Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography, Affinity
Chromatography, Gel
Chromatography
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Chromatography, Gas
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Chromatography, Agarose
Mass Spectrometry
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Chromatography, Reverse-Phase
Molecular Sequence Data
Amino Acid Sequence
Chromatography, Paper
Amino Acids
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Substrate Specificity
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Chemistry
Chemical Phenomena
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Cattle
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Carbohydrates
Isoelectric Focusing
Countercurrent Distribution
Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary
Chemical Fractionation
Carbohydrate Sequence
Escherichia coli
Isoelectric Point
Oligosaccharides
Peptide Fragments
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Rabbits
Liver
Trypsin
Protein Binding
Macromolecular Substances
Solubility
Temperature
Indicators and Reagents
Immunodiffusion
Hydroxyapatites
Peptides
Reference Standards
Calibration
Glycoproteins
Microchemistry
Base Sequence
Reproducibility of Results
Radioimmunoassay
Cloning, Molecular
Fatty Acids
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Binding Sites
Stereoisomerism
Biological Assay
Molecular Structure
Chemical Precipitation
Lectins
Swine
Isoenzymes
Limit of Detection
Solid Phase Extraction
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Anion Exchange Resins
Plant Extracts
Brain Chemistry
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
Species Specificity
Methanol
Solvents
Glycopeptides
Rats, Inbred Strains
Flame Ionization
Peptide Mapping
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Carrier Proteins
Ultracentrifugation
Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
Phospholipids
Isomerism
Glycolipids
Electrophoresis
Enzyme Stability
Spectrophotometry
Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid
Oxidation-Reduction
Durapatite
Sensitivity and Specificity
Biotransformation
Proteins
Physicochemical Phenomena
Detergents
Chemistry, Physical
Glycosylation
Immunoelectrophoresis
Cyanogen Bromide
Glycosides
Cytosol
Blood Proteins
Cell Membrane
Endopeptidases
Electrophoresis, Disc
Monosaccharides
DNA
Chymotrypsin
Protein Conformation
Microsomes, Liver
Blotting, Western
Isotope Labeling
Erythrocytes
Mannose
Binding, Competitive
Circular Dichroism
Trifluoroacetic Acid
Ultrafiltration
Plants
Cells, Cultured
Galactose
Methylation
Peptide Hydrolases
Fermentation
Chickens
Plant Lectins
Tissue Distribution
Immune Sera
Culture Media
Cross Reactions
Streptomyces
Structure-Activity Relationship
Protease Inhibitors
Sialic Acids
Carbon Radioisotopes
Electrochemistry
Pesticide Residues
Affinity Labels
Edetic Acid
Sugar Alcohols
Cations, Divalent
Acetates
Immunoassay
Gangliosides
Adsorption
Immunosorbent Techniques
Plants, Medicinal
Heparin
Lipids
Electrophoresis, Paper
Sequence Analysis
Antibodies
Brain
Glycosaminoglycans
Silicon Dioxide
Drug Contamination
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Solid Phase Microextraction
Kidney
Immunochemistry
Seeds
Mutation
Membrane Proteins
Mitosporic Fungi
Uronic Acids
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Quality Control
Glucuronates
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Enrichment and characterization of histones by two-dimensional hydroxyapatite/reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (1/289)
(+info)Application of ionic liquids in high performance reversed-phase chromatography. (2/289)
(+info)Use of high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ceramide-1-phosphate levels. (3/289)
(+info)Unambiguous determination of isobaric histone modifications by reversed-phase retention time and high-mass accuracy. (4/289)
(+info)Primary structure and antibacterial activity of chicken bone marrow-derived beta-defensins. (5/289)
(+info)An analytical platform for mass spectrometry-based identification and chemical analysis of RNA in ribonucleoprotein complexes. (6/289)
(+info)In vitro and in vivo protein-bound tyrosine nitration characterized by diagonal chromatography. (7/289)
(+info)Intrinsic amino acid side-chain hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity coefficients determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of model peptides: comparison with other hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity scales. (8/289)
(+info)There are two main types of hemolysis:
1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
Some common causes of hemolysis include:
1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.
Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.
Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.
The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.
The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:
* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area
CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.
Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer
Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.
Examples of inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism include:
1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glucose-6-phosphate, a type of sugar. Symptoms can include seizures, developmental delays, and metabolic acidosis.
2. Galactosemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to process galactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Untreated, galactosemia can lead to serious health problems, including liver disease, kidney damage, and cognitive impairment.
3. Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to store and use glycogen, a complex carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles. Symptoms can include low blood sugar, fatigue, and muscle weakness.
4. Pompe disease: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glycogen. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, breathing problems, and heart problems.
5. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS): These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to break down sugar molecules. Symptoms can include joint stiffness, developmental delays, and heart problems.
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism can be diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may involve a combination of dietary changes, medication, and other therapies.
The most common types of hemoglobinopathies include:
1. Sickle cell disease: This is caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. It results in the production of sickle-shaped red blood cells, which can cause anemia, infections, and other complications.
2. Thalassemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin and can result in anemia, fatigue, and other complications.
3. Hemophilia A: This is caused by a defect in the F8 gene that codes for coagulation factor VIII, which is essential for blood clotting. It can cause bleeding episodes, especially in males.
4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: This is caused by a point mutation in the G6PD gene that codes for an enzyme involved in red blood cell production. It can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in individuals who consume certain foods or medications.
5. Hereditary spherocytosis: This is caused by point mutations in the ANK1 or SPTA1 genes that code for proteins involved in red blood cell membrane structure. It can cause hemolytic anemia and other complications.
Hemoglobinopathies can be diagnosed through genetic testing, such as DNA sequencing or molecular genetic analysis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder but may include blood transfusions, medications, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.
Types of experimental neoplasms include:
* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.
The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.
There are several types of poisoning, including:
1. Acute poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a large amount of a poisonous substance over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of a poisonous substance over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Occupational poisoning: This occurs when a worker is exposed to a poisonous substance in the course of their work. Examples include exposure to pesticides, lead, and mercury.
4. Environmental poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a poisonous substance in their environment, such as through contaminated water or soil.
5. Food poisoning: This occurs when a person eats food that has been contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as bacteria or viruses. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.
Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison and the severity of the exposure. Some common treatments include activated charcoal to absorb the poison, medications to counteract the effects of the poison, and supportive care such as fluids and oxygen. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Prevention is key in avoiding poisoning. This includes proper storage and disposal of household chemicals, using protective gear when working with hazardous substances, and avoiding exposure to known poisons such as certain plants and animals. Education and awareness are also important in preventing poisoning, such as understanding the symptoms of poisoning and seeking medical attention immediately if suspected.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
Treatment for uremia typically involves dialysis or kidney transplantation to remove excess urea from the blood and restore normal kidney function. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms such as high blood pressure, anemia, or electrolyte imbalances.
The term "uremia" is derived from the Greek words "oura," meaning "urea," and "emia," meaning "in the blood." It was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe a condition caused by excess urea in the blood. Today, it remains an important diagnostic term in nephrology and is often used interchangeably with the term "uremic syndrome."
Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.
There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.
There are several types of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including:
1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): This is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is needed to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in many protein-containing foods. If phenylalanine is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and brain and cause serious health problems.
2. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
3. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
4. Arginase deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid arginine. Arginine is important for the body's production of nitric oxide, a compound that helps to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.
5. Citrullinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
6. Tyrosinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
7. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
8. PKU (phenylketonuria): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
9. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
10. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
It is important to note that these disorders are rare and affect a small percentage of the population. However, they can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to be aware of them and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
The term "Sarcoma 180" was coined by a German surgeon named Otto Kunkel in the early 20th century. He described this type of cancer as a highly malignant tumor that grows slowly but is resistant to treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
The exact cause of Sarcoma 180 is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. The disease typically affects middle-aged adults and is more common in men than women.
The symptoms of Sarcoma 180 can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. If left untreated, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body and be fatal.
Treatment for Sarcoma 180 usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In some cases, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary. The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%.
In summary, Sarcoma 180 is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects connective tissue and has a poor prognosis. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of this condition and its symptoms in order to provide proper diagnosis and treatment.
The most common form of xanthomatosis is called familial hypercholesterolemia, which is caused by a deficiency of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the body. This results in high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood, which can lead to the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the skin, eyes, and other tissues.
Other forms of xanthomatosis include:
* Familial apo A-1 deficiency: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1), a protein that plays a critical role in the transportation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood.
* familial hyperlipidemia: This is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
* Chylomicronemia: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the blood.
The symptoms of xanthomatosis vary depending on the specific form of the condition and the organs affected. They may include:
* Yellowish deposits (xanthomas) on the skin, particularly on the elbows, knees, and buttocks
* Deposits in the eyes (corneal arcus)
* Fatty liver disease
* High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss
Treatment for xanthomatosis typically involves managing the underlying genetic disorder, which may involve dietary changes, medication, or other therapies. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue.
In summary, xanthomatosis is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by deposits of lipids in the skin and other organs. The symptoms and treatment vary depending on the specific form of the condition.
There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:
* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity
HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss
If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:
* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope
Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer
Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.
Reversed-phase chromatography
Aqueous normal-phase chromatography
Endcapping
Cinnamomum tamala
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Eugenol
Partition chromatography
Superheated water
List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids
Abraham Badu-Tawiah
Susan M. Gaines
F number (chemistry)
Zearalenone
Modafinil sulfone
Modafinil acid
Tetrahydrofuran
Oligonucleotide
Biogenic substance
Hydrophobicity scales
Tandem mass tag
BIA Separations
Two-dimensional chromatography
Deamidation
High-performance liquid chromatography
Protein sequencing
Procyanidin A2
Stercobilin
Glucoside
Amino acid dating
Polypropylene glycol
Metabolism
Matrix-assisted ionization
Mepindolol
Phenylpiracetam
Eryngium planum
Polystyrene
Downstream processing
Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin
Reverse phase
RuBisCO
Triethylamine
Peptide mass fingerprinting
Tetrahymanol
Cannabinoid
Partition coefficient
Chocolate
Murine respirovirus
Small RNA sequencing
Folin's reagent
Mass-analyzed ion-kinetic-energy spectrometry
Quantitative structure-activity relationship
Rhizophora × lamarckii
Infection
Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification
High-pH reversed-phase chromatography with fraction concatenation for 2D proteomic analysis - PubMed
Quantitative determination of usnic acid in Usnea lichen and its products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with...
Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Genes Related to Renal Mercury Concentrations in Mice | Environmental Health...
Proteomics and Biomarkers Predicting Radiotherapy Outcomes
NHANES 2001-2002:
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies
Publication Detail
Maca: MedlinePlus Supplements
Increased Pyrethroid Resistance in Malaria Vectors and Decreased Bed Net Effectiveness, Burkina Faso - Volume 20, Number 10...
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Biomarkers Search
Office of Dietary Supplements
DailyMed - EPTIFIBATIDE injection
Blood And Urine Assessments, Ages 6 months - 74 years (1982-1984)
Scurvy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
AACC Annual Meeting - Anaheim, CA - August 6, 2019 - NIDDK
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
MeSH Browser
MeSH Browser
ic$|adj|y$|noun|2013|ORG RULE|SELF
Integrated mass spectrometry-based analysis of plasma glycoproteins and their glycan modifications.
PMID- 9085387
Amyloidosis: Definition of Amyloid and Amyloidosis, Classification Systems, Systemic Amyloidoses
Increased Pyrethroid Resistance in Malaria Vectors and Decreased Bed Net Effectiveness, Burkina Faso - Volume 20, Number 10...
Material and methods
Determination of Food Dye Concentrations in an Unknown Aqueous Sample Using HPLC - PDF
HPLC6
- Exposure to pyrethrins and pyrethroids is most commonly evaluated by the analysis of urine and blood using gas chromatography (GC) combined with electron capture detection (ECD), flame ionization detection (FID), or mass spectrometry (MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detector. (cdc.gov)
- In this project, a new reverse phase HPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry methodology was developed with a strong mobile phase normal propanol. (mdpi.com)
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reversed phase columns are crucial components that determine the degree of separation. (bruker.com)
- The final solution was analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector using an excitation wavelength of 270 nanometers and an emission wavelength of 415 nanometers. (cdc.gov)
- infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (bvsalud.org)
- 1 extraction was carried out using immunoaffinity column, separated by reversed-phase (C-18) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , and quantified by fluorescence detector. (bvsalud.org)
Mass spectrometry5
- and urinary levels of the triclopyr (55335063) were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
- In the present work, a DH 31 from the CNS of 5th instar R. prolixus was isolated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), monitored with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. (biologists.com)
- In this manuscript, we present an optimized protocol for 16-plex TMT-based deep-proteome profiling, including protein sample preparation, enzymatic digestion, TMT labeling reaction, two-dimensional reverse-phase liquid chromatography (LC/LC) fractionation, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and computational data processing. (jove.com)
- In the first stage, features were detected from raw liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data by XCMS Online processing, blank subtraction, and reproducibility assessment. (muni.cz)
- Metabolites were quantified using reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Liquid8
- If there are too many co-extracted compounds, separation by liquid-liquid partition or column chromatography is performed. (cdc.gov)
- Mixing and Mixers in Liquid Chromatography-Why, When, and How Much? (chromatographyonline.com)
- We scrutinized tentative identifications' physicochemical properties, comparing predicted and experimental reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) retention time. (muni.cz)
- Forensic laboratories rely on standard analytical techniques like gas chromatography (GC)-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS which use chromatography to separate molecules prior to analysis by MS. (pittcon.org)
- In this study, the objective was to develop and validate a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the determination of caffeine in extracts and commercial beverages based on guarana. (bvsalud.org)
- High performance liquid chromatography. (bvsalud.org)
- 16. Wu S, Sun C, Pei S, Lu Y, Pan Y. Preparative isolation and purification of amides from the fruits of Piper longum L. By upright counter-current chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography. (bvsalud.org)
- Sera and urine specimens, green mussel and seawater samples were tested for saxitoxin levels using high performance liquid chromatography. (who.int)
Isocratic1
- The entire run time of chromatography was 10 min using isocratic elution (acetonitrile-water, 35:65), and the retention time for 2-naphthylamine was 5.8 min. (ku.dk)
Preparative1
- Offers mobile phase compatibility with LC-MS, preparative chromatography, and low UV detection options. (sielc.com)
Affinity2
- Cost restrictions kept affinity chromatography in the laboratory until the production of MAbs made efficient immunoaffinity indispensable in high purity coagulation factor production in the 1980s. (biopharminternational.com)
- Axén's 9 introduction of cyanogen bromide activation in 1967 allowed the development of affinity chromatography, the invention of which was attributed to Cuatrecasas et al. (biopharminternational.com)
LCGC North America1
- The early history and invention of chromatography are summarized by Ettre in two articles in LCGC North America . (biopharminternational.com)
Peptides1
- Comment on "Predictive chromatography of peptides and proteins as a complementary tool for proteomics", by I. A. Tarasova, C. D. Masselon, A. V. Gorshkov and M. V. Gorshkov, Analyst, 2016, 141, 4816. (bvsalud.org)
Retention1
- Comparison of peptide retention prediction algorithm in reversed-phase chromatography. (bvsalud.org)
Aqueous1
- The protoporphyrin in the aqueous phase is measured fluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 404 and 658 nm, respectively. (cdc.gov)
Analytical2
- An analytical method using size exclusion chromatography was scaled up for insulin production in the 1970s, when ion exchange became a viable technology for the same application. (biopharminternational.com)
- It is perhaps the inherent simplicity of the method which has made chromatography not just an analytical tool par excellence but the central enabling technology in all biopharmaceutical downstream processing. (biopharminternational.com)
Extraction2
- A simple and rapid method for the isolation of synthetic pyrethroids using a solid phase extraction method is described by Junting and Chichang (1991). (cdc.gov)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers can replace conventional sorbent materials in sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SMPE), and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), offering increased selectivity over the target analytes. (chromatographyonline.com)
Column3
- Low-pressure process chromatography could not have developed without immense efforts to resolve scale-up issues in both column design and matrix stability. (biopharminternational.com)
- The PACs were concentrated on a C-18 reverse phase guard column but not separated so that they could be measured expediently as a group. (cdc.gov)
- Les flavonoïdes totaux ont été obtenus par fractionnement de l'extrait méthanolique par chromatographie flash (PURIFLASH COLUMN 30 SILICA HP - 12,0 g) et purifies à l'aide d'une cartouche (Polymeric Reversed Phase) puis caractérisés et dosés par chromatographie sur couche mince haute performance (CCMHP). (bvsalud.org)
Compounds1
- Retains neutral compounds by reverse-phase mechanism. (sielc.com)
Mobile-phase3
- Modern trends in LC mobile-phase selection and preparation include using simpler mobile phases, increased use of MS-compatible mobile phases, and eliminating filtration and certain mobile-phase additives. (chromatographyonline.com)
- the mobile phase was composed of 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 3)-acetonitrile (82:18). (erowid.org)
- A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase. (bvsalud.org)
Data1
- This data is also described in reverse-phase chromatography. (tercovci.cz)
Methods2
- In the present study, the peptide profile of the venom was investigated by electrophoretic methods, size-exclusion and reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectroscopy. (scielo.br)
- For sefotak correlation methods described in reverse-phase chromatography. (nadiazillaparishad.in)
INTRODUCTION1
- The introduction of cellulose ion exchangers by Peterson and Sobers in 1956,5 cross-linked dextrans (Sephadex) by Porath and Flodin in 1959,6 and polyacrylamide (1961) and agarose (1964) by Hjertén,7-8 initiated a revolution in protein chromatography. (biopharminternational.com)
Development1
- This article explores the development of process chromatography. (biopharminternational.com)
Generally1
- The first supports, generally referred to as 'gels,' were largely unsuitable for use in process chromatography: one gram of dry Sephadex G-100 adsorbs 100 mL of water and has therefore only 1% dry substance and 6% agarose media and 94% water. (biopharminternational.com)
Time-of-flight ma2
- Suspect screening of maternal serum to identify new environmental chemical biomonitoring targets using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (nih.gov)
- Identification of Ginkgo biloba supplements adulteration using high performance thin layer chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry Avula B, Sagi S, Gafner S, Upton R, Wang YH, Wang M, Khan IA. (nih.gov)
Stationary phase2
- Development of a stationary phase optimised selectivity liquid chromatography based screening method for adulterations of food supplements for the treatment of pain Deconinck E, Kamugisha A, Van Campenhout P, Courselle P, De Beer JO. (nih.gov)
- A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase. (nih.gov)
Solid phase extr2
- A simple and rapid method for the isolation of synthetic pyrethroids using a solid phase extraction method is described by Junting and Chichang (1991). (cdc.gov)
- Our validated method used solid phase extraction, reversed-phase chromatography in a C18 column with gradient elution, electrospray ionization in negative polarity and automated tandem MS (MS/MS) data acquisition to maximize true positive rates. (nih.gov)
Elution2
High1
- Additional advantages of high-pH RPLC with fraction concatenation include improved protein sequence coverage, simplified sample processing and reduced sample losses, making this an attractive alternative to strong cation-exchange chromatography in conjunction with second-dimension low-pH RPLC for 2D proteomics analyses. (nih.gov)
Detection2
- Highly sensitive on-site detection of drugs adulterated in botanical dietary supplements using thin layer chromatography combined with dynamic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy Fang F, Qi Y, Lu F, Yang L. Talanta. (nih.gov)
- Detection of structurally similar adulterants in botanical dietary supplements by thin-layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. (nih.gov)
Ionization1
- The physical phase corresponds to the generation of atomic excitation, followed by a cascade of ionization events. (medscape.com)
Chemical1
- The chemical phase consists of molecular damage leading to the formation of free radicals and double-strand DNA breaks. (medscape.com)