Chromatography agarose. Medical search

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.

The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions. It is a form of liquid-liquid chromatography. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A hybrid separation technique combining both chromatographic and electrophoretic separation principles. While the method was invented to separate neutral species, it can also be applied to charged molecules such as small peptides.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A group of compounds with the general formula M10(PO4)6(OH)2, where M is barium, strontium, or calcium. The compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. They are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The development and use of techniques and equipment to study or perform chemical reactions, with small quantities of materials, frequently less than a milligram or a milliliter.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Immunoelectrophoresis in which a second electrophoretic transport is performed on the initially separated antigen fragments into an antibody-containing medium in a direction perpendicular to the first electrophoresis.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The measurement of the density of a material by measuring the amount of light or radiation passing through (or absorbed by) the material.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

Electrophoresis applied to BLOOD PROTEINS.

Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

An extraction method that separates analytes using a solid phase and a liquid phase. It is used for preparative sample cleanup before analysis by CHROMATOGRAPHY and other analytical methods.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional cationic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions with anions.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.

The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Pyrolysis of organic compounds at the temperature of a hydrogen-air flame to produce ionic intermediates which can be collected and the resulting ion current measured by gas chromatography.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.

The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

A CHROMATOGRAPHY method using supercritical fluid, usually carbon dioxide under very high pressure (around 73 atmospheres or 1070 psi at room temperature) as the mobile phase. Other solvents are sometimes added as modifiers. This is used both for analytical (SFC) and extraction (SFE) purposes.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Globular domains of agrin are functional units that collaborate to induce acetylcholine receptor clustering. (1/422)

Agrin, an extracellular matrix protein involved in neuromuscular junction formation, directs clustering of postsynaptic molecules, including acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). This activity resides entirely in the C-terminal portion of the protein, which consists of three laminin-like globular domains (G-domains: G1, G2 and G3) and four EGF-like repeats. Additionally, alternate mRNA splicing yields G-domain variants G2(0,4) with 0- or 4-amino-acid inserts, and G3(0, 8,11,19) with 0-, 8-, 11- or 19-amino-acid inserts. In order to better understand the contributions of individual domains and alternate splicing to agrin activity, single G-domains and covalently linked pairs of G-domains were expressed as soluble proteins and their AChR clustering activity measured on cultured C2 myotubes. These analyses reveal the following: (1) While only G3(8) exhibits detectable activity by itself, all G-domains studied (G1, G2(0), G2(4), G3(0) and G3(8)) enhance G3(8) activity when physically linked to G3(8). This effect is most pronounced when G2(4) is linked to G3(8) and is independent of the order of the G-domains. (2) The deletion of EGF-like repeats enhances activity. (3) Increasing the physical separation between linked G1 and G3(8) domains produces a significant increase in activity; similar alterations to linked G2 and G3(8) domains are without effect. (4) Clusters induced by two concatenated G3(8) domains are significantly smaller than all other agrin forms studied. These data suggest that agrin G-domains are the functional units which interact independently of their specific organization to yield AChR clustering. G-domain synergism resulting in biological output could be due to physical interactions between G-domains or, alternatively, independent interactions of G-domains with cell surface receptors which require spatially localized coactivation for optimal signal transduction. (+info)

Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccines: preparation, properties, and immunogenicity. (2/422)

The preparation, properties, and immunogenicity of ribosomal vaccines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are described. These preparations, containing protein and RNA, were tested for immunogenicity by active immunization of mice and subsequent challenge with homologous, live bacteria. The results demonstrated that vaccines prepared from a majority of serotypes used were immunogenic, i.e., afforded 60 to 100% mouse protection against a challenge inoculum containing 8 to 50 50% lethal doses. In some cases vaccine doses as low as 1 microgram of RNA provided 100% mouse protection. Molecular sieve chromatography of a highly immunogenic ribosomal preparation on Sepharose 4B demonstrated the presence of two molecular weight fractions: (i) peak A, an excluded peak (thus having a molecular weight of at least 2 times 10(7)), and (ii) peak B, considerably retarded, with an elution position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 2.2 X 10(6), approximating that of typical 70S ribosomes. Both peaks A and B were immunogenic; however, the immunogenicity of peak A was greater (i.e., a smaller immunizing dose was required) than that of peak B. Peak A was shown to contain components of lipopolysaccharide in addition to protein and RNA (which comprised 80% of the dry weight of peak A). On the other hand, peak B was shown to be free of lipopolysaccharide, and 100% of its dry weight consisted of protein and RNA. (+info)

Isolation and characterization of linear polylactosamines containing one and two site-specifically positioned Lewis x determinants: WGA agarose chromatography in fractionation of mixtures generated by random, partial enzymatic alpha3-fucosylation of pure polylactosamines. (3/422)

We report that isomeric monofucosylhexasaccharides, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc, and bifucosylhexasaccharides Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 (Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4( Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc can be isolated in pure form from reaction mixtures of the linear hexasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc with GDP-fucose and alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases of human milk. The pure isomers were characterized in several ways;1H-NMR spectroscopy, for instance, revealed distinct resonances associated with the Lewis x group [Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc] located at the proximal, middle, and distal positions of the polylactosamine chain. Chromatography on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin was crucial in the separation process used; the isomers carrying the fucose at the reducing end GlcNAc possessed particularly low affinities for the lectin. Isomeric monofucosyl derivatives of the pentasaccharides GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4Gl cNAc and Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4G lcN Ac and the tetrasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc were also obtained in pure form, implying that the methods used are widely applicable. The isomeric Lewis x glycans proved to be recognized in highly variable binding modes by polylactosamine-metabolizing enzymes, e.g., the midchain beta1,6-GlcNAc transferase (Leppanen et al., Biochemistry, 36, 13729-13735, 1997). (+info)

IgA interaction with carboxy-terminal 43-kD fragment of fibronectin in IgA nephropathy. (4/422)

IgA deposition in the glomerular mesangial matrix is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy, and circulating IgA-containing complex has been implicated in this process. Since fibronectin is known to be involved in the assembly of extracellular matrix, this study was conducted to investigate whether fibronectin and its fragments are present in sera of patients and are capable of binding IgA1. Sera from patients with IgA nephropathy were purified by heparin-affinity chromatography, and column eluate were analyzed for the presence of fibronectin using Western blot and a set of anti-fibronectin monoclonal antibodies. Native fibronectin was digested with cathepsin D to obtain fragments similar to those of serum fibronectin. The capacity of fibronectin to bind IgA was examined with a mixture of purified IgA1 and cathepsin D-digested fibronectin fragments. A 43-kD carboxy-terminal fragment of fibronectin was detected in samples derived from sera of patients with IgA nephropathy but not in healthy control subjects. A similar-sized fragment was generated by cathepsin D digestion of the native molecule and was shown to bind to IgA1 in vitro. Since the carboxy-terminal domain is known to be critical in assembling exogenous fibronectin into the extracellular matrix, the affinity to IgA1 to a fragment found in patients may have pathogenic potential to mediate extracellular IgA deposition in IgA nephropathy. (+info)

Chimeras of human extracellular and intracellular superoxide dismutases. Analysis of structure and function of the individual domains. (5/422)

Human extracellular superoxide dismutase (hEC-SOD) is a secreted tetrameric protein involved in protection against oxygen free radicals. Since EC-SOD is too large a protein for structural determination by multi-dimensional NMR and attempts to crystallize the protein for X-ray structural determination have failed, the three-dimensional structure of hEC-SOD is unknown. By fusion protein techniques we have previously shown that an amphipathic alpha-helix in the N-terminal domain of hEC-SOD is essential for the tetramer interaction. However, the central domain, which is homologous to intracellular hCuZnSOD, has also been proposed to be involved in the tetramer formation. Despite great efforts, the production of recombinant hEC-SOD in prokaryotic systems or simple eukaryotes (such as yeast) has failed. This lack of success has greatly complicated large-scale production and genetic engineering of the protein. In the study reported here, we constructed two chimeras comprising the N- or the N- and C-terminal domains from hEC-SOD fused to hCuZnSOD, called FusNCZ and PseudoEC-SOD, respectively. We show that these proteins can be produced in large quantities in Escherichia coli, that they can be purified with high yields and that the characteristics of PseudoEC-SOD closely resemble those of hEC-SOD. Further, we extended our studies of the nature of the subunit interaction by investigating the involvement of the central domain. (+info)

Both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate human telomerase template RNA levels. (6/422)

The human telomerase RNA component (hTR) is present in normal somatic cells at lower levels than in cancer-derived cell lines. To understand the mechanisms regulating hTR levels in different cell types, we have compared the steady-state hTR levels in three groups of cells: (i) normal telomerase-negative human diploid cells; (ii) normal cells transfected with the human telomerase catalytic subunit, hTERT; and (iii) cells immortalized in vitro and cancer cells expressing their own endogenous hTERT. To account for the differences in steady-state hTR levels observed in these cell types, we compared the transcription rate and half-life of hTR in a subset of these cells. The half-life of hTR in telomerase-negative cells is about 5 days and is increased 1.6-fold in the presence of hTERT. The transcription rate of hTR is essentially unchanged in cells expressing exogenous hTERT, and the increased steady-state hTR level appears to be due to the increased half-life. However, the transcription rate of hTR is greatly increased in cells expressing endogenous hTERT, suggesting some overlap in transcriptional regulatory control. We conclude that the higher hTR level in cells expressing an endogenous telomerase can be a result of both increased transcription and a longer half-life and that the longer half-life might be partially a result of protection or stabilization by the telomerase catalytic subunit. The 4-week half-life of hTR in H1299 tumor cells is the longest half-life yet reported for any RNA. (+info)

Occurrence of P-flavin binding protein in Vibrio fischeri and properties of the protein. (7/422)

In previous studies involving Photobacterium species we proposed that (i) P-flavin is the product of luciferase, (ii) the physiological function of the lux operon is not to produce light but to produce FP(390) (luxF protein), including its prosthetic group, P-flavin, and (iii) FP(390) reactivates oxidatively inactivated cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase similar to flavodoxin but at relatively high ionic strength. It seems difficult to extend this idea to all luminous bacteria because the luxF gene is not present in the lux operon in Vibrio or Xenorhabdus. But we predicted that a luciferase fragment which binds P-flavin should function like FP(390) in these species. In this study, we isolated P-flavin binding protein from Vibrio fischeri ATCC 7744. The obtained protein was a modified luciferase as expected, in which the beta-subunit was intact but about 25 amino acid residues at the C-terminus of the alpha-subunit were deleted and the prosthetic group was the fully reduced P-flavin. These results strongly support that the physiological function of the lux operon is as described above even in luminous bacteria other than Photobacterium species. We propose that chromophore B reported by Tu and Hastings [Tu, S.-C. and Hastings, J.W. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1975-1980] is the reduced P-flavin. (+info)

Bovine liver phosphoamidase as a protein histidine/lysine phosphatase. (8/422)

A 13-kDa phosphoamidase was isolated as a single band on SDS-PAGE from bovine liver. Its Stokes' radius, sedimentation coefficient, molecular mass, and optimal pH were estimated to be 1.6 nm, 1.8 s, 13 kDa, and 6.5, respectively. The enzyme released P(i) from 3-phosphohistidine, 6-phospholysine, and amidophosphate at rates of 0.9, 0.6, and 2.6 micromol/min/mg protein, respectively. However, it did not dephosphorylate phosphocreatine, N(omega)-phosphoarginine, imidodiphosphate, or O-phosphorylated compounds including inorganic pyrophosphate. It also dephosphorylated succinic thiokinase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase autophosphorylated at His residues, indicating that it works as a protein histidine phosphatase. A thiol reagent, 30 microM N-ethylmaleimide, depressed the activity by half, while a thiol compound, 2-mercaptoethanol, protected the enzyme from heat-inactivation. Five millimolar divalent cations, such as Mg2+ and Mn2+, and 5 mM EDTA, had no effect on the activity. (+info)

There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

Types of experimental neoplasms include:

* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.

The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.

The condition is caused by mutations in the genes that code for proteins involved in lipid metabolism, such as the LDL receptor gene or the apoB100 gene. These mutations lead to a deficiency of functional LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells, which results in reduced clearance of LDL cholesterol from the blood and increased levels of LDL-C.

The main symptom of hyperlipoproteinemia type III is very high levels of LDL-C (>500 mg/dL) and low levels of HDL-C (<20 mg/dL). Other signs and symptoms may include xanthomas (fatty deposits in the skin), corneal arcus (a cloudy ring around the cornea of the eye), and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Treatment for hyperlipoproteinemia type III typically involves a combination of dietary changes, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and medications, such as statins or other lipid-lowering drugs, to lower LDL-C levels. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type III is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. It is important to identify and treat individuals with this condition early to prevent or delay the development of cardiovascular disease.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

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1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

There are several types of hyperlipidemia, including:

1. High cholesterol: This is the most common type of hyperlipidemia and is characterized by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol.
2. High triglycerides: This type of hyperlipidemia is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that is used for energy.
3. Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: HDL cholesterol is known as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it to the liver for excretion. Low levels of HDL cholesterol can contribute to hyperlipidemia.

Symptoms of hyperlipidemia may include xanthomas (fatty deposits on the skin), corneal arcus (a cloudy ring around the iris of the eye), and tendon xanthomas (tender lumps under the skin). However, many people with hyperlipidemia have no symptoms at all.

Hyperlipidemia can be diagnosed through a series of blood tests that measure the levels of different types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Treatment for hyperlipidemia typically involves dietary changes, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and increasing physical activity. Medications such as statins, fibric acid derivatives, and bile acid sequestrants may also be prescribed to lower cholesterol levels.

In severe cases of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) can occur, which can lead to cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and treat hyperlipidemia early on to prevent these complications.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

People with hyperlipoproteinemia type V often have a history of low birth weight and growth retardation, and may experience a range of health problems including fatigue, muscle weakness, and liver disease. The disorder is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene - one from each parent - to develop the condition.

Treatment for hyperlipoproteinemia type V typically involves a combination of dietary changes and medication. Dietary recommendations may include avoiding foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol, and increasing intake of unsaturated fats, such as those found in nuts and vegetable oils. Medications may include drugs that raise HDL levels or lower LDL levels, such as niacin or statins. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

In summary, hyperlipoproteinemia type V is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the body, leading to extremely low levels of LDL cholesterol and high levels of HDL cholesterol. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary changes and medication, and may include liver transplantation in severe cases.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.

The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.

The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area

CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.

Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer

Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.

The condition is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, such as ACY1 and APOB100. These mutations lead to a deficiency in the breakdown and transport of lipids in the body, resulting in the accumulation of chylomicrons and other lipoproteins in the blood.

Symptoms of hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV can include abdominal pain, fatigue, and joint pain, as well as an increased risk of pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and medications to lower lipid levels. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV is a rare disorder, and the prevalence is not well-defined. However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 100,000 individuals worldwide. The condition can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis.

In summary, hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the body, leading to elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipoproteins in the blood, as well as low levels of HDL. The condition can cause a range of symptoms and is typically treated with dietary modifications and medications.

Examples of inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism include:

1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glucose-6-phosphate, a type of sugar. Symptoms can include seizures, developmental delays, and metabolic acidosis.
2. Galactosemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to process galactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Untreated, galactosemia can lead to serious health problems, including liver disease, kidney damage, and cognitive impairment.
3. Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to store and use glycogen, a complex carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles. Symptoms can include low blood sugar, fatigue, and muscle weakness.
4. Pompe disease: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glycogen. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, breathing problems, and heart problems.
5. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS): These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to break down sugar molecules. Symptoms can include joint stiffness, developmental delays, and heart problems.

Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism can be diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may involve a combination of dietary changes, medication, and other therapies.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The most common types of hemoglobinopathies include:

1. Sickle cell disease: This is caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. It results in the production of sickle-shaped red blood cells, which can cause anemia, infections, and other complications.
2. Thalassemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin and can result in anemia, fatigue, and other complications.
3. Hemophilia A: This is caused by a defect in the F8 gene that codes for coagulation factor VIII, which is essential for blood clotting. It can cause bleeding episodes, especially in males.
4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: This is caused by a point mutation in the G6PD gene that codes for an enzyme involved in red blood cell production. It can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in individuals who consume certain foods or medications.
5. Hereditary spherocytosis: This is caused by point mutations in the ANK1 or SPTA1 genes that code for proteins involved in red blood cell membrane structure. It can cause hemolytic anemia and other complications.

Hemoglobinopathies can be diagnosed through genetic testing, such as DNA sequencing or molecular genetic analysis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder but may include blood transfusions, medications, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.

There are several types of paraproteinemias, including:

1. Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of immunoglobulins.
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): This is a condition in which there is an abnormal increase in the level of immunoglobulins in the blood, but the cause cannot be determined.
3. Waldenström macroglobulinemia: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow and leads to an overproduction of immunoglobulins.
4. Primary amyloidosis: This is a condition in which abnormal proteins called amyloids accumulate in the organs, leading to damage and dysfunction.
5. Secondary amyloidosis: This is a condition in which abnormal proteins called amyloids accumulate in the organs due to another underlying condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.

The symptoms of paraproteinemias can vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, infections, kidney damage, and bone pain. Treatment options for paraproteinemias depend on the specific type of disorder and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or medications to reduce protein production.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

There are several types of melanoma, including:

1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.

The risk factors for developing melanoma include:

1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma

The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole

If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.

In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

There are several types of von Willebrand diseases, ranging from mild to severe, including:

1. Type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD): This is the most common type, caused by a deficiency or abnormality in the VWF gene. People with this condition may experience mild to moderate bleeding, particularly after injury or surgery.
2. Type 2 von Willebrand disease: This type is caused by a defective VWF protein that is produced in excess. It is characterized by more severe bleeding episodes and a higher risk of spontaneous bleeding.
3. Type 3 von Willebrand disease: This is the most severe form, characterized by very low levels of functional VWF and severe bleeding episodes, often starting in infancy or childhood.
4. Platelet type von Willebrand disease: This is a rare form caused by a defect in the platelets' ability to bind to VWF. It is characterized by a lack of platelet aggregation and mild bleeding.

Symptoms of von Willebrand diseases can include easy bruising, petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin), prolonged bleeding from injuries or surgical sites, and joint pain or swelling. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment may include desmopressin, a medication that stimulates the release of VWF, and/or platelet transfusions in severe cases.

In summary, von Willebrand diseases are a group of bleeding disorders caused by deficiencies or abnormalities in the von Willebrand factor. They can result in mild to severe bleeding episodes and may be classified into different types based on their severity and symptoms. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

There are several types of poisoning, including:

1. Acute poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a large amount of a poisonous substance over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of a poisonous substance over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Occupational poisoning: This occurs when a worker is exposed to a poisonous substance in the course of their work. Examples include exposure to pesticides, lead, and mercury.
4. Environmental poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a poisonous substance in their environment, such as through contaminated water or soil.
5. Food poisoning: This occurs when a person eats food that has been contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as bacteria or viruses. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.

Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison and the severity of the exposure. Some common treatments include activated charcoal to absorb the poison, medications to counteract the effects of the poison, and supportive care such as fluids and oxygen. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding poisoning. This includes proper storage and disposal of household chemicals, using protective gear when working with hazardous substances, and avoiding exposure to known poisons such as certain plants and animals. Education and awareness are also important in preventing poisoning, such as understanding the symptoms of poisoning and seeking medical attention immediately if suspected.

There are several different types of leukemia, including:

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.

Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Pseudomonas infections are challenging to treat due to the bacteria's ability to develop resistance against antibiotics. The treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and other supportive therapies, such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to excessive stress, injury, or inflammation, leading to damage to the cell membrane and the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to the formation of gangrene, which is the death of body tissue due to lack of blood supply.

There are several types of necrosis, including:

1. Coagulative necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the tissues, leading to the formation of a firm, white plaque on the surface of the affected area.
2. Liquefactive necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is an infection or inflammation that causes the death of cells and the formation of pus.
3. Caseous necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, and the affected tissue becomes soft and cheese-like.
4. Fat necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is trauma to fatty tissue, leading to the formation of firm, yellowish nodules.
5. Necrotizing fasciitis: This is a severe and life-threatening form of necrosis that affects the skin and underlying tissues, often as a result of bacterial infection.

The diagnosis of necrosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the necrosis and may include antibiotics, surgical debridement, or amputation in severe cases.

Treatment for uremia typically involves dialysis or kidney transplantation to remove excess urea from the blood and restore normal kidney function. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms such as high blood pressure, anemia, or electrolyte imbalances.

The term "uremia" is derived from the Greek words "oura," meaning "urea," and "emia," meaning "in the blood." It was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe a condition caused by excess urea in the blood. Today, it remains an important diagnostic term in nephrology and is often used interchangeably with the term "uremic syndrome."

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

There are several types of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including:

1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): This is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is needed to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in many protein-containing foods. If phenylalanine is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and brain and cause serious health problems.
2. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
3. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
4. Arginase deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid arginine. Arginine is important for the body's production of nitric oxide, a compound that helps to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.
5. Citrullinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
6. Tyrosinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
7. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
8. PKU (phenylketonuria): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
9. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
10. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.

It is important to note that these disorders are rare and affect a small percentage of the population. However, they can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to be aware of them and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The term "Sarcoma 180" was coined by a German surgeon named Otto Kunkel in the early 20th century. He described this type of cancer as a highly malignant tumor that grows slowly but is resistant to treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The exact cause of Sarcoma 180 is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. The disease typically affects middle-aged adults and is more common in men than women.

The symptoms of Sarcoma 180 can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. If left untreated, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body and be fatal.

Treatment for Sarcoma 180 usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In some cases, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary. The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%.

In summary, Sarcoma 180 is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects connective tissue and has a poor prognosis. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of this condition and its symptoms in order to provide proper diagnosis and treatment.

The most common form of xanthomatosis is called familial hypercholesterolemia, which is caused by a deficiency of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the body. This results in high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood, which can lead to the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the skin, eyes, and other tissues.

Other forms of xanthomatosis include:

* Familial apo A-1 deficiency: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1), a protein that plays a critical role in the transportation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood.
* familial hyperlipidemia: This is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
* Chylomicronemia: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the blood.

The symptoms of xanthomatosis vary depending on the specific form of the condition and the organs affected. They may include:

* Yellowish deposits (xanthomas) on the skin, particularly on the elbows, knees, and buttocks
* Deposits in the eyes (corneal arcus)
* Fatty liver disease
* High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss

Treatment for xanthomatosis typically involves managing the underlying genetic disorder, which may involve dietary changes, medication, or other therapies. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue.

In summary, xanthomatosis is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by deposits of lipids in the skin and other organs. The symptoms and treatment vary depending on the specific form of the condition.

"Separation of Newly-Synthesized RNA by Organomercurial Agarose Affinity Chromatography". J. Biochem. 81 (5): 1247-1252. PMID ... For example, organomercurial agarose gel or gel beads are used to isolate thiolated compounds (such as thiouridine) in a ... This mode of action makes them useful for affinity chromatography to separate thiol-containing compounds from complex mixtures ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organomercury

"Characterization of proteins and other macromolecules by agarose gel chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A. 152 (1): 21- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_serum_albumin

The chromatography column is packed with fine, porous beads which are commonly composed of dextran, agarose, or polyacrylamide ... Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which ... the technique is known as gel-filtration chromatography, versus the name gel permeation chromatography, which is used when an ... With size exclusion chromatography, there are short and well-defined separation times and narrow bands, which lead to good ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography

Professor Ackers invented agarose gel chromatography when he was a teenager. He went on the develop analytical gel ... chromatography methods for determinations of many important characteristics of water-soluble proteins; diffusion coefficient, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ackers

"Purification of a sialyltransferase from bovine colostrum by affinity chromatography on CDP-agarose". J. Biol. Chem. 252 (7): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-galactoside_alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase

Some common carbohydrate molecules that is used in lectin affinity chromatography are Con A-Sepharose and WGA-agarose. Another ... Lectin affinity chromatography is a form of affinity chromatography where lectins are used to separate components within the ... coli β-galactosidase is accomplished by affinity chromatography using p-aminobenyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranosyl agarose as the ... Weak affinity chromatography (WAC) is an affinity chromatography technique for affinity screening in drug development. WAC is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_chromatography

On agarose as supporting matrix, it was seen to purify cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Brown MX-5BR or Reactive Brown 10 ... Dye-ligand affinity chromatography is one of the Affinity chromatography techniques used for protein purification of a complex ... Like general chromatography, but using dyes to apply on a support matrix of a column as the stationary phase that will allow a ... It can carry out in a conventional way by using as a packed column, or in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-ligand_affinity_chromatography

... carboxymethylaspartate crosslinked agarose". Journal of Chromatography A. 864 (2): 247-256. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01008-0. ... Various carriers such as Ni - NTA agarose (nickel - nitrilotriacetic acid) are on the market. It is packed in a column and used ... reported in 1987 the coupling of the NTA ligand and Nickel-ions to agarose beads. The resin is then washed with phosphate ... This is the immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography announced in 1975. Subsequent studies have revealed that among amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhistidine-tag

... by affinity chromatography on agarose-linked egg-yolk lipoprotein". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithinase_C

This Ni-NTA Agarose is the most used tool to purify his tagged proteins via affinity chromatography. NTA complexes Three views ... 1987 coupled the NTA ligand and Nickel-ions to agarose beads. ... Journal of Chromatography A. 411: 177-184. doi:10.1016/s0021- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrilotriacetic_acid

They were immobilized on an agarose matrix and the columns had a high degree of selectivity. In addition to this, antibodies ... Journal of Chromatography A, 1441, 44-51. Béhar, G., Pacheco, S., Maillasson, M., Mouratou, B., & Pecorari, F. (2014). ... Journal of Chromatography A. 1441: 44-51. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.068. PMID 26952369. Béhar, G., Renodon-Cornière, A., ... specifically in affinity chromatography. The ability of Affitins to selectively bind antigens is used to target specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affitin

Agarose gel based medium contain large pores as well but their substitution ability is lower in comparison to dextrans. The ... This type of chromatography is further subdivided into cation exchange chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. ... or in chromatography columns. Thin layer chromatography or column chromatography share similarities in that they both act ... Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography

... is often used to immobilize proteins by coupling them to reagents such as agarose for affinity chromatography ... These groups are reacted with primary amines in order to couple the protein onto the agarose matrix, as shown in the figure. ... Cyanogen bromide is also often used because it reacts with the hydroxyl groups on agarose to form cyanate esters and ... Also, cyanogen bromide activation involves the attachment of a ligand to agarose by an isourea bond, which is positively ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen_bromide

... dextran covalently linked to agarose). For affinity chromatography, beaded agarose is the most commonly used matrix resin for ... and low EEO agarose is therefore generally preferred for use in agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids. Zero EEO agaroses ... Agarose is a useful material for chromatography because it does not absorb biomolecules to any significant extent, has good ... Examples of agarose-based matrix for gel filtration chromatography are Sepharose and WorkBeads 40 SEC (cross-linked beaded ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarose

The agarose was chosen as the gel matrix because it has large pores allowing free passage and separation of proteins but ... Some variants of affinity immunoelectrophoresis are similar to affinity chromatography by use of immobilized ligands. The open ... Agarose as 1% gel slabs of about 1 mm thickness buffered at high pH (around 8.6) is traditionally preferred for electrophoresis ... It is made up of an agarose gel, just like the others. Furthermore, in this procedure, the materials are placed into round ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoelectrophoresis

The stationary phase is a resin composed of beads, usually of cross-linked agarose, packed into a cylindrical glass or plastic ... Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is also known as gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or gel filtration chromatography and ... Affinity chromatography Aqueous normal-phase chromatography Binding selectivity Chiral analysis Chromatofocusing Chromatography ... paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high-performance liquid chromatography. Since then, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography

The stationary phase is a resin composed of beads, usually of cross-linked agarose, packed into a cylindrical glass or plastic ... Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures ... "CHROMATOGRAPHY , High-performance Liquid Chromatography", in Caballero B, Polo MC (eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and ... "Usefulness of fast protein liquid chromatography as an alternative to high performance liquid chromatography of 99mTc-labelled ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_protein_liquid_chromatography

It is used in SDS-PAGE, agarose gel electrophoresis and histologic staining, e.g. staining of growth lines in bones. Green, M. ... Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 820 (1): 131-5. doi:10.1016/j. ... Volpi, N.; MacCari, F. (2002). "Detection of submicrogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans on agarose gels by sequential ... "Simultaneous detection of submicrogram quantities of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate on agarose-gel by sequential staining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stains-all

... /agarose, combined with some form of activation chemistry, is also used to immobilize enzymes, antibodies and other ... Gel permeation chromatography Ahmed, Hafiz (2004). Principles and Reactions of Protein Extraction, Purification, and ... Its brand name is a portmanteau derived from Separation-Pharmacia-Agarose. A common application for the material is in ... Sepharose is a tradename for a crosslinked, beaded-form of agarose, a polysaccharide polymer material extracted from seaweed. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepharose

Another method of separation uses a sequence of freezing, thawing, and compression of SWNTs embedded in agarose gel. This ... Moreover, SWNTs can be separated by the column chromatography method. Yield is 95% in semiconductor type SWNT and 90% in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesis_of_carbon_nanotubes

Using a low voltage (~10 V/cm) to minimize the risk for heat damage, electricity is run across an agarose gel. This technique ... Some of the methods are similar to affinity chromatography by use of immobilized ligands. Currently, there is ongoing research ... This method differs from the traditional agarose gel electrophoresis by utilizing a higher voltage to facilitate a shorter run ... A type of electrophoretic mobility shift assay (AMSA), agarose gel electrophoresis is used to separate protein-bound amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_electrophoresis

... making it more suitable for analytical techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, and chromatography. It is used in ... In gel electrophoresis, a sample of DNA is first "loaded" onto a slab of agarose gel (literally pipetted into small wells at ... Agarose gel electrophoresis DNA sequencing Genetic fingerprinting PCR Restriction fragment length polymorphism Hartl, Daniel L ... After restriction digest, DNA can then be analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_digest

The ability of lactoferrin to bind DNA is used for its isolation and purification using affinity chromatography with columns ... containing immobilized DNA-containing sorbents, such as agarose with the immobilized single-stranded DNA. Lactoferrin's primary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin

... methylpropane sulfonic acid Agarose gel electrophoresis Food rheology Gel electrophoresis Gel filtration chromatography Gel ... pack Gel permeation chromatography Hydrocolloid Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion Paste (rheology) Polyacrylamide gel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel

... chromatography, affinity MeSH E05.196.181.400.250 - chromatography, gel MeSH E05.196.181.400.250.200 - chromatography, agarose ... chromatography, ion exchange MeSH E05.196.181.400.383.349 - chromatography, deae-cellulose MeSH E05.196.181.400.454 - ... chromatography, thin layer MeSH E05.196.181.400.555 - countercurrent distribution MeSH E05.196.181.500 - chromatography, ... chromatography, gas MeSH E05.196.181.349.390 - flame ionization MeSH E05.196.181.349.500 - mass fragmentography MeSH E05.196. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(E05)

... dextran sulfate-agarose chromatography, gel filtration on ACA-44, and DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. The structure (primary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_C_inhibitor

... and an efficient separation with DEAE-C chromatography requires a specific, narrow pH range. Cellulose, dextran, agarose, and ... Size-exclusion chromatography Stationary phase Rousseau, Ronald W.; Ferrell, James K.; Reardon, Robert F. (1984-06-01). " ... DEAE-Sepharose, DEAE-650 and DEAE-Sephadex are commonly used in chromatography. DEAE-C is a weak anion exchanger. This exchange ... To ensure that the resin is protonated and positively charged, the chromatography should be performed at least 2 pH units below ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylaminoethyl_cellulose

... agarose gel and are often used based on different separation requirements. The column used for GPC is filled with a microporous ... Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a type of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), that separates analytes on the basis of ... Gel permeation chromatography is conducted almost exclusively in chromatography columns. The experimental design is not much ... Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has become the most widely used technique for analyzing polymer samples in order to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatography

Continuous chromatography, more precisely periodic counter-current chromatography, enormously increases the productivity of the ... It is also widely utilized coupled to magnetic, latex and agarose beads. Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support ... Affinity Chromatography (PDF). Vol. 1: Antibodies (AF ed.). GE Healthcare. 2016. p. 48. "A Pathogen's Swiss Army Knife". Small ... Albeit the long history of protein A chromatography for the production of antibodies, the process is still being improved today ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A

Agarose-based media for high-resolution gel filtration of biopolymers. J. Chromatogr. 326, 33 (1985). Dubin PL, Principi JM ( ... Lee SC, Whitaker JR (August 2004). "Are molecular weights of proteins determined by superose 12 column chromatography correct ... The material inside the column is agarose based, meaning that it consists of sugars that are crosslinked to form a gel-like ... v t e v t e (Chromatography, Biochemistry, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs, Chemistry stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superose

Smith SM (2011). "Strategies for the purification of membrane proteins". Protein Chromatography. Methods in Molecular Biology. ... such as agarose resin. The immobilized protein complex can be accomplished either in a single step or successively. IP can also ... Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 829 (1-2): 1-25. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_binding_assay

These hybrid gene fragments are separated using either restriction enzyme digestion or PCR with terminus primers via agarose ... the population in favor of the higher order oligomerization state in solution as shown by both size exclusion chromatography ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering

... usually made of agarose or cellulose acetate) and subjected to an electrical field, most commonly in an alkaline medium. ... and high-performance liquid chromatography. Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012). Laboratory Hematology Practice (1 ed.). John ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_electrophoresis

Chromatography tags are used to alter chromatographic properties of the protein to afford different resolution across a ... a protein which binds to lactose agarose or Sepharose HiBiT-tag was developed by Scientists at Promega. It is an 11-amino-acid ... a protein which binds to amylose agarose Nus-tag Thioredoxin-tag Fc-tag, derived from immunoglobulin Fc domain, allow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_tag

... agarose was used as an appropriate substrate for first time used in IR-MALDESI. IR-MALDESI has shown the ability to measure ... analysis of the dye from the fabric was successfully performed using IR-MALDESI without prior separation by chromatography. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption_electrospray_ionization

After expression, the Fc proteins were purified using a protein A/G agarose column. The conversion in CHO cells of cystein to ... 3B). The conjugation was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) and lectin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde_tag

Using chromatography, Stark was able to detect a change in the amino acid sequence of ribonuclease, specifically the loss of ... Alwine, J. C.; Kemp, D. J.; Stark, G. R. (1977-12-01). "Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to ... Upon further chromatography analysis and acid hydrolysis of the modified proteins, Stark came to the conclusion that cyanate ... They were then able to use gel electrophoresis and cellulose chromatography paper to isolate mRNA molecules, and then probe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stark

Purified nanoCLAMPs containing a single C-terminal cysteine can be easily conjugated to halo-acetyl activated agarose resins ... Thompson NE, Aronson DB, Burgess RR (1990). "Purification of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II by immunoaffinity chromatography. ... Thompson NE, Jensen DB, Lamberski JA, Burgess RR (2006). "Purification of protein complexes by immunoaffinity chromatography: ... Burgess RR, Watson JD (June 2017). "Gentle antibody-mimetic affinity chromatography with polyol-responsive nanoCLAMPs". Protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NanoCLAMP

Eukaryotic mRNA can then be isolated through the use of oligo (dT) cellulose chromatography to isolate only those RNAs with a ... The RNA samples are most commonly separated on agarose gels containing formaldehyde as a denaturing agent for the RNA to limit ... Alwine JC, Kemp DJ, Stark GR (1977). "Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_blot

This process consists of using fungal spores coated with agarose in a pellet form. This pellet is introduced to a substrate in ... Journal of Chromatography B. 907: 168-72. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.010. PMID 23022115. the basidiomycete Bjerkandera ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoremediation

... size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography. Proteins can also be separated by size in a tangential flow ... For electrophoretic separation of larger protein complexes, agarose gel electrophoresis can be used, e.g. the SDD-AGE. Some ... Single proteins can be isolated from a mixture by affinity chromatography or by a pull-down assay. Some historically early and ... for example affinity chromatography (or even tandem affinity purification), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDS-PAGE

agarose gel electrophoresis). Proteins migrate in it more or less on the basis of their free mobility. For these reasons ... Hjertén S (1963). ""Molecular-sieve" electrophoresis in cross-linked polyacrylamide gels". Journal of Chromatography A. 11: 66- ... Journal of Chromatography. 585 (1): 153-9. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(91)85069-r. PMID 1666109. Weber G, Messerschmidt J, von Bohlen ... "Improved separation of palladium species in biological matrices by using a combination of gel permeation chromatography and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPNC-PAGE

When the approximate size of the protein is known, the original sample can be run on a chromatography machine to separate it by ... Individual samples can be loaded in to the agarose or polyacrylamide gel (usually an SDS-PAGE) in order to analyze multiple ... Southern blot Western blot Northern blot Southwestern blot Eastern blot Gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE Chromatography ... once the molecular weight is known it allows for further research or purification through other methods like chromatography. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_blot

Journal of Chromatography A. 1079 (1-2): 24-40. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.018. PMID 16038288. "Southern Blotting , ... to create millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence that could be used for transformation or manipulated using agarose gel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics

1984) Middle-eastern blotting has been described as a blot of polyA RNA (resolved by agarose) which is then immobilized. The ... Ishikawa & Taki; Taki, T (2000). Thin-layer chromatography blotting using polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Far eastern ... 1984). "Glycosphingolipid-blotting: an immunological detection procedure after separation by thin layer chromatography". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_blot

... factor Xa was removed by Xarrest Agarose (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA); sGP(1,2) was purified further by S-200 size ... exclusion chromatography, concentrated, and stored frozen. These sGP(1,2)s were coupled to carboxylated beads (Bio-Rad). ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/1/17-0401

A serine protease was purified from poultry organic dust by benzamidine-agarose affinity chromatography. Mass spectrometry and ... Organic dusts; Lung; Respiratory diseases; Poultry; Chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Cytokines; Immune reaction; Agricultural ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=agricultur%2A+or+farm%2A&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=3&RecNo=25&View=f&

Another point of investigation is the immobilization of ligands to a support, such as agarose or cellulose beads. How efficient ... Figure 1. Äkta Purifier chromatography system A more fundamental approach to the separation process involves the use of ... For these experiments the ligand is immobilized onto commercially available agarose beads. The packed bed experiments are ... selectively capture a target component from a mixture is the use of protein-based affinity ligands in affinity chromatography. ...

https://www.wur.nl/en/research-results/chair-groups/agrotechnology-and-food-sciences/food-sciences-technology/food-process-engineering/research/current-projects/show/separation-and-isolation-of-minor-components-seismic.htm

Affinity Chromatography (250) *Agarose Beads (142). *Acrylamide Beads (5). *Agarose Single Column Kits (87) ...

http://eylabs.com/product-tag/gp-2402-30/

The antibody to rabbit IgG was isolated by affinity chromatography using antigen coupled to agarose beads. ... Agarose Alexa Fluor® 405 Alexa Fluor® 488 Alexa Fluor® 555 Alexa Fluor® 568 Alexa Fluor® 594 Alexa Fluor® 647 Alexa Fluor® 680 ...

https://www.abcam.com/products/secondary-antibodies/goat-rabbit-igg-hl-alexa-fluor-750-preadsorbed-ab175733.html

Low-pressure process chromatography could not have developed without immense efforts to resolve scale-up issues in both column ... Most separations are performed on beaded agarose and agarose-polymer matrices because the agarose does not generally interfere ... A plethora of adsorbent alternatives for chromatography was developed, mostly based on dextran and agarose, but also using ... 8. Hjertén S. The preparation of agarose spheres for the chromatography of molecules and particles. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1964; ...

https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/process-chromatography-five-decades-innovation

Affinity chromatography on turkey IgY covalently linked to agarose Conjugate. HRP (Horseradish Peroxidase) ...

https://www.southernbiotech.com/goat-anti-turkey-igy-h-l-hrp-6110-05

Purity: The antibody was purified from antisera by immunoaffinity chromatography using antigens coupled to agarose beads. ... Whole IgG antibodies are isolated as intact molecules from antisera by immunoaffinity chromatography. They have an Fc portion ...

https://www.jacksonimmuno.com/catalog/products/115-115-206

The supernatant was added to 3 ml of Anti-flag M2 Affinity Agarose Gel (Sigma) pre-washed in Buffer A and rotated for 2 h. ... Using fast protein liquid chromatography, RAD52 protein was eluted by a gradient of 0-2.5 M of NaSCN in T buffer. Fractions ... The eluate was subjected to size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex 200 column in Buffer B. Fractions containing CSB dimer ... Protein G agarose beads were added for an additional 2 h. Antibody-DNA complexes were immunoprecipitated and washed three times ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06586-3?error=cookies_not_supported&code=ccdde434-4c8c-4177-b070-b5e68a7ef705

Bead Structure: 6% highly cross-linked agarose. Applications. *Suitable for immunoaffinity chromatography and ... Mouse IgG Agarose is suitable for immunoprecipitation and Immunoaffinity purifications. Click here to request bulk or custom ... Immobilized Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) is prepared by covalently linking WGA to the 6% cross-linked agarose. Immobilized Wheat ... Immobilized Catalase is prepared by covalent coupling of catalase enzyme to 6% cross-linked agarose beads. Immobilized Catalase ...

https://www.gbiosciences.com/Protein-Research/Immobilized-Protein-A

The reaction product was purified by exclusion chromatography on CentriSep columns (Princeton Separations, Adelphia, NJ, USA). ... agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplicons of the appropriate sizes were subsequently excised from the gel and purified with a ...

https://www.emro.who.int/fr/emhj-volume-22-2016/volume-22-issue-7/molecular-epidemiology-and-evolution-of-ah1n1pdm09-and-h3n2-viruses-in-jordan-20112013.html

Recombinant proteins were purified using affinity chromatography either on Ni-NTA or protein A/G agarose. ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/76/10/3003/608579/Enfortumab-Vedotin-Antibody-Drug-Conjugate

... the dextran and agarose components of size exclusion chromatography resins contain residual amounts of ionic groups; proteins ... Size exclusion chromatography should separate proteins only according to their hydrodynamic radius (size). However, ... and hydrophobic properties on Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL prepacked chromatography column. ...

https://www.drugdiscoveryonline.com/doc/how-buffer-ph-and-nacl-affect-size-exclusion-chromatography-0001

This protocol describes how to use Anti-c-Myc Agarose Affinity Gel, a resin conjugated to mouse anti-c-myc monoclonal antibody ... The binding capacity is greater than 0.5mg per ml of c-myc agarose resin.. Reagent Anti-c-Myc Agarose Affinity Gel is supplied ... Transfer an appropriate aliquot of gel slurry into a clean chromatography column and allow the gel bed to drain by gravity. Do ... Storage/Stability Anti-c-Myc Agarose Affinity Gel should be stored between 2°C and 8°C for maximum stability. The unopened ...

https://www.biolegend.com/de-at/protocols/anti-c-myc-tag-9e10-affinity-gel-protocol

Each of the other five complexes has been purified by subunit exchange chromatography using Go alpha-agarose as the ...

https://authors.library.caltech.edu/12777/

Chromatography, Agarose Entry term(s). Agarose Chromatographies Agarose Chromatography Chromatographies, Agarose ... Agarose Chromatographies. Agarose Chromatography. Chromatographies, Agarose. Chromatographies, Sepharose. Chromatography, ... Chromatography, Agarose - Preferred Concept UI. M0004374. Scope note. A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, ... A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=2896

Peptide affinity chromatography demonstrated that soybean lipoxygenase V specifically bound to synthetic peptides E5b and P1 ... immobilized to agarose. Spectrophotometric assays with linoleic acid showed that both E5b and P1 inhibited the LOX activity in ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/festival13/poster-MOLBIO-24.html

The antibody was purified from antisera by immunoaffinity chromatography using antigens coupled to agarose beads.. ...

https://ptglab.com/products/Fluorescein-FITC-conjugated-Affinipure-Goat-Anti-Mouse-IgG-H-L-secondary-antibody.htm

Praesto chromatography resins contain the only uniform agarose beads on the market. This gives Praesto resins unique ... Other agarose manufacturing technologies require a screening step to filter out beads that are too large or too small to be ... Purolite is the leading the way in improving the security of supply of agarose-based resins as the first supplier to commission ... Agarose Altamente reticolato Caustic Resistant Protein-A-resin, Specifically designed for eluting Fc-containing molecules at ...

https://www.purolite.com/it/index/bioprocessing/jetting-technology

... hydroxylapatite agarose, zinc chelate matrix, Mono Q-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Superose 12 (gel ... We have developed a simple immunoaffinity chromatography procedure for the purification of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI ... followed by wheat germ lectin-Sepharose and Mono Q-fast protein liquid chromatography. The latter method provides a simple ... Q Sepharose anion-exchange chromatography, S-300 gel filtration, wheat germ lectin-Sepharose, ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=Int_alpha&START=545&END=600&E_VALUE=5.34e-14&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=QDSRFGFAMAALPDLNHDGFTDVAVGAPLEDGHRGALYLYHGTQTGIRPHPTQRIA

A serine protease was purified from poultry organic dust by benzamidine-agarose affinity chromatography. Mass spectrometry and ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/?lang=pt&q=au:Keshava,+Shiva

using chromatography on columns consisting of omega-aminohexyl-agarose and 5-AMP-Sepharose 4B. Homo sapiens. ...

https://brenda-enzymes.info/literature.php?e=1.2.1.48&r=390324

Typically, a GC column consists of a column filled with beads that have been cross-linked agarose. The stationary phase is ... The global chromatography market was valued at US$ 9,701.6 Mn in 2019 and is expected to surpass US$ 13,465.2 Mn by the end of ... The process of chromatography is based on the concept of capillary action. This action carries the mixture up a cloth or paper ... Chromatography uses a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mobile phase and the stationary part of the column interact with ...

https://www.buzrush.com/chromatography-a-laboratory-processto-separate-mixtures-in-several-components/

SMART Chromatography™ - Ion Exchange Chromatography . emp BIOTECH GmbH ... SMART Chromatography™ Q SMART Chromatography™ column packed with Strong Anion Exchange Agarose Resin. Specifically designed for ... SMART Chromatography™ CM SMART Chromatography™ column packed with Weak Cation Exchange Agarose Resin. Specifically designed for ... SMART Chromatography™ DEAE Boost SMART Chromatography™ column packed with Weak Anion Exchange Agarose Resin. Specifically ...

https://www.empbiotech.com/en/Biochromatography/Agarose-Zetarose-ZetaCell/SMART-Chromatography/Ion-Exchange-Chromatography/

It is a popular ligand for dye-ligand affinity chromatography. BioVisions Cibacron Blue-Agarose beads are prepared by covalent ... Hi-Bind™ Cibacron Blue-Agarose Beads Biovision Hi-Bind™ Cibacron Blue-Agarose Beads. (No reviews yet) Write a Review Write a ... Sort Name: Hi-Bind™ Cibacron Blue-Agarose Beads. Taglines: High binding beads for removal of albumin and numerous other ... BINDING CAPACITY: The binding capacity of the Hi-Bind™ Cibacron Blue 3G-A-Agarose beads is >18 mg of Human Serum Albumin per ml ...

https://transcriptionfactor.org/biovision-recombinant-proteins/hi-bind/hi-bind-cibacron-blue-agarose-beads/

Peters, T., Taniuchi, H. and Anfinsen, C.B.: Affinity chromatography of serum albumin with fatty acids immobilized on agarose. ... Anfinsen, C.B.: The use of affinity chromatography in the study of protein fo1ding, in Affinity Chromatography and Biological ... Uses affinity chromatography techniques to identify amino acid sequence in enzymes. 1972. Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry with ... Katz, A.M., Dreyer, W.J. and Anfinsen, C.B.: Peptide separation by two-dimensional chromatography and electrophoresis. J. Biol ...

https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/4/resources/928

https://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/anfinsen

Soluble protein was extracted and purified by affinity chromatography on a glutathione-agarose column. Protein concentrations ... p53 was isolated from E. coli cells transformed with p3113 GST-p53 using a glutathione-agarose column. Proteins were separated ... and p53 proteins were isolated by column chromatography of lysates from either E. coli (p53) or COS7 cells. Samples of these ...

https://openvirologyjournal.com/VOLUME/7/PAGE/1/

Next, the RT domain protein was solubilized using urea and purified by Ni-agarose chromatography. After purification the ... Although, the protein was expressed in significant amount, it was not purified in homogeneity both in Ni-agarose, as well as in ... gel filtration chromatography. Simultaneously, antibody against RRM domain (30 kDa) of ORF1p was being tried in the laboratory ...

http://shodhbhagirathi.iitr.ac.in:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/14929

The antibody to rabbit IgG was isolated by affinity chromatography using antigen coupled to agarose beads. (abcam.com)
The antibody was purified from antisera by immunoaffinity chromatography using antigens coupled to agarose beads. (jacksonimmuno.com)
This product was prepared from monospecific antiserum by immunoaffinity chromatography using Human IgG coupled to agarose beads followed by solid phase adsorption(s) to remove any unwanted reactivities. (novusbio.com)

15. Affinity chromatography of rat alpha-fetoprotein on estradiol-agarose columns. (nih.gov)
20. [Affinity chromatography of mouse and rat alpha-fetoproteins on immobilized diethylstilbestrol]. (nih.gov)
One method to selectively capture a target component from a mixture is the use of protein-based affinity ligands in affinity chromatography. (wur.nl)
A serine protease was purified from poultry organic dust by benzamidine-agarose affinity chromatography. (cdc.gov)
Cost restrictions kept affinity chromatography in the laboratory until the production of MAbs made efficient immunoaffinity indispensable in high purity coagulation factor production in the 1980s. (biopharminternational.com)
Axén's 9 introduction of cyanogen bromide activation in 1967 allowed the development of affinity chromatography, the invention of which was attributed to Cuatrecasas et al. (biopharminternational.com)
Product Description Anti-c-Myc Tag (9E10) Affinity Gel consists of anti-c-myc monoclonal antibody (clone 9E10), covalently immobilized onto 6% high density glyoxal agarose beads. (biolegend.com)
Reagent Anti-c-Myc Agarose Affinity Gel is supplied as a 50% suspension in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2, containing 0.09% sodium azide. (biolegend.com)
Storage/Stability Anti-c-Myc Agarose Affinity Gel should be stored between 2°C and 8°C for maximum stability. (biolegend.com)
Thoroughly suspend the resin by gentle inversion until the Anti-c-Myc-Agarose Affinity Gel is a uniform suspension of gel beads. (biolegend.com)
Peptide affinity chromatography demonstrated that soybean lipoxygenase V specifically bound to synthetic peptides E5b and P1 immobilized to agarose. (nih.gov)
BiP was purified by affinity chromatography on ATP-agarose, and both endoplasmin and calreticulin were purified by affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose. (kent.ac.uk)

For these experiments the ligand is immobilized onto commercially available agarose beads. (wur.nl)
Another point of investigation is the immobilization of ligands to a support, such as agarose or cellulose beads. (wur.nl)
Other agarose manufacturing technologies require a screening step to filter out beads that are too large or too small to be used in process. (purolite.com)
Praesto chromatography resins contain the only uniform agarose beads on the market. (purolite.com)
Typically, a GC column consists of a column filled with beads that have been cross-linked agarose. (buzrush.com)
400 µg protein yield) underwent phosphopeptide enrichment using magnetic Fe 3+ NTA agarose beads before being TMT labeled and fractionated by capillary liquid chromatography (LC). (nih.gov)

Whole IgG antibodies are isolated as intact molecules from antisera by immunoaffinity chromatography. (jacksonimmuno.com)
Mouse IgG Agarose is suitable for immunoprecipitation and Immunoaffinity purifications. (gbiosciences.com)
Factor IX Strasbourg 2 was purified from plasma by DEAE Sepharose chromatography and immunoaffinity and relative to normal factor IX, binding of calcium to the mutant protein was clearly reduced in calcium lactate agarose gel. (nih.gov)

Immobilized Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) is prepared by covalently linking WGA to the 6% cross-linked agarose. (gbiosciences.com)

The TOP antigen was solubilized and purified by antibody-agarose column chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS}-polyacrylamide gel elec- trophoresis. (nih.gov)

The process of chromatography is based on the concept of capillary action. (buzrush.com)

Each of the other five complexes has been purified by subunit exchange chromatography using Go alpha-agarose as the chromatographic matrix. (caltech.edu)

Binding Specificity Mouse monoclonal antibody 9E10 recognizes the c-myc epitope N-EQKLSEEDL-C and is purified through Protein G chromatography. (biolegend.com)

The introduction of cellulose ion exchangers by Peterson and Sobers in 1956,5 cross-linked dextrans (Sephadex) by Porath and Flodin in 1959,6 and polyacrylamide (1961) and agarose (1964) by Hjertén,7-8 initiated a revolution in protein chromatography. (biopharminternational.com)
The formation of suprafiber makes agarose gels sturdy even at low gel concentration, making agarose gel easy to handle, compared to starch or polyacrylamide gels [5,6] . (conductscience.com)

Here, the effect of buffer conditions was studied on proteins with acidic, basic, and hydrophobic properties on Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL prepacked chromatography column. (drugdiscoveryonline.com)
Agarose powder can be dissolved in an electrophoresis running buffer and heated. (conductscience.com)

A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million. (nih.gov)
The structure of agarose gel is developed during gelation, which influences the gel properties and the subsequent electrophoretic separation. (conductscience.com)
In other words, gels with high agarose in their composition are more suitable for the electrophoretic separation of molecules possessing small molecular weight than gels with low agarose content, and vice versa . (conductscience.com)
Chromatography is a laboratory separation technique that is used to study different mixtures. (buzrush.com)
Chromatography uses the separation principle to analyze the components of mixtures. (buzrush.com)
Chromatography varies by the type of separation method used. (buzrush.com)

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a type of gel electrophoresis that uses agarose, a natural polysaccharide isolated from red seaweed agar, as a matrix to separate molecules or components based on their size. (conductscience.com)

An analytical method using size exclusion chromatography was scaled up for insulin production in the 1970s, when ion exchange became a viable technology for the same application. (biopharminternational.com)
It is perhaps the inherent simplicity of the method which has made chromatography not just an analytical tool par excellence but the central enabling technology in all biopharmaceutical downstream processing. (biopharminternational.com)

The first supports, generally referred to as 'gels,' were largely unsuitable for use in process chromatography: one gram of dry Sephadex G-100 adsorbs 100 mL of water and has therefore only 1% dry substance and 6% agarose media and 94% water. (biopharminternational.com)
For a horizontal gel system , agarose gels are cast in a casting tray, and the sample application wells are simultaneously molded at the top of the gel using a comb. (conductscience.com)

Chromatography is a great way to differentiate different plant pigments. (buzrush.com)

[3,6] The presence of these substitution groups and their composition determine the purity of the agarose, which also influences its melting and gelling temperature. (conductscience.com)

The capacity for production of migration inhibitory factor was assessed by the agarose droplet cell migration inhibition assay, using peritoneal exudate cells and a CVB3(m) cell lysate or KCl extracted antigens from heart tissues of CVB3(m)-inoculated mice. (nih.gov)

The process of chromatography is a combination of a liquid and a solid. (buzrush.com)
In the case of a food product, liquid-column chromatography uses a thin-film adsorbent film. (buzrush.com)

Then load sample mixture onto a clean chromatography column, allow the resin to settle and drain by gravity. (biolegend.com)

Size exclusion chromatography should separate proteins only according to their hydrodynamic radius (size). (drugdiscoveryonline.com)

Low-pressure process chromatography could not have developed without immense efforts to resolve scale-up issues in both column design and matrix stability. (biopharminternational.com)
Transfer an appropriate aliquot of gel slurry into a clean chromatography column and allow the gel bed to drain by gravity. (biolegend.com)
FPLC is more sensitive than conventional column chromatography. (buzrush.com)

Process chromatography was first applied to the removal of low molecular weight solutes from whey by gel filtration about 50 years ago. (biopharminternational.com)
The pores of the suprafibers contribute to the molecular sieving influence, which is dependent on the concentration of agarose. (conductscience.com)
The higher the agarose concentration, the smaller is the pore, and the finer is the molecular sieve. (conductscience.com)

This article explores the development of process chromatography. (biopharminternational.com)
Process chromatography stands at the threshold of industrialization. (biopharminternational.com)

PDI was purified by anionic ion exchange chromatography. (kent.ac.uk)

Agarose is a type of natural polysaccharide isolated from red seaweed that is used to make a gel. (conductscience.com)

This is one of the most time-consuming steps in agarose resin production. (purolite.com)

The packed bed experiments are performed using an Äkta Purifier chromatography system (GE Healthcare, Figure 1). (wur.nl)
For a vertical gel system, however, the heated agarose gel solution is poured in the space of a gel cassette, consisting of two glass plates clamped together with a spacer in between. (conductscience.com)

Purolite is the leading the way in improving the security of supply of agarose-based resins as the first supplier to commission production facilities on multiple continents. (purolite.com)

All Praesto ® chromatography resins are manufactured using our patented Jetting technology. (purolite.com)

Following Tswett's experimentation with various adsorbents and mobile phases, researchers in the 1950s investigated protein chromatography on new matrices. (biopharminternational.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms10

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment78

Phenomena and Processes53

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science4

Health Care6

Globular domains of agrin are functional units that collaborate to induce acetylcholine receptor clustering. (1/422)

Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccines: preparation, properties, and immunogenicity. (2/422)

Isolation and characterization of linear polylactosamines containing one and two site-specifically positioned Lewis x determinants: WGA agarose chromatography in fractionation of mixtures generated by random, partial enzymatic alpha3-fucosylation of pure polylactosamines. (3/422)

IgA interaction with carboxy-terminal 43-kD fragment of fibronectin in IgA nephropathy. (4/422)

Chimeras of human extracellular and intracellular superoxide dismutases. Analysis of structure and function of the individual domains. (5/422)

Both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate human telomerase template RNA levels. (6/422)

Occurrence of P-flavin binding protein in Vibrio fischeri and properties of the protein. (7/422)

Bovine liver phosphoamidase as a protein histidine/lysine phosphatase. (8/422)

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Chromatography, Affinity

Sepharose

Chromatography, Gel

Chromatography

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Chromatography, Gas

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

Chromatography, Liquid

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Chromatography, Agarose

Molecular Weight

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose

Molecular Sequence Data

Kinetics

Mass Spectrometry

Amino Acid Sequence

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Amino Acids

Chromatography, Reverse-Phase

Chromatography, Paper

Isoelectric Focusing

Cattle

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Chemistry

Chemical Phenomena

Substrate Specificity

Escherichia coli

Immunodiffusion

Methods

Electrophoresis

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Base Sequence

Carbohydrates

Immunoelectrophoresis

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Isoelectric Point

DNA

Rabbits

Chemical Fractionation

Polysaccharides

Macromolecular Substances

Protein Binding

Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Drug Stability

Indicators and Reagents

Temperature

Liver

Carbohydrate Sequence

Peptide Fragments

Oligosaccharides

Gels

Recombinant Proteins

Countercurrent Distribution

Trypsin

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary

Solubility

Hydrolysis

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

Cloning, Molecular

Glycoproteins

Chemical Precipitation

Cell Line

Peptides

Plasmids

Ultracentrifugation

Glycoside Hydrolases

Hydroxyapatites

Reference Standards

Cells, Cultured

Isoenzymes

Species Specificity

Reproducibility of Results

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Binding Sites

Swine

Microchemistry

Sensitivity and Specificity