AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
ChromatidsSister Chromatid ExchangeChromosome SegregationChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneCrossing Over, GeneticCell Cycle ProteinsSeparaseAnaphaseCentromereMitosisMetaphaseMeiosisChromosomesSecurinChromosome AberrationsKinetochoresChromosomes, FungalSpindle ApparatusNuclear ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsChromosome PairingRecombination, GeneticDNA RepairMutagensSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDNA DamageDNA ReplicationLymphocytesChromosomes, HumanMutagenicity TestsBloom SyndromeProphaseMutationFungal ProteinsDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedAzure StainsAcetyltransferasesCell CycleS PhaseSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsChromosome BreakageRad51 RecombinaseAneuploidySchizosaccharomycesNondisjunction, GeneticUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesDNA Topoisomerases, Type IIRecQ HelicasesAnaphase-Promoting Complex-CyclosomeMitomycinIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceGenomic InstabilityMad2 ProteinsBromodeoxyuridineDNA, CatenatedChromosomal InstabilityDe Lange SyndromeInterphaseMicronuclei, Chromosome-DefectiveDNA-Binding ProteinsMultiprotein ComplexesG2 PhaseMitomycinsMeiotic Prophase IFacial DermatosesSynaptonemal ComplexDNAChromatinDemecolcineGamma RaysEndopeptidasesReplication Protein CGene ConversionChondroitin Sulfate ProteoglycansAurora KinasesCricetinaeEctromeliaHeLa CellsTelangiectasisPhosphoproteinsDNA HelicasesCyclin BTelomereAdenosine TriphosphatasesMicronucleus TestsCricetulusSaccharomycetalesChromosome StructuresProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesDNA, FungalModels, GeneticX-RaysNocodazoleCell LinePrometaphaseRad52 DNA Repair and Recombination ProteinAurora Kinase BMolecular Sequence DataGenes, cdcMicrotubules
Chromatids
Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Sister Chromatid Exchange
An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.
Chromosome Segregation
The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.
Crossing Over, Genetic
The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous CHROMOSOMES by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites (HOLLIDAY JUNCTIONS) that are resolved during CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. Crossing-over typically occurs during MEIOSIS but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial chromosomes, organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear chromosomes.
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Separase
Separase is a caspase-like cysteine protease, which plays a central role in triggering ANAPHASE by cleaving the SCC1/RAD21 subunit of the cohesin complex. Cohesin holds the sister CHROMATIDS together during METAPHASE and its cleavage results in chromosome segregation.
Anaphase
The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.
Centromere
The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.
Mitosis
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.
Metaphase
The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.
Meiosis
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.
Chromosomes
In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Securin
Securin is involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during MITOSIS. It promotes the onset of anaphase by blocking SEPARASE function and preventing proteolysis of cohesin and separation of sister CHROMATIDS. Overexpression of securin is associated with NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and tumor formation.
Chromosome Aberrations
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.
Kinetochores
Large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.
Chromosomes, Fungal
Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
Spindle Apparatus
A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.
Nuclear Proteins
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Chromosome Pairing
The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.
Recombination, Genetic
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
DNA Repair
The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.
Mutagens
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
DNA Damage
Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.
DNA Replication
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
Lymphocytes
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Chromosomes, Human
Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.
Mutagenicity Tests
Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.
Bloom Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. The Bloom syndrome gene (BLM) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase.
Prophase
The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Fungal Proteins
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
Interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, across both strands adjacently.
Azure Stains
PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.
Acetyltransferases
Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.
Cell Cycle
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
S Phase
Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins
Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Chromosome Breakage
A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.
Rad51 Recombinase
A Rec A recombinase found in eukaryotes. Rad51 is involved in DNA REPAIR of double-strand breaks.
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Schizosaccharomyces
A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.
Nondisjunction, Genetic
The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes
Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II
DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.
RecQ Helicases
A family of structurally-related DNA helicases that play an essential role in the maintenance of genome integrity. RecQ helicases were originally discovered in E COLI and are highly conserved across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Genetic mutations that result in loss of RecQ helicase activity gives rise to disorders that are associated with CANCER predisposition and premature aging.
Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. Enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC-C, is also involved in tissue differentiation in the PLACENTA, CRYSTALLINE LENS, and SKELETAL MUSCLE, and in regulation of postmitotic NEURONAL PLASTICITY and excitability.
Mitomycin
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.
Genomic Instability
An increased tendency of the GENOME to acquire MUTATIONS when various processes involved in maintaining and replicating the genome are dysfunctional.
Mad2 Proteins
Mad2 is a component of the spindle-assembly checkpoint apparatus. It binds to and inhibits the Cdc20 activator subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, preventing the onset of anaphase until all chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. Mad2 is required for proper microtubule capture at KINETOCHORES.
Bromodeoxyuridine
A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
DNA, Catenated
CIRCULAR DNA that is interlaced together as links in a chain. It is used as an assay for the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES. Catenated DNA is attached loop to loop in contrast to CONCATENATED DNA which is attached end to end.
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.
De Lange Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by growth retardation, severe MENTAL RETARDATION, short stature, a low-pitched growling cry, brachycephaly, low-set ears, webbed neck, carp mouth, depressed nasal bridge, bushy eyebrows meeting at the midline, hirsutism, and malformations of the hands. The condition may occur sporadically or be associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance or duplication of the long arm of chromosome 3. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p231)
Interphase
The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).
Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective
Defective nuclei produced during the TELOPHASE of MITOSIS or MEIOSIS by lagging CHROMOSOMES or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes.
DNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Multiprotein Complexes
Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.
G2 Phase
The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.
Mitomycins
A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.
Meiotic Prophase I
The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). It is divided into five stages: leptonema, zygonema, PACHYNEMA, diplonema, and diakinesis.
Facial Dermatoses
Synaptonemal Complex
The three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the paired homologous CHROMOSOMES. It is formed during the ZYGOTENE STAGE of the first meiotic division. It is a prerequisite for CROSSING OVER.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Chromatin
The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.
Demecolcine
An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.
Gamma Rays
Penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during NUCLEAR DECAY. The range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard X-RAYS wavelengths. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.
Endopeptidases
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
Replication Protein C
A DNA-binding protein that consists of 5 polypeptides and plays an essential role in DNA REPLICATION in eukaryotes. It binds DNA PRIMER-template junctions and recruits PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and DNA POLYMERASES to the site of DNA synthesis.
Gene Conversion
The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. Thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an Aa individual may be AAAa or aaaA instead of AAaa, i.e., the A allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa.
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans
Proteoglycans consisting of proteins linked to one or more CHONDROITIN SULFATE-containing oligosaccharide chains.
Aurora Kinases
A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.
Cricetinae
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Ectromelia
Gross hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. The concept includes amelia, hemimelia, phocomelia, and sirenomelia.
HeLa Cells
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.
Phosphoproteins
DNA Helicases
Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.
Cyclin B
A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.
Telomere
A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.
Adenosine Triphosphatases
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
Micronucleus Tests
Induction and quantitative measurement of chromosomal damage leading to the formation of micronuclei (MICRONUCLEI, CHROMOSOME-DEFECTIVE) in cells which have been exposed to genotoxic agents or IONIZING RADIATION.
Cricetulus
A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.
Saccharomycetales
An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats.
Chromosome Structures
Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
DNA, Fungal
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
Models, Genetic
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
X-Rays
Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard X-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength X-rays. Soft x-rays or Grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the X-ray spectrum overlaps the GAMMA RAYS wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.
Nocodazole
Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Prometaphase
The phase of cell nucleus division following PROPHASE, when the breakdown of the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE occurs and the MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS enters the nuclear region and attaches to the KINETOCHORES.
Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein
A DNA-binding protein that mediates DNA REPAIR of double strand breaks, and HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION.
Aurora Kinase B
An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. It mediates proper CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION and contractile ring function during CYTOKINESIS.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Genes, cdc
Genes that code for proteins that regulate the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. These genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of MITOSIS by activating the p34cdc2 protein (PROTEIN P34CDC2).
Microtubules
Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Spermatocytes
Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.
Methyl Methanesulfonate
An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.
Cdc20 Proteins
Highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. Cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis.
Telophase
The final phase of cell nucleus division following ANAPHASE, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the CYTOPLASM completes division, and the CHROMOSOMES lose their distinctness and are transformed into CHROMATIN threads.
Ethylene Oxide
A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794)
Ultraviolet Rays
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
Genes, Fungal
The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.
Diploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.
Muntjacs
A genus, Muntiacus, of the deer family (Cervidae) comprising six species living in China, Tibet, Nepal, India, the Malay Peninsula, and neighboring island countries. They are usually found in forests and areas of dense vegetation, usually not far from water. They emit a deep barklike sound which gives them the name "barking deer." If they sense a predator they will "bark" for an hour or more. They are hunted for their meat and skins; they thrive in captivity and are found in many zoos. The Indian muntjac is believed to have the lowest chromosome number in mammals and cell lines derived from them figure widely in chromosome and DNA studies. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed., p1366)

The conserved protein kinase Ipl1 regulates microtubule binding to kinetochores in budding yeast. (1/802)

Chromosome segregation depends on kinetochores, the structures that mediate chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle. We isolated mutants in IPL1, which encodes a protein kinase, in a screen for budding yeast mutants that have defects in sister chromatid separation and segregation. Cytological tests show that ipl1 mutants can separate sister chromatids but are defective in chromosome segregation. Kinetochores assembled in extracts from ipl1 mutants show altered binding to microtubules. Ipl1p phosphorylates the kinetochore component Ndc10p in vitro and we propose that Ipl1p regulates kinetochore function via Ndc10p phosphorylation. Ipl1p localizes to the mitotic spindle and its levels are regulated during the cell cycle. This pattern of localization and regulation is similar to that of Ipl1p homologs in higher eukaryotes, such as the human aurora2 protein. Because aurora2 has been implicated in oncogenesis, defects in kinetochore function may contribute to genetic instability in human tumors.  (+info)

Rec8p, a meiotic recombination and sister chromatid cohesion phosphoprotein of the Rad21p family conserved from fission yeast to humans. (2/802)

Our work and that of others defined mitosis-specific (Rad21 subfamily) and meiosis-specific (Rec8 subfamily) proteins involved in sister chromatid cohesion in several eukaryotes, including humans. Mutation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe rec8 gene was previously shown to confer a number of meiotic phenotypes, including strong reduction of recombination frequencies in the central region of chromosome III, absence of linear element polymerization, reduced pairing of homologous chromosomes, reduced sister chromatid cohesion, aberrant chromosome segregation, defects in spore formation, and reduced spore viability. Here we extend the description of recombination reduction to the central regions of chromosomes I and II. We show at the protein level that expression of rec8 is meiosis specific and that Rec8p localizes to approximately 100 foci per prophase nucleus. Rec8p was present in an unphosphorylated form early in meiotic prophase but was phosphorylated prior to meiosis I, as demonstrated by analysis of the mei4 mutant blocked before meiosis I. Evidence for the persistence of Rec8p beyond meiosis I was obtained by analysis of the mutant mes1 blocked before meiosis II. A human gene, which we designate hrec8, showed significant primary sequence similarity to rec8 and was mapped to chromosome 14. High mRNA expression of mouse and human rec8 genes was found only in germ line cells, specifically in testes and, interestingly, in spermatids. hrec8 was also expressed at a low level in the thymus. Sequence similarity and testis-specific expression indicate evolutionarily conserved functions of Rec8p in meiosis. Possible roles of Rec8p in the integration of different meiotic events are discussed.  (+info)

Sister chromatid-based DNA repair is mediated by RAD54, not by DMC1 or TID1. (3/802)

In the mitotic cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the sister chromatid is preferred over the homologous chromosome (non-sister chromatid) as a substrate for DNA double-strand break repair. However, no genes have yet been shown to be preferentially involved in sister chromatid-mediated repair. We developed a novel method to identify genes that are required for repair by the sister chromatid, using a haploid strain that can embark on meiosis. We show that the recombinational repair gene RAD54 is required primarily for sister chromatid-based repair, whereas TID1, a yeast RAD54 homologue, and the meiotic gene DMC1, are dispensable for this type of repair. Our observations suggest that the sister chromatid repair pathway, which involves RAD54, and the homologous chromosome repair pathway, which involves DMC1, can substitute for one another under some circumstances. Deletion of RAD54 in S.cerevisiae results in a phenotype similar to that found in mammalian cells, namely impaired DNA repair and reduced recombination during mitotic growth, with no apparent effect on meiosis. The principal role of RAD54 in sister chromatid-based repair may also be shared by mammalian and yeast cells.  (+info)

Characterization of the components of the putative mammalian sister chromatid cohesion complex. (4/802)

Establishing and maintaining proper sister chromatid cohesion throughout the cell cycle are essential for maintaining genome integrity. To understand how sister chromatid cohesion occurs in mammals, we have cloned and characterized mouse orthologs of proteins known to be involved in sister chromatid cohesion in other organisms. The cDNAs for the mouse orthologs of SMC1S.c. and SMC3S.c. , mSMCB and mSMCD respectively, were cloned, and the corresponding transcripts and proteins were characterized. mSMCB and mSMCD are transcribed at similar levels in adult mouse tissues except in testis, which has an excess of mSMCD transcripts. The mSMCB and mSMCD proteins, as well as the PW29 protein, a mouse homolog of Mcd1pS.c./Rad21S.p., form a complex similar to cohesin in X. laevis. mSMCB, mSMCD and PW29 protein levels show no significant cell-cycle dependence. The bulk of the mSMCB, mSMCD and PW29 proteins undergo redistribution from the chromosome vicinity to the cytoplasm during prometaphase and back to the chromatin in telophase. This pattern of intracellular localization suggests a complex role for this group of SMC proteins in chromosome dynamics. The PW29 protein and PCNA, which have both been implicated in sister chromatid cohesion, do not colocalize, indicating that these proteins may not function in the same cohesion pathway. Overexpression of a PW29-GFP fusion protein in mouse fibroblasts leads to inhibition of proliferation, implicating this protein and its complex with SMC proteins in the control of mitotic cycle progression.  (+info)

Chromosomal analysis of peripheral lymphocytes of patients before and after radiation synovectomy with samarium-153 particulate hydroxyapatite. (5/802)

OBJECTIVE: Radiation synovectomy may be indicated for the treatment of chronic synovitis. A number of factors may affect its current use, including availability, limited evidence for its efficacy compared to intra-articular glucocorticoid, and concerns regarding the potential long-term effects of radiation exposure, particularly in younger patients. Specific chromosome-type abnormalities in peripheral lymphocytes can be useful indicators of whole-body radiation exposure. The frequency of these aberrations has been shown to increase in patients who have had radiation synovectomy using yttrium-90 by up to five times compared to baseline levels. Samarium-153 particulate hydroxyapatite (Sm-153 PHYP) is a new radiopharmaceutical currently on trial which appears to have less extra-articular leakage than yttrium-90 compounds. The aim of this study was to identify any increase in specific chromosome-type abnormalities, using published criteria, in patients following Sm-153 PHYP synovectomy of the knee. The 10 patients (five men, five women) in whom the analyses were performed had a mean age of 47 yr (range 28-70 yr). RESULTS: There was no increase in scored chromosome-type abnormalities after Sm-153 PHYP synovectomy. CONCLUSION: This study further supports the relative safety of Sm-153 PHYP compared to other radiopharmaceuticals.  (+info)

Sli15 associates with the ipl1 protein kinase to promote proper chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (6/802)

The conserved Ipl1 protein kinase is essential for proper chromosome segregation and thus cell viability in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its human homologue has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of diverse forms of cancer. We show here that sister chromatids that have separated from each other are not properly segregated to opposite poles of ipl1-2 cells. Failures in chromosome segregation are often associated with abnormal distribution of the spindle pole-associated Nuf2-GFP protein, thus suggesting a link between potential spindle pole defects and chromosome missegregation in ipl1 mutant cells. A small fraction of ipl1-2 cells also appears to be defective in nuclear migration or bipolar spindle formation. Ipl1 associates, probably directly, with the novel and essential Sli15 protein in vivo, and both proteins are localized to the mitotic spindle. Conditional sli15 mutant cells have cytological phenotypes very similar to those of ipl1 cells, and the ipl1-2 mutation exhibits synthetic lethal genetic interaction with sli15 mutations. sli15 mutant phenotype, like ipl1 mutant phenotype, is partially suppressed by perturbations that reduce protein phosphatase 1 function. These genetic and biochemical studies indicate that Sli15 associates with Ipl1 to promote its function in chromosome segregation.  (+info)

Inherited susceptibility to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. (7/802)

BACKGROUND: Susceptibility to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes may reflect the way a person deals with carcinogenic challenges. This susceptibility (also referred to as mutagen sensitivity) has been found to be increased in patients with environmentally related cancers, including cancers of the head and neck, lung, and colon, and, in combination with carcinogenic exposure, this susceptibility can greatly influence cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to assess the heritability of mutagen sensitivity. METHODS: Heritability was determined by use of a maximum likelihood method that employed the FISHER package of pedigree analysis. Bleomycin-induced breaks per cell values for 135 healthy volunteers without cancer were determined. These individuals were from 53 different pedigrees and included 25 monozygotic twin pairs (n = 50), 14 pairs of dizygotes (twin pairs and siblings, n = 28), and 14 families selected on the basis of a first-degree relative who was successfully treated for head and neck cancer and who had no sign of recurrence for at least 1 year. All data were analyzed simultaneously, and different models of familial resemblance were fitted to the data. All P values are two-sided. RESULTS: Our results showed no evidence for the influence of a shared family environment on bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks. Genetic influences, however, were statistically significant (P =. 036) and accounted for 75% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: The high heritability estimate of the susceptibility to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks indicates a clear genetic basis. The findings of this study support the notion that a common genetic susceptibility to DNA damage--and thereby a susceptibility to cancer--may exist in the general population.  (+info)

A functional assay for centromere-associated sister chromatid cohesion. (8/802)

Cohesion of sister chromatids occurs along the entire length of chromosomes, including the centromere where it plays essential roles in chromosome segregation. Here, minichromosomes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are exploited to generate a functional assay for DNA sequences involved in cohesion. The centromeric DNA element CDEIII was found to be necessary but not sufficient for cohesion. This element was shown previously to be required for assembly of the kinetochore, the centromere-associated protein complex that attaches chromosomes to the spindle. These observations establish a link between centromere-proximal cohesion and kinetochore assembly.  (+info)

The DNA helicase ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The DNA helicase ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells. AU - Parish, Joanna L.. AU - Rosa, Jack. AU - Wang, Xiaoyu. AU - Lahti, Jill M.. AU - Doxsey, Stephen J.. AU - Androphy, Elliot J.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2006/12/1. Y1 - 2006/12/1. N2 - It has recently been suggested that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Chl1p plays a role in cohesion establishment. Here, we show that the human ATP-dependent DNA helicase ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells. Localization studies show that ChlR1 diffusely coats mitotic chromatin in prophase and then translocates from the chromatids to concentrate at the spindle poles during the transition to metaphase. Depletion of ChlR1 protein by RNA interference results in mitotic failure with replicated chromosomes failing to segregate after a pro-metaphase arrest. We show that depletion also results in abnormal sister chromatid cohesion, ...
https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-dna-helicase-chlr1-is-required-for-sister-chromatid-cohesion-
Sister chromatid cohesion defects are associated with chromosome instability in Hodgkin lymphoma cells | BMC Cancer | Full TextSister chromatid cohesion defects are associated with chromosome instability in Hodgkin lymphoma cells | BMC Cancer | Full Text
Chromosome instability manifests as an abnormal chromosome complement and is a pathogenic event in cancer. Although a correlation between abnormal chromosome numbers and cancer exist, the underlying mechanisms that cause chromosome instability are poorly understood. Recent data suggests that aberrant sister chromatid cohesion causes chromosome instability and thus contributes to the development of cancer. Cohesion normally functions by tethering nascently synthesized chromatids together to prevent premature segregation and thus chromosome instability. Although the prevalence of aberrant cohesion has been reported for some solid tumors, its prevalence within liquid tumors is unknown. Consequently, the current study was undertaken to evaluate aberrant cohesion within Hodgkin lymphoma, a lymphoid malignancy that frequently exhibits chromosome instability. Using established cytogenetic techniques, the prevalence of chromosome instability and aberrant cohesion was examined within mitotic spreads generated
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-13-391
Pol : A DNA Polymerase Required for Sister Chromatid CohesionPol : A DNA Polymerase Required for Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Molecular Biology Sci Aug 4, 00 Pol : A DNA Polymerase Required for Sister Chromatid Cohesion Zhenghe Wang, Irene B. Castaño,* Alejandro De Las Peñas,* Carrie Adams, Michael F. Christman Establishment of cohesion between sister chromatids is coupled to replication fork passage through an unknown mechanism. Here we report that TRF4, an evolutionarily conserved gene necessary for chromosome segregation, encodes a DNA polymerase with -polymerase-like properties. A double mutant in the redundant homologs, TRF4 and TRF5, is unable to complete S phase, whereas a trf4 single mutant completes a presumably defective S phase that results in a failure of cohesion between the replicated sister chromatids. This suggests that TRFs are a key link in the coordination between DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion. Trf4 and Trf5 represent the fourth class of essential nuclear DNA polymerases (designated DNA polymerase kappa) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and probably in all eukaryotes. Department of ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/cellbiol/2000-August/012919.html
Statistical analysis of chromatid interference. | GeneticsStatistical analysis of chromatid interference. | Genetics
The nonrandom occurrence of crossovers along a single strand during meiosis can be caused by either chromatid interference, crossover interference or both. Although crossover interference has been consistently observed in almost all organisms since the time of the first linkage studies, chromatid interference has not been as thoroughly discussed in the literature, and the evidence provided for it is inconsistent. In this paper with virtually no restrictions on the nature of crossover interference, we describe the constraints that follow from the assumption of no chromatid interference for single spore data. These constraints are necessary consequences of the assumption of no chromatid interference, but their satisfaction is not sufficient to guarantee no chromatid interference. Models can be constructed in which chromatid interference clearly exists but is not detectable with single spore data. We then extend our analysis to cover tetrad data, which permits more powerful tests of no chromatid ...
https://www.genetics.org/content/139/2/1057?ijkey=77005f4c0f517c9cb8fcdaa6171619e4c020c681&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Phosphorylation of histone H3 is correlated with changes in the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis in...Phosphorylation of histone H3 is correlated with changes in the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis in...
Meiotic chromosome condensation is a unique process, characterized by dramatic changes in chromosome morphology that are required for the correct progression of pairing, synapsis, recombination and segregation of sister chromatids. We used an antibody that recognizes a ser 10 phosphoepitope on histone H3 to monitor H3 phosphorylation during meiosis in maize meiocytes. H3 phosphorylation has been reported to be an excellent marker for chromosome condensation during mitotic prophase in animal cells. In this study, we find that on maize mitotic chromosomes only pericentromeric regions are stained; there is little staining on the arms. During meiosis, chromosome condensation from leptotene through diplotene occurs in the absence of H3 phosphorylation. Instead, the changes in H3 phosphorylation at different stages of meiosis correlate with the differences in requirements for sister chromatid cohesion at different stages. Just before nuclear envelope breakdown, histone H3 phosphorylation is seen first ...
https://jcs.biologists.org/content/113/18/3217?ijkey=20cf79cdf1a90a7d48bb19e3d0486a90b1e40c62&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Calpain 2 is required for sister chromatid cohesion. - Inserm
Calpains form a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the specific functions of each calpain isoform remain unknown. Recent reports have shown that calpain 2 (Capn2) is essential for cell viability. We have recently shown that Capn2 is a nuclear protease associated with chromosomes during mitosis in mammalian embryonic cells. We now report that Capn2 depletion impairs mitosis and induces apoptosis in murine cells. Low Capn2 levels induce chromosome alignment defects, the loss of histone H3 threonine 3 phosphorylation at centromeres, and premature sister chromatid separation. Thus, Capn2 may play a role in fundamental mitotic functions, such as the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion.
https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00452070
Pds5b - Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B - Rattus norvegicus (Rat) - Pds5b gene & proteinPds5b - Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B - Rattus norvegicus (Rat) - Pds5b gene & protein
Regulator of sister chromatid cohesion in mitosis which may stabilize cohesin complex association with chromatin. May couple sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis to DNA replication. Cohesion ensures that chromosome partitioning is accurate in both meiotic and mitotic cells and plays an important role in DNA repair. Plays a role in androgen-induced proliferative arrest in prostate cells.
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6TRW4
A Molecular Determinant for the Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion | ScienceA Molecular Determinant for the Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion | Science
Chromosome segregation, transcriptional regulation, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks require the cohesin protein complex. Cohesin holds the replicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) together to mediate sister chromatid cohesion. The mechanism of how cohesion is established is unknown. We found that in budding yeast, the head domain of the Smc3p subunit of cohesin is acetylated by the Eco1p acetyltransferase at two evolutionarily conserved residues, promoting the chromatin-bound cohesin to tether sister chromatids. Smc3p acetylation is induced in S phase after the chromatin loading of cohesin and is suppressed in G1 and G2/M. Smc3 head acetylation and its cell cycle regulation provide important insights into the biology and mechanism of cohesion establishment. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/321/5888/566?ijkey=9acd02795fe4976f359889e6d52ee53790fd1966&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Protein phosphatase 2A protects centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis I. - Oxford Neuroscience
Segregation of homologous maternal and paternal centromeres to opposite poles during meiosis I depends on post-replicative crossing over between homologous non-sister chromatids, which creates chiasmata and therefore bivalent chromosomes. Destruction of sister chromatid cohesion along chromosome arms due to proteolytic cleavage of cohesins Rec8 subunit by separase resolves chiasmata and thereby triggers the first meiotic division. This produces univalent chromosomes, the chromatids of which are held together by centromeric cohesin that has been protected from separase by shugoshin (Sgo1/MEI-S332) proteins. Here we show in both fission and budding yeast that Sgo1 recruits to centromeres a specific form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Its inactivation causes loss of centromeric cohesin at anaphase I and random segregation of sister centromeres at the second meiotic division. Artificial recruitment of PP2A to chromosome arms prevents Rec8 phosphorylation and hinders resolution of chiasmata. Our data are
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/98447
Sister chromatid cohesion 1 protein elisa and antibodySister chromatid cohesion 1 protein elisa and antibody
Shop Sister chromatid cohesion 1 protein ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Sister chromatid cohesion 1 protein Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.
https://www.mybiosource.com/protein_family.php?root=sister-chromatid-cohesion-1-protein
A central role for cohesins in sister chromatid cohesion, formation of axial elements, and recombination during yeast meiosis. ...
A multisubunit complex, called cohesin, containing Smc1p, Smc3p, Scc1p, and Scc3p, is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mitotic cells. We show here that Smc3p and a meiotic version of Scc1p called Rec8p are required for cohesion between sister chromatids, for formation of axial elements, for reciprocal recombination, and for preventing hyperresection of double-strand breaks during meiosis. Both Rec8p and Smc3p colocalize with chromosome cores independently of synapsis during prophase I and largely disappear from chromosome arms after pachytene but persist in the neighborhood of centromeres until the onset of anaphase II. The eukaryotic cells cohesion apparatus is required both for the repair of recombinogenic lesions and for chromosome segregation and therefore appears to lie at the heart of the meiotic process.
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/98436
Phosphorylation-enabled binding of SGO1-PP2A to cohesin protects sororin and centromeric cohesion during mitosis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Phosphorylation-enabled binding of SGO1-PP2A to cohesin protects sororin and centromeric cohesion during mitosis. AU - Liu, Hong. AU - Rankin, Susannah. AU - Yu, Hongtao. PY - 2013/1. Y1 - 2013/1. N2 - Timely dissolution of sister-chromatid cohesion in mitosis ensures accurate chromosome segregation to guard against aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. The complex of shugoshin and protein phosphatase 2A (SGO1-PP2A) protects cohesin at centromeres from premature removal by mitotic kinases and WAPL in prophase. Here we address the regulation and mechanism of human SGO1 in centromeric cohesion protection, and show that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-mediated, mitosis-specific phosphorylation of SGO1 activates its cohesion-protection function and enables its direct binding to cohesin. The phospho-SGO1-bound cohesin complex contains PP2A, PDS5 and hypophosphorylated sororin, but lacks WAPL. Expression of non-phosphorylatable sororin bypasses the requirement for SGO1-PP2A in centromeric ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/phosphorylation-enabled-binding-of-sgo1-pp2a-to-cohesin-protects-
Rtt101‐Mms1‐Mms22 coordinates replication‐coupled sister chromatid cohesion and nucleosome assembly | EMBO Reports
Two sister chromatids must be held together by a cohesion process from their synthesis during S phase to segregation in anaphase. Despite its pivotal role in accurate chromosome segregation, how cohesion is established remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that yeast Rtt101‐Mms1, Cul4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases are stronger dosage suppressors of loss‐of‐function eco1 mutants than PCNA. The essential cohesion reaction, Eco1‐catalyzed Smc3 acetylation is reduced in the absence of Rtt101‐Mms1. One of the adaptor subunits, Mms22, associates directly with Eco1. Point mutations (L61D/G63D) in Eco1 that abolish the interaction with Mms22 impair Smc3 acetylation. Importantly, an eco1LGpol30A251V double mutant displays additive Smc3ac reduction. Moreover, Smc3 acetylation and cohesion defects also occur in the mutants of other replication‐coupled nucleosome assembly (RCNA) factors upstream or downstream of Rtt101‐Mms1, indicating unanticipated cross talk between histone modifications and ...
http://embor.embopress.org/content/18/8/1294
The Elg1 Clamp Loader Plays a Role in Sister Chromatid Cohesion - pdf descargar
The Elg1 Clamp Loader Plays a Role in Sister Chromatid Cohesion. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun6/149801324112-The-Elg1-Clamp-Loader-Plays-a-Role-in-Sister-Chromatid-Cohesion.php
Sister chromatid cohesion and homologue pairing at prom | Open-iSister chromatid cohesion and homologue pairing at prom | Open-i
Sister chromatid cohesion and homologue pairing at prometaphase I in solo; +, +; snm, and solo; snm mutants. X and Y chromosomes were recognized by probes again
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC2819681_JCB_200904040_RGB_Fig3&req=4
Homework 16 with answers - Homework#16(Dr.MMG 1 A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would at its...Homework 16 with answers - Homework#16(Dr.MMG 1 A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would at its...
View Notes - Homework _16 with answers from BIO Bio 5A at UC Riverside. Homework#16,02/20/09(Dr.MMG) 1. A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two
https://www.coursehero.com/file/1651203/Homework-16-with-answers/
Pol κ: A DNA Polymerase Required for Sister Chromatid Cohesion | SciencePol κ: A DNA Polymerase Required for Sister Chromatid Cohesion | Science
To determine whether TRF function was required to maintain cohesion, we examined cohesion in the trf4-ts trf5double mutant. If TRF function were required to maintain cohesion, then cells arrested with nocodazole at a permissive temperature and then shifted to the nonpermissive temperature should show an increased cohesion defect. After nocodazole arrest at the permissive temperature of 30°C, the trf4-ts trf5double mutant was able to maintain cohesion as monitored by the GFP-marked chromosome assay. However, when mutant cells were shifted to 37°C for 3 hours, a marked increase in cohesion-defective cells was observed (Fig. 3B). This demonstrates that TRF function is indeed required to maintain cohesion.. The ability of cells lacking TRF function to duplicate the genome was then examined as follows. Synchronous populations of either wild-type or otherwise isogenic trf4-ts trf5double-mutant G1 daughter cells were obtained by centrifugal elutriation. Wild-type and mutant cells were then released ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/289/5480/774?ijkey=5c5585ae2c3bcbe35e790a929735e48f0cd27b1c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Diminishing HDACs by drugs or mutations promotes normal or abnormal sister chromatid separation by affecting APC/C and adherin ...Diminishing HDACs by drugs or mutations promotes normal or abnormal sister chromatid separation by affecting APC/C and adherin ...
HDAC inhibitors are a promising class of anticancer agents (Bolden et al., 2006; Johnstone and Licht, 2003; Yoshida et al., 2003). However, our understanding of how HDAC inhibitors act within cells and why different cell types respond in different ways is limited. We employed the fission yeast S. pombe as a model, because this organism is sensitive to HDAC inhibitors and contains a set of HDAC genes similar to those of mammalian organisms. In the present study, we focused on the mitotic functions of three TSA-sensitive HDACs in fission yeast. Our results suggest that Clr6 negatively regulates APC/C independently of the PKA pathway and Mad2. By contrast, Mis4, the cohesin loader, is positively controlled by HDACs. HDAC inhibitors thus reduce the level of Mis4 and facilitate the exit from mitosis via the assembly of APC/C complex, leading to the direction of sister chromatid separation in dividing cells (Fig. 7D).. Given the known anti-proliferation effects of HDAC inhibitors on tumour cells, our ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/121/7/1107
Items where Subject is bioinformatics | genomics and proteomics | genetics & nucleic acid processing | DNA, RNA structure,...Items where Subject is bioinformatics | genomics and proteomics | genetics & nucleic acid processing | DNA, RNA structure,...
Losada, A., Hirano, M., Hirano, T. (December 2002) Cohesin release is required for sister chromatid resolution, but not for condensin-mediated compaction, at the onset of mitosis. Genes & Development, 16 (23). pp. 3004-3016. ISSN 0890-9369 Losada, A., Hirano, M., Hirano, T. (July 1998) Identification of Xenopus SMC protein complexes required for sister chromatid cohesion. Genes and Development , 12 (13). pp. 1986-97. ISSN 0890-9369 (Print) Losada, A., Hirano, T. (February 2001) Intermolecular DNA interactions stimulated by the cohesin complex in vitro: Implications for sister chromatid cohesion. Current Biology, 11 (4). pp. 268-272. ISSN 0960-9822 Losada, A., Yokochi, T., Hirano, T. (May 2005) Functional contribution of Pds5 to cohesin-mediated cohesion in human cells and Xenopus egg extracts. J Cell Sci, 118 (Pt 10). pp. 2133-41. ISSN 0021-9533 (Print) ...
http://repository.cshl.edu/view/subjects/chromatid.html
Chromatin, Chromatid, Chromsome Terminology - General Biology Discussion - BioForumChromatin, Chromatid, Chromsome Terminology - General Biology Discussion - BioForum
Chromatin, Chromatid, Chromsome Terminology - posted in General Biology Discussion: Some Questions to which I have found different/conflicting answers depending on what I have read or who I have talked to. Thanks in Advance. 1-Chromatin, chromosomes, and chromatid all consist of DNA AND some sort of proteins? 2-Is the following statement accurate: ALL types/forms of chromatin material and chromatids consist of chromosomes BUT not all types of chromosomes are chromatin or chromatids? 3-An...
http://www.protocol-online.org/forums/topic/7321-chromatin-chromatid-chromsome-terminology/
Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog BSister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
MAHSKTRTNDGKITYPPGVKEISDKISKEEMVRRLKMVVKTFMDMDQDSEEEKELYLNLALHLASDFFLK 1 - 70 HPDKDVRLLVACCLADIFRIYAPEAPYTSPDKLKDIFMFITRQLKGLEDTKSPQFNRYFYLLENIAWVKS 71 - 140 YNICFELEDSNEIFTQLYRTLFSVINNGHNQKVHMHMVDLMSSIICEGDTVSQELLDTVLVNLVPAHKNL 141 - 210 NKQAYDLAKALLKRTAQAIEPYITNFFNQVLMLGKTSISDLSEHVFDLILELYNIDSHLLLSVLPQLEFK 211 - 280 LKSNDNEERLQVVKLLAKMFGAKDSELASQNKPLWQCYLGRFNDIHVPIRLECVKFASHCLMNHPDLAKD 281 - 350 LTEYLKVRSHDPEEAIRHDVIVSIVTAAKKDILLVNDHLLNFVRERTLDKRWRVRKEAMMGLAQIYKKYA 351 - 420 LQSAAGKDAAKQIAWIKDKLLHIYYQNSIDDRLLVERIFAQYMVPHNLETTERMKCLYYLYATLDLNAVK 421 - 490 ALNEMWKCQNLLRHQVKDLLDLIKQPKTDASVKAIFSKVMVITRNLPDPGKAQDFMKKFTQVLEDDEKIR 491 - 560 KQLEVLVSPTCSCKQAEGCVREITKKLGNPKQPTNPFLEMIKFLLERIAPVHIDTESISALIKQVNKSID 561 - 630 GTADDEDEGVPTDQAIRAGLELLKVLSFTHPISFHSAETFESLLACLKMDDEKVAEAALQIFKNTGSKIE 631 - 700 EDFPHIRSALLPVLHHKSKKGPPRQAKYAIHCIHAIFSSKETQFAQIFEPLHKSLDPSNLEHLITPLVTI 701 - 770 GHIALLAPDQFAAPLKSLVATFIVKDLLMNDRLPGKKTTKLWVPDEEVSPETMVKIQAIKMMVRWLLGMK 771 - 840 ...
https://pharos.nih.gov/idg/targets/Q9NTI5
Calpain-1 cleaves Rad21 to promote sister chromatid separationCalpain-1 cleaves Rad21 to promote sister chromatid separation
Defining the mechanisms of chromosomal cohesion and dissolution of the cohesin complex from chromatids is important for understanding the chromosomal missegregation seen in many tumor cells. Here we report the identification of a novel cohesin-resolving protease and describe its role in chromosomal …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21876002/
Sororin mediates sister chromatid cohesion by antagonizing Wapl. - PubMed - NCBISororin mediates sister chromatid cohesion by antagonizing Wapl. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111234?dopt=Abstract
Mitosis: Definition, Stages of Mitosis and its Significance | Biology Edu CareMitosis: Definition, Stages of Mitosis and its Significance | Biology Edu Care
1. Actually, it is the 3rd stage of mitosis in which the centromeres and daughter chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite poles. The following changes occur in this phase:. 2. The centromeres of the chromosomes divide and the two chromatids of each pair separate. They are called sister chromatids.. 3. The sister chromatids migrate towards the poles due to shortening of spindle fibres attached to the centromeres. Separation of the sister chromatids occurs by the action of pulling of mitotic spindle. In this case, one chromatid goes to one pole while other chromatid to the opposite pole by the action of spindle. 4. Pulling of spindle causes the shape of chromosomes. In this case, chromosomes look like v (metacentric), J (acrocentric) or L (submetacentric) shape. ...
https://biologyeducare.com/mitosis/
SMC3 - Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3 - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Bakers yeast) ...SMC3 - Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3 - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Bakers yeast) ...
Involved in chromosome cohesion during cell cycle and in DNA repair. Central component of cohesin complex. The cohesin complex is required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication. The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate.
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P47037
Cohesin acetylation and Wapl‐Pds5 oppositely regulate translocation of cohesin along DNA | The EMBO Journal
The present study evaluated the dynamics and regulatory mechanisms of single cohesin molecules. We found that Scc2‐Scc4‐dependent topological loading and cohesin ATPase activity (disengagement of the head domain) are crucial for cohesin translocation along DNA. Consistent with this finding, the ATPase‐dependent translocation of cohesin in budding yeast was described in a previous study (Hu et al, 2011). Although Wapl‐Pds5 promotes the dissociation of cohesin from DNA as previously described (Gandhi et al, 2006; Kueng et al, 2006) (Appendix Fig S2C), we showed that Wapl‐Pds5 renders DNA‐associated cohesin immobile (Fig 2A and B). Considering that the engagement of Smc head domains restrains cohesin movement (Fig 1F), Wapl‐Pds5 may contribute to the tightening of the cohesin ring by associating with SA1, Scc1, and/or Smc3 (Shintomi & Hirano, 2009; Hara et al, 2014; Murayama & Uhlmann, 2015; Ouyang et al, 2016). Therefore, Wapl‐Pds5 may have dual activities: anti‐establishment ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/early/2016/11/21/embj.201695756
Chromatin maintenance and sister chromatid differentiation - Peter LansdorpChromatin maintenance and sister chromatid differentiation - Peter Lansdorp
Following replication of parental DNA template strands, sister chromatids are expected to have exactly the same DNA sequence except for mutations resulting from...
http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-GM094146-04
Absence of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Restores Mitotic Fidelity upon Loss of Sister Chromatid Cohesion. - Martinho Lab
A postdoctoral position in available to work on the regulation of gene expression during female gametogenesis. This is in an ongoing collaboration with Ivo Telley (IGC, Lisbon). For more information send an email to: [email protected] or [email protected] CONTINUE READING → ...
http://www.drosophila.pt/events/absence-of-the-spindle-assembly-checkpoint-restores-mitotic-fidelity-upon-loss-of-sister-chromatid-cohesion-2
GFP tagging of budding yeast chromosomes reveals that protein-protein interactions can mediate sister chromatid cohesion. -...GFP tagging of budding yeast chromosomes reveals that protein-protein interactions can mediate sister chromatid cohesion. -...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994824?dopt=Abstract
UBL5 is essential for pre‐mRNA splicing and sister chromatid cohesion in human cells | EMBO Reports
Protein modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐like modifiers (UBLs) plays key regulatory roles in numerous aspects of cell biology [1], [2]. Eukaryotic cells express more than a dozen UBLs, which share similar three‐dimensional structures with ubiquitin [1]. While the functions of several UBLs are well understood, others remain poorly characterized. Among these are UBL5 (known as Hub1 in yeast), which is unique among UBLs in that it lacks the C‐terminal glycine used for covalent conjugation to target proteins [3], [4]. However, UBL5 displays strong sequence conservation across eukaryotes, suggesting that it has a fundamentally important cellular function. Studies of Hub1 in the yeasts revealed that it is required for pre‐mRNA splicing. S. pombe Hub1 is an essential gene, and loss of Hub1 protein results in pre‐mRNA splicing defects, likely reflecting its interaction with the spliceosomal protein Snu66 (known as SART1 in mammalian cells) and perhaps other splicing factors [5], [6]. In ...
http://embor.embopress.org/content/15/9/956.long
Reference - RRC(Research Resource Circulation)
The Shugoshin/Aurora circuitry that controls the timely release of cohesins from sister chromatids in meiosis and mitosis is widely conserved among eukaryotes, although little is known about its function in organisms whose chromosomes lack a localized centromere. Here we show that Caenorhabditis elegans chromosomes rely on an alternative mechanism to protect meiotic cohesin that is shugoshin-independent and instead involves the activity of a new chromosome-associated protein named LAB-1 (Long Arm of the Bivalent). LAB-1 preserves meiotic sister chromatid cohesion by restricting the localization of the C. elegans Aurora B kinase, AIR-2, to the interface between homologs via the activity of the PP1/Glc7 phosphatase GSP-2. The localization of LAB-1 to chromosomes of dividing embryos and the suppression of mitotic-specific defects in air-2 mutant embryos with reduced LAB-1 activity support a global role of LAB-1 in antagonizing AIR-2 in both meiosis and mitosis. Although the localization of a GFP ...
https://rrc.nbrp.jp/references/4220
talks.cam : Cohesins Functionally Associate with CTCF on Mammalian Chromosome Armstalks.cam : Cohesins Functionally Associate with CTCF on Mammalian Chromosome Arms
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Duncan Simpson.. Cohesins mediate sister chromatid cohesion, which is essential for chromosome segregation and postreplicative DNA repair. In addition, cohesins appear to regulate gene expression and enhancer-promoter interactions. These noncanonical functions remained unexplained because knowledge of cohesin-binding sites and functional interactors in metazoans was lacking. We show that the distribution of cohesins on mammalian chromosome arms is not driven by transcriptional activity. Instead, mammalian cohesins occupy a subset of DNase I hypersensitive sites, many of which contain sequence motifs resembling the consensus for CTCF , a DNA -binding protein with enhancer blocking function and boundary element activity. We find cohesins at most CTCF sites and show that CTCF is required for cohesin localization to these sites. Recruitment by CTCF suggests a rationale for noncanonical cohesin functions and, because CTCF binding is sensitive to ...
http://www.talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/12418
TumorPortal
Proper cohesion of sister chromatids is a prerequisite for the correct segregation of chromosomes during cell division. The cohesin multiprotein complex is required for sister chromatid cohesion. This complex is composed partly of two structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins, SMC3 and either SMC1L2 or the protein encoded by this gene. Most of the cohesin complexes dissociate from the chromosomes before mitosis, although those complexes at the kinetochore remain. Therefore, the encoded protein is thought to be an important part of functional kinetochores. In addition, this protein interacts with BRCA1 and is phosphorylated by ATM, indicating a potential role for this protein in DNA repair. This gene, which belongs to the SMC gene family, is located in an area of the X-chromosome that escapes X inactivation ...
http://www.tumorportal.org/view?geneSymbol=SMC1A
Plant Life: Mitosis and MeiosisPlant Life: Mitosis and Meiosis
The sister chromatids of each chromosome split apart, and the spindle fibers pull each sister chromatid (now a separate chromosome) from each pair toward opposite poles, much as a rope-tow pulls a skier up a mountain. Telophase begins as sister chromatids reach opposite poles. Once the chromatids have reached opposite poles, the spindle apparatus falls apart, and the nuclear membrane re-forms. Mitosis is complete ...
http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/03/mitosis-and-meiosis.html
Improving Class Cohesion Measurement: Towards a Novel Approach Using Hierarchical ClusteringImproving Class Cohesion Measurement: Towards a Novel Approach Using Hierarchical Clustering
Class cohesion is considered as one of the most important object-oriented software attributes. High cohesion is, in fact, a desirable property of software. Many different metrics have been suggested in the last several years to measure the cohesion of classes in object-oriented systems. The class of structural object-oriented cohesion metrics is the most in-vestigated category of cohesion metrics. These metrics measure cohesion on structural information extracted from the source code. Empirical studies noted that these metrics fail in many situations to properly reflect cohesion of classes. This paper aims at exploring the use of hierarchical clustering techniques to improve the measurement of cohesion of classes in object-oriented systems. The proposed approach has been evaluated using three particular case studies. We also used in our study three well-known structural cohesion metrics. The achieved results show that the new approach appears to better reflect the cohesion (and structure) of classes
https://scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=19722
How Many Chromatids Are Present at Prophase? | Reference.comHow Many Chromatids Are Present at Prophase? | Reference.com
The number of chromatids present during the prophase state of mitosis is double the number of chromosomes. The specific number depends on the number of chromosomes in the cell. Human beings, for...
https://www.reference.com/science/many-chromatids-present-prophase-8787b2cdd8406c8f
Plus itPlus it
1056 Hypersensitivity to radiation exposure has been suggested to be a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. In this case-control study of 323 young women (≤55 years) with newly diagnosed sporadic breast cancer and 326 cancer-free controls frequency-matched with patients on age, sex, and ethnicity, we examined the radiosensitivity as measured by the frequency of chromatid breaks induced by gamma-radiation exposure in the G2 phase of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from short-term cultures of fresh blood samples. We found that the averaged chromatid breaks per cell from 50 well-spread metaphases were statistically significantly higher in breast cancer patients (mean = 0.51 breaks/cell, standard deviation = 0.22) than that in the controls (0.44 ± 0.16) (P value ,0.001). The frequency of chromatid breaks per cell above the median of control subjects was associated with twofold increased risk for breast cancer (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.46 to 2.80). A dose-response relationship ...
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/9_Supplement/1056
bsi - revistafrida.com
i.sister chromatids split apart 2.Spindle draws them to opposite poles 3. Anaphase begins with the release of linker of sister chromatids iv. chromatids are pulled to the spindle pole v.sets of chromosomes to opposite ends of the ...
https://revistafrida.com/flash-cards/bsi
SMC1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through the NF‑κB signaling pathway in colorectal cancerSMC1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through the NF‑κB signaling pathway in colorectal cancer
CRC is one of the most common malignant diseases globally (1). Recently, the function of SMC1 in CRC has attracted increasing attention, with evidence suggesting that the cohesin multiprotein complex is implicated in several diseases, including colorectal cancer (25-27). The cohesin multiprotein complex includes four major subunits: SMC1, SMC3, sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) protein 1 and SCC3. The cohesin multiprotein complex plays an important role in the regulation of transcription and development (28,29). SMC1 is an X-linked gene that can escape X-inactivation in humans, but is subject to X-inactivation in mice (30). Several mutations have been identified in the SMC1 gene, all of which are missense or small deletion mutations (12,20). Although SMC1 mutations have been reported in CRC (21,22), the role of SMC1 in CRC remains unclear. Therefore, elucidating how SMC1 is involved in CRC is of great importance.. In the present study, it was demonstrated that SMC1 was significantly upregulated in ...
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/or/42/4/1329
Chromosomes, chromatids and chromatin (video) | Khan AcademyChromosomes, chromatids and chromatin (video) | Khan Academy
Overview of DNA transcription, translation, and replication during mitosis and meiosis. Learn about chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/intro-to-cell-division/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc
GPN3 (YLR243W) Result Summary | BioGRIDGPN3 (YLR243W) Result Summary | BioGRID
Putative GTPase With A Role In Biogenesis Of RNA Pol II And PolIII; May Be Involved In Assembly Of RNA Polymerases II And III And In Their Transport Into The Nucleus; May Have A Role In Sister Chromatid Cohesion; Contains A Gly-Pro-Asn Motif In The G Domain; Similar To Npa3p And Gpn2p
https://thebiogrid.org/31510/summary/saccharomyces-cerevisiae/gpn3.html
Cell division - Biology-OnlineCell division - Biology-Online
then the second metaphase. this time the chromosomes instead of the bivalents line up on the equator of the spindle. second anaphase: The 2 chromatids (a chromosome is made of 2 chromatids) divide. they move away from each other. now last but not least the second telophase where again cytoplasm divides and 4 cells are formed. each with half the chromosomes needed: 23!! (in a human ...
https://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/viewtopic.php?p=3951
chromatid (thing) by vivid - Everything2.comchromatid (thing) by vivid - Everything2.com
In preparation for cell division (either meiosis or mitosis), the chromosomes replicate, forming an identical strand. These two strands remain side-by-s...
https://everything2.com/user/vivid/writeups/chromatid
Eco Classic - Χειροποίητα Ψηφιακά Άλμπουμ | ElGrecoalbum.grEco Classic - Χειροποίητα Ψηφιακά Άλμπουμ | ElGrecoalbum.gr
Eco Classic: Συνδυάστε μία δυναμική φωτογραφία με ύφασμα ή δερματίνη και δημιουργήστε το πιο εντυπωσιακό Eco Classic ψηφιακό άλμπουμ.
https://elgrecoalbum.gr/eco-classic/
Mice lacking sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5B exhibit developmental abnormalities reminiscent of Cornelia de Lange...Mice lacking sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5B exhibit developmental abnormalities reminiscent of Cornelia de Lange...
Although the molecular function of PDS5 is still under investigation, several organisms require diverse function of PDS5 for chromatid cohesion (Losada et al., 2005). For example, it may act as a regulator of the SMC ATPase through the HEAT motifs shared by SCC2 (Kimura and Hirano, 2000) and thereby modulate the dynamics of the cohesin ring. Alternatively, PDS5 may act as a scaffolding protein and promote protein-protein interactions between adjacent cohesin complexes (Losada et al., 2005). An examination of the chromosomes from Pds5B-deficient mouse cells did not show any abnormalities in sister chromatid cohesion (i.e. PSCS). This result was in contrast to those obtained in budding yeast, worm and Drosophila, where PDS5 plays an important role in chromosome segregation (Dorsett et al., 2005; Hartman et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2003). It is possible that our assay in which a total of 50 cells were examined may not have detected subtle defects. Indeed, only mild cohesion defects were found in ...
https://dev.biologists.org/content/134/17/3191?ijkey=7cbfcdd7f9fb8a9846b57144c4e089b5f44646b6&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
中国科学院动物研究所机构知识库(CAS OpenIR): Merotelic Kinetochore Attachment in Oocyte Meiosis II Causes Sister Chromatids Segregation Errors...中国科学院动物研究所机构知识库(CAS OpenIR): Merotelic Kinetochore Attachment in Oocyte Meiosis II Causes Sister Chromatids Segregation Errors...
程金妹.,李建.,汤济鑫.,郝晓霞.,王志鹏.,...&刘以训.(2017).Merotelic Kinetochore Attachment in Oocyte Meiosis II Causes Sister Chromatids Segregation Errors in Aged Mice.Cell Cycle,16(15),1404-1413 ...
http://ir.ioz.ac.cn/handle/000000/12788
The Kinetochore Receptor for the Cohesin Loading ComplexThe Kinetochore Receptor for the Cohesin Loading Complex
Summary The ring-shaped cohesin complex brings together distant DNA domains to maintain, express, and segregate the genome. Establishing specific chromosomal linkages depends on cohesin recruitment to defined loci. One such locus is the budding yeast centromere, which is a paradigm for targeted cohesin loading. The kinetochore, a multiprotein complex that connects centromeres to microtubules, drives the recruitment of high levels of cohesin to link sister chromatids together. We have exploited this system to determine the mechanism of specific cohesin recruitment. We show that phosphorylation of the Ctf19 kinetochore protein by a conserved kinase, DDK, provides a binding site for the Scc2/4 cohesin loading complex, thereby directing cohesin loading to centromeres. A similar mechanism targets cohesin to chromosomes in vertebrates. These findings represent a complete molecular description of targeted cohesin loading, a phenomenon with wide-ranging importance in chromosome segregation and, in ...
https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/34492077
Segregating new development and disease roles for cohesin | DevelopmentSegregating new development and disease roles for cohesin | Development
The cohesin complex ensures accurate sister chromatid segregation during cell division but it also seems to play an important role in development. For example, mutations in several cohesin components are associated with the human developmental disorder Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). Until now, there has been no animal model for this syndrome but, on p. 3191, Zhang and co-workers report that mice lacking the cohesin regulatory protein PDS5B are born with developmental abnormalities reminiscent of CdLS. Pds5B-deficient mice, like people with CdLS, exhibit abnormal skeletal patterning, heart defects and cleft palates, they report. Unexpectedly, however, the researchers did not find any chromosome cohesion defects in Pds5B-/- cells. Furthermore, they detected high PDS5B expression in post-mitotic neurons of wild-type mice, identified a DNA-binding domain in mouse PDS5B and showed that the protein localizes to the nucleolus. Overall, these results suggest that PDS5B and the cohesin complex might ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/134/17/e1706
Abstract 9107: Pim-1 Kinase Increases Non-Random Chromatid Segregation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells | CirculationAbstract 9107: Pim-1 Kinase Increases Non-Random Chromatid Segregation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells | Circulation
Rationale: A cell has DNA strands of different replication ages because DNA replication is semi-conservative. Double-stranded DNA molecules possess one DNA strand that is one generation older than the other. Non-sister chromatids containing newly synthesized DNA and old DNA strands are non-randomly partitioned between mother and daughter cells. Stem cells are presumed to non-randomly segregate chromatids to determine cell fate of daughter cells, although experimental evidence is lacking. Resident cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) present in the adult heart have been used for cell-based treatment of myocardial damage but the factors determining the stemness and lineage commitment of these cells are poorly understood. Cardio protective kinase Pim-1 increases asymmetric cell division in vivo, proliferation and commitment of CPCs after adaptive transfer in pathological injury model but its role in non-random segregation is unknown.. Objective: Establish role of Pim-1 on non-random chromatid ...
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/Suppl_21/A9107
Selective Chromatid Segregation Mechanism Explains the Etiology of Chromosome 11 Translocation-Associated Psychotic Disorders:...Selective Chromatid Segregation Mechanism Explains the Etiology of Chromosome 11 Translocation-Associated Psychotic Disorders:...
Selective Chromatid Segregation Mechanism Explains the Etiology of Chromosome 11 Translocation-Associated Psychotic Disorders: A Review Abstract.
https://www.omicsonline.org/peer-reviewed/selective-chromatid-segregation-mechanism-explains-the-etiology-of-chromosome-11-translocationassociated-psychotic-disorders-a-rev-28534.html
Importance of TEX19.1 in chromosome segregation in murine ES cells
Cells possessing the incorrect number of chromosomes (referred to as aneuploid) can arise as a result of chromosome mis-segregation. Prevention of aneuploidy is especially important in germ cells, as these cells pass genetic information to the next generation, but also in pluripotent cells as these give rise to all tissues and cells of the offspring, including germ cells. Aneuploid conceptions have a detrimental effect on pregnancy outcomes, are surprisingly common in humans (estimated 10-30%), and are a leading cause of miscarriage and developmental disorders. In both meiosis and mitosis, accurate chromosome segregation relies on the correct orientation of sister chromatids during metaphase, which ensures bipolar spindle attachment. Newly replicated sister chromatids are able to align properly on the spindle due to cohesion holding them together. The protein complex responsible for sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) is called cohesin, and has specific subunits depending on its particular role. The ...
https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/25724
Difference between revisions of 3187155 - CellBiologyDifference between revisions of 3187155 - CellBiology
Separase Separase is a protein that is a cornerstone of cell division. Serperase is also known as Separin or Esp1. It allows for replicated chromosomes to be separated from their sister chromatids and pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the mitotic spindle, allowing for microfilaments to dissect the cell in half causing two genetically identical daughter cells from the single mother cell in mitosis or some haploid cells in Meiosis. The sister chromatids are held together by a protein called Cohesin, Separase catalyses and breaksdown cohesin allowing the sister chromatids to break apart, which in turn allows the mitotic spindle to draw the chromatids to either sides of the cell. Separase is crucial to the cell division process, not only does it physically separate the sister chromatids, it triggers the start of the anaphase period of cell division. Separase causes the cell to replicate accurately and on some occasions cause some problems if the protein is present or absent in excess ...
https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=3187155&diff=8189&oldid=8188
New publication: Direct evidence for crossover and chromatid interference in meiosis of two plant hyNew publication: Direct evidence for crossover and chromatid interference in meiosis of two plant hy
Crossing over, in addition to its strictly genetic role, is responsible for an orderly reduction of the chromosome number. As such, it is strictly controlled in frequency and distribution. In our new paper, we described direct evidence of chromatid interference. Using in situ probing in two interspecific plant hybrids during anaphase I, we demonstrated that the involvement of four chromatids in double crossovers is significantly more frequent than expected (64% versus 25%). We also provided a physical measure of the crossover interference distance, covering ~30-40% of the relative chromosome arm length, and showed that the two arms of a chromosome appear to act as independent units in the process of crossing over ...
https://olomouc.ueb.cas.cz/en/news/new-publication-direct-evidence-for-crossover-and
NIPBL, encoding a homolog of fungal Scc2-type sister chromatid cohesion proteins and fly Nipped-B, is mutated in Cornelia de...NIPBL, encoding a homolog of fungal Scc2-type sister chromatid cohesion proteins and fly Nipped-B, is mutated in Cornelia de...
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a multiple malformation disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, mental retardation, growth delay and limb reduction defects. We indentified and characterized a new gene, NIPBL, that is mutated in individuals with CdLS and determined its structure an …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15146185/?dopt=Abstract
2018 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code O45.023: Premature separation of placenta with disseminated intravascular coagulation, third...2018 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code O45.023: Premature separation of placenta with disseminated intravascular coagulation, third...
Free, official coding info for 2018 ICD-10-CM O45.023 - includes detailed rules, notes, synonyms, ICD-9-CM conversion, index and annotation crosswalks, DRG grouping and more.
http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/O00-O9A/O30-O48/O45-/O45.023
2017/18 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code O45.021: Premature separation of placenta with disseminated intravascular coagulation, first...2017/18 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code O45.021: Premature separation of placenta with disseminated intravascular coagulation, first...
Free, official coding info for 2018 ICD-10-CM O45.021 - includes detailed rules, notes, synonyms, ICD-9-CM conversion, index and annotation crosswalks, DRG grouping and more.
http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/O00-O9A/O30-O48/O45-/O45.021
Mutagenetix > Incidental...Mutagenetix > Incidental...
FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes the homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster Nipped-B gene product and fungal Scc2-type sister chromatid cohesion proteins. The Drosophila protein facilitates enhancer-promoter communication of remote enhancers and plays a role in developmental regulation. It is also homologous to a family of chromosomal adherins with broad roles in sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, and DNA repair. The human protein has a bipartite nuclear targeting sequence and a putative HEAT repeat. Condensins, cohesins and other complexes with chromosome-related functions also contain HEAT repeats. Mutations in this gene result in Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, growth delay, limb reduction defects, and mental retardation. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 ...
https://mutagenetix.utsouthwestern.edu/incidental/incidental_rec.cfm?mid=160161
Nipped-B-like proteinNipped-B-like protein
This gene encodes the homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster Nipped-B gene product and fungal Scc2-type sister chromatid cohesion proteins. The Drosophila protein facilitates enhancer-promoter communication of remote enhancers and plays a role in developmental regulation. It is also homologous to a family of chromosomal adherins with broad roles in sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, and DNA repair. The human protein has a bipartite nuclear targeting sequence and a putative HEAT repeat. Condensins, cohesins and other complexes with chromosome-related functions also contain HEAT repeats. Mutations in this gene result in Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, growth delay, limb reduction defects, and mental retardation. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 ...
https://pharos.nih.gov/idg/targets/Q6KC79
Publications - Professor Luis Aragon AlcaidePublications - Professor Luis Aragon Alcaide
Baxter J, Aragón L, 2010, Physical linkages between sister chromatids and their removal during yeast chromosome segregation., Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, Vol: 75, Pages: 389-394 The fidelity of chromosome inheritance is of paramount importance to all living organisms. In eukaryotic cells, the strategy to ensure physical segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells relies on two basic steps ordered in time: an initial linkage, or cohesion, of sister chromatids and its timely and complete dissolution during anaphase. The current view is that these two basic steps are accomplished around the regulation of a protein complex called cohesin that serves as clamp brackets distributed at intervals throughout the genome. However, many of the DNA metabolic activities during interphase also produce physical linking of chromatids. For example, during replication, intertwines between sister chromatids are formed. Here, we review our understanding of the processes that generate physical linkages ...
http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/luis.aragon/publications.html
Mutations in the Drosophila Condensin Subunit dCAP-G | GeneticsMutations in the Drosophila Condensin Subunit dCAP-G | Genetics
CHROMOSOMES undergo dynamic behaviors during mitosis to enable the precise separation of the two replicated sister chromatids. It is vital that the replicated sister chromatids are separated successfully. There are two crucial prerequisites for accurate segregation: (1) cohesion between the replicated chromatids must be maintained until anaphase and (2) compaction of the chromosomes into a manageable form, condensation, must be completed prior to metaphase. These processes require two major protein complexes, the cohesin and condensin complexes. Each of these complexes is founded upon a heterodimer of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins, which are chromosome-associated ATPases (Hirano 1998, 2002). Also within each complex are two or three non-SMC subunits, which attribute specific functions to the SMC holocomplex. Despite a similar structural paradigm, the condensin and cohesin complexes are functionally distinct. Although each complex was originally identified for unique ...
https://www.genetics.org/node/332155.full.print
The Frequency and Clinical Significance of Sister Chromatid Exchange in the Lymphocyte of Gastric Cancer Patient Exposed to...The Frequency and Clinical Significance of Sister Chromatid Exchange in the Lymphocyte of Gastric Cancer Patient Exposed to...
The Frequency and Clinical Significance of Sister Chromatid Exchange in the Lymphocyte of Gastric Cancer Patient Exposed to Hypoxia
http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cco/article/view/15372
sister chromatid exchange | Schwesterchromatid-Austauschsister chromatid exchange | Schwesterchromatid-Austausch
(KudoZ) English to German translation of sister chromatid exchange: Schwesterchromatid-Austausch [alprostadil product characteristics - Medical: Pharmaceuticals (Medical)].
https://www.proz.com/kudoz/english_to_german/medical%3A_pharmaceuticals/1808082-sister_chromatid_exchange.html
Centromere | Science PrimerCentromere | Science Primer
The structure that hold sister chromatids together in eukaryotic chromosomes. It is visible as the main constriction point on the chromosome. The centromere is the point of attachment for the fibers that pull sister chromatids apart during mitosis.
http://scienceprimer.com/glossary/centromere
Splicing together sister chromatids | The EMBO Journal
Knockdown of several components of the spliceosome results in premature loss of SCC, thus preventing the stable attachment of microtubules and the bi‐orientation of chromatids (van der Lelij et al, 2014; Sundaramoorthy et al, 2014; Watrin et al, 2014). Some of these factors, such as SNW1 (a component of a NTC‐related subcomplex), PRPF8 (a key coordinator of splicing catalysis associated with U5 snRNP) or MAFP1 (which associates transiently in the context of spliceosomal rearrangements previous to catalysis), are believed to have core functions in the splicing process. Their impact on cell division, however, raised the possibility that they display specific functions in mitotic progression different from splicing (Hofmann et al, 2010). To address this issue, Petronczki and colleagues analyzed in detail a set of 33 spliceosome components previously reported to alter mitosis when downregulated (Neumann et al, 2010). In this new study, knockdown of 26 out of these 33 splicing factors tested ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/early/2014/09/29/embj.201489988
Why Cant Crossing Over Between Non-Sister Chromatids of Homologous Chromosomes Occur During Mitosis? | Reference.comWhy Cant Crossing Over Between Non-Sister Chromatids of Homologous Chromosomes Occur During Mitosis? | Reference.com
Homologous chromosomes do not pair during mitosis, so there is no opportunity for crossing over to occur. Crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs in meiosis...
https://www.reference.com/science/can-t-crossing-over-between-non-sister-chromatids-homologous-chromosomes-occur-during-mitosis-190ce0fbc28ab6f2
Slippage of Mitotic Arrest and Enhanced Tumor Development in Mice with BubR1 Haploinsufficiency | Cancer ResearchSlippage of Mitotic Arrest and Enhanced Tumor Development in Mice with BubR1 Haploinsufficiency | Cancer Research
Extensive biochemical and molecular analyses have shown that BubR1 plays a central role in spindle checkpoint activation (5 , 15 , 16) . It both coordinates the interaction of Bub3, Mad1, Mad2, and CENP-E with kinetochores and contributes to inhibition of APC activity during activation of this checkpoint. The APC is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the polyubiquitination of securin, thereby targeting it for degradation by the proteosome (16) . Securin binds to and inhibits the proteolytic activity of separase, which destroys the link between sister chromatids by cleaving the chromatid cohesin factor Scc1. Degradation of securin is required for the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis. Reduced levels of securin in BubR1+/− MEFs are closely correlated with BubR1 deficiency as well as with its activation status (Fig. 1C) ⇓ . Moreover, down-regulation of BubR1 via RNA interference resulted in almost complete disappearance of securin (Fig. 1D) ⇓ , strongly suggesting that BubR1 ...
https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/64/2/440?ijkey=9b9b68f722ee7bc7c4decf005584dd4c97685416&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Meiosis - Meiosis I - Chromosome, Genetic, Chromatids, and Sister - JRank Articles
The exchange of genetic material means that new combinations of genes are created on two of the four chromatids: Stretches of DNA with maternal gene copies are mixed with stretches of DNA with paternal copies. This creation of new gene combinations is called recombination and is very important for evolution, since it increases the amount of genetic material that evolution can act upon. A statistical technique known as linkage analysis uses the frequency of recombination to infer the location of genes, such as those that increase a persons risk for certain diseases.. At the beginning of metaphase I, the nuclear envelope has dissolved, and specialized protein fibers called microtubules have formed a spindle apparatus, as also occurs in the metaphase of mitosis. These microtubules then attach to the kinetochore protein disks on the two centromeres of the homologous pair of chromosomes. However, there is an important difference between mitosis and meiosis in the way this attachment occurs. In ...
http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/2497/Meiosis-Meiosis-I.html
Overexpression of a truncated CTF7 construct leads to pleiotropic defects in reproduction and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis ...Overexpression of a truncated CTF7 construct leads to pleiotropic defects in reproduction and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis ...
Eco1/Ctf7 is essential for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion during S phase of the cell cycle. Inactivation of Ctf7/Eco1 leads to a lethal phenotype in most organisms. Altering Eco1/Ctf7 levels or point mutations in the gene can lead to alterations in nuclear division as well as a wide range of developmental defects. Inactivation of Arabidopsis CTF7 (AtCTF7) results in severe defects in reproduction and vegetative growth. To further investigate the function(s) of AtCTF7, a tagged version of AtCTF7 and several AtCTF7 deletion constructs were created and transformed into wild type or ctf7 +/- plants. Transgenic plants expressing 35S:NTAP:AtCTF7∆299-345 (AtCTF7∆B) displayed a wide range of phenotypic alterations in reproduction and vegetative growth. Male meiocytes exhibited chromosome fragmentation and uneven chromosome segregation. Mutant ovules contained abnormal megasporocyte-like cells during pre-meiosis, megaspores experienced
https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-015-0452-2/tables/1
Meiosis Gordon Conference: Gregory Copenhaver - PLOS BiologueMeiosis Gordon Conference: Gregory Copenhaver - PLOS Biologue
Im Gregory P. Copenhaver, co-Editor-in-Chief of PLOS Genetics, and together with my vice-Chair, Neil Hunter, Im organizing the Meiosis Gordon Research Conference (GRC) to be held at Colby-Sawyer College in New London, NH on June 1-6, 2014. The conference has been held biennially for 22 years with an over-arching goal of presenting the most cutting-edge, unpublished research on the fundamental mechanisms that ensure the stable inheritance of the genome during meiotic cell divisions. The program comprises 9 plenary sessions that broadly address current issues in meiotic recombination, meiotic progression and cell cycle checkpoints, epigenetic control of meiotic processes, regulation of meiotic gene expression, chromosome pairing and synapsis, sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome interactions with the nuclear envelope, chromosome segregation, and the evolution and natural variation of meiotic processes. The meiosis GRC is paired with a sister meeting - the Meiosis Gordon Research Seminar - that ...
https://biologue.plos.org/2014/05/30/meiosis-gordon-conference-gregory-copenhaver/
Handout 7 (for students) - Duyen-Anh Pham BICD 100 a4pham@ucsd.edu Key Terms • Chromosome vs Chromatid vs chromatin •...Handout 7 (for students) - Duyen-Anh Pham BICD 100 [email protected] Key Terms • Chromosome vs Chromatid vs chromatin •...
View Notes - Handout 7 (for students) from BICD BICD100 at UCSD. Duyen-Anh Pham BICD 100 [email protected] Key Terms : • Chromosome vs. Chromatid vs. chromatin • Centromere and Kinetochore •
https://www.coursehero.com/file/1651564/Handout-7-for-students/
Cell nucleus - wikidoc
During its lifetime a nucleus may be broken down, either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis, a regulated form of cell death. During these events, the structural components of the nucleus-the envelope and lamina-are systematically degraded. During the cell cycle the cell divides to form two cells. In order for this process to be possible, each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes, a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets. This occurs by the replicated chromosomes, the sister chromatids, attaching to microtubules, which in turn are attached to different centrosomes. The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell. However, in many cells the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus, the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope.[44] Therefore the early stages in the cell cycle, beginning in ...
http://es.wikidoc.org/index.php/Nuclei
Browsing by Author Xaver, MartinBrowsing by Author Xaver, Martin
Rec8 is a prominent component of the meiotic prophase chromosome axis that mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and chromosome synapsis. Here, we explore the prophase roles of Rec8. (i) During the ...
https://dash.harvard.edu/browse?authority=a744cefb49044c468bc393c873aa53a7&type=author
ESP1 (YGR098C) Result Summary | BioGRIDESP1 (YGR098C) Result Summary | BioGRID
Separase, A Caspase-like Cysteine Protease; Promotes Sister Chromatid Separation By Mediating Dissociation Of The Cohesin Scc1p From Chromatin; Inhibits Protein Phosphatase 2A-Cdc55p To Promote Mitotic Exit; Inhibited By Pds1p; Relative Distribution To The Nucleus Increases Upon DNA Replication Stress
https://thebiogrid.org/33341
Question: A1) How Are Sister Chromatids And Homologous Chromosomes Different From Each Other? - Free Chegg Question AnswerQuestion: A1) How Are Sister Chromatids And Homologous Chromosomes Different From Each Other? - Free Chegg Question Answer
Free Chegg answer, Get Answer To Every Chegg Question - Learn To Be Successful. Chegg Free Answers, Free Chegg Question answer - 2021.
https://answerie.com/a1-how-are-sister-chromatids-and-homologous-chromosomes-different-from-each-other-free-chegg-question-answer/
GS Activity: Crossover (Teacher Version)
When you make the baby, call your teacher over and explain how you did it. Again, the student will run the meiosis animation, looking at the cell in the big meiosis window with Crossover Controlled option on. When the animation stops in the middle of the process, the student will be told to click on a chromatid. This time, s/he should search for the chromatid that has the M allele. By clicking on one chromatid with an M and on one with an m, the student will see the exchange take place that results in a gamete containing a chromosome with a B+ and an M allele. S/he should then follow the same process for the cell from the other parent. After s/he chooses and fertilizes the proper gametes, the resulting baby should be normal for both sickle cell and methemoglobin. There are a couple of places where problems could arise in this exercise. If the student clicks on the allele itself, nothing will happen and you will hear cries of anguish. Similarly, if s/he clicks too close to the centromere ...
http://genscope.concord.org/downloads/activities/crssvrt.htm
Reactome | Separation of sister chromatidsReactome | Separation of sister chromatids
Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge.
https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2467811
chromosome - Wiktionarychromosome - Wiktionary
An illustration of chromosome, with its parts. (1) Chromatid. One of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase. (2) Centromere. The point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3) Short arm (4) Long arm ...
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromosome
Chromosomes/chromatids - The Student RoomChromosomes/chromatids - The Student Room
A chromosome doesnt code for anything, it the gene which codes for proteins. A gene is a section of DNA, it is a section of the long stranded DNA, it consists of a particular sequence of bases. Codons, which are 3 bases, they code for one amino acid. A chromosome is just a long strand of DNA, it has many genes i.e. section of DNA, sections of base sequences which code for polypeptides. Polypeptides such as enzymes, which in turn control the development of an organism and the reactions which take place ...
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=3966089
RegPhos
Function: Corrects defective DNA strand-break repair and sister chromatid exchange following treatment with ionizing radiation and alkylating agents ...
http://regphos.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/browse_kinase_substrate.php?group=CMGC&family=CK2&subfamily=&kinase=CK2a1&substrate=XRCC1&ID=XRCC1_HUMAN
China Cohesion Force Demonstration (Educational equipment) - China Educational Equipment, Teaching InstrumentChina Cohesion Force Demonstration (Educational equipment) - China Educational Equipment, Teaching Instrument
China Cohesion Force Demonstration (Educational equipment), Find details about China Educational Equipment, Teaching Instrument from Cohesion Force Demonstration (Educational equipment) - Yuyao Shenma Teaching Instrument Whole Set Co., Ltd.
http://yyshenma.en.made-in-china.com/product/UqRJsLGyaTio/China-Cohesion-Force-Demonstration-Educational-equipment-.html
What is Crossing Over? Discuss its ImportanceWhat is Crossing Over? Discuss its Importance
The special process of cell division by which part exchange takes place between the non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is known as crossing ov
http://www.qsstudy.com/biology/crossing-discuss-importance
Prophase of Mitosis - Biology-OnlineProphase of Mitosis - Biology-Online
Oh ... I see now ... when the chromosomes replicate they become chromatids. Then they are the same and that makes them sisters. That makes alot of sense. And it means I shouldnt doubt myself lol. GAH it makes too much sense now that I look back at it. Thank you soooo very much for the help ...
https://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/viewtopic.php?t=7225
Some staff still Working From Home? Heres how to support your team and create cohesion - ncco | NC Consulting & CoSome staff still Working From Home? Heres how to support your team and create cohesion - ncco | NC Consulting & Co
How do you create cohesion when some staff are back in the office and some are still working from home? Nat from ncco.ie weighs in.
https://ncco.ie/some-staff-still-working-from-home-heres-how-to-support-your-team-and-create-cohesion/
MacMall | Wasp 1 - print ribbon carrier - for WPL305, WPL305EZ 633808403584
Wasp 1 - print ribbon carrier - for WPL305, WPL305EZ 633808403584 for $23.99 at macmall.com. Office Supplies & Equipment - Equipment & Equipment Supplies - Ribbons - Cash Register / POS from macmall.com.
http://www.macmall.com/p/Wasp-Equipment-&-Equipment-Supplies/product~dpno~7482112~pdp.efjfiib
Fluxology : the rate of contextual cohesion across a unit area: lang gewacht, nooit verwacht, maar toch gekregen...Fluxology : the rate of contextual cohesion across a unit area: lang gewacht, nooit verwacht, maar toch gekregen...
Imagine over your head a sprinkling of light, like stars...the Big Dipper and zoom in on the North Star. ( Can happen that you feel that the star becomes immensely large like a blanket spread over the horizon, shiny silvery white, which makes sense as it lies aligned with the earths axis in the middle of the corona. ) ...
http://kukan-kokoro.blogspot.com/2011/01/lang-gewacht-nooit-verwacht-maar-toch.html
Integrative Counseling - Cohesion CounselingIntegrative Counseling - Cohesion Counseling
With sincerity, compassion, and presence, I weave together multiple counseling modalities to help clients feel safe enough to enact difficult changes.
https://cohesioncounseling.com/therapy-and_counseling_in_zurich/
A visit to China: a people struggles to progress - CSMonitor.comA visit to China: a people struggles to progress - CSMonitor.com
CHINA, the worlds largest community, is today struggling both to find its own internal cohesion and to establish a new relationship with the outsi
https://www.csmonitor.com/1987/0526/echina1.html
Sister chromatidsSister chromatids
A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies ... In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome. A pair of sister chromatids ... Biorientation Sister chromatid exchange Kadyk, Lc; Hartwell, Lh (Oct 1992). "Sister chromatids are preferred over homologs as ... There is evidence that, in some species, sister chromatids are the preferred template for DNA repair. Sister chromatid cohesion ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_chromatids
ChromatidChromatid
Chromatids may be sister or non-sister chromatids. A sister chromatid is either one of the two chromatids of the same ... see articles Sister chromatids and Sister chromatid exchange). Non-sister chromatids, on the other hand, refers to either of ... "What is a Chromatid?". About.com. Retrieved 18 July 2017. "Definition of CHROMATID". www.Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 18 July ... A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad. Once sister chromatids have separated (during the anaphase of mitosis or the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatid
Sister chromatid exchangeSister chromatid exchange
... (SCE) is the exchange of genetic material between two identical sister chromatids. It was first ... Sister chromatid Meiosis Sister+chromatid+exchange at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... the sister chromatid. Evidence indicates that, due to the special nearby relationship they share, sister chromatids are not ... Sister chromatid exchange has also been observed more frequently in B51(+) Behçet's disease. Mitotic recombination in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_chromatid_exchange
Establishment of sister chromatid cohesionEstablishment of sister chromatid cohesion
Sister chromatid cohesion refers to the process by which sister chromatids are paired and held together during certain phases ... Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion is the process by which chromatin-associated cohesin protein becomes competent to ... Early data suggesting that S phase is crucial to cohesion was based on the fact that after S phase, sister chromatids are ... Changes in patterns of sister chromatid cohesion have been observed in cases of DNA damage. Cohesin is required for repair of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_of_sister_chromatid_cohesion
Glossary of genetics (0-L)Glossary of genetics (0-L)
dyad See sister chromatids. Contents Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References External links ... chromatid One copy of a newly copied chromosome, which is joined to the original chromosome by a centromere. chromatin A ... anaphase lag The failure of one or more pairs of sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes to properly migrate to opposite ... centromere A specialized DNA sequence within a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids. The primary function of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics_(0–L)
Glossary of geneticsGlossary of genetics
sister chromatids A pair of identical copies (chromatids) produced as the result of the DNA replication of a chromosome, ... dyad See sister chromatids. Contents: Top 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ecological genetics The study ... chromatid One copy of a newly copied chromosome, which is joined to the original chromosome by a centromere. chromatin A ... The two sister chromatids are ultimately separated from each other into two different cells during mitosis or meiosis. site- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics
Anaphase lagAnaphase lag
Because the chromatid is being pulled in two opposing directions or away from the correct centriole, it cannot migrate to the ... The chromosome or chromatid does not properly migrate during anaphase and the daughter cells will lose some genetic information ... observed lagging chromatids at increasing frequency. Similarly, mutations to the gene Stag2 have been associated with increased ... Whether the cell survives depends on which sister chromatid was lost and the background genomic state of the cell. The passage ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase_lag
Single-cell DNA template strand sequencingSingle-cell DNA template strand sequencing
Past methods have been used to track the inheritance patterns of chromatids on a per-strand basis and elucidate the process of ... Unfortunately, this method is found to have poor resolution as it can only be observed at the chromatid level. CO-FISH, or ... If the cell was sequenced after more than one generation, a pattern of chromatid assortment can be ascertained for the ... Strand-seq was initially proposed as a tool to identify sister chromatid exchanges. Being a process that is localized to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-cell_DNA_template_strand_sequencing
Oocyte abnormalitiesOocyte abnormalities
Missegregation of sister chromatids during Metaphase II. Age dependent weakening of sister chromatid cohesion. Matt (2019-09-25 ... Here the oocyte splits where sister chromatids migrate to the same pole and the first polar body is formed. The oocyte now ... enters meiosis II and remains arrested in metaphase II until fertilization where sister chromatids will separate. During this ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte_abnormalities
REC8REC8
... is a meiosis-specific component of the cohesin complex that binds sister chromatids in preparation for the two divisions ... However, Rec8 is maintained at centromeres so that sister chromatids are kept joined until anaphase of meiosis II, at which ... Rec8 is sequentially removed from sister chromatids. It is removed from the arms of chromosomes in the first division - ... In the mouse, the homologous protein is a key component of the meiotic cohesion complex, which regulates sister chromatid ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REC8
Institute for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyInstitute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Sister-chromatid exchange assay; Allium assay; Alamar blue assay; Trypan blue assay. Primary cell lines establishment. Projects ... cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and sister chromatids exchange assay. Evaluation of cytotoxic and cytostatic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Genetic_Engineering_and_Biotechnology
Shugoshin N terminal protein domainShugoshin N terminal protein domain
It has a role in attaching to the kinetochores, structures on the chromatids where microtubules attach. Shugoshin has a ... It senses tension between sister chromatids during mitosis, and it degrades when they separate preventing cell cycle arrest and ... It does this by preventing the cohesin complex, which regulates chromatid separation, from prematurely dissociating. Shugoshin ... This results in the sister chromatids remaining tethered. Shugoshin also acts as a spindle checkpoint component. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugoshin_N_terminal_protein_domain
DNA replicationDNA replication
Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by Cohesin rings, there is the only chance for the ... Therefore, the resulting sister chromatids cannot separate from each other and cannot divide into 2 daughter cells. When ... The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids. The disentanglement is essential for distributing the ... chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication
Immature ovumImmature ovum
It has duplicated its DNA, so that each chromosome has two chromatids, i.e. 92 chromatids all in all (4C). When meiosis I is ... However, each chromosome still has two chromatids, making a total of 46 chromatids (1N but 2C). The secondary oocyte continues ... Each chromosome is split between the two ootids, leaving only one chromatid per chromosome. Thus, there are 23 chromatids in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immature_ovum
ChromosomeChromosome
... so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can ... The joined copies are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, ... The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, ... a pair of sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere. The shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome
MitosisMitosis
In nondisjunction, sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase. One daughter cell receives both sister chromatids from ... The microtubules then contract to pull the sister chromatids of each chromosome apart. Sister chromatids at this point are ... Each chromosome has two chromatids. The two chromatids are joined at the centromere. Gene transcription ceases during prophase ... The lagging chromatid is excluded from both nuclei and is lost. Therefore, one of the daughter cells will be monosomic for that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis
Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology
Discovery on the conformation of sister chromatids in the replicated human genome 2019. Generation of blood vessel organoids ... "Conformation of sister chromatids in the replicated human genome". Nature. 586 (7827): 139-144. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..139M. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Molecular_Biotechnology
VampyrellaVampyrella
The chromatids separate and the nuclei elongate in anaphase. This is followed by an increase in vesicles on the inner membrane ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyrella
Daniel GerlichDaniel Gerlich
"Conformation of sister chromatids in the replicated human genome". Nature. 586 (7827): 139-144. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..139M. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gerlich
Mitotic recombinationMitotic recombination
This can lead to the two chromatids switching places. In another model, two overlapping sister chromatids form a double ... If a crossover event between non-sister chromatids affects that locus, then both homologous chromosomes will have one chromatid ... If the chromatids containing different alleles line up on the same side of the plate, then the resulting daughter cells will ... However, if chromatids containing the same alleles line up on the same side, the daughter cells will be homozygous at that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_recombination
Glossary of genetics (M−Z)Glossary of genetics (M−Z)
sister chromatids A pair of identical copies (chromatids) produced as the result of the DNA replication of a chromosome, ... The two sister chromatids are ultimately separated from each other into two different cells during mitosis or meiosis. site- ... nondisjunction The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to segregate properly during cell division. ... resulting in chromatid arms of slightly different lengths. Compare metacentric. substitution A type of point mutation in which ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics_(M−Z)
STAG2STAG2
SA2 is part of the cohesin complex, which is a structure that holds the sister chromatids together after DNA replication. STAG2 ... SA2 is a subunit of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. In ... Functions beyond sister chromatid cohesion". FEBS Letters. 587 (15): 2299-2312. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.035. ISSN 1873- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAG2
CohesinCohesin
... each sister chromatid segregates to opposite poles. Without cohesin, the cell would be unable to control sister chromatid ... Dissociation of sister chromatids cohesion defines anaphase onset, which establishes two sets of identical chromosomes at each ... Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, SCC1 and SCC3 (SA1 or SA2 in humans). Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA ... The complex forms a ring-like structure and it is believed that sister chromatids are held together by entrapment inside the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesin
Nuclear organizationNuclear organization
Cohesin: The cohesin complex was initially discovered as a key player in mitosis, binding sister chromatids together to ensure ... Mehta GD, Kumar R, Srivastava S, Ghosh SK (August 2013). "Cohesin: functions beyond sister chromatid cohesion". FEBS Letters. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_organization
Kim NasmythKim Nasmyth
Nasmyth has since shown that cohesin forms a ring, that sister chromatids are held together within this ring and that they are ... Using temperature-sensitive mutants of the APC/C he found several genes which are required for sister chromatid cohesion which ... Irniger, S.; Piatti, S.; Michaelis, C.; Nasmyth, K. (21 April 1995). "Genes involved in sister chromatid separation are needed ... Nasmyth, K; Peters, J. M.; Uhlmann, F (2000). "Splitting the chromosome: Cutting the ties that bind sister chromatids". Science ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Nasmyth
Cell divisionCell division
The chromosomes are split apart while the sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell. As the sister chromatids are ... The chromatids are separated and distributed in the same way. In humans, other higher animals, and many other organisms, the ... Then, the sister chromatids split and are distributed between two daughter cells. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes are ... Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. Both of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division
CondensinCondensin
Cohesin contains SMC1 and SMC3 and is involved in sister chromatid cohesion. The SMC5/6 complex contains SMC5 and SMC6 and is ... For instance, in human cells, condensin II participates in the initiation of sister chromatid resolution during S phase, long ... "Reconstitution of mitotic chromatids with a minimum set of purified factors". Nat Cell Biol. 17 (8): 1014-1023. doi:10.1038/ ... and sister chromatid segregation during mitosis and meiosis". Genes Dev. 16 (6): 729-742. doi:10.1101/gad.968302. PMC 155363. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensin
Sheldon WolffSheldon Wolff
"Sister chromatid exchange" most sensitive short-term test". UCSF Magazine. Vol. 8. 1985. p. 51. Cleaver, J. E.; Morgan, W. F. ( ... Wolff, Sheldon; Rodin, B.; Cleaver, J. E. (1977). "Sister chromatid exchanges induced by mutagenic carcinogens in normal and ... Perry, Paul; Wolff, Sheldon (1974). "New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids". Nature. 251 (5471 ... Morimoto, Kanehisa; Wolff, S. (April 1980). "Increase of Sister Chromatid Exchanges and Perturbations of Cell Division Kinetics ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Wolff
Frank UhlmannFrank Uhlmann
He has made major contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of sister chromatid cohesion, and their relationship to ... Uhlmann, F. (2007). "What is your assay for sister-chromatid cohesion?". The EMBO Journal. 26 (22): 4609-4618. doi:10.1038/sj. ... Nasmyth, K; Peters, J. M.; Uhlmann, F (2000). "Splitting the chromosome: Cutting the ties that bind sister chromatids". Science ... subscription required) Uhlmann, F; Lottspeich, F; Nasmyth, K (1999). "Sister-chromatid separation at anaphase onset is promoted ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Uhlmann
SMC proteinSMC protein
Losada A, Hirano M, Hirano T (1998). "Identification of Xenopus SMC protein complexes required for sister chromatid cohesion". ... Guacci V, Koshland D, Strunnikov A (1998). "A direct link between sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation ... A pair of SMC1 and SMC3 constitutes the core subunits of the cohesin complexes involved in sister chromatid cohesion. Likewise ... chromosomal proteins that prevent premature separation of sister chromatids". Cell. 91 (1): 35-45. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMC_protein
Identification of sister chromatids by DNA template strand sequences | NatureIdentification of sister chromatids by DNA template strand sequences | Nature
Whereas many sister chromatids appeared to be randomly distributed between daughter cells, non-random sister chromatid ... However, functional differences between sister chromatids regulate daughter cell fate in yeast1 and sister chromatid ... non-random sister chromatid segregation occurs in a subset of colon crypt epithelial cells. Sister chromatids are generally ... Differentiated sister chromatids, coupled with non-random segregation, have been proposed to regulate cell fate during the ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08644?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c9fb5c4c-5998-4c84-a351-626033f753c3
Positive selection of FLP-mediated unequal sister chromatid exchange products in mammalian cellsPositive selection of FLP-mediated unequal sister chromatid exchange products in mammalian cells
... Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Feb;17(2): ... approach to recover a rare FLP-mediated recombination event displaying the characteristics of an unequal sister chromatid ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9001240/
The MCM-Binding Protein ETG1 Aids Sister Chromatid Cohesion Required for Postreplicative Homologous Recombination Repair | PLOS...The MCM-Binding Protein ETG1 Aids Sister Chromatid Cohesion Required for Postreplicative Homologous Recombination Repair | PLOS...
This process is aided by keeping the two sister chromatids in close proximity after the replication process by the deposition ... DNA replication results in two identical sister chromatids. A trick applied by cells to overcome damaged DNA is homologous ... recombination, using the undamaged copy of the sister chromatid as a template to repair the damaged one. ... ETG1 protein as a novel evolutionarily conserved replication factor that is needed for maintaining the sister chromatids ...
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000817
YRC Public Data Repository - Gene Ontology - meiotic sister chromatid segregationYRC Public Data Repository - Gene Ontology - meiotic sister chromatid segregation
The cell cycle process whereby sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two ...
https://www.yeastrc.org/pdr/viewGONode.do?acc=GO:0045144
Protein phosphatase 2A protects centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis I. - Oxford Neuroscience
Destruction of sister chromatid cohesion along chromosome arms due to proteolytic cleavage of cohesins Rec8 subunit by ... This produces univalent chromosomes, the chromatids of which are held together by centromeric cohesin that has been protected ... to opposite poles during meiosis I depends on post-replicative crossing over between homologous non-sister chromatids, which ... Protein phosphatase 2A protects centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis I. Riedel CG., Katis VL., Katou Y., Mori S ...
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/98447?75036e2e-7851-11ed-a570-061ab7f93640
Mice lacking sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5B exhibit developmental abnormalities reminiscent of Cornelia de Lange...Mice lacking sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5B exhibit developmental abnormalities reminiscent of Cornelia de Lange...
Sister chromatid cohesion, the linkage of sister chromatids from S phase until onset of anaphase, is important for accurate ... PDS5B loss does not alter sister chromatid cohesion. PDS5 is crucial for sister chromatid cohesion(Dorsett et al., 2005; ... PDS5, APRIN, Sister chromatid cohesion, Congenital defects, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Primordial germ cells, Mouse ... Pds5B-/- MEFs lack sister chromatid cohesion defects. (A,B) Metaphases from mouse embryonic fibroblasts(MEFs) derived from WT ...
https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/134/17/3191/64531/Mice-lacking-sister-chromatid-cohesion-protein
Sister Chromatids- Definition, Formation, Separation, FunctionsSister Chromatids- Definition, Formation, Separation, Functions
Sister chromatids are the two identical copies of the same chromosome attached by the structure called the centromere. ... Non-sister Chromatid. Basis. Sister chromatid. Non-sister chromatid. Definition. The centromere connects the two chromatids of ... Non-sister Chromatid. Any one of the two chromatids of paired homologous chromosomes can be referred as a non-sister chromatid. ... Sister chromatids in mitosis. *In the Prophase of mitosis: movement of the sister chromatids toward the center of the cell. ...
https://thebiologynotes.com/sister-chromatids-mitosis-meiosis/
RTECS:RN8640000 - 7-Oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane, 3-(epoxyethyl)- - The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances | CDC/NIOSHRTECS:RN8640000 - 7-Oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane, 3-(epoxyethyl)- - The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances | CDC/NIOSH
sister chromatid exchange. ovary/hamster. 3730 picograms/kg. NTPTR* NTP-TR-362,1989. ...
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/RN83D600.html
Kromosomu, Kromatidi na Kromatini - Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc. | Khan Academy
Kromosomu, Kromatidi na Kromatini - Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc.. Kishkio cha Kiini Tete - Embryonic stem cell. ...
https://sw.khanacademy.org/video?v=Z3XybD5WIUY
Registration Dossier - ECHARegistration Dossier - ECHA
Elevated frequency of chromatid-type exchanges occurred at 1 mM. The mitotic frequency started to decline at 0.5 mM and at 0.5 ... Whole blood cultures: There was a clear dose-dependent increase in chromatid breaks, gaps and total aberrations at ... Isolated lymphocyte cultures: There was a clear dose-dependent increase in chromatid breaks, gaps and total aberrations. A ... Vinyl acetate at concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.25 mM induced a dose-dependent increase in chromatid-type ...
https://echa.europa.eu/it/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15530/7/7/1
IMSEAR at SEARO: A study of sister chromatid exchange in patients with dental amalgam restorations.
Objective: To study sister chromatid exchange (SCE) as an indicator of systemic genotoxicity, due to the exposure from the ... A study of sister chromatid exchange in patients with dental amalgam restorations. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2014 Nov- ... A study of sister chromatid exchange in patients with dental amalgam restorations. ...
https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/156556?locale=ar
Chromosome Analysis, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) for Bloom Syndrome, BloodChromosome Analysis, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) for Bloom Syndrome, Blood
Access to Chromosome Analysis, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) for Bloom Syndrome, Blood is restricted. Sign up now. ... Access to Chromosome Analysis, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) for Bloom Syndrome, Blood is restricted. Sign up now. ... Access to Chromosome Analysis, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) for Bloom Syndrome, Blood is restricted. Sign up now. ... Access to Chromosome Analysis, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) for Bloom Syndrome, Blood is restricted. Sign up now. ...
https://app.medicaldatabase.com/site/medical-tests/55c039d7-80b7-479d-8996-23b6f2305e8c
Plant extracts induce chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells and human...
N2 - Effects of extracts from Vicia faba were compared with those of Zea mays for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges ( ... AB - Effects of extracts from Vicia faba were compared with those of Zea mays for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges ( ... Effects of extracts from Vicia faba were compared with those of Zea mays for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs ... abstract = "Effects of extracts from Vicia faba were compared with those of Zea mays for the induction of sister-chromatid ...
https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/plant-extracts-induce-chromosome-aberrations-and-sister-chromatid
Top 10 applied science ideas and inspirationTop 10 applied science ideas and inspiration
Then in the third phase, anaphase, the chromatids which make…. ::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; }. Ap Biology ...
https://www.pinterest.com/ideas/applied-science/956414733973/
Tetrads Form in Prophase I Homologous chromosomes (each with sister chromatids) Join to form aTetrads Form in Prophase I Homologous chromosomes (each with sister chromatids) Join to form a
Results of Meiosis. Gametes (egg & sperm) form. Four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome. One allele of each gene. Different combinations of alleles for different genes along the chromosome. Slide 92. ...
https://www.sliderbase.com/spitem-1086-7.html
RAD21 gene: MedlinePlus GeneticsRAD21 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
The copied DNA from each chromosome is arranged into two identical structures, called sister chromatids, which are attached to ... The RAD21 protein is part of a protein group called the cohesin complex that holds the sister chromatids together. ... Scc1/Rad21/Mcd1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion and kinetochore function in vertebrate cells. Dev Cell. 2001 Dec;1(6 ...
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rad21/
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Histologic FindingsNijmegen Breakage Syndrome Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Histologic Findings
... as well as other aberrations such as chromatid and/or chromosome breaks and acentric fragments (after Giemsa-staining). ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1116869-workup
PDF) Natural compounds discovered in Helleborus sp. (Ranunculaceae) with important medical potential,PDF) Natural compounds discovered in Helleborus sp. (Ranunculaceae) with important medical potential,
PDF | On Jan 1, 2013, Maior and others published Natural compounds discovered in Helleborus sp. (Ranunculaceae) with important medical potential, | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236014965_Natural_compounds_discovered_in_Helleborus_sp_Ranunculaceae_with_important_medical_potential
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, PathophysiologyNijmegen Breakage Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Breakages, figures (symmetric), high sister chromatid exchange rate. Sensitivity to Damaging Agents (in vitro) ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/1116869-191076/what-are-the-racial-predilections-of-nijmegen-breakage-syndrome-nbs
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Non-SMC Element 2 (NSMCE2) of the SMC5/6 Complex Helps to Resolve Topological StressIJMS | Free Full-Text | Non-SMC Element 2 (NSMCE2) of the SMC5/6 Complex Helps to Resolve Topological Stress
The SMC5/6 complex is previously described to promote DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair by sister chromatid recombination ... Sister chromatid intertwining. References. *Nasmyth, K.; Haering, C.H. The structure and function of SMC and kleisin complexes ... Smc5-Smc6 mediate DNA double-strand-break repair by promoting sister-chromatid recombination. Nat. Cell Biol. 2006, 8, 1032- ... The SMC5/6 complex is previously described to promote DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair by sister chromatid recombination ...
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/17/11/1782
SMC complexes and topoisomerase II work together so that sister chromatids can work apart<...
The pairing of sister chromatids in interphase facilitates error-free homologous recombination (HR). Sister chromatids are held ... N2 - The pairing of sister chromatids in interphase facilitates error-free homologous recombination (HR). Sister chromatids are ... AB - The pairing of sister chromatids in interphase facilitates error-free homologous recombination (HR). Sister chromatids are ... SMC complexes and topoisomerase II work together so that sister chromatids can work apart. In: Cell Cycle. 2010 ; Vol. 9, No. ...
https://scholars.mssm.edu/en/publications/smc-complexes-and-topoisomerase-ii-work-together-so-that-sister-c-2
chromatin | Etymology, origin and meaning of chromatin by etymonlinechromatin | Etymology, origin and meaning of chromatin by etymonline
Related: Chromatid. Compare chromosome.. Entries linking to chromatin. chroma. (n.). in reference to color, intensity of ...
https://www.etymonline.com/word/chromatin
Uranium - WikipediaUranium - Wikipedia
Binucleated cells with micronuclei, Inhibition of cell cycle kinetics and proliferation; Sister chromatid induction, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium
Genotoxicity assessment in iron deficiency anemia patients using sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations assays....
Genotoxicity assessment in iron deficiency anemia patients using sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations assays ... Genotoxicity assessment in iron deficiency anemia patients using sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations assays ... and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) assays. Eighteen IDA subjects and a similar number of age-matched healthy controls were ...
https://accounts.public.ce.basespace.illumina.com/b/search/article.nb?id=23018198
Chromosomes (article) | Khan AcademyChromosomes (article) | Khan Academy
Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and haploid/diploid. ... Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and haploid/diploid. ...
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/a/dna-and-chromosomes-article
Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms | NHGRITalking Glossary of Genetic Terms | NHGRI
Chromatid. A chromatid is one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell ... The two "sister" chromatids are joined at a constricted region of the chromosome called the centromere. During cell division, ... Following attachment of the spindle fibers to the centromere, the two identical sister chromatids that make up the replicated ... spindle fibers attach to the centromere and pull each of the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. Soon after, the ...
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary
DailyMed - FLOMAX- tamsulosin hydrochloride capsuleDailyMed - FLOMAX- tamsulosin hydrochloride capsule
There were no mutagenic effects in the in vivo sister chromatid exchange and mouse micronucleus assay. ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c8beeebe-a666-4521-ba3b-a42f2e8a8851
ChromosomesCohesionChromosomeChromatinMitosisSister chromatid segregationAnaphaseSCEsCentromereMetaphaseSegregationHomologous recombinationMeioticChromosomalCohesin complexMitotic spindleFacilitatesLymphocytesOpposite polesCellsGenotoxicityCellSeparateRemainPair
Chromosomes18
  • Here we show that parental 'Watson' and 'Crick' DNA template strands can be identified in sister chromatids of murine metaphase chromosomes using CO-FISH (chromosome orientation fluorescence in situ hybridization 4 ) with unidirectional probes specific for centromeric and telomeric repeats. (nature.com)
  • Alves, P. & Jonasson, J. New staining method for the detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in BrdU-labelled chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Segregation of homologous maternal and paternal centromeres to opposite poles during meiosis I depends on post-replicative crossing over between homologous non-sister chromatids, which creates chiasmata and therefore bivalent chromosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This produces univalent chromosomes, the chromatids of which are held together by centromeric cohesin that has been protected from separase by shugoshin (Sgo1/MEI-S332) proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • During the interphase (S phase) of cell division, eukaryote chromosomes present in the nucleus are replicated, and two identical copies of each chromosome are formed, which are known as sister chromatids. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • Following the separation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I, the sister chromatids are separated during meiosis II. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The sister chromatid cohesion is a crucial condition for chromosomal segregation since it is required for the biorientation of chromosomes on the mitotic or meiotic spindle. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The sister chromatids are only separated from one another in anaphase when all of the chromosomes have attained biorientation. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • This physical connection, called sister chromatid cohesion, works to counteract the pulling forces produced by microtubules that attach to kinetochores facilitate the biorientation of chromosomes on the mitotic spindle. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The primary function of sister chromatids is to ensure that every daughter cell formed during cell division receives a complete set of chromosomes. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The pairing of sister chromatids in interphase facilitates error-free homologous recombination (HR). Sister chromatids are held together by cohesin, one of three Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes. (mssm.edu)
  • Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and haploid/diploid. (khanacademy.org)
  • Each one has two strands called sister chromatids (tids are a chromosomes kids), held together at the centromere (centromere is at the center). (slideserve.com)
  • 1. Centromeres separate (sister chromatids become 2 chromosomes! (slideserve.com)
  • The reproductive cell divides, resulting in two cells each containing 23 sister chromatid units (but still 46 chromosomes in total). (mit.edu)
  • The final division of chromosomes occurs in the second act of meiosis, when the sister chromatids again line up in the middle of the cell and the cell division apparatus reforms. (mit.edu)
  • Homologous chromosomes segregate in meiosis I, whereas chromatids disjoin in meiosis II. (mpg.de)
  • At this point esch chromosome consist of a pair of chromatids and the two associated chromosomes are termed a tetrad. (writtenchinese.com)
Cohesion9
  • Protein phosphatase 2A protects centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis I. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Destruction of sister chromatid cohesion along chromosome arms due to proteolytic cleavage of cohesin's Rec8 subunit by separase resolves chiasmata and thereby triggers the first meiotic division. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A multi-subunit protein complex known as cohesin is necessary for sister chromatid cohesion. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The defects in chromatin structure and gene regulation may result from mutations in the proteins necessary for sister chromatid cohesion. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • Without sister chromatid cohesion, in rare cases, it can result in congenital developmental disorders called Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Roberts/SC Phocomelia syndrome, and Warsaw Breakage syndrome. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • her work then focused on Eco1, an acetyl transferase required to promote sister chromatid cohesion establishment during S-phase. (crick.ac.uk)
  • The paper "Sororin Mediates Sister Chromatid Cohesion by Antagonizing Wapl" (Nishiyama et al. (innovations-report.com)
  • CDK11p58 kinase activity is required to protect sister chromatid cohesion at centromeres in mitosis. (univ-rennes.fr)
  • Histone deacetylase 3 is required for centromeric H3K4 deacetylation and sister chromatid cohesion. (univ-rennes.fr)
Chromosome10
  • Sister chromatids are the two identical copies of the same chromosome attached by the structure called the centromere . (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The sister chromatids are connected at the centromere, a constrictive region of the chromosome. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The sister chromatids are still regarded as one chromosome as long as they are linked at the centromere. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • During the subsequent gap (G2) phase and early mitosis, in prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase, the sister chromatid remains united as part of one chromosome. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • The sister chromatid axes separate in parallel along their lengths in both arm(s) and centromere/kinetochore regions globally throughout the chromosome complement due to inter-sister chromatin pushing forces one to two minutes before sister chromatid centromeres start to move toward opposite poles visibly. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • Access to Chromosome Analysis, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) for Bloom Syndrome, Blood is restricted. (medicaldatabase.com)
  • Effects of extracts from Vicia faba were compared with those of Zea mays for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. (elsevier.com)
  • The copied DNA from each chromosome is arranged into two identical structures, called sister chromatids, which are attached to one another during the early stages of cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, in a high proportion of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes (10-60%), spontaneous structural chromosomal rearrangements are observed (QFQ or GTG banding), as well as other aberrations such as chromatid and/or chromosome breaks and acentric fragments (after Giemsa-staining). (medscape.com)
  • Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (bvsalud.org)
Chromatin3
  • Sister chromatids are joined together over their whole lengths by axis-linking chromatin/structure bridges beginning in the late prophase of mitosis. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • In this focal plane, four chromatid bodies were clearly visible, as well as a single, clearly circumscribed nucleus, with its centrally located karyosome, and peripherally situated chromatin. (cdc.gov)
  • Petryk N, Reverón-Gómez N, González-Aguilera C, Dalby M, Andersson R, Groth A. Genome-wide and sister chromatid-resolved profiling of protein occupancy in replicated chromatin with ChOR-seq and SCAR-seq. (parisepigenetics.com)
Mitosis1
  • Sister chromatids are held together from their replication until mitosis. (biorxiv.org)
Sister chromatid segregation3
  • Whereas sister chromatids appeared to be randomly distributed between daughter cells in cultured lung fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells, significant non-random sister chromatid segregation was observed in a subset of colon crypt epithelial cells, including cells outside positions reported for colon stem cells 5 . (nature.com)
  • CO-FISH to study sister chromatid segregation patterns. (nature.com)
  • Models for the mechanism and function of asymmetric sister chromatid segregation. (nature.com)
Anaphase1
  • Widely separated chromatids continue to be invisibly linked for few minutes in telomere regions, most likely through catenation, with complete separation occurring during anaphase. (thebiologynotes.com)
SCEs1
  • Further studies were performed to determine whether DCNPA and its major metabolite, 2,4-dichloro-6-aminophenol (DCAP), can induce reverse mutations in Salmonella, gene mutations at the HPRT locus, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei (MN) in V79 cells. (cdc.gov)
Centromere1
  • The chromatids are held together at the centromere. (bvsalud.org)
Metaphase2
  • The continuation of physical contact between sister chromatids from the S phase through metaphase is essential for this sequence of events. (thebiologynotes.com)
  • These bridges ensure that sister chromatids undergo compaction during prometaphase/metaphase while maintaining a parallel, paranemic relationship and preventing helical coiling. (thebiologynotes.com)
Segregation4
  • It is generally assumed that sister chromatids are genetically and functionally identical and that segregation to daughter cells is a random process. (nature.com)
  • Differentiated sister chromatids, coupled with non-random segregation, have been proposed to regulate cell fate during the development of multicellular organisms 3 . (nature.com)
  • The invariable orientation of repetitive DNA was used to differentially label sister chromatids and directly study mitotic segregation patterns in different cell types. (nature.com)
  • Our results establish that DNA template sequences can be used to distinguish sister chromatids and follow their mitotic segregation in vivo . (nature.com)
Homologous recombination1
  • These breaks can be repaired via a homologous recombination mechanism that employs the undamaged sister chromatid as a template. (thebiologynotes.com)
Meiotic2
  • The cell cycle process whereby sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle. (yeastrc.org)
  • They are highly extended meiotic half-bivalents, each consisting of 2 sister chromatids. (toppr.com)
Chromosomal1
  • Genotoxicity assessment in iron deficiency anemia patients using sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations assays. (illumina.com)
Cohesin complex1
  • The RAD21 protein is part of a protein group called the cohesin complex that holds the sister chromatids together. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitotic spindle1
  • Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce premature sister chromatid separation and override the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint. (univ-rennes.fr)
Facilitates1
  • In cells that have replicated their DNA, the sister chromatid facilitates the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. (thebiologynotes.com)
Lymphocytes1
  • variability of the facultative heterochromatin (sister chromatid exchanges - SCE) in the culture of lymphocytes from 75-88-year-old individuals. (bvsalud.org)
Opposite poles1
  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. (sliderbase.com)
Cells1
  • Structural specificity of estrogens in the induction of mitotic chromatid non-disjunction in HeLa cells. (semanticscholar.org)
Genotoxicity1
  • Objective: To study sister chromatid exchange (SCE) as an indicator of systemic genotoxicity, due to the exposure from the components of amalgam restorations during its placement and chronic use. (who.int)
Cell1
  • Acting as a single unit, they line up in the cell opposite the two sister chromatids that make up their homologous counterpart. (mit.edu)
Separate1
Remain1
  • The duplicates, known as "sister chromatids," remain firmly attached to each other. (mit.edu)
Pair1