Chromatography, Affinity
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography, Gel
Chromatography
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Chromatography, Gas
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Molecular Sequence Data
Amino Acid Sequence
Protein Binding
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Affinity Labels
Antibody Affinity
Binding Sites
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
Chromatography, Agarose
Binding, Competitive
Mass Spectrometry
Substrate Specificity
Amino Acids
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Cattle
Base Sequence
Chromatography, Reverse-Phase
Escherichia coli
Ligands
Chromatography, Paper
Peptide Fragments
Models, Molecular
Structure-Activity Relationship
Peptides
Rabbits
Protein Conformation
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Chemistry
Chemical Phenomena
Macromolecular Substances
Cloning, Molecular
Carrier Proteins
Carbohydrates
Isoelectric Focusing
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Cell Membrane
Temperature
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Carbohydrate Sequence
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Oligosaccharides
Liver
Solubility
Trypsin
Molecular Structure
Mutation
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
DNA
Radioligand Assay
Isoelectric Point
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Lectins
Chemical Fractionation
Glycoproteins
Stereoisomerism
Indicators and Reagents
Countercurrent Distribution
Receptors, Cell Surface
Cricetinae
Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary
Swine
Circular Dichroism
Immunodiffusion
Cells, Cultured
Isoenzymes
Species Specificity
Rats, Inbred Strains
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Proteins
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Heparin
Radioimmunoassay
CHO Cells
Calcium
Adenosine Triphosphate
Hydroxyapatites
Membrane Proteins
Antibodies
Sequence Alignment
Thermodynamics
Cross-Linking Reagents
Brain Chemistry
Peptide Mapping
Blotting, Western
Magnesium
Biological Assay
Phosphorylation
Glycosylation
Protein Structure, Secondary
Cytosol
Reproducibility of Results
Microchemistry
Dimerization
Oxidation-Reduction
Fatty Acids
Erythrocytes
Tissue Distribution
Chemical Precipitation
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Chickens
Brain
Phospholipids
Spectrophotometry
Reference Standards
Calibration
Plant Lectins
Detergents
Cations, Divalent
Enzyme Stability
Ultracentrifugation
Iodine Radioisotopes
Crystallography, X-Ray
Glycopeptides
Catalysis
Isomerism
DNA-Binding Proteins
Models, Chemical
DNA Primers
Transfection
Peptide Library
Isotope Labeling
Blood Proteins
Enzyme Activation
Antibody Specificity
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Biological Transport
Plasmids
Amino Acid Substitution
Solvents
Chemistry, Physical
Physicochemical Phenomena
Cross Reactions
Electrophoresis
DNA, Complementary
Immunoglobulin G
Chymotrypsin
Endopeptidases
Anion Exchange Resins
Cyanogen Bromide
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
Kidney
Mannose
Limit of Detection
Edetic Acid
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Adsorption
Glycosides
Immunoblotting
Immune Sera
Sensitivity and Specificity
Plant Extracts
Galactose
Zinc
Methanol
Tumor Cells, Cultured
HeLa Cells
Glycolipids
RNA, Messenger
Solid Phase Extraction
Protein Engineering
Durapatite
Models, Biological
Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
Serum Albumin
Isolation and purification of rat mammary tumor peroxidase. (1/9384)
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors often contain high levels of the enzyme perioxidase, a putative marker of estrogen dependence. This enzyme can be effectively extracted with 0.5 M CaCl2, giving rise to a soluble peroxidase with a molecular weight of about 50,000 as determined by gel filtration. This is the same size as the estrogen-induced peroxidase of rat uterus but smaller than other mammalian peroxidases. Further purification of the rat mammary tumor peroxidase by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl Sepharose provides a 640-fold purification of the enzyme. (+info)Involvement of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase in the Pax-6 gene regulation in neuroretina. (2/9384)
The quail Pax-6 gene is expressed from two promoters named P0 and P1. P0 promoter is under the control of a neuroretina-specific enhancer (EP). This enhancer activates the P0 promoter specifically in neuroretina cells and in a developmental stage-dependent manner. The EP enhancer binds efficiently, as revealed by southwestern experiments, to a 110 kDa protein present in neuroretina cells but not in Quail Embryos Cells and Retinal Pigmented Epithelium which do not express the P0-initiated mRNAs. To study the role of p110 in Pax-6 regulation, we have purified the p110 from neuroretina cells extracts. Based on the peptide sequence of the purified protein, we have identified the p110 as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Using bandshift experiments and footprinting studies, we present evidence that PARP is a component of protein complexes bound to the EP enhancer that increases the on rate of the protein complex formation to DNA. Using PARP inhibitors (3AB and 6.5 Hphe), we show that these products are able to inhibit EP enhancer activity in neuroretina cells. Finally, we demonstrate that these inhibitors are able to decrease the expression of the P0-initiated mRNA in the MC29-infected RPE cells which, in contrast to the RPE cells, accumulated the PARP in response to v-myc expression. Our results suggest that PARP is involved in the Pax-6 regulation. (+info)Comparison of the fibrin-binding activities in the N- and C-termini of fibronectin. (3/9384)
Fibronectin (Fn) binds to fibrin in clots by covalent and non-covalent interactions. The N- and C-termini of Fn each contain one non-covalent fibrin-binding site, which are composed of type 1 (F1) structural repeats. We have previously localized the N-terminal site to the fourth and fifth F1 repeats (4F1.5F1). In the current studies, using proteolytic and recombinant proteins representing both the N- and C-terminal fibrin-binding regions, we localized and characterized the C-terminal fibrin-binding site, compared the relative fibrin-binding activities of both sites and determined the contribution of each site to the fibrin-binding activity of intact Fn. By fibrin-affinity chromatography, a protein composed of the 10F1 repeat through to the C-terminus of Fn (10F1-COOH), expressed in COS-1 cells, and 10F1-12F1, produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, displayed fibrin-binding activity. However, since 10F1 and 10F1.11F1 were not active, the presence of 12F1 is required for fibrin binding. A proteolytic fragment of 14.4 kDa, beginning 14 residues N-terminal to 10F1, was isolated from the fibrin-affinity matrix. Radio-iodinated 14.4 kDa fibrin-binding peptide/protein (FBP) demonstrated a dose-dependent and saturable binding to fibrin-coated wells that was both competitively inhibited and reversed by unlabelled 14.4 kDa FBP. Comparison of the fibrin-binding affinities of proteolytic FBPs from the N-terminus (25.9 kDa FBP), the C-terminus (14.4 kDa) and intact Fn by ELISA yielded estimated Kd values of 216, 18 and 2.1 nM, respectively. The higher fibrin-binding affinity of the N-terminus was substantiated by the ability of both a recombinant 4F1.5F1 and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to this site to maximally inhibit biotinylated Fn binding to fibrin by 80%, and by blocking the 90% inhibitory activity of a polyclonal anti-Fn, by absorption with the 25.9 kDa FBP. We propose that whereas the N-terminal site appears to contribute to most of the binding activity of native Fn to fibrin, the specific binding of the C-terminal site may strengthen this interaction. (+info)Purification and characterization of an alpha-galactosyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei. (4/9384)
A membrane-associated galactosyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei was purified 34000-fold by affinity chromatography on UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharosetrade mark. Using SDS/PAGE under reducing conditions, the isolated enzyme ran as a relatively broad band with apparent molecular masses of 53 kDa and 52 kDa, indicative of glycosylation and the existence of two isoforms. N-Glycosylation of the enzyme was subsequently confirmed using Western blotting and either specific binding of concanavalin A or peptide-N4-(N-acetylglucosaminyl)asparagine amidase digestion. The de-N-glycosylated enzyme ran with apparent molecular masses of 51 kDa and 50 kDa, indicative of a single N-glycosylation site. The galactosyltransferase exhibited a pH optimum at 7.2 and had a pronounced requirement for Mn2+ ions (KM=2.5 mM) for its action. The transferase activity was independent of the concentration of Triton X-100. The enzyme was capable of transferring galactose from UDP-galactose to a variety of galactose-based acceptors in alpha-glycosidic linkages. The apparent KM values for UDP-galactose and for the preferred acceptor substrate N-acetyl-lactosamine are 46 microM and 4.5 mM respectively. From these results we would like to suggest that the galactosyltransferase functions in the processing of terminal N-acetyl-lactosamine structures of trypanosomal glycoproteins. (+info)Enrichment of enzyme activity on deformylation of 1-NFK-lysozyme. (5/9384)
The formamide linkage of an inactive lysozyme derivative (1-NFK-lysozyme), formed by selective ozonization of tryptophan 62 in hen egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was hydrolyzed with dilute acid faster in the frozen state at about --10 degrees than at 20 degrees. On hydrolysis of 1-NFK-lysozyme the low lytic activity increased to approximately 80% of that of native lysozyme. It is suggested that the binding ability associated with kynurenine 62 in the lysozyme derivative formed by this hydrolysis may be responsible for increase in enzymatic activity. (+info)Hydrophobic interaction of human, mouse, and rabbit interferons with immobilized hydrocarbons. (6/9384)
Interferons of human, mouse, and rabbit origin bind to straight chain hydrocarbons immobilized on agarose. The hydrophobic nature of binding is established by the following observations: (a) a positive correlation between the length of hydrocarbon ligand and the strength of interaction; (b) a stronger interaction with hydrocarbon ligands terminated with apolar rather than polar head groups; (c) a lack of dependence of binding on ionic strength and pH of the solvent; (d) a reversal of binding by ethylene glycol, a hydrophobic solute; (e) an increasing eluting efficacy of tetraalkylammonium ions with the length of their alkyl substituents. The hydrophobic interactions of human interferon underlie the efficiency of two-step chromatographic procedures. For example, human embryo kidney interferon can be purified about 3,600-fold by sequential chromatography on (a) concanavalin A-agarose, (b) octyl-agarose. Another two-step procedure: (a) concanavalin A-agarose, (b) L-tryptophan-agarose, gives about 10,000-fold purification. The overall recovery of interferon in both cases in close to 90%. (+info)Removal of non-specific serum inhibitors of haemagglutination of rubella virus by treatment with dodecylamine-gel. (7/9384)
The suitability of using dodecylamine-gel for removing the serum non-antibody-like inhibitors of haemagglutination by rubella was studied. Compared with kaolin and MnCl2/heparin treatment this new procedure appears to have a higher specificity since it removes the non-antibody-like inhibitors from serum without affecting the immunoglobulin level significantly. The potential application of this procedure in routine serological analysis for rubella virus infection is discussed. (+info)Purification of two dexamethasone-binding proteins from rat-liver cytosol. (8/9384)
Two dexamethasone-binding proteins have been purified from rat liver cytosol. The main purification steps are: precipitation by protamine sulphate, affinity chromatography on CH-Sepharose 4B to which 11-deoxycorticosterone is linked through a disulfide bond and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Two binding components elute from the DEAE-cellulose column at 0.12 M and 0.2 M NaCl, respectively. By means of dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was demonstrated that both components are composed predominantly of a single polypeptide with molecular weights of about 45 000 and 90 000. Antibodies to the two polypeptides have been elicited in rabbits. The antibodies to the 45 000-Mr polypeptide cross react with the 90 000-Mr component. Likewise the antibodies to the 90 000-Mr protein precipitate the 45 000-Mr polypeptide. Either of the two antibody preparations immunoprecipitates the major part (approximately 70%) of the dexamethasone-binding activity of the cytosol. (+info)There are two main types of hemolysis:
1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
Some common causes of hemolysis include:
1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.
Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.
Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.
The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.
Types of experimental neoplasms include:
* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.
The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:
* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area
CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.
Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer
Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.
Neuroblastoma is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development and growth of nerve cells. The cancerous cells are often sensitive to chemotherapy, but they can be difficult to remove surgically because they are deeply embedded in the nervous system.
There are several different types of neuroblastoma, including:
1. Infantile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children under the age of one and is often more aggressive than other types of the cancer.
2. Juvenile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children between the ages of one and five and tends to be less aggressive than infantile neuroblastoma.
3. Adult neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in adults and is rare.
4. Metastatic neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver.
Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Bone pain
* Swelling in the abdomen or neck
* Constipation
* Increased heart rate
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI scans, and biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment for neuroblastoma usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for neuroblastoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the age of the child, and the stage of the disease. In general, the younger the child and the more aggressive the treatment, the better the prognosis.
The most common types of hemoglobinopathies include:
1. Sickle cell disease: This is caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. It results in the production of sickle-shaped red blood cells, which can cause anemia, infections, and other complications.
2. Thalassemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin and can result in anemia, fatigue, and other complications.
3. Hemophilia A: This is caused by a defect in the F8 gene that codes for coagulation factor VIII, which is essential for blood clotting. It can cause bleeding episodes, especially in males.
4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: This is caused by a point mutation in the G6PD gene that codes for an enzyme involved in red blood cell production. It can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in individuals who consume certain foods or medications.
5. Hereditary spherocytosis: This is caused by point mutations in the ANK1 or SPTA1 genes that code for proteins involved in red blood cell membrane structure. It can cause hemolytic anemia and other complications.
Hemoglobinopathies can be diagnosed through genetic testing, such as DNA sequencing or molecular genetic analysis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder but may include blood transfusions, medications, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.
Examples of inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism include:
1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glucose-6-phosphate, a type of sugar. Symptoms can include seizures, developmental delays, and metabolic acidosis.
2. Galactosemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to process galactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Untreated, galactosemia can lead to serious health problems, including liver disease, kidney damage, and cognitive impairment.
3. Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to store and use glycogen, a complex carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles. Symptoms can include low blood sugar, fatigue, and muscle weakness.
4. Pompe disease: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down glycogen. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, breathing problems, and heart problems.
5. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS): These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to break down sugar molecules. Symptoms can include joint stiffness, developmental delays, and heart problems.
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism can be diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may involve a combination of dietary changes, medication, and other therapies.
There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:
1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.
2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.
3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.
4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.
5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.
Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.
Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.
It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.
There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:
1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.
Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.
Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.
Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.
There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.
There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:
* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity
HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss
If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:
* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope
Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer
Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.
There are several types of melanoma, including:
1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.
The risk factors for developing melanoma include:
1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma
The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:
1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole
If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.
In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.
Affinity chromatography
Dye-ligand affinity chromatography
Chromatography
Heparin
Chemoproteomics
Protein A
Polyhistidine-tag
Affimer
KIAA0922
Ion chromatography
Affinity electrophoresis
TMTC4
Modeccin
Type three secretion system
NanoCLAMP
Leukotriene C4 synthase
Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1
Periodic counter-current chromatography
Uridine monophosphate synthase
Downstream processing
Organomercury
C12orf66
Microorganism
Arthur Riggs (geneticist)
Tetrameric protein
Annexin A2
Methylsterol monooxygenase
C2orf80
1,3-alpha-L-fucosidase
Molecular imprinting
RBMX
Pseudolysin
Binding selectivity
Canavalia ensiformis
Phenylpiracetam
Industrial enzymes
Aequorin
Meclonazepam
Angelicin
PIKFYVE
Depyrogenation
Benzodiazepine overdose
Yohimbine
Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin
Ligand binding assay
Metformin
RuBisCO
Epibatidine
Spectrophotometry
ALOX15
KIRREL
Bettie Sue Masters
Arnold Demain
Elution
Metalloid
Stromatoxin
Synthetic cannabinoids
Anti-p40 Antibody from rabbit, purified by affinity chromatography | Sigma-Aldrich
Effect of titer on the development of an affinity chromatography step
Showing you about affinity chromatography - Welch Materials
AptaBind: Enabling Improved Protein Purification with Aptamer-Mediated Affinity Chromatography (AMAC) - Aptamer Group
Multi-lectin Affinity Chromatography and Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveal Differential Glycoform Levels between Prostate...
Separating antibody species containing one and two kappa light chain constant region by KappaSelect affinity chromatography
Simplifying the synthesis of SIgA: Combination of dIgA and rhSC using affinity chromatography<...
Neuronal Pentraxins Mediate Synaptic Refinement in the Developing Visual System | Journal of Neuroscience
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Genetically Encodable Scaffolds for Optimizing Enzyme Function
Purification of unique α subunits of GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) by affinity chromatography with immobilized...
Potential Use for Serosurveillance of Feral Swine to Map Risk for Anthrax Exposure, Texas, USA - Volume 27, Number 12-December...
SSFOL A
Techniques
Browsing by Subject
SWI2/SNF2 ATPase CHR2 remodels pri-miRNAs via Serrate to impede miRNA production | Nature
Process Chromatography
Goat Anti-Rat IgG (H&L) | 599-806.055
SciELO - Brazil - Bromelain: Methods of Extraction, Purification and Therapeutic Applications Bromelain: Methods of Extraction...
Rabbit Anti-Camel IgG Antibody HRP | 639-abx005540
Protein protein interactions.pptx
Process Chromatography: Five Decades of Innovation
MOTS-c Antibody | 292-MOTSC-101AP
Purified anti-mouse CD19 Antibody anti-CD19 - 1D3/CD19
Human anti-PD1 IgG1 monoclonal antibody | Pembrolizumab-based
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Frontiers | Preliminary Characterization of Two Small Insulinase-Like Proteases in Cryptosporidium parvum
Goat Anti Rabbit (IgG) secondary antibody preadsorbed Alexa Fluor® 750
HbA1c Performance in African Descent Populations in the United States With Normal Glucose Tolerance, Prediabetes, or Diabetes:...
BATF2 Antibody - Cat. No. 30-313 | ProSci
Purification10
- The companies will focus on identifying peptides applicable to the affinity chromatography process used in the purification of biopharmaceuticals. (biopharminternational.com)
- JSR, a technology-focused materials supplier in Tokyo, Japan, announced that its JSR Life Sciences division is beginning a joint development program with PeptiDream, a Tokyo-based biopharmaceutical company, to identify peptides applicable to the affinity chromatography process used in the purification of biopharmaceuticals. (biopharminternational.com)
- By using affinity chromatography, they achieved a significant degree of purification of these interferons, but due to an insufficient supply of starting material, a homogeneous preparation of neither interferon was obtained. (nih.gov)
- His tags, FLAG tags, protein fusions, etc) for affinity purification and to aid solubility in commercially available plasmid vectors. (aptamergroup.com)
- The purification of native proteins on an industrial scale relies on traditional ion exchange (IEX), hydrophobic interaction (HIC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Although these techniques are relatively 'gentle', obtaining the desired level of purity requires many sequential and repeated purification steps. (aptamergroup.com)
- Aptamer-mediated affinity chromatography (AMAC) enables the purification of proteins in a single step. (aptamergroup.com)
- AMAC addresses these issues through the rapid development of bespoke, high affinity and specific purification reagents, and pre-determined, user-defined elution conditions. (aptamergroup.com)
- A method of affinity purification of a regulatory protein that binds specific RNA sequences is described. (nih.gov)
- Along the way, Anfinsen tried many purification methods and helped develop the powerful affinity chromatography technique. (nih.gov)
- Purification Purified by affinity chromatography. (anobase.org)
Multi-lectin chromatography1
- Immuno-affinity depletion and multi-lectin chromatography (M-LAC) were integrated into an automated HPLC platform to remove high abundance protein and fractionate glycoproteins. (nih.gov)
Antibody2
- We are very excited to start the development of a new affinity chromatography ligand jointly with JSR, and, together, contribute to the research, development, and production of antibody therapeutics and other modalities. (biopharminternational.com)
- The monoclonal antibody was purified from tissue culture supernatant or ascites by affinity chromatography. (fishersci.com)
Ligand5
- The ligands fixed on the stationary phase of affinity chromatography include dye ligand, metal ion ligand, inclusion complex ligand, specific civilian group, charge transfer ligand and covalent ligand. (welch-us.com)
- The inclusion complex ligand is formed by the special affinity force between the subject and the guest molecule. (welch-us.com)
- The interaction between the general affinity ligand and the solute is usually not strong. (welch-us.com)
- This invention permits separation of very hydrophilic organic compounds using countercurrent chromatography in which a ligand for the desired analytes is used to enhance the partitioning of polar species into the organic layer of an aqueous-organic solvent mixture. (nih.gov)
- When a solution flows over it, the ligand binds to the specific molecule that has an "affinity" or natural bond with it. (nih.gov)
Countercurrent chromatography2
Lectin6
- A proteomics platform combining depletion, multi-lectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC), and isoelectric focusing to study the breast cancer proteome. (nih.gov)
- In addition, potential glycan changes were indicated by comparing proteins in control and cancer samples in terms of their affinity to the multi-lectin column (M-LAC) and the pI profiles in IEF separation. (nih.gov)
- In conclusion, a proteomics platform including high abundance protein depletion, lectin affinity fractionation, IEF separation, and LC-MS analysis has been applied to discover breast cancer-associated proteins. (nih.gov)
- Multi-lectin Affinity Chromatography and Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveal Differential Glycoform Levels between Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Sera. (bvsalud.org)
- In this study, we systematically interrogate the alterations in the circulating levels of hundreds of serum proteins and their glycoforms in PCa and BPH samples using multi- lectin affinity chromatography and quantitative mass spectrometry -based proteomics . (bvsalud.org)
- 19. High-throughput analysis of lectin-oligosaccharide interactions by automated frontal affinity chromatography. (nih.gov)
Proteins5
- Mass spectrometry scores for selected of the proteins purified by affinity chromatography using region A. (figshare.com)
- The structure of triazine reactive dyes is close to the natural substrate of enzymes and can be used in affinity chromatography by binding to the active sites of enzyme active proteins. (welch-us.com)
- In addition to these benefits, AMAC does not rely on affinity/solubility tags and therefore offers a simpler workflow for purifying 'native' proteins. (aptamergroup.com)
- The broad spectrum of recombinant expression systems (many incorporating solubility and affinity tags), mean that these processes can be applied to many proteins with reasonable results. (aptamergroup.com)
- Binding affinity of both proteins to human CCL5 and CXCL8 chemokine was examined by ELISA. (omicsonline.org)
HPLC2
- Folic acid and 5MeTHF concentrations were determined using the affinity/HPLC method with electrochemical (coulometric) detection method Which was developed by us at the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center at Tufts University (Bagley et al. (cdc.gov)
- An aliquot (0.9ml) of the supernatant fraction was injected onto the affinity/HPLC system. (cdc.gov)
Containing immobilized1
- Novel G protein α subunits were purified from rat brain by an affinity matrix containing immobilized βγ subunits (Pang, I.-H., and Sternweis, P.C. (1989) Proc. (unthsc.edu)
Separation4
- The program will be based off of PeptiDream's proprietary drug discovery platform, Peptide Discovery Platform System (PDPS), and JSR's knowledge of affinity separation technology. (biopharminternational.com)
- Affinity chromatography is based on the inherent specific interactions of biomolecules for highly selective sample separation. (welch-us.com)
- The spacer arm plays a more important role in the separation of large molecular affinity stationary phase with small molecules as ligands. (welch-us.com)
- The spacer arm with hydrophobicity may have non-specific interactions with ligands or samples and interfere with affinity separation. (welch-us.com)
Anfinsen3
- In this article, Anfinsen, et al, reported the use of affinity chromatography to purify human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons. (nih.gov)
- By 1966, Anfinsen and his colleagues had isolated the Staphylococcus aureus RNase through the use of affinity chromatography, an innovative laboratory technique first developed in 1951 by Dan Hampston Campbell, a professor of immunology at the California Institute of Technology. (nih.gov)
- Affinity chromatography enabled Anfinsen to put a bacterium into a chemical solution that selectively captures molecular particles and spreads them out across a medium so that they can be easily examined, in analogy to the colors of a spectrum. (nih.gov)
Molecular1
- This ambitious book attempted to show the scientific and disciplinary affinities between molecular genetics and protein chemistry. (nih.gov)
Antibodies2
- Elution under pre-determined conditions removes the need for harsh, denaturing reagents often required with other affinity ligands such as antibodies. (aptamergroup.com)
- Second, affinity chromatography using immobilized antibodies was employed. (cdc.gov)
Buffer2
- In affinity chromatography, a buffer solution with different pH values is usually used as the mobile phase. (welch-us.com)
- This allows one affinity column to be loaded with the sample and subsequently washed with a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer, while the second is eluted into the analytical column with an acetonitrile gradient at acid pH and into the electrochemical detector. (cdc.gov)
Ligands2
- Affinity chromatographic stationary phase can be divided into special type and general type depending on the interaction between ligands and samples. (welch-us.com)
- Affinity ligands can be either directly coupled to the matrix or indirectly connected via spacer arms. (welch-us.com)
Glycoprotein2
- An automated multilectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC) platform was utilized for glycoprotein enrichment followed by nano-LC-MS/MS analysis. (nih.gov)
- We show that SIgA2 b12 binds to the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein with similar apparent affinity to that of monomeric and dimeric forms of IgA2 b12 and neutralizes HIV-1 isolates with similar potency. (elsevierpure.com)
Interactions1
- 12. Frontal affinity chromatography: sugar-protein interactions. (nih.gov)
Column2
- Here, we combined dIgA2 b12 and CHO-expressed rhSC via column chromatography to produce SIgA2 b12 that remains fully intact upon elution with 0.1. (elsevierpure.com)
- In the lab with Sephedex column for affinity chromatography. (nih.gov)
Advanced materials1
- PeptiDream's platform will enable us to develop the advanced materials, specifically next generation chromatography resins, needed to produce the biopharmaceuticals and therapies of the future. (biopharminternational.com)
Specific1
- The specific affinity between metal ions and biomolecules in chelates can be used to separate or purify biomolecules. (welch-us.com)
Storage1
- The range of SUP now covers the majority of the bioprocess range from bioreactors, storage and mixing bags, filter cartridges, chromatography modules and crossflow cassettes. (ddw-online.com)
Technology1
- Read more about the developing world and affinity chromatography in a recent article from Bioprocess Technology Group Managing Director Frank Riske in the Journal of Biotechnology and Bioprocessing. (bdo.com)
Analysis1
- Analysis of folates using combined affinity and ion-pair chromatography. (cdc.gov)
Protein3
- Immuno-affinity depletion and multi-lectin chromatography (M-LAC) were integrated into an automated HPLC platform to remove high abundance protein and fractionate glycoproteins. (nih.gov)
- In conclusion, a proteomics platform including high abundance protein depletion, lectin affinity fractionation, IEF separation, and LC-MS analysis has been applied to discover breast cancer-associated proteins. (nih.gov)
- This ambitious book attempted to show the scientific and disciplinary affinities between molecular genetics and protein chemistry. (nih.gov)
Molecular1
- Affinity chromatography enabled Anfinsen to put a bacterium into a chemical solution that selectively captures molecular particles and spreads them out across a medium so that they can be easily examined, in analogy to the colors of a spectrum. (nih.gov)
Detect1
- To set up a method convenient for detection of HS-GGT isoenzyme, we established a method of datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA)-sepharose affinity chromatography to detect HS-GGT in serum, and further investigate its diagnostic value in 154 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and benign liver diseases and 21 healthy subjects. (medscape.com)
Method2
- Using DSA-sepharose affinity chromatography is a simple method with similar diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared with other methods for detection of HS-GGT. (medscape.com)
- A new and highly advantageous method of purifying polar organic compounds using affinity countercurrent chromatography, has been created. (nih.gov)