodobacter capsulatus
Antimycin A
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Palaemonidae
Electron Transport Complex III
A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Ubiquinone
Chlorophyll
Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes
Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins
Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.
Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases
Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to generate ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. A second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis.
Spectrophotometry
Polarography
An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
Cytochromes c2
Electron Transport
Decapodiformes
Cytochromes c1
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
Succinates
NADP Transhydrogenases
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.
Protons
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Amoeba
Proton-Translocating ATPases
Carotenoids
Collodion
Spheroplasts
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Substrate specificity studies of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C and heparitinases towards the glycosaminoglycan--protein linkage region. Use of a sensitive analytical method developed by chromophore-labeling of linkage glycoserines using dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride. (1/112)
Bacterial chondroitinases and heparitinases are potentially useful tools for structural studies of chondroitin sulfate and heparin/heparan sulfate. Substrate specificities of Flavobacterium chondroitinase C, as well as heparitinases I and II, towards the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region -HexA-HexNAc-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-Ser (where HexA represents glucuronic acid or iduronic acid and HexNAc represents N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine) were investigated using various structurally defined oligosaccharides or oligosaccharide-serines derived from the linkage region. In the case of oligosaccharide-serines, they were labeled with a chromophore dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride (DABS-Cl), which stably reacted with the amino group of the serine residue and rendered high absorbance for microanalysis. Chondroitinase C cleaved the GalNAc bond of the pentasaccharides or hexasaccharides derived from the linkage region of chondroitin sulfate chains and tolerated sulfation of the C-4 or C-6 of the GalNAc residue and C-6 of the Gal residues, as well as 2-O-phosphorylation of the Xyl residue. In contrast, it did not act on the GalNAc-GlcA linkage when attached to a 4-O-sulfated Gal residue. Heparitinase I cleaved the innermost glucosaminidic bond of the linkage region oligosaccharide-serines of heparin/heparan sulfate irrespective of substitution by uronic acid, whereas heparitinase II acted only on the glucosaminidic linkages of the repeating disaccharide region, but not on the innermost glucosaminidic linkage. These defined specificities of chondroitinase C, as well as heparitinases I and II, will be useful for preparation and structural analysis of the linkage oligosaccharides. (+info)Stripe formation in juvenile Pomacanthus explained by a generalized turing mechanism with chemotaxis. (2/112)
Current interest in pattern formation can be traced to a seminal paper by Turing, who demonstrated that a system of reacting and diffusing chemicals, called morphogens, can interact so as to produce stable nonuniform concentration patterns in space. Recently, a Turing model has been suggested to explain the development of pigmentation patterns on species of growing angelfish such as Pomacanthus semicirculatus, which exhibit readily observed changes in the number, size, and orientation of colored stripes during development of juvenile and adult stages, but the model fails to predict key features of the observations on stripe formation. Here we develop a generalized Turing model incorporating cell growth and movement, we analyze the effects of these processes on patterning, and we demonstrate that the model can explain important features of pattern formation in a growing system such as Pomacanthus. The applicability of classical Turing models to biological pattern formation is limited by virtue of the sensitivity of patterns to model parameters, but here we show that the incorporation of growth results in robustly generated patterns without strict parameter control. In the model, chemotaxis in response to gradients in a morphogen distribution leads to aggregation of one type of pigment cell into a striped spatial pattern. (+info)Hybrid Rhodospirillum rubrum F(0)F(1) ATP synthases containing spinach chloroplast F(1) beta or alpha and beta subunits reveal the essential role of the alpha subunit in ATP synthesis and tentoxin sensitivity. (3/112)
Trace amounts ( approximately 5%) of the chloroplast alpha subunit were found to be absolutely required for effective restoration of catalytic function to LiCl-treated chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum with the chloroplast beta subunit (Avital, S., and Gromet-Elhanan, Z. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7067-7072). To clarify the role of the alpha subunit in the rebinding of beta, restoration of catalytic function, and conferral of sensitivity to the chloroplast-specific inhibitor tentoxin, LiCl-treated chromatophores were analyzed by immunoblotting before and after reconstitution with mixtures of R. rubrum and chloroplast alpha and beta subunits. The treated chromatophores were found to have lost, in addition to most of their beta subunits, approximately a third of the alpha subunits, and restoration of catalytic activity required rebinding of both subunits. The hybrid reconstituted with the R. rubrum alpha and chloroplast beta subunits was active in ATP synthesis as well as hydrolysis, and both activities were completely resistant to tentoxin. In contrast, a hybrid reconstituted with both chloroplast alpha and beta subunits restored only a MgATPase activity, which was fully inhibited by tentoxin. These results indicate that all three copies of the R. rubrum alpha subunit are required for proton-coupled ATP synthesis, whereas for conferral of tentoxin sensitivity at least one copy of the chloroplast alpha subunit is required together with the chloroplast beta subunit. The hybrid system was further used to examine the effects of amino acid substitution at position 83 of the beta subunit on sensitivity to tentoxin. (+info)The calcium dependence of pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp red ovarian chromatophores. (4/112)
The roles of calcium in cell signaling consequent to chromatophorotropin action and as an activator of mechanochemical transport proteins responsible for pigment granule translocation were investigated in the red ovarian chromatosomes of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium olfersii. Chromatosomes were perfused with known concentrations of free Ca++ (10(-3) to 10(-9) M) prepared in Mg(++)-EGTA-buffered physiological saline after selectively permeabilizing with 25 microM calcium ionophore A23187 or with 10(-8) M red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH). The degree of pigment aggregation and the translocation velocity of the leading edges of the pigment mass were recorded in individual chromatosomes during aggregation induced by RPCH or A23187 and dispersion induced by low Ca++. Aggregation is Ca++ dependent, showing a dual extracellular and intracellular requirement. After perfusion with reduced Ca++ (10(-4) to 10(-9) M), RPCH triggers partial aggregation (approximately 65%), although the maximum translocation velocities (approximately 16.5 microns/min) and velocity profiles are unaffected. After aggregation induced at or below 10(-5) M Ca++, spontaneous pigment dispersion ensues, suggesting a Ca++ requirement for RPCH coupling to its receptor, or a concentration-dependent, Ca(++)-induced Ca(++)-release mechanism. The Ca(++)-channel blockers Mn++ (5 mM) and verapamil (50 microM) have no effect on RPCH-triggered aggregation. An intracellular Ca++ requirement for aggregation was demonstrated in chromatosomes in which the Ca++ gradient across the cell membrane was dissipated with A23187. At free [Ca++] above 10(-3) M, aggregation is complete; at 10(-4) M, aggregation is partial, followed by spontaneous dispersion; below 10(-5) M Ca++, pigments do not aggregate but disperse slightly. Aggregation velocities diminish from 11.6 +/- 1.2 microns/min at 5.5 mM Ca++ to 7.4 +/- 1.3 microns/min at 10(-4) M Ca++. Half-maximum aggregation occurs at 3.2 x 10(-5) M Ca++ and half-maximum translocation velocity at 4.8 x 10(-5) M Ca++. Pigment redispersion after 5.5 mM Ca(++)-A23187-induced aggregation is initiated by reducing extracellular Ca++: slight dispersion begins at 10(-7) M, complete dispersion being attained at 10(-9) M Ca++. Dispersion velocities increase from 0.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.5 microns/min. Half-maximum dispersion occurs at 7.6 x 10(-9) M Ca++ and half-maximum translocation velocity at 2.9 x 10(-9) M Ca++. These data reveal an extracellular and an intracellular Ca++ requirement for RPCH action, and demonstrate that the centripetal or centrifugal direction of pigment movement, the translocation velocity, and the degree of pigment aggregation or dispersion attained are calcium-dependent properties of the granule translocation apparatus. (+info)Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent 'eyespots' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris. (5/112)
Observations were made of the reflective properties of the iridophore stripes of the squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris, and the likely functions of these stripes are considered in terms of concealment and signalling. In both species, the mantle muscle is almost transparent. Stripes of iridophores run along the length of each side of the mantle, some of which, when viewed at normal incidence in white light, reflect red, others green or blue. When viewed obliquely, the wavebands best reflected move towards the blue/ultraviolet end of the spectrum and their reflections are almost 100% polarised. These are properties of quarter-wavelength stacks of chitin and cytoplasm, predicted in theoretical analyses made by Sir A. F. Huxley and Professor M. F. Land. The reflecting surfaces of the individual iridophores are almost flat and, in a given stripe, these surfaces are within a few degrees of being parallel. Both species of squid have conspicuous, brightly coloured reflectors above their eyes. These 'eyespots' have iridescent layers similar to those found on the mantle but are overlaid by a green fluorescent layer that does not change colour or become polarised as it is viewed more obliquely. In the sea, all reflections from the iridophore stripes will be largely confined to the blue-green parts of the spectrum and all reflections in other wavebands, such as those in the red and near ultraviolet, will be weak. The functions of the iridophores reflecting red at normal incidence must be sought in their reflections of blue-green at oblique angles of incidence. These squid rely for their camouflage mainly on their transparency, and the ventral iridophores and the red, green and blue reflective stripes must be used mainly for signalling. The reflectivities of some of these stripes are relatively low, allowing a large fraction of the incident light to be transmitted into the mantle cavity. Despite their low reflectivities, the stripes are very conspicuous when viewed from some limited directions because they reflect light from directions for which the radiances are much higher than those of the backgrounds against which they are viewed. The reflective patterns seen, for example, by neighbouring squid when schooling depend on the orientation of the squid in the external light field and the position of the squid relative to these neighbours. (+info)Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis. (6/112)
The biochemical characteristics of dermal iridophore crystals from Anolis carolinensis have been investigated. Iridophores isolated by collangenase-hyaluronidase treatment were sonicated and their contents fractionated through sucrose. Pure iridophore crystals so obtained were examined by chromatography and electron diffraction. They were found to be pure hydrated crystalline form. The suggestion is made that the subcrystalline structure of this guanine does not play a role in color production by the iridophore. (+info)Behavioral visual responses of wild-type and hypopigmented zebrafish. (7/112)
Zebrafish possess three classes of chromatophores that include iridophores, melanophores, and xanthophores. Mutations that lack one or two classes of chromatophores have been isolated or genetically constructed. Using a behavioral assay based on visually mediated escape responses, we measured the visual response of fully and partially pigmented zebrafish. In zebrafish that lack iridophores (roy mutants), the behavioral visual responses were similar to those of wild-type animals except at low contrast stimulation. In the absence of melanophores (albino mutants) or both melanophores and iridophores (ruby mutants), the behavioral visual responses were normal under moderate illumination but reduced when tested under dim or bright conditions or under low contrast stimulation. Together, the data suggest that screening pigments in the retina play a role in the regulation of behavioral visual responses and are necessary for avoiding "scatter" under bright light conditions. (+info)Temporal and cellular requirements for Fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. (8/112)
Ectothermic vertebrates exhibit a diverse array of adult pigment patterns. A common element of these patterns is alternating dark and light stripes each comprising different classes of neural crest-derived pigment cells. In the zebrafish, Danio rerio, alternating horizontal stripes of black melanophores and yellow xanthophores are a prominent feature of the adult pigment pattern. In fms mutant zebrafish, however, xanthophores fail to develop and melanophore stripes are severely disrupted. fms encodes a type III receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by xanthophores and their precursors and is the closest known homologue of kit, which has long been studied for roles in pigment pattern development in amniotes. In this study we assess the cellular and temporal requirements for Fms activity in promoting adult pigment pattern development. By transplanting cells between fms mutants and either wild-type or nacre mutant zebrafish, we show that fms acts autonomously to the xanthophore lineage in promoting the striped arrangement of adult melanophores. To identify critical periods for fms activity, we isolated temperature sensitive alleles of fms and performed reciprocal temperature shift experiments at a range of stages from embryo to adult. These analyses demonstrate that Fms is essential for maintaining cells of the xanthophore lineage as well as maintaining the organization of melanophore stripes throughout development. Finally, we show that restoring Fms activity even at late larval stages allows essentially complete recovery of xanthophores and the development of a normal melanophore stripe pattern. Our findings suggest that fms is not required for establishing a population of precursor cells during embryogenesis but is required for recruiting pigment cell precursors to xanthophore fates, with concomitant effects on melanophore organization. (+info)
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Chromatophore
Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial, and sheath cells. Inside ... Chromatophores are sometimes used in applied research. For example, zebrafish larvae are used to study how chromatophores ... Therefore, the distinction between these chromatophore types is not always clear. Most chromatophores can generate pteridines ... As the other biochromatic chromatophores are also capable of pigment translocation, animals with multiple chromatophore types ...
Chromatophore (bacteria)
Chromatophores contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. In purple bacteria, such as Rhodospirillum rubrum, the ... In some forms of photosynthetic bacteria, a chromatophore is a coloured, membrane-associated vesicle used to perform ... light-harvesting proteins are intrinsic to the chromatophore membranes. However, in green sulfur bacteria, they are arranged in ...
Chromatophore (disambiguation)
The word chromatophore may refer to: Chromatophore, a kind of pigmented cell or organ found in some animals. Chromatophore ( ... Chloroplast, also called a chromatophore in some organisms "Chromatophore", a song by BT from _ (album) This disambiguation ... page lists articles associated with the title Chromatophore. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link ...
Axanthism
"Dermal Chromatophores". American Zoologist. 12 (1): 43-62. doi:10.1093/icb/12.1.43. JSTOR 3881731. Berns, Narayan, Michael W., ... K. Shankar (October 1970). "An histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the dermal chromatophores of the variant ranid ...
Mummichog
Chromatophores and color change. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Able, K.W.; Felley, J.D. (1986). "Geographical variation in ...
Astyanax microschemos
It possesses dark chromatophores scattered on the lateral portion of its head, which are more concentrated on its snout and the ... Scales on the midlateral surface of its body are bordered with dark brown chromatophores which form a reticulate pattern. Its ... Fins have scattered dark chromatophores. A. microschemos is only known from the river source of the Itapemirim River, in ...
Astyanax pelecus
Its fins show scattered dark chromatophores. A. pelecus is known from the upper Rio Pardo, at Cândido Sales in the state of ... The scales on its midlateral surface are bordered with dark brown chromatophores that form an overall reticulate pattern. Its ...
Cuttlefish
In cuttlefish, activation of a chromatophore can expand its surface area by 500%. Up to 200 chromatophores per mm2 of skin may ... The chromatophores are sacs containing hundreds of thousands of pigment granules and a large membrane that is folded when ... In Loligo plei, an expanded chromatophore may be up to 1.5 mm in diameter, but when retracted, it can measure as little as 0.1 ... Because chromatophores are under direct neural control from the brain, this effect can be immediate. Cephalopod iridophores ...
Wunderpus photogenicus
Juvenile and para-larvae octopuses also have chromatophores called founder chromatophores, which are also sac-like organs that ... The founder chromatophores are found along the ventral mantle and funnel of the para-larvae and it makes it easy to identify ... As these chromatophores interact with their environment, it enables the octopus to select, at any time, a particular body ... The founder chromatophores produce unique patterns in hatchlings and make them easy to identify. The wunderpus has small, ...
Melanosome
In lower vertebrates, they are found in melanophores or chromatophores. Melanosomes are relatively large organelles, measuring ... Messenger, JB (November 2001). "Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history". Biological Reviews of the ... the chromatophore organ. Recent (2008) discoveries by Xu Xing, a Chinese paleontologist, include fossilized feathers in rock ...
Snakeskin
Chromatophores in the dermis yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many ... The colors and iridescence in these scales are largely determined by the types and amount of chromatophores located in the ... kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey. When paired with ...
Pharaoh cuttlefish
This colour-changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and black pigmented chromatophores above a layer of ... Similarly to other cuttlefish, pharaoh cuttlefish use these chromatophores for camouflage and other cryptic behaviors. They ... Today, artificial dyes have mostly replaced natural sepia.[citation needed] Cephalopod size Common cuttlefish Chromatophore ... "Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history". Biological Reviews. 76 (4): 473-528. doi:10.1017/ ...
Chloroplast
Chromatophores cannot survive outside their host. Chromatophore DNA is about a million base pairs long, containing around 850 ... Chromatophores have transferred much less of their DNA to the nucleus of their host. About 0.3-0.8% of the nuclear DNA in ... Paulinella cells contain one or two sausage-shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores, descended ... About the nature and origin of chromatophores in the vegetable kingdom]. Biol Centralbl (in German). 25: 593-604. Alberts B ( ...
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
These invaginations are also known as chromatophores. The genome of R. sphaeroides is also somewhat intriguing. It has two ...
Euglena
Pringsheim, E. G.; Hovasse, R. (1948-06-01). "The Loss of Chromatophores in Euglena Gracilis". New Phytologist. 47 (1): 52-87. ... "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification." Twenty-two years later, ...
Deception in animals
Inside the chromatophore cell of cephalopods, pigment granules are enclosed in an elastic sac. To change colour, the animal ... Colour change is made possible by chromatophores; pigment-containing and light-reflecting organelles in cells found in ...
Khaki bromeliad frog
Venter is grey with scattered yellow chromatophores. The vocal sac is grey to black. The male call is a two-note call, the ...
European squid
Males have small chromatophores on their mantle. The European squid is a neritic, semidemersal species, which undertakes ... The colour of the European squid is greyish-transparent or reddish, depending on the expansion of chromatophores in the dermis ...
Podarcis muralis
Bagnara, Joseph (1 July 1968). "The Dermal Chromatophore Unit". Journal of Cell Biology. 38 (1): 67-79. doi:10.1083/jcb.38.1.67 ...
Blue
... -pigmented organelles, known as "cyanosomes", exist in the chromatophores of at least two fish species, the mandarin fish ... Goda, Makoto; Fujii, Ryozo (1995). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811- ...
Palaemonella burnsi
The pleura of the first five abdominal somites also show red chromatophores. The eyestalks are reddish, and some chromatophores ... Its body is transparent and sprinkled with chromatophores. The carapace shows a short and broad transverse white median band in ... the middle consisting of irregular bright white chromatophores. A white line or spot is also visible on the eye stalk. The legs ...
Atlantic pygmy octopus
All Cephalopods have chromatophores, special pigmented and light reflecting cells on their skin which allows them to change ... As hatchlings, their chromatophores can also appear yellow. Though research is limited, some studies suggest that O. joubini ... O. joubini is red-orange in color which is caused by pigmented cells called chromatophores that are common in many animals. ...
Amelanism
ISBN 1-85317-226-X. Fujii, R (October 2000). "The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores". Pigment Cell Res. 13 ( ... An extremely uncommon type of chromatophore, the cyanophore, produces a very vivid blue pigment. Amelanism in fishes, ... Non-melanin pigments in other vertebrates are produced by cells called chromatophores. Within this categorization, xanthophores ...
Synchiropus splendidus
Retrieved 2009-09-08.[permanent dead link] Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish ... was proposed for the blue chromatophores, or pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells. In all other known cases, the ...
Sternarchogiton nattereri
All the fins are hyaline, without dark chromatophores. The maximum known length is 25 cm (10 in), with males tending to be ...
Fish
ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science ...
Fluorescence
Fluorescent chromatophores can be found in the skin (e.g. in fish) just below the epidermis, amongst other chromatophores. ... Wucherer, M. F.; Michiels, N. K. (2012). "A Fluorescent Chromatophore Changes the Level of Fluorescence in a Reef Fish". PLOS ... Fujii, R (2000). "The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores". Pigment Cell Research. 13 (5): 300-19. doi:10.1034 ... Fluorescent cells are innervated the same as other chromatophores, like melanophores, pigment cells that contain melanin. Short ...
Picturesque dragonet
The name "cyanophore" was proposed for the blue chromatophores, or pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells. In all other ... Goda, M.; R. Fujii (2009). "Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811-813. doi: ...
Coral reef fish
"Blue Chromatophores in Two Species of Callionymid Fish". Zoological Science. 12 (6): 811-813. doi:10.2108/zsj.12.811. S2CID ...
Microeledone
The smooth creamy-pink body lacks any chromatophores. The specific name honours the Swiss malacologist and marine biologist ...
Chromatophores News, Articles | The Scientist Magazine®
Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations<...
Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. Journal of Cell Biology. 1984;99(1 II):152S-158S. doi: 10.1083/ ... McNiven, M. A. ; Porter, K. R. / Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. In: Journal of Cell Biology. ... McNiven, M. A., & Porter, K. R. (1984). Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. Journal of Cell Biology ... Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations. / McNiven, M. A.; Porter, K. R. ...
Do It Today: Chromatophore, I Love Africa, Think+Drink Cinema | Creative Loafing Tampa Bay
Many of the more-than-300 mail art works on display engage the concept of the chromatophore (a pigment-bearing cell that ... The [email protected] presents Chromatophore, the multidisciplinary space s second annual mail art exhibition, curated by St. ... Do It Today: Chromatophore, I Love Africa, Think+Drink Cinema By Franki Weddington ... Chromatophore: a Mail Art Exhibit, Aug. 27-Sept. 5 with an opening reception Thurs., Aug. 27, 6:30-9:30 p.m., [email protected] ...
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Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction center complexes derived from Rhodopseudomonas...
Gagliano, A. G. ; Breton, J. ; Geacintov, N. E. / Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction ... Gagliano, A. G., Breton, J., & Geacintov, N. E. (1986). Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and ... Gagliano, AG, Breton, J & Geacintov, NE 1986, Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction center ... Dive into the research topics of Electric linear dichroism of chromatophores, pigment-protein and reaction center complexes ...
Talk
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These biological pigments or biochromes are contained within specialized skin cells called chromatophores. Chromatophores have ... The Chromatophores and the Color Pigments in Fishes. Only biological pigments, or biochromes as they are also often called, can ... For example, the chromatophores can concentrate the pigment granules to the center of the cell to make the skin become lighter ... The dermis of the skin in fishes also contains the chromatophores and a fine network of nerves and blood vessels. Also in the ...
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Xanthommatin is found in chromatophores. These are organs in cephalopod skin that each have a cytoelsastic sacculus, a bizarre ... Inside the sacculus are tiny spheres of xanthommatin, which can be red, yellow, or brown, the colors chromatophores are ... He wants to keep exploring the reactions between xanthommatin and other molecules in chromatophores, as well as chemical or ...
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"Our artificial chromatophores are both scalable and adaptable and can be made into an artificial compliant skin which can ... For more information, you can read the article published in journal Bioinspiration and Biomimetics: "Biomimetic chromatophores ... The soft, stretchy, artificial muscles are based on chromatophores - specialist cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles and ...
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The mutual interaction of chromatophores and iridophores is also characterized both in terms of spectral response and spatial ... chromatophores, iridophores, and leucophores, that enable them to display complex and rapidly changing color patterns. Despite ... chromatophores occupy the outermost layer in the octopus skin, with lighter chromatophores being more superficial than darker ... both for highly pigmented chromatophores (Figure 3(A) and (B)) and for lightly pigmented chromatophores (Figure 3(C) and (D)). ...
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... revealed that chromatophores had undergone a drastic genome shrinkage. Chromatophores contained genes that were accountable for ... Thus, these chromatophores were found to be non-functional for organelle-specific purposes when compared with mitochondria and ... The nature and origins of chromatophores in the plant kingdom, and then elaborated it in his 1910 The Theory of Two Plasms as ... which contains chromatophores found to be evolved from cyanobacteria, Keeling and Archibald argue that this is not the only ...
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BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES1
- In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles ( BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES ). (bvsalud.org)
Pigment-carrying cel1
- Thanks to the presence of pigment-carrying cells called chromatophores, the research team found that this Stenopterygius likely had dark shading above and light shading below to help blend in with its ocean environment. (smithsonianmag.com)
CROMATÓFOROS BACTERIANOS1
- En las bacterias fototrópicas los cromatóforos se refieren a orgánulos membranosos (CROMATÓFOROS BACTERIANOS). (bvsalud.org)
Photosynthetic2
- The pulsed electric field linear dichroism technique is utilized to study the orientations of pigments in antenna bacteriochlorophyll-protein and reaction center complexes, and chromatophores isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. (nyu.edu)
- Using this approach, we have imaged the membrane organization of intact vesicular bacterial photosynthetic "organelles", chromatophores. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Leucophores4
- Cephalopods camouflage abilities arise from highly specialized chromatic elements in their skin, chromatophores, iridophores, and leucophores, that enable them to display complex and rapidly changing color patterns. (degruyter.com)
- specifically, the skin contains vertically stacked chromatic elements that can generate color either through pigmentation, the chromatophores, or through interference with visible light, iridophores, and leucophores ( Figure 1 ). (degruyter.com)
- S. sepioidea produce different body colorations by utilizing chromatophores, irridophores and leucophores in their skin. (byrne.at)
- Chromatophores produce yellow, red and brown, irridophores and leucophores reflect ambient light in blue and green. (byrne.at)
Cells10
- As it matures, this chromatophore-clad pyjama squid ( Sepioloidea lineolata) hatchling will learn to use the color-changing cells that adorn its body to alter its appearance. (the-scientist.com)
- We found these Chromatophores that are almost like cells inside a squid [for camouflage]. (indiewire.com)
- The soft, stretchy, artificial muscles are based on chromatophores - specialist cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles and cephalopods. (robaid.com)
- This is possible because of thousands of chromatophores - skin cells full of pigment that can change colors. (treehugger.com)
- Readers will learn that its brain controls color cells in its skin called chromatophores . (slj.com)
- This impressive adaptation is because of 'chromatophores', cells that expand and contract to allow melanin (pigment) into the skin. (mysticaquarium.org)
- Chameleon skin is an intricate, four-layered system containing various pigmented cells called chromatophores, which expand or contract in different proportions on cue from the nervous system. (calacademy.org)
- They have special skin cells called chromatophores that allow them to change the color, or even the texture, of their skin to attract mates and evade predators. (earth.com)
- It possesses pigment cells called Chromatophores. (aakash.ac.in)
- Special pigment cells (chromatophores) in the skin are activated and consist of three bags containing different colors that can be adjusted individually, to change the octopus to its desired color pattern. (ptmsc.org)
Organs2
- The most intelligent, most mobile and largest of all mollusks, these cephalopods use their almost humanlike eyes to send signals to pigmented organs in their skin called chromatophores, which expand and contract to alter their appearance. (ucsb.edu)
- Cephalopods are able to camouflage themselves almost instantly with the help of thousands of tiny organs in their skin called chromatophores , little balloons full of pigment that change shape and allow the animal to change color. (howstuffworks.com)
Camouflage2
- If, however, there are chromatophores present, then there is a possibility that the squid has such a vision advantage over prey, competitors and predators, that camouflage is unnecessary. (tepapa.govt.nz)
- The pigmented patterns on its body, also known as chromatophores, are often used for camouflage, though its exact purpose for this creature needs to be confirmed. (iflscience.com)
Pigments1
- The shells of all lobsters have a mix of red, blue and yellow pigments, or chromatophores. (lobsteranywhere.com)
Membrane2
- Despite the highly curved nature of the chromatophore membrane and lack of direct support, the resolution was sufficient to identify the photosystem complexes and quantify their arrangement in the native state. (whiterose.ac.uk)
- These proteins are peripheral proteins of the R. capsulatus chromatophore membrane. (tcdb.org)
Colors3
- Inside the sacculus are tiny spheres of xanthommatin, which can be red, yellow, or brown, the colors chromatophores are associated with. (syfy.com)
- They can use chromatophores, small sacs of pigment that can be compressed or stretched by muscles, or they can use light reflectors called iridophores, which are made of stacked thin plates that reflect light to create iridescent colors. (aaas.org)
- Lobsters come in many different colors because of the pigment chromatophores in their shells. (lobsteranywhere.com)
Iridescent2
- But when Lydia Mäthger and colleagues at Brown University and the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, bathed blue-ringed octopus skin samples in a range of neurotransmitters known to affect chromatophores and iridophores in other marine animals, they saw no changes in the intensity of the iridescent rings. (aaas.org)
- Iridescent waves of chromatophore colour ripple from head to tail. (wetshutter.com)
Iridophores4
- The mutual interaction of chromatophores and iridophores is also characterized both in terms of spectral response and spatial localization. (degruyter.com)
- The multispectral analysis allows to (C) isolate the spectral response or relevant optical elements of the skin, in this case belonging to (D) the chromatophores (yellow and brown dots), the iridophores (green dot), and the bare skin (white dot), which are labeled according to (E) their average reflectance as a function of wavelength. (degruyter.com)
- Next, Mäthger and her colleagues investigated the possibility that the octopuses could temporarily hide their iridophores by adjusting nearby chromatophores, as some other cephalopods do. (aaas.org)
- But the blue-ringed octopus proved to be unusual in this way, too: they lack a layer of chromatophores above their iridophores, in the position where they could modify iridescence. (aaas.org)
Sacs1
- Like all octopus the mimic has pigment sacs on the skin called chromatophores which can be contracted or expanded to produce rapid changes of pattern and colour. (dive-the-world.com)
Squids1
- Do the squids you are studying have chromatophores? (tepapa.govt.nz)
Chromophores1
- Human chromophores are similar to chameleon chromatophores. (oneradionetwork.com)
Complexes1
- I. Quinone domains and excitation transfer in chromatophores and reaction center.antenna complexes. (harvard.edu)
Octopus1
- In order to record the skin's sensitivity across the spectrum, Ramirez exposed octopus skin to different wavelengths of light from violet to orange and found that chromatophore response time was quickest under blue light. (ucsb.edu)
Expansion3
- Chromatophores in their contracted state (left) and at maximum expansion (right). (ucsb.edu)
- He and his co-author, Todd Oakley, an EEMB professor, dubbed the process Light-Activated Chromatophore Expansion (LACE). (ucsb.edu)
- The causal agent is a single-stranded (+) RNA these animals were clearly infected, showing fragile antennas virus, recently reported to be genomically related to the and soft cuticle as well as chromatophore expansion along the Cricket Paralysis virus of the Cripavirus genus, family Dicis- whole surface of the body, particularly at the tail fan (telson troviridae of the "picornavirus superfamily" (2-5). (cdc.gov)
Patterns1
- Head and arm chromatophore patterns are incomplete due to damage. (tolweb.org)
Found2
- Xanthommatin is found in chromatophores . (syfy.com)
- We have found that although wild-type numbers of chromatophore precursors are generated in the first day of development and migrate normally in enz mutants, the numbers of all three chromatophore cell types that ultimately develop are reduced. (zfin.org)
Color2
- Many of the more-than-300 mail art works on display engage the concept of the chromatophore (a pigment-bearing cell that enables creatures to change color in response to their surroundings) as a theme. (cltampa.com)
- As part of the experiment, Ramirez shone white light on the tissue, which caused the chromatophores to expand and change color. (ucsb.edu)
Consist1
- Neural crest-derived chromatophores in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) consist of three types: melanophores, xanthophores and iridiphores. (zfin.org)
Enables1
- This process, Ramirez noted, suggests that light sensors are connected to the chromatophores and that this enables a response without input from the brain or eyes. (ucsb.edu)
Response2
- The reflectance spectra are normalized with respect to the response of a region of the skin with no chromatophore/iridophore and the shaded regions correspond to the standard error of the mean. (degruyter.com)
- 2010. Conservation of the chromatophore pigment response. (oregonstate.edu)
Light1
- When the light was turned off, the chromatophores relaxed and the skin returned to its original hue. (ucsb.edu)
Visible1
- If the blue rings cannot be turned off chemically or modified by chromatophores, why aren't they constantly visible? (aaas.org)
Journal1
- McNiven, MA & Porter, KR 1984, ' Chromatophores - models for studying cytomatrix translocations ', Journal of Cell Biology , vol. 99, no. 1 II, pp. 152S-158S. (elsevier.com)
Chemical1
- He wants to keep exploring the reactions between xanthommatin and other molecules in chromatophores, as well as chemical or electrical stimuli that control it, which could eventually lead to - among other things - clothes that make us invisible. (syfy.com)
Nature1
- σύν syn "together", βίος bios "life", and γένεσις genesis "origin, birth") in his 1905 work, The nature and origins of chromatophores in the plant kingdom , and then elaborated it in his 1910 The Theory of Two Plasms as the Basis of Symbiogenesis, a New Study of the Origins of Organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Made1
- Our artificial chromatophores are both scalable and adaptable and can be made into an artificial compliant skin which can stretch and deform, yet still operate effectively. (robaid.com)
Average1
- There is a larger average stoichiometry (of quinones) in chromatophores (i.e. 15-25 compared with 6 in thylakoids), which entails smaller relative statistical fluctuations. (harvard.edu)