Chromatography reverse phase. Medical search

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

A method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions. It is a form of liquid-liquid chromatography. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A hybrid separation technique combining both chromatographic and electrophoretic separation principles. While the method was invented to separate neutral species, it can also be applied to charged molecules such as small peptides.

Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

A group of compounds with the general formula M10(PO4)6(OH)2, where M is barium, strontium, or calcium. The compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. They are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.

Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The development and use of techniques and equipment to study or perform chemical reactions, with small quantities of materials, frequently less than a milligram or a milliliter.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.

An extraction method that separates analytes using a solid phase and a liquid phase. It is used for preparative sample cleanup before analysis by CHROMATOGRAPHY and other analytical methods.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional cationic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions with anions.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Pyrolysis of organic compounds at the temperature of a hydrogen-air flame to produce ionic intermediates which can be collected and the resulting ion current measured by gas chromatography.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

A CHROMATOGRAPHY method using supercritical fluid, usually carbon dioxide under very high pressure (around 73 atmospheres or 1070 psi at room temperature) as the mobile phase. Other solvents are sometimes added as modifiers. This is used both for analytical (SFC) and extraction (SFE) purposes.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.

The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.

Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.

Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.

The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.

A solventless sample preparation method, invented in 1989, that uses a fused silica fiber which is coated with a stationary phase. It is used for sample cleanup before using other analytical methods.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.

The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Derivatives of GLUCURONIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the 6-carboxy glucose structure.

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.

Enrichment and characterization of histones by two-dimensional hydroxyapatite/reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (1/289)

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Application of ionic liquids in high performance reversed-phase chromatography. (2/289)

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Use of high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ceramide-1-phosphate levels. (3/289)

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Unambiguous determination of isobaric histone modifications by reversed-phase retention time and high-mass accuracy. (4/289)

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Primary structure and antibacterial activity of chicken bone marrow-derived beta-defensins. (5/289)

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An analytical platform for mass spectrometry-based identification and chemical analysis of RNA in ribonucleoprotein complexes. (6/289)

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In vitro and in vivo protein-bound tyrosine nitration characterized by diagonal chromatography. (7/289)

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Intrinsic amino acid side-chain hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity coefficients determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of model peptides: comparison with other hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity scales. (8/289)

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There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.

The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.

The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area

CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.

Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer

Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.

Examples of inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism include:

1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glucose-6-phosphate, a type of sugar. Symptoms can include seizures, developmental delays, and metabolic acidosis.
2. Galactosemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to process galactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Untreated, galactosemia can lead to serious health problems, including liver disease, kidney damage, and cognitive impairment.
3. Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to store and use glycogen, a complex carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles. Symptoms can include low blood sugar, fatigue, and muscle weakness.
4. Pompe disease: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glycogen. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, breathing problems, and heart problems.
5. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS): These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to break down sugar molecules. Symptoms can include joint stiffness, developmental delays, and heart problems.

Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism can be diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may involve a combination of dietary changes, medication, and other therapies.

The most common types of hemoglobinopathies include:

1. Sickle cell disease: This is caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. It results in the production of sickle-shaped red blood cells, which can cause anemia, infections, and other complications.
2. Thalassemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin and can result in anemia, fatigue, and other complications.
3. Hemophilia A: This is caused by a defect in the F8 gene that codes for coagulation factor VIII, which is essential for blood clotting. It can cause bleeding episodes, especially in males.
4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: This is caused by a point mutation in the G6PD gene that codes for an enzyme involved in red blood cell production. It can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in individuals who consume certain foods or medications.
5. Hereditary spherocytosis: This is caused by point mutations in the ANK1 or SPTA1 genes that code for proteins involved in red blood cell membrane structure. It can cause hemolytic anemia and other complications.

Hemoglobinopathies can be diagnosed through genetic testing, such as DNA sequencing or molecular genetic analysis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder but may include blood transfusions, medications, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.

Types of experimental neoplasms include:

* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.

The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.

There are several types of poisoning, including:

1. Acute poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a large amount of a poisonous substance over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of a poisonous substance over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Occupational poisoning: This occurs when a worker is exposed to a poisonous substance in the course of their work. Examples include exposure to pesticides, lead, and mercury.
4. Environmental poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a poisonous substance in their environment, such as through contaminated water or soil.
5. Food poisoning: This occurs when a person eats food that has been contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as bacteria or viruses. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.

Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison and the severity of the exposure. Some common treatments include activated charcoal to absorb the poison, medications to counteract the effects of the poison, and supportive care such as fluids and oxygen. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding poisoning. This includes proper storage and disposal of household chemicals, using protective gear when working with hazardous substances, and avoiding exposure to known poisons such as certain plants and animals. Education and awareness are also important in preventing poisoning, such as understanding the symptoms of poisoning and seeking medical attention immediately if suspected.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

Treatment for uremia typically involves dialysis or kidney transplantation to remove excess urea from the blood and restore normal kidney function. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms such as high blood pressure, anemia, or electrolyte imbalances.

The term "uremia" is derived from the Greek words "oura," meaning "urea," and "emia," meaning "in the blood." It was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe a condition caused by excess urea in the blood. Today, it remains an important diagnostic term in nephrology and is often used interchangeably with the term "uremic syndrome."

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

There are several types of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including:

1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): This is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is needed to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in many protein-containing foods. If phenylalanine is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and brain and cause serious health problems.
2. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
3. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
4. Arginase deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid arginine. Arginine is important for the body's production of nitric oxide, a compound that helps to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.
5. Citrullinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
6. Tyrosinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
7. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
8. PKU (phenylketonuria): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
9. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
10. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.

It is important to note that these disorders are rare and affect a small percentage of the population. However, they can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to be aware of them and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The term "Sarcoma 180" was coined by a German surgeon named Otto Kunkel in the early 20th century. He described this type of cancer as a highly malignant tumor that grows slowly but is resistant to treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The exact cause of Sarcoma 180 is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. The disease typically affects middle-aged adults and is more common in men than women.

The symptoms of Sarcoma 180 can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. If left untreated, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body and be fatal.

Treatment for Sarcoma 180 usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In some cases, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary. The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%.

In summary, Sarcoma 180 is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects connective tissue and has a poor prognosis. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of this condition and its symptoms in order to provide proper diagnosis and treatment.

The most common form of xanthomatosis is called familial hypercholesterolemia, which is caused by a deficiency of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the body. This results in high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood, which can lead to the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the skin, eyes, and other tissues.

Other forms of xanthomatosis include:

* Familial apo A-1 deficiency: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1), a protein that plays a critical role in the transportation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood.
* familial hyperlipidemia: This is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
* Chylomicronemia: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the blood.

The symptoms of xanthomatosis vary depending on the specific form of the condition and the organs affected. They may include:

* Yellowish deposits (xanthomas) on the skin, particularly on the elbows, knees, and buttocks
* Deposits in the eyes (corneal arcus)
* Fatty liver disease
* High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss

Treatment for xanthomatosis typically involves managing the underlying genetic disorder, which may involve dietary changes, medication, or other therapies. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue.

In summary, xanthomatosis is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by deposits of lipids in the skin and other organs. The symptoms and treatment vary depending on the specific form of the condition.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

... (also called RPC, reverse-phase chromatography, or hydrophobic chromatography) includes any ... hence the term reversed-phase chromatography. Reversed-phase chromatography employs a polar (aqueous) mobile phase. As a result ... "reversed-phase chromatography". doi:10.1351/goldbook.R05376 Akul Mehta (December 27, 2012). "Principle of Reversed-Phase ... This technique is known as reversed-phase ion-pairing chromatography. Aqueous normal-phase chromatography IUPAC, Compendium of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed-phase_chromatography

In normal-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar. In reversed phase we have just ... the stationary phase is nonpolar and the mobile phase is polar. Typical stationary phases for normal-phase chromatography are ... Aqueous normal-phase chromatography (ANP) is a chromatographic technique that involves the mobile phase region between reversed ... Retention decreases as the amount of polar solvent in the mobile phase increases. In reversed phase chromatography, the most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_normal-phase_chromatography

Wilson NS, Gilroy J, Dolan JW, Snyder LR (13 February 2004). "Column selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: VI. ... In chromatography, endcapping refers to the replacement of accessible silanol groups in a bonded stationary phase by ... "Comparison of the acidity of residual silanol groups in several liquid chromatography columns". Journal of Chromatography. 986 ... Columns with embedded or end-capping polar groups". Journal of Chromatography. 1026 (1-2): 91-100. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endcapping

Leaf Powder and Polyherbal Formulation Using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography". Chromatographia. 61 (9-10): 443-446. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala

HILIC uses hydrophilic stationary phases with reversed-phase type eluents. The name was suggested by Andrew Alpert in his 1990 ... phases amide bonded phases cationic bonded phases zwitterionic bonded phases A typical mobile phase for HILIC chromatography ... See also Aqueous Normal Phase Chromatography It is commonly believed that in HILIC, the mobile phase forms a water-rich layer ... Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, HILIC) is a variant of normal phase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilic_interaction_chromatography

Leaf Powder and Polyherbal Formulation Using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography". Chromatographia. 61 (9-10): 443-446. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol

"Liquid Chromatography with Hydrocarbonaceous Bonded Phases; Theory and Practice of Reversed Phase Chromatography". Journal of ... paper chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography which is more commonly known as gas chromatography. The modification of ... The most notable modification was the chemical bonding of alkane functional groups to silica gel to produce reversed-phase ... The introduction of paper chromatography was an important analytical technique which gave rise to thin-layer chromatography. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_chromatography

Smith, R. M.; Burgess, R.J. (1996). "Superheated water - a clean eluent for reverse phase high performance chromatography". ... Reverse phased HPLC often uses methanol-water mixtures as the mobile phase. Since the polarity of water spans the same range ... The maximum temperature is limited to that at which the stationary phase is stable. C18 bonded phases which are common in HPLC ... Part 2. Comparison of functional group responses". Journal of Chromatography A. 1236: 21-27. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.035. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheated_water

"Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives." Journal of Chromatography 157:365-370. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids

Badu-Tawiah, Abraham Kwame (2010). Adsorption isotherms of diamond-packed columns in reverse phase liquid chromatography. OCLC ... Graham Cooks at Purdue University to study high-performance liquid chromatography. There he studied reactions in mass ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Badu-Tawiah

Gaines, Susan M.; Jeffrey L. Bada (1987). "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of aspartame ... She has published peer-reviewed papers in The Journal of Organic Chemistry and the Journal of Chromatography A, as well as ... diastereomeric decomposition products". Journal of Chromatography A. 389: 219-225. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)94425-5. Gaines, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_M._Gaines

... in aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. This relationship can be used to understand the significance of different ... and reversed-phase liquid chromatography". Chromatographia. 18 (1): 44-46. doi:10.1007/BF02279465. S2CID 54035024. Rahman, M. ... "Molecular-shape recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed phase liquid chromatography". Chromatographia. 18 ( ... List of F numbers for PAHs v t e (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Chromatography, All stub articles, Chemistry stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_number_(chemistry)

The TLC method for zearalenone is: normal phase silica gel plates, the eluent: 90% dichloromethane, 10% v/v acetone; or reverse ... Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are commonly used. ... The determination step relies on liquid chromatography - mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Another approach for the analysis of ZEA ... March 2018). "A QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Nine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zearalenone

"Determination of modafinil in plasma and urine by reversed phase high-performance liquid-chromatography". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil_sulfone

"Determination of modafinil in plasma and urine by reversed phase high-performance liquid-chromatography". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil_acid

THF is used as a component in mobile phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. It has a greater elution strength than ... it can be used to dissolve polymers prior to determining their molecular mass using gel permeation chromatography. THF ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran

Ion-pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is used to separate and analyse the oligonucleotides after ... "Ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of oligonucleotides:: Retention prediction". Journal of ... Alkylamides can be used as chromatographic stationary phases. Those phases have been investigated for the separation of ... "Analysis of oligonucleotides by liquid chromatography with alkylamide stationary phase". Open Chemistry. 13 (1). doi:10.1515/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide

Compounds can then be further differentiated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ... They are generally isolated and measured through the use of chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Additionally, the ... For metabolite profiling, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to find flavonoids such as quercetin. ... Chemical compounds are then derived through various chromatography and mass spectrometry separations. However, extraction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic_substance

Reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the most important chromatographic method for measuring solute hydrophobicity. ... Hodges, Robert S.; Zhu, Bing-Yan; Zhou, Nian E.; Mant, Colin T. (1994). "Reversed-phase liquid chromatography as a useful probe ... Non liquid phases can also be used with partitioning methods such as micellar phases and vapor phases. Two scales have been ... About a decade ago, another hydrophilicity scale was published, this scale used normal phase liquid chromatography and showed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobicity_scales

September 2019). "Tandem Mass Tag Labeling Facilitates Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_mass_tag

"Reversed phase monolithic analytical columns for the determination of HA1 subunit of influenza virus haemagglutinin". Journal ... F. Švec, T. B. Tennikova, Z. Deyl Monolithic materials preparation, properties and applications Journal of Chromatography ... High Performance Monolith Chromatography). During the 1999 and 2000s, the company promoted this new platform technology to the ... Journal of Chromatography A. 1218 (17): 2405-2412. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.066. ISSN 0021-9673. PMID 21215402. Lim, Yow- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIA_Separations

For instance, a C18 reversed-phase chromatography column may be followed by a phenyl column.) Alternately, the two columns ... Based on linear solvent strength theory (LSST) of gradient elution for reversed phase chromatography, the relationship between ... of Paper chromatography and Thin-layer chromatography which involved liquid mobile phases and solid stationary phases. These ... Common solvents used in normal or reversed phase LC such as water, acetonitrile, and methanol are all compatible with ESI, yet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_chromatography

Protein deamidation has been commonly analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) through peptide mapping. Recently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamidation

Reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) has a non-polar stationary phase and an aqueous, moderately polar mobile phase. One common ... Reversed phase columns are quite difficult to damage compared with normal silica columns; however, many reversed phase columns ... is a chromatographic technique which encompasses the mobile phase region between reversed-phase chromatography (RP) and organic ... showing normal phase elution using reversed-phase solvents.[citation needed] A separation in which the mobile phase composition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography

The derivatized amino acids are subjected to reversed phase chromatography, typically using a C8 or C18 silica column and an ... the amino acids are derivatized then resolved by reversed phase HPLC. An example of the ion-exchange chromatography is given by ... ion exchange chromatography cannot be used, and thin layer chromatography or high-pressure liquid chromatography should be used ... Alternatively, peptides may be desalted and separated by reversed phase HPLC and introduced into a mass spectrometer via an ESI ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_sequencing

... of Proanthocyanidin A2 Content in Phenolic Polymer Isolates by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography". Journal ... of Chromatography A. 1216 (9): 1403-1409. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.086. PMID 19168185.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyanidin_A2

Fluorescence Detection of Fecal Urobilins and Porphyrins by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stercobilin

"Direct determination of sinigrin in mustard seed without desulfatation by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography". ... Journal of Chromatography A. 912 (2): 363-368. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00591-X. PMID 11330806. Hogan, C. Michael (2008). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucoside

"A new procedure for determining dl amino acid ratios in fossils using reverse phase liquid chromatography". Quaternary Science ... Reversed phase HPLC techniques can measure up to 9 amino acids useful in geochronology over different time scales on a single ... The amino acid derivative hydrolysis product can be combined with a chiral specific fluorescent, separated by chromatography or ... Alternatively, the particular amino acid can be separated by chromatography or electrophoresis, combined with a metal cation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating

... s from water for quantitative analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A. 1021 (1-2): 11-17 ... Castillo M, Ventura F, Barceló D (1999-04-01). "Sequential solid phase extraction protocol followed by liquid chromatography- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene_glycol

Many viruses have an RNA genome, such as HIV, which uses reverse transcription to create a DNA template from its viral RNA ... This system of enzymes acts in three stages to firstly oxidize the xenobiotic (phase I) and then conjugate water-soluble groups ... Modern biochemical research has been greatly aided by the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray ... Here, carbon dioxide can be fixed by the Calvin - Benson cycle, a reversed citric acid cycle, or the carboxylation of acetyl- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

Inlet ionization is similar to electrospray ionization in that a reverse phase solvent system is used and the ions produced are ... Solvent assisted inlet ionization can be coupled not only to liquid chromatography (LC) but also to nano LC. Ionization at ... a New Atmospheric Pressure MALDI Method for Producing Highly Charged Gas-phase Ions of Peptides and Proteins Directly from ... A New Highly Sensitive Approach for Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of Small and Large Molecules". Analytical Chemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-assisted_ionization

... phases in normal and reversed phase modes". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 24 (16): 2493-2504. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepindolol

"Determination of carphedon in human urine by solid-phase microextraction using capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen- ... Phenylpiracetam reverses the depressant effects of the benzodiazepine diazepam, increases operant behavior, inhibits post- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiracetam

Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the phenolic acids by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP ... Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oil compounds performed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryngium_planum

... the effect of the two phases is reversed. Styrene-butadiene rubber behaves like an elastomer but can be processed like a ... Journal of Chromatography A. 315: 201-210. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90737-X. Quoted from a campaign site giving no details of ... Within the rubber phase, the polystyrene phase is assembled into domains. This causes physical cross-linking on a microscopic ... Styrene-butadiene rubber thus consists of a rubber matrix with a polystyrene phase dispersed therein. Unlike PS-I and SBC, it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene

Examples of operations include affinity, size exclusion, reversed phase chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, ... Affinity chromatography often isolates and purifies in a single step. Fermentation (biochemistry) Separation process Unit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_processing

... venom can be fractionated by gel filtration chromatography and the sub-fractions can be further separated by HPLC reverse-phase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin

... (RP) refer to : Reversed-phase chromatography, any chromatographic method that uses a non-polar stationary phase ... Reverse phase protein lysate microarray, a micro-cell lysate dot-blot that allows measurement of protein expression levels This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Reverse phase. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_phase

Agrawal GK, Jwa NS, Rakwal R (February 2009). "Rice proteomics: ending phase I and the beginning of phase II". Proteomics. 9 (4 ... or the reverse Krebs cycle, these pathways are relatively small contributors to global carbon fixation compared to that ... affinity chromatography, and aggregation using DTT, though these methods are more time-consuming and less efficient when ... Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 861 (1): 29-39. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO

... is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules.[citation needed] ... are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties. Unlike ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylamine

Protein samples can be derived from SDS-PAGE or reversed phase HPLC, and are then subject to some chemical modifications. ... support for on-line liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of peptides and proteins". Analytical Chemistry. 70 ... is sufficient to promote the ionisation and transition of matrix molecules and peptides from the solid phase into the gas phase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_mass_fingerprinting

Reversed phase chromatography is the inverse of this set up, non-polar stationary phase with polar mobile phase. After the ... There are two main types of LC: normal and reversed phase. In the former, the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase ... Similar to gas chromatography, liquid chromatography is used to separate molecules before detection; however, LC has a liquid ... As a compound's boiling point increases, it spends more time as a condensed liquid in the bonded liquid stationary phase of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahymanol

... or more reliably by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Liquid chromatography (LC) techniques are also ... In Phase III trials, the most common adverse effects were dizziness, drowsiness and disorientation; 12% of subjects stopped ... "Quantitative method to determine mRNA levels by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from leukocyte subsets purified ... Quantitative analysis of a plant's cannabinoid profile is often determined by gas chromatography (GC), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid

Brodsky J, Ballschmiter K (1988). "Reversed phase liquid chromatography of PCBs as a basis for calculation of water solubility ... Partition coefficients can also be defined when one of the phases is solid, for instance, when one phase is a molten metal and ... reverse-phase HPLC, and pH-metric techniques.: 280 In this method the solid particles present into the two immiscible liquids ... in each of the two phases, one essentially always aqueous; as such, it depends on the pH of the aqueous phase, and log D = log ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_coefficient

Bloom can be reversed by retempering the chocolate or using it for any use that requires melting the chocolate. Chocolate is ... Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that the incubated chocolate had higher levels of Strecker aldehydes, and lower ... Loisel, C.; Keller, G.; Lecq, G.; Bourgaux, C.; Ollivon, M. (1998). "Phase Transitions and Polymorphism of Cocoa Butter". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate

... against HRSV phase I clinical trail has been completed. The phase I clinical studies of SeV-based vaccination were also ... Bajimaya S, Hayashi T, Takimoto T (2017). "Rescue of Sendai Virus from Cloned cDNA". Reverse Genetics of RNA Viruses. Methods ... assessment using oligosaccharide substrates and high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection". ... The HRSV phase I clinical trial was completed in adults. It demonstrated high safety of the SeV-based construct that expressed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus

... from the organic phase (cellular debris and other contaminants). spin column chromatography: universally used method to purify ... can interfere with reverse transcription process. Small RNA bearing one or more of these modifications are often inefficiently ... After this step an aliquot of chloroform is added in order to separate the aqueous phase (containing the RNA molecules) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_RNA_sequencing

... compounds by new postcolumn derivatization system using reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography". Anal. ... Journal of Chromatography A. 676 (2): 311-9. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)80431-1. PMID 7921184. Kobayashi Y, Kubo H, Kinoshita T ( ... "Determination of amino acids by ion-pair liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization using 1,2-naphthoquinone-4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folin's_reagent

This scan uses reverse-geometry (BE-type) instruments. These instruments use a front-end magnetic sector that allows for ... Gas phase ion chemistry Unimolecular ion decomposition R. Graham Cooks Soltero-Rigau E, Kruger TL, Cooks RG (1977). " ... Dominic Desiderio (2000). Analysis of Neuropeptides by Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Elsevier Science. ISBN ... The reason why MIKES is good for molecular structure studies is due to the reverse-geometry of MIKES. The MIKES Schematic shows ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-analyzed_ion-kinetic-energy_spectrometry

Put R, Vander Heyden Y (Oct 2007). "Review on modelling aspects in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic quantitative structure ... Some examples are quantitative structure-reactivity relationships (QSRRs), quantitative structure-chromatography relationships ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_structure–activity_relationship

Analysis using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography showed that there was great similarity in chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophora_×_lamarckii

The host harbouring an agent that is in a mature or sexually active stage phase is called the definitive host. The intermediate ... For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are ... An interesting fact that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 16S ribosomal RNA analysis, omics, and other advanced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

Typical examples are reversed phase purification of peptides, hydrophobic interaction chromatography for fatty acids or for ... In the case of antibodies, the state-of-the-art technique is based on batch affinity chromatography (with Protein A or Protein ... Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification (MCSGP) is a form of chromatography that is used to separate or purify ... Biomolecules are often purified via solvent gradient batch chromatography. Here smooth linear solvent gradients are applied to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicolumn_countercurrent_solvent_gradient_purification

High-pH reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), followed by fraction concatenation, affords better peptide analysis than ... reversed phase-anion exchange chromatography) in conjunction with reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry ... High-pH reversed-phase chromatography with fraction concatenation for 2D proteomic analysis Feng Yang 1 , Yufeng Shen, David G ... High-pH reversed-phase chromatography with fraction concatenation for 2D proteomic analysis Feng Yang et al. Expert Rev ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22462785

Quantitative analysis of forskolin in Coleus forskohlii (Lamiaceae) by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Schaneberg BT, ... Quantitative determination of usnic acid in Usnea lichen and its products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ... Quantitative determination of usnic acid in Usnea lichen and its products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ... The usnic acid content present in the plant materials and market products was analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16385974

Ion Pair Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Microsatellites between 2 and 10 bp were detected using ion pair ... reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IP RP HPLC) on a Transgenomic WAVE system (Transgenomic). The mobile ... was conducted on 84 F2 mice for genome-wide scanning with ion pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IP RP ... RNA Extraction, cDNA Reverse Transcription, and Real-Time PCR Analysis. Total RNA was extracted from kidneys using an RNeasy ...

https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1409284

LC: Liquid chromatography; MS: Mass spectrometry; RP: Reverse phase.. References. Authors and Disclosures. ... The biological phase ends this cycle and is divided into early and late effects (Figure 1). Under the target cell hypothesis, ... The chemical phase consists of molecular damage leading to the formation of free radicals and double-strand DNA breaks. The ... The physical phase corresponds to the generation of atomic excitation, followed by a cascade of ionization events. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780068_1

The rapid determination of erythrocyte porphyrins using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta ... Separation of protoporphyrin and related compounds by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1979; 25(6):605-10. ... The protoporphyrin in the aqueous phase is measured fluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 404 and 658 nm, ... Analysis of porphyrin carboxylic acids in biological fluids by high- performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 124:279- ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2001-2002/L39_2_B.htm

Our validated method used solid phase extraction, reversed-phase chromatography in a C18 column with gradient elution, ... MeSH Terms: Acids/analysis*; Benzophenones/analysis; Chromatography, Liquid/methods; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Databases, ... We developed a method using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (LC-QTOF/MS) for discovery of previously ... Suspect screening of maternal serum to identify new environmental chemical biomonitoring targets using liquid chromatography- ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3568229

Chemical profiling and standardization of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. ... Rubio, J., Riqueros, M. I., Gasco, M., Yucra, S., Miranda, S., and Gonzales, G. F. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) reversed the lead ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/555.html

A 10-μL aliquot was injected onto a reverse-phase, 250 mm, C18 column (Acclaim 120; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Separation was ... High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the insecticide content of 12 nets. Triplicate samples were tested ... Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography was performed for net types that did not satisfy WHO criteria for ... achieved by using a mobile phase of methanol/water (90:10 vol/vol) and at flow rate of 1 mL/min. Pyrethroid elution was ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/10/14-0619_article

Patch and air extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography; hand wash samples were analyzed by reverse phase high performance ... liquid chromatography; and urinary levels of the triclopyr (55335063) were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=skin&t3=1&f1=%2A&s5=percutaneous&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=dermal&t4=1&terms=7&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=%2A&t2=1&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&s3=dermatitis&f3=%2A&s4=cutaneous&EndYear=&f4=%2A&f5=%2A&whichdate=DP&D1=10&PageNo=274&RecNo=2732&View=f&

The detection of microsatellite instability by ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].. Liu XR; Wang ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=16875631&mod=related&page=1&from=&outid=&proj=

Determination of beta-carotene in supplements and raw materials by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography: ... Determination of active vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in dietary supplements and ingredients by reversed-phase liquid chromatography ... for the determination of Aconitum alkaloids in dietary supplements and raw materials by reversed-phase liquid chromatography ... Development of a stationary phase optimised selectivity liquid chromatography based screening method for adulterations of food ...

https://ods.od.nih.gov/Research/AMRMPubsDirectory.aspx?print=1

... and is purified by preparative reverse-phase liquid chromatography and lyophilized. The structural formula is:. ... A total of 16,782 patients were treated in the Phase III clinical trials (PURSUIT, ESPRIT, and IMPACT II) [see Clinical Trials ... The eptifibatide peptide is produced by solution-phase peptide synthesis, ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5f46b76b-5c83-49b9-ada8-4ad5cf81a38c

... protoporphyrins and related compounds by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Clin. Chem. 25:605-610, 1979. 49. Giovanniello, ... An aliquot is injected into a C18 reverse-phase radial-pack column and eluted with 95 percent methanol: 5 percent water at 2.0 ... g) of Bieris high-performance liquid chromatography method (Ref. h) Serum is added to the internal standard solution, which ... The protoporphyrin in the aqueous phase is measured fluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 404 and 655 nm, ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/surveys/hanes/hsphanes/type_txt/hspblood.asp

Measurement of intracellular vitamin C levels in human lymphocytes by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography ( ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350

... reversed-phase chromatography, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of six HSA peptides (LVNEVTEFAK, DLGEENFK, YLYEIAR, ... Four concentrations of pooled native human urine samples have completed the acquisition phase: Pool 1, 5-10 mg/L; Pool 2, 20-50 ... The plan is to certify creatinine values with the NIST isotope dilution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (IDLC-MS) ... The next phase will focus on generating those data and finalizing the SOP. ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/research-funding/research-programs/kidney-clinical-research-epidemiology/laboratory/meeting-summaries/aacc-annual-anaheim-8-6-2019

The PACs were concentrated on a C-18 reverse phase guard column but not separated so that they could be measured expediently as ... The final solution was analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector using an excitation ... Liquid chromatography; Fuels; Skin exposure; Metabolism; Exposure levels; Risk factors; Author Keywords: asphalt fumes; dermal ...

http://www2.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asphalt+OR+asphalt+fumes&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=15&RecNo=147&View=f&

Reversed-Phase Liquid Reverse-Phase Chromatography Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography Reversed-Phase Chromatography Reversed- ... Chromatography, Reversed-Phase Liquid Narrower Concept UI. M0527296. Terms. Chromatography, Reversed-Phase Liquid Preferred ... Chromatography, Reverse-Phase Preferred Concept UI. M0526056. Scope Note. A chromatography technique in which the stationary ... Chromatography, Reverse-Phase Preferred Term Term UI T728951. Date10/22/2008. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2010). ...

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D056148

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D056148

... no reversed phase liquid chromatographic,adj,E0645120,reversed phase liquid chromatography,noun,E0645118,no pseudo-colonic,adj, ... no reversed-phase liquid chromatographic,adj,E0645120,reversed-phase liquid chromatography,noun,E0645118,no X-ray photoelectron ... no reverse phase liquid chromatographic,adj,E0645121,reverse phase liquid chromatography,noun,E0645119,no matrix assisted laser ... no reverse-phase liquid chromatographic,adj,E0645121,reverse-phase liquid chromatography,noun,E0645119,no strobovideo- ...

https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/lexicon/current/docs/designDoc/UDF/derivations/SD-Exceptions/exception.128.txt

Protein fractions from each of the eight AEX elution steps are transferred onto the 2D reversed-phase column to further ... The methodology described here consists of 2D HPLC fractionation of intact proteins and liquid chromatography-multistage tandem ... Five-Phase Approach and Prospective specimen collection, Retrospective Blinded Evaluation Study Design ... Protein samples are separated by 1D anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) with an eight-step salt elution. ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/21372808-2697-integrated-mass-spectrometry-based-analysis-of-plasma-glycoproteins-and-their-glycan-modifications/

... and separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. This qualitative analysis ... were analysed with a chromatography system in liquid phase at high pressure. RESULTS: Mean concentration with difference not ... phase-specific association of replication factors with origin DNA regulates entry into S phase. We demonstrate that ORC, Cdc45p ... Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MH - Chromatography, Thin Layer MH - Drug Interactions MH - English Abstract MH - ...

https://lexsrv3.nlm.nih.gov/LexSysGroup/Projects/tc/2009/docs/testData/In/jdi/2004/9801.2004.baseline.sorted

... have been studied using high-resolution 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping by reverse-phase chromatography, ... A phase II study of pomalidomide and dexamethasone in previously treated light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. J Clin Oncol. 2010. 28: ... 109] Phase II and III clinical trials have shown disease-modifying potential in Alzheimer disease, with reductions in brain ... A phase II, open-label, single-treatment arm evaluated the pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of tafamidis in patients with ...

https://reference.medscape.com/article/335414-overview

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/10/14-0619

Analysis of folate form distribution by affinity followed by reversed-phase chromatography with electrical detection. Clin Chem ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/8062/cdc_8062_DS4.txt

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the identity and concentrations of food dyes ... Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Determination by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Application Note 95 ... Vitamin C quantification using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC Vitamin C quantification using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC ... Reversed Phase High Presssure Liquid Chromatograhphic Technique for Determination of Sodium Alginate from Oral Suspension ...

http://docplayer.net/19980847-Determination-of-food-dye-concentrations-in-an-unknown-aqueous-sample-using-hplc.html

Exposure to pyrethrins and pyrethroids is most commonly evaluated by the analysis of urine and blood using gas chromatography (GC) combined with electron capture detection (ECD), flame ionization detection (FID), or mass spectrometry (MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detector. (cdc.gov)
In this project, a new reverse phase HPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry methodology was developed with a strong mobile phase normal propanol. (mdpi.com)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reversed phase columns are crucial components that determine the degree of separation. (bruker.com)
The final solution was analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector using an excitation wavelength of 270 nanometers and an emission wavelength of 415 nanometers. (cdc.gov)
infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (bvsalud.org)
1 extraction was carried out using immunoaffinity column, separated by reversed-phase (C-18) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , and quantified by fluorescence detector. (bvsalud.org)

and urinary levels of the triclopyr (55335063) were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
In the present work, a DH 31 from the CNS of 5th instar R. prolixus was isolated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), monitored with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. (biologists.com)
In this manuscript, we present an optimized protocol for 16-plex TMT-based deep-proteome profiling, including protein sample preparation, enzymatic digestion, TMT labeling reaction, two-dimensional reverse-phase liquid chromatography (LC/LC) fractionation, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and computational data processing. (jove.com)
In the first stage, features were detected from raw liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data by XCMS Online processing, blank subtraction, and reproducibility assessment. (muni.cz)
Metabolites were quantified using reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)

If there are too many co-extracted compounds, separation by liquid-liquid partition or column chromatography is performed. (cdc.gov)
Mixing and Mixers in Liquid Chromatography-Why, When, and How Much? (chromatographyonline.com)
We scrutinized tentative identifications' physicochemical properties, comparing predicted and experimental reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) retention time. (muni.cz)
Forensic laboratories rely on standard analytical techniques like gas chromatography (GC)-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS which use chromatography to separate molecules prior to analysis by MS. (pittcon.org)
In this study, the objective was to develop and validate a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the determination of caffeine in extracts and commercial beverages based on guarana. (bvsalud.org)
High performance liquid chromatography. (bvsalud.org)
16. Wu S, Sun C, Pei S, Lu Y, Pan Y. Preparative isolation and purification of amides from the fruits of Piper longum L. By upright counter-current chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography. (bvsalud.org)
Sera and urine specimens, green mussel and seawater samples were tested for saxitoxin levels using high performance liquid chromatography. (who.int)

The entire run time of chromatography was 10 min using isocratic elution (acetonitrile-water, 35:65), and the retention time for 2-naphthylamine was 5.8 min. (ku.dk)

Offers mobile phase compatibility with LC-MS, preparative chromatography, and low UV detection options. (sielc.com)

Cost restrictions kept affinity chromatography in the laboratory until the production of MAbs made efficient immunoaffinity indispensable in high purity coagulation factor production in the 1980s. (biopharminternational.com)
Axén's 9 introduction of cyanogen bromide activation in 1967 allowed the development of affinity chromatography, the invention of which was attributed to Cuatrecasas et al. (biopharminternational.com)

The early history and invention of chromatography are summarized by Ettre in two articles in LCGC North America . (biopharminternational.com)

Comment on "Predictive chromatography of peptides and proteins as a complementary tool for proteomics", by I. A. Tarasova, C. D. Masselon, A. V. Gorshkov and M. V. Gorshkov, Analyst, 2016, 141, 4816. (bvsalud.org)

Comparison of peptide retention prediction algorithm in reversed-phase chromatography. (bvsalud.org)

The protoporphyrin in the aqueous phase is measured fluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 404 and 658 nm, respectively. (cdc.gov)

An analytical method using size exclusion chromatography was scaled up for insulin production in the 1970s, when ion exchange became a viable technology for the same application. (biopharminternational.com)
It is perhaps the inherent simplicity of the method which has made chromatography not just an analytical tool par excellence but the central enabling technology in all biopharmaceutical downstream processing. (biopharminternational.com)

A simple and rapid method for the isolation of synthetic pyrethroids using a solid phase extraction method is described by Junting and Chichang (1991). (cdc.gov)
Molecularly imprinted polymers can replace conventional sorbent materials in sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SMPE), and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), offering increased selectivity over the target analytes. (chromatographyonline.com)

Low-pressure process chromatography could not have developed without immense efforts to resolve scale-up issues in both column design and matrix stability. (biopharminternational.com)
The PACs were concentrated on a C-18 reverse phase guard column but not separated so that they could be measured expediently as a group. (cdc.gov)
Les flavonoïdes totaux ont été obtenus par fractionnement de l'extrait méthanolique par chromatographie flash (PURIFLASH COLUMN 30 SILICA HP - 12,0 g) et purifies à l'aide d'une cartouche (Polymeric Reversed Phase) puis caractérisés et dosés par chromatographie sur couche mince haute performance (CCMHP). (bvsalud.org)

Retains neutral compounds by reverse-phase mechanism. (sielc.com)

Modern trends in LC mobile-phase selection and preparation include using simpler mobile phases, increased use of MS-compatible mobile phases, and eliminating filtration and certain mobile-phase additives. (chromatographyonline.com)
the mobile phase was composed of 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 3)-acetonitrile (82:18). (erowid.org)
A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase. (bvsalud.org)

This data is also described in reverse-phase chromatography. (tercovci.cz)

In the present study, the peptide profile of the venom was investigated by electrophoretic methods, size-exclusion and reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectroscopy. (scielo.br)
For sefotak correlation methods described in reverse-phase chromatography. (nadiazillaparishad.in)

The introduction of cellulose ion exchangers by Peterson and Sobers in 1956,5 cross-linked dextrans (Sephadex) by Porath and Flodin in 1959,6 and polyacrylamide (1961) and agarose (1964) by Hjertén,7-8 initiated a revolution in protein chromatography. (biopharminternational.com)

This article explores the development of process chromatography. (biopharminternational.com)

The first supports, generally referred to as 'gels,' were largely unsuitable for use in process chromatography: one gram of dry Sephadex G-100 adsorbs 100 mL of water and has therefore only 1% dry substance and 6% agarose media and 94% water. (biopharminternational.com)

Suspect screening of maternal serum to identify new environmental chemical biomonitoring targets using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (nih.gov)
Identification of Ginkgo biloba supplements adulteration using high performance thin layer chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry Avula B, Sagi S, Gafner S, Upton R, Wang YH, Wang M, Khan IA. (nih.gov)

Development of a stationary phase optimised selectivity liquid chromatography based screening method for adulterations of food supplements for the treatment of pain Deconinck E, Kamugisha A, Van Campenhout P, Courselle P, De Beer JO. (nih.gov)
A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase. (nih.gov)

A simple and rapid method for the isolation of synthetic pyrethroids using a solid phase extraction method is described by Junting and Chichang (1991). (cdc.gov)
Our validated method used solid phase extraction, reversed-phase chromatography in a C18 column with gradient elution, electrospray ionization in negative polarity and automated tandem MS (MS/MS) data acquisition to maximize true positive rates. (nih.gov)

Protein samples are separated by 1D anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) with an eight-step salt elution. (nih.gov)
Protein fractions from each of the eight AEX elution steps are transferred onto the 2D reversed-phase column to further separate proteins. (nih.gov)

Additional advantages of high-pH RPLC with fraction concatenation include improved protein sequence coverage, simplified sample processing and reduced sample losses, making this an attractive alternative to strong cation-exchange chromatography in conjunction with second-dimension low-pH RPLC for 2D proteomics analyses. (nih.gov)

Highly sensitive on-site detection of drugs adulterated in botanical dietary supplements using thin layer chromatography combined with dynamic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy Fang F, Qi Y, Lu F, Yang L. Talanta. (nih.gov)
Detection of structurally similar adulterants in botanical dietary supplements by thin-layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. (nih.gov)

The physical phase corresponds to the generation of atomic excitation, followed by a cascade of ionization events. (medscape.com)

The chemical phase consists of molecular damage leading to the formation of free radicals and double-strand DNA breaks. (medscape.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment77

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science4

Health Care7

Enrichment and characterization of histones by two-dimensional hydroxyapatite/reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (1/289)

Application of ionic liquids in high performance reversed-phase chromatography. (2/289)

Use of high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ceramide-1-phosphate levels. (3/289)

Unambiguous determination of isobaric histone modifications by reversed-phase retention time and high-mass accuracy. (4/289)

Primary structure and antibacterial activity of chicken bone marrow-derived beta-defensins. (5/289)

An analytical platform for mass spectrometry-based identification and chemical analysis of RNA in ribonucleoprotein complexes. (6/289)

In vitro and in vivo protein-bound tyrosine nitration characterized by diagonal chromatography. (7/289)

Intrinsic amino acid side-chain hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity coefficients determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of model peptides: comparison with other hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity scales. (8/289)

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Chromatography, Affinity

Chromatography, Gel

Chromatography

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Chromatography, Gas

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Chromatography, Liquid

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose

Molecular Weight

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Chromatography, Agarose

Mass Spectrometry

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Chromatography, Reverse-Phase

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Kinetics

Chromatography, Paper

Amino Acids

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Sepharose

Substrate Specificity

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Chemistry

Chemical Phenomena

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cattle

Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Carbohydrates

Isoelectric Focusing

Countercurrent Distribution

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary

Chemical Fractionation

Carbohydrate Sequence

Escherichia coli

Methods

Isoelectric Point

Oligosaccharides

Peptide Fragments

Drug Stability

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Rabbits

Liver

Hydrolysis

Trypsin

Protein Binding

Recombinant Proteins

Macromolecular Substances

Solubility

Temperature

Indicators and Reagents

Immunodiffusion

Hydroxyapatites

Peptides

Reference Standards

Calibration

Glycoproteins

Microchemistry

Base Sequence

Reproducibility of Results

Polysaccharides

Radioimmunoassay

Cloning, Molecular

Fatty Acids

Acetonitriles

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Carbohydrate Conformation

Binding Sites

Stereoisomerism

Biological Assay

Molecular Structure

Ammonium Sulfate

Chemical Precipitation

Lectins

Swine

Isoenzymes

Limit of Detection

Solid Phase Extraction

Glycoside Hydrolases