AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
Chromaffin SystemChromaffin CellsChromaffin GranulesAdrenal MedullaCatecholaminesAdrenal GlandsCattleExocytosisChromograninsChromogranin ADopamine beta-HydroxylasePhenylethanolamine N-MethyltransferaseVeratridineCalciumSecretory VesiclesDigitoninPara-Aortic BodiesCells, CulturedDimethylphenylpiperazinium IodideNicotineEnkephalin, MethionineNorepinephrineTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseEpinephrineMuscarineCytoplasmic GranulesChromogranin BEnkephalinsEnterochromaffin CellsParaganglia, ChromaffinPheochromocytomaIntracellular MembranesAnnexin A7TetrabenazineKineticsReserpinePC12 CellsElectric CapacitanceAcupuncture TherapyAcupunctureAcupuncture PointsAcupuncture AnalgesiaAutonomic PathwaysAcupuncture, EarElectroacupuncture
Chromaffin System
The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.
Chromaffin Cells
Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.
Chromaffin Granules
Organelles in CHROMAFFIN CELLS located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. These granules are the site of the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.
Adrenal Medulla
The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Catecholamines
A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.
Adrenal Glands
A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
Cattle
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Exocytosis
Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.
Chromogranins
A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.
Chromogranin A
A type of chromogranin which was first isolated from CHROMAFFIN CELLS of the ADRENAL MEDULLA but is also found in other tissues and in many species including human, bovine, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 431 to 445 amino acid residues. It contains fragments that inhibit vasoconstriction or release of hormones and neurotransmitter, while other fragments exert antimicrobial actions.
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase
Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
A methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and phenylethanolamine to yield S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and N-methylphenylethanolamine. It can act on various phenylethanolamines and converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.1.28.
Veratridine
A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Secretory Vesicles
Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.
Digitonin
A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.
Para-Aortic Bodies
Small masses of chromaffin cells found near the SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA along the ABDOMINAL AORTA, beginning cranial to the superior mesenteric artery (MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR) or renal arteries and extending to the level of the aortic bifurcation or just beyond. They are also called the organs of Zuckerkandl and sometimes called aortic bodies (not to be confused with AORTIC BODIES in the THORAX). The para-aortic bodies are the dominant source of CATECHOLAMINES in the FETUS and normally regress after BIRTH.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide
A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.
Nicotine
Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.
Enkephalin, Methionine
One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.
Norepinephrine
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.
Epinephrine
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.
Muscarine
A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.
Cytoplasmic Granules
Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane.
Chromogranin B
A type of chromogranin which was initially characterized in a rat PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELL LINE. It is found in many species including human, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 626 to 657 amino acid residues. In some species, it inhibits secretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE or INSULIN and exerts bacteriolytic effects in others.
Enkephalins
One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.
Enterochromaffin Cells
A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal MUCOSA, particularly in the glands of PYLORIC ANTRUM; DUODENUM; and ILEUM. These cells secrete mainly SEROTONIN and some neuropeptides. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).
Paraganglia, Chromaffin
Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads.
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)
Intracellular Membranes
Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.
Annexin A7
An annexin family member that plays a role in MEMBRANE FUSION and signaling via VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CALCIUM CHANNELS.
Tetrabenazine
A drug formerly used as an antipsychotic and treatment of various movement disorders. Tetrabenazine blocks neurotransmitter uptake into adrenergic storage vesicles and has been used as a high affinity label for the vesicle transport system.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Reserpine
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.
PC12 Cells
A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.
Electric Capacitance
The ability of a substrate to retain an electrical charge.
Acupuncture Therapy
Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
Acupuncture
The occupational discipline of the traditional Chinese methods of ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians.
Acupuncture Points
Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.
Acupuncture Analgesia
Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.
Autonomic Pathways
Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.
Acupuncture, Ear
Acupuncture therapy by inserting needles in the ear. It is used to control pain and for treating various ailments.
Electroacupuncture
A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.

Action potentials in the rat chromaffin cell and effects of acetylcholine. (1/442)

1. Electrophysiological properties of the rat chromaffin cell were studied using intracellular recording techniques. 2. The resting potential in the chromaffin cell was -49 +/- 6 mV (mean +/- S.D., n = 14) in standard saline containing 10 mM-Ca whereas that in Na-free saline was -63 +/- 9 mV (n = 17). At rest, the membrane has a substantial Na permeability. 3. Action potentials were evoked by passing current through the recording electrode. In standard saline the major fraction of the action potential disappeared either upon omission of external Na ions from standard saline or addition of 1 muM tetrodotoxin (TTX). We conclude that action potentials in the chromaffin cell are due mainly to an increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na ions. 4. Small but significant regenerative action potentials were observed in Na-free saline, and when Ca in Na-free saline was replaced by Ba, prolonged action potentials occurred. We conclude that action potentials in the chromaffin cell also have a Ca component. 5. Iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) produced a transient membrane depolarization in standard saline. 6. Spontaneous action potentials were recorded extracellularly by microsuction electrodes. They occurred at a rate of 0-05-0-1/sec in almost all cells. 7. When the perfusion fluid contained 3 x 10(-7) M to 10(-4) M ACh the spike frequency increased up to about 2/sec. This stimulatory effect of ACh was blocked by 10(-7) M atropine but not by 10(-3) M hexamethonium nor by 10(-5) M-d-tubocurarine. 8. The importance of Ca entry during action potentials for catecholamine secretion is discussed  (+info)

Modulation of gastrin processing by vesicular monoamine transporter type 1 (VMAT1) in rat gastrin cells. (2/442)

1. Gastrointestinal endocrine cells produce biogenic amines which are transported into secretory vesicles by one of two proton-amine exchangers, vesicular monoamine transporters type 1 and 2 (VMAT1 and 2). We report here the presence of VMAT1 in rat gastrin (G) cells and the relevance of VMAT1 function for the modulation of progastrin processing by biogenic and dietary amines. 2. In immunocytochemical studies VMAT1, but not VMAT2, was localized to subpopulations of G cells and enterochromaffin (EC) cells; neither was found in antral D cells. The expression of VMAT1 in antral mucosa was confirmed by Northern blot analysis, which revealed an mRNA band of approximately 3.2 kb, and by Western blot analysis, which revealed a major protein of 55 kDa. 3. In pulse-chase labelling experiments, the conversion of the amidated gastrin G34 to G17 was inhibited by biogenic amine precursors (L-DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan). This inhibition was stereospecific and sensitive to reserpine (50 nM), which blocks VMAT1 and VMAT2, but resistant to tetrabenazine, which is a selective inhibitor of VMAT2. 4. Dietary amines such as tyramine and tryptamine also inhibited G34 cleavage. This effect was associated with a loss of the electron-dense core of G cell secretory vesicles. It was not stereospecific or reserpine sensitive, but was correlated with hydrophobicity. 5. Thus rat antral G cells can express VMAT1; transport of biogenic amines into secretory vesicles by VMAT1 is associated with inhibition of G34 cleavage, perhaps by raising intravesicular pH. Dietary amines also modulate cleavage of progastrin-derived peptides, but do so by a VMAT1-independent mechanism; they may act as weak bases that passively permeate secretory vesicle membranes and raise intravesicular pH.  (+info)

Subcellualr distribution of protein carboxymethylase and its endogenous substrates in the adrenal medulla: possible role in excitation-secretion coupling. (3/442)

Protein carboxymethylase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) transfers a methyl group from S-adenoxyl-L-methionine to carboxyl side chains of proteins to form labile protein-methyl esters which, thus, neutralize negative charges. This enzyme was examined for its possible participation in excitation-secretion coupling in the adrenal medulla. Protein carboxymethylase has a specific activity several times higher in the adrenal medulla than in the adrenal cortex; also, the medulla has a higher concentration of methyl-acceptor proteins. In the adrenal medulla, 97% of the enzyme was localized in the cytosol. Of the various subcellular fractions of the medulla, the catecholamine-containing chromaffin vesicles had the highest concentrations of substrat(s) for protein carboxymethylase. Carboxymethylation of proteins in intact chromaffin vesicles results in stripping of methylated protein(s) from the membranes. Thus, protein carboxymethylase appears to be involved in the neutralization of charges on the surface of chromaffin vesicles and in the release of surface proteins; both phenomena are likely to be required for exocytosis.  (+info)

Desensitisation of chromaffin cell nicotinic receptors does not impede catecholamine secretion during acute hypoxia in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (4/442)

Experiments were performed on adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in vivo using chronically cannulated fish and in situ using a perfused posterior cardinal vein preparation (i) to characterise the desensitisation of chromaffin cell nicotinic receptors and (ii) to assess the ability of fish to secrete catecholamines during acute hypoxia with or without functional nicotinic receptors. Intra-arterial injection of nicotine (6.0x10(-)(7 )mol kg(-)(1)) caused a rapid increase in plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels; the magnitude of this response was unaffected by an injection of nicotine given 60 min earlier. Evidence for nicotinic receptor desensitisation, however, was provided during continuous intravenous infusion of nicotine (1.3x10(-)(5 )mol kg(-)(1 )h(-)(1)) in which plasma catecholamine levels increased initially but then returned to baseline levels. To ensure that the decline in circulating catecholamine concentrations during continuous nicotine infusion was not related to changes in storage levels or altered rates of degradation/clearance, in situ posterior cardinal vein preparations were derived from fish previously experiencing 60 min of saline or nicotine infusion. Confirmation of nicotinic receptor desensitisation was provided by demonstrating that the preparations derived from nicotine-infused fish were unresponsive to nicotine (10(-)(5 )mol l(-)(1)), yet remained responsive to angiotensin II (500 pmol kg(-)(1)). The in situ experiments demonstrated that desensitisation of the nicotinic receptor occurred within 5 min of receptor stimulation and that resensitisation was established 40 min later. The ability to elevate plasma catecholamine levels during acute hypoxia (40-45 mmHg; 5.3-6.0 kPa) was not impaired in fish experiencing nicotinic receptor desensitisation. Indeed, peak plasma adrenaline levels were significantly higher in the desensitised fish during hypoxia than in controls (263+/-86 versus 69+/-26 nmol l(-)(1); means +/- s.e.m., N=6-9). Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that activation of preganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres and the resultant stimulation of nicotinic receptors is not the sole mechanism for eliciting catecholamine secretion during hypoxia.  (+info)

Tumours of the adrenal gland and paraganglia. (5/442)

This classification is arranged in two parts in order to take into account the different origins, structures, and functions of the cortex and medulla. The tabular classification is a simplified version of that suggested for adrenal tumours in man, and includes cortical adenoma and carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, chemodectoma, neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma, and neuroblastoma. A detailed functional classification is not given, since the hormonal activity of many adrenal tumours in animals is less well known than it is in man. Of the tumour-like lesions listed, cortical hyperplasia is particularly important in several species.  (+info)

Ion permeability of isolated chromaffin granules. (6/442)

The passive ion permeability, regulation of volume, and internal pH of isolated bovine chromaffin granules were studied by radiochemical, potentiometric, gravimetric, and spectrophotometric techniques. Chromaffin granules behave as perfect osmometers between 340 and 1,000 mosM in choline chloride, NaCl, and KCl as measured by changes in absorbance at 430 nm or from intragranular water measurements using 3H2O and [14C]polydextran. By suspending chromaffin granules in iso-osmotic media of various metal ions and selectively increasing the permeability to either the cation or the anion by intrinsically permeable ions or specific ionophores, it was possible to determine by turbidity and potentiometric measurements the permeability to the counterion. These measurements indicate that the chromaffin granule is impermeable to the cations tested (Na+, K+, and H+). Limited H+ permeability across the chromaffin granule membrane was also shown by means of the time course of pH re-equilibration after pulsed pH changes in the surrounding media. The measurement of [14C]methylamine distribution indicates that a significant deltapH exists across the membrane, inside acidic, which at an external value of 6.85 has a value of 1.16. The deltapH is relatively insensitive to changes in the composition of the external media and can be enhanced or collapsed by the addition of ionophores and uncouplers. Measurement at various values of external pH indicates an internal pH of 5.5. Use of the ionophore A23187 indicates that Ca++ and Mg++ can be accumulated against an apparent concentration gradient with calcium uptake exceeding 50 nmol/mg of protein at saturation. These measurements also show that Ca++ and Mg++ are impermeable. Measurement of catecholamine release under conditions where intravesicular calcium accumulation is maximal indicates that catecholamine release does not occur. The physiological significance of the high impermeability to ions and the existence of a large deltapH are discussed in terms of regulation of uptake, storage, and release of catecholamines in chromaffin granules.  (+info)

Release of catecholamines and dopamine beta-hydroxylase from the perfused adrenal gland of the cat. (7/442)

1. Secretion of catecholamines (CA) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity from the perfused cat adrenal gland was studied following splanchnic nerve stimulation or infusion of acetylcholine (ACh). 2. Splanchnic nerve stimulation (30 Hz) or perfusion with a low concentration of ACh (10-minus5 M) caused a marked release of CA in the venous effluent, but release of DBH activity was minimal while a higher concentration of ACh (10-minus 4 M) enhanced the release of CA and DBH. 3. The ratio of DBH/CA released in the perfusate by splanchnic nerve stimulation or ACh infusion was only a small fraction of the ratio in the soluble lysate of purified chromaffin vesicles. 4. Following reserpine treatment, adrenal CA levels fell to 25% of the control value in 24 hr, remained depressed on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 at 5% of the control and recovered to 60% of the control value on the 6th day. DBH activity was unchanged from the control value at 24 hr after treatment, then rose as high as 5 times the control on the 5th day and was still twice the control value on the 6th day. 5. CA secretion in response to ACh (10-minus 4 M) perfusion was reduced to 30% of the control value on the first day after reserpine treatment, while DBH secretion was unchanged. On the 2nd day, CA secretion was depressed further to 5% of the control and remained at this low level up to 5 days after treatment while DBH secretion was twice the control value at 48 hr and then on days 3, 4 and 5 rose up to 5 times the control value. On the 6th day, secretion of CA recovered to 30% of the control while DBH secretion was now twice the control. 6. Isopycnic sucrose density (discontinuous) gradient centrifugation of vesicles from adrenal glands of control cats, and of cats given reserpine 1 or 2 days perviously, indicated that new vesicles or vesicles depleted of CA by reserpine had a lower equilibrium density than the original population of vesicles. 7. These results suggest that the release of CA is quantal in nature, but the release of DBH is not necessarily coupled with it. Release of DBH by ACh from reserpinized glands suggests that the vesicles which were once involved in secretion may be re-used for synthesis and storage of CA.  (+info)

Discrimination of monoamine uptake by membranes of adrenal chromaffin granules. (8/442)

1 The accumulation of various radioactive monoamines by isolated membranes of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules was measured by equilibrium dialysis. 2 Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of Mg++ stimulated the uptake of all the amines tested, but the accumulation of dopamine, (-)-noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), (plus or minus)-adrenaline and (plus or minus)-octopamine was greater than that of tyramine, (plus or minus)-metaraminol, tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine and histamine. 3 At the higher concentration levels of the amines in the medium the ATP-dependent accumulation of dopamine, NA, adrenaline and 5-HT in the membranes reached a saturation level, whereas in the absence of the nucleotide no saturation level was attained. 4 Octopamine and 5-HT competitively inhibited the ATP-dependent uptake of NA, 5 Decrease in the incubation temperature or the presence of N-ethylameimide greatly reduced the ATP-stimulated amine accumulation. Ouabain had no effect on uptake. 6 Reserpine virtually abolished the ATP-dependent uptake of dopamine, NA and 5-HT, caused a partial inhibition of the metaraminol, octopamine and tyramine accumulation, but did not interfere with the uptake of tryptamine. 7 The content of endogenous catecholamines of the membranes was changed very little by incubation of NA and 5-HT in the presence of ATP. However, the membranes lost over 80% of their endogenous amines if incubated for 30 min without ATP. 8 The ATP content of the medium progressively decreased during the incubation of granular membranes. 9 It is concluded that the membrane of adrenal chromaffin granules discriminates between the various monoamines with regard to the magnitude of their uptake and that two mechanisms of ATP-stimulated uptake, one responsive and the other resistant to reserpine, exist at the level of this membrane. The ATP-stimulated transport at the granular membrane level may be an important factor in determining the intraneuronal storage of a physiological or false neurotransmitter.  (+info)

Plus itPlus it
The ACh-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells is mainly triggered by an influx of Ca2+ through the nAChR channel, VOC, and the subsequent activation of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, all of which contribute to CA release. These events in response to ACh are of short duration, whereas PACAP induces large and sustained increases in [Ca2+]i and CA release. The present study sought to elucidate which pathways (nAChR channel, VOC, SOC, or an unidentified channel) contribute to this peculiar Ca2+ and secretory response to PACAP.. Reports vary concerning the effect of VOC blockers on PACAP-induced rise in [Ca2+]i and CA release. For example, Przywara et al. (1996) showed that in rat cultured adrenal chromaffin cells, neither L- nor N-type VOC participates in the PACAP-induced CA release. On the other hand,Fukushima et al. (2001b) showed that nifedipine, L-type VOC antagonist, reduced PACAP-induced CA release in isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. Tanaka et al. (1996) reported ...
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/302/3/972
Proenkephalin processing enzyme with specificity toward paired basic residues purified from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules ...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Proenkephalin processing enzyme with specificity toward paired basic residues purified from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/proenkephalin-processing-enzyme-with-specificity-toward-paired-ba/fingerprints/
Transport of Ca2+ and Na+ across the chromaffin-granule membrane | Biochemical JournalTransport of Ca2+ and Na+ across the chromaffin-granule membrane | Biochemical Journal
Bovine chromaffin-granule ghosts accumulate 45Ca2+ in a temperature- and osmotic-shock-sensitive process; the uptake is saturable, with Km 38 microM and Vmax. 28 nmol/min per mg at 37 degrees C. Entry occurs by exchange with Ca2+ bound to the inner surface of the membrane. It is inhibited non-competitively by Na+, La3+ and Ruthenium Red (Ki 10.7 mM, 7 microM and 2 microM respectively), and competitively by Mg2+ (ki 0.9 mM). Uptake was not stimulated by ATP. Na+ induces Ca2+ efflux; Ca2+ can re-enter the ghosts by a process of Ca2+/Na+ exchange. La3+ inhibits Ca2+ efflux during Ca2+-exchange, and Ca2+ efflux induced by Na+, suggesting that Ca2+ uptake and efflux, and Ca2+/Na+ exchange, are catalysed by the same protein. Na+ enters ghosts during CA2+ efflux, but the kinetics of its entry are not exactly similar to the kinetics of Ca2+ efflux. Initially 1-2 Na+ enter per Ca2+ lost, but at equilibrium 3-4 Na+ have replaced each Ca2+. There is no evidence that either Ca2+ uptake or efflux by Ca2+/Na+ ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/200/1/99
Structural and Enzti1atic Studies of Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase from Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin GranulesStructural and Enzti1atic Studies of Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase from Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Granules
Dopamine-ß-hydroxylase (DßH), an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, is the only enzyme of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway located in the chromaffin granules of adrenal medulla. Within the granules, two populations of DßH exist: a water-soluble fraction found within the granule matrix and a membrane-bound, amphiphilic fraction embedded in the surrounding bilayer. The amphiphilic form was purified to homogeneity following its extraction from the membrane with the non-ionic detergent BRIJ 58. Three steps were required to achieve complete purification: adsorption to ConA-Sepharose, adsorption to DEAE Sephadex A-25, and chromatography on Sephacryl S-200, Sepharose 6B, or Sepharose CL-4B. The presence of 0.1-0.2 mg/ml BRIJ 58 was essential for protein recovery. The enzymatic and structural characteristics of membrane-bound DßH were found to be similar to those of soluble DßH. Initial velocity data indicated a Ping-pong or double-displacement reaction with ...
https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/7389
Membranes of chromaffin granules. Isolation and partial characterization of two proteins | Biochemical JournalMembranes of chromaffin granules. Isolation and partial characterization of two proteins | Biochemical Journal
Membranes of chromaffin granules were isolated from the adrenal glands of four different species. The solubilized membrane proteins could be resolved into several bands by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (alkaline and acid gel systems). Two major protein components appeared to be common to the chromaffin granule membranes of ox, horse, pig and man. The various membrane proteins of bovine chromaffin granules were separated by filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Two major membrane proteins (A and B) were obtained in purified form. Treatment of protein A with 2-mercaptoethanol before electrophoresis resulted in two more rapidly migrating subunits, whereas protein B was unaffected by mercaptoethanol treatment. The amino acid compositions of the two purified proteins were determined. They are very similar to that of the total membrane proteins but significantly different from that of the chromogranins, the soluble proteins of chromaffin granules.. ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/122/3/298.1
Calcium signalling in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: additive effects of histamine and nicotine. - Department of Psychiatry
In a previous report, we described the ability of two secretogogues, histamine and nicotine, to stimulate additive effects on catecholamine (CA) release and synapsin II phosphorylation in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (BACC) [Firestone and Browning (1992), J. Neurochem., 58:441-447]. We hypothesized that these results were due to the combined effects on cytosolic Ca++ of the two distinct signalling pathways. We therefore examined the intracellular Ca++ signals stimulated by histamine and nicotine, alone and together. In Ca(++)-deficient medium, nicotine-stimulated signals were abolished, whereas histamine-stimulated signals were maintained, demonstrating that nicotine depended entirely on Ca++ influx for its effects. Indeed, the nicotine-stimulated signal could also be prevented using a Ca++ channel blocker, nicardipine. Further, the observation that exposure of BACC to thapsigargin reduced histamine-stimulated Ca++ signals verified that histamine mobilizes Ca++ from intracellular stores. Thus, the
https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/publications/889844
Secretion of [Met]enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7-related peptides and catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: modification...Secretion of [Met]enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7-related peptides and catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: modification...
Investigations into the effects of culturing bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in the presence (72 h) of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, forskolin, and reserpine on the level and release of [Met]enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 immunoreactivity, noradrenaline, and adrenaline are reported. The assay for [Met]enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 immunoreactivity recognises both peptide B, the 31-amino acid carboxy-terminal segment of proenkephalin, and its heptapeptide fragment, [Met]enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7. Treatments that elevate cyclic AMP increase the amount of peptide immunoreactivity in these cells; this is predominantly peptide B-like immunoreactivity in both control cells and cyclic AMP-elevated cells. Treatment with reserpine gives no change in total immunoreactivity levels, but does not result in increased accumulation of the heptapeptide [Met]enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 at the expense of immunoreactivity that elutes with its immediate precursor, peptide B. Cyclic AMP treatment causes either no change or a decrease in levels of accumulated
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Secretion-of-Met-enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7-related-pept-Adams-Boarder/36f7615699843206abae13a63dc0f6f092245306
Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the C subunit of H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase from bovine chromaffin...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the C subunit of H+-ATPase from bovine chromaffin granules. AU - Nelson, H.. AU - Mandiyan, S.. AU - Noumi, T.. AU - Morihama, Y.. AU - Miedel, M. C.. AU - Nelson, N.. PY - 1990/12/18. Y1 - 1990/12/18. N2 - A cDNA encoding subunit C of the V-ATPase from bovine chromaffin granules was cloned and sequenced. The gene encodes a hydrophilic protein of 382 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 43,989. Hydropathy plots revealed no apparent transmembrane segments and a rather high helix content was detected. A cDNA encoding most of the C subunit of the V-ATPase of human brain was also cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of this gene is almost identical to the bovine polypeptide with only one change of tyrosine 336 that was replaced by histidine in the human gene. Two polypeptide fragments derived from subunit E of V-ATPase from chromaffin granules were sequenced and found to be identical to the predicted amino acid sequence ...
https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/molecular-cloning-of-cdna-encoding-the-c-subunit-of-hsupsup-atpas
Further Characterization of Dopamine Release by Permeabilized PC 12 CellsFurther Characterization of Dopamine Release by Permeabilized PC 12 Cells
Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC 12) permeabilized with staphylococcal α-toxin release [3H]dopamine after addition of micromolar Ca2+. This does not require additional Mg2+-ATP (in contrast to bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells). We also observed Ca2+-dependent [3H]-dopamine release from digitonin-permeabilized PC 12 cells. Permeabilization with α-toxin or digitonin and stimulation of the cells were done consecutively to wash out endogenous Mg2+-ATP. During permeabilization, ATP was removed effectively from the cytoplasm by both agents but the cells released [3H]dopamine in response to micromolar Ca2+ alone. Replacement by chloride of glutamate, which could sustain mitochondrial ATP production in permeabilized cells, does not significantly alter catecholamine release induced by Ca2+. However, Mg2+ without ATP augments the Ca2+-induced release. The release was unaltered by thiol-, hydroxyl-, or calmodulin-interfering substances. Thus Mg2+-ATP, calmodulin, or proteins containing -SH or -OH ...
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7206/
Functional and morphological characteristics of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells on macroporous poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)...
Adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs) secrete several neuroactive substances that are effective in influencing pain sensitivity in the central nervous system as well as enhancing the recovery of the intrinsic nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in patients w
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Functional-morphological-characteristics-bovine-adrenal/14633388.html
Sodium-azide-evoked noradrenaline and catecholamine release from peripheral sympathetic nerves and chromaffin cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Sodium-azide-evoked noradrenaline and catecholamine release from peripheral sympathetic nerves and chromaffin cells. AU - Török, Tamás L.. AU - Pauló, Tünde. AU - Tóth, Péter T.. AU - Azzidani, Awad M.. AU - Powis, David A.. AU - Magyar, K.. PY - 1989. Y1 - 1989. N2 - 1. 1. The spontaneous release of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) has been measured from rabbit pulmonary arteries and bovine chromaffin cells in the presence of neuronal uptake blocker cocaine (3 × 10-5 M). 2. 2. The Na+-pump inhibitor sodium-azide (NaN3, 2 mM) produced a moderate increase of [3H]NA release from both preparations and relaxed the arteries. The [3H]releasing action of NaN3 was accompanied by a 30% inhibition of 86Rb-uptake into chromaffin cells. 3. 3. In both preparations, ouabain (10-4 M) markedly increased the release of [3H], contracted the arteries and inhibited the 86Rb-uptake of chromaffin cells by about 75%. A combined application of NaN3 and ouabain produced a similar inhibition of ...
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/sodium-azide-evoked-noradrenaline-and-catecholamine-release-from-
Chromaffin cell financial definition of chromaffin cellChromaffin cell financial definition of chromaffin cell
Definition of chromaffin cell in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is chromaffin cell? Meaning of chromaffin cell as a finance term. What does chromaffin cell mean in finance?
https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chromaffin+cell
Chromaffin cells legal definition of Chromaffin cellsChromaffin cells legal definition of Chromaffin cells
Definition of Chromaffin cells in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is Chromaffin cells? Meaning of Chromaffin cells as a legal term. What does Chromaffin cells mean in law?
https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Chromaffin+cells
Sparrho | Muscarinic receptor subtypes in bovine adrenal medullaSparrho | Muscarinic receptor subtypes in bovine adrenal medulla
Catecholamine secretion in the bovine adrenal medulla is evoked largely by nicotinic receptor activation. However, bovine adrenal medulla also contain muscarini
https://www.sparrho.com/item/muscarinic-receptor-subtypes-in-bovine-adrenal-medulla/a71adf/
Munc18-1 phosphorylation by protein kinase C potentiates vesicle pool replenishment in bovine chromaffin cells :: MPG.PuReMunc18-1 phosphorylation by protein kinase C potentiates vesicle pool replenishment in bovine chromaffin cells :: MPG.PuRe
Author: Nili, U. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 2006-12-01; Title: Munc18-1 phosphorylation by protein kinase C potentiates vesicle pool replenishment in bovine chromaffin cells
https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_596029_2&view=EXPORT
Chromaffin cell | anatomy | BritannicaChromaffin cell | anatomy | Britannica
Other articles where Chromaffin cell is discussed: human nervous system: The endocrine system: Within the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells, which are homologous to sympathetic neurons and, like sympathetic neurons, are developed from embryonic neural crest cells. Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and, to a much lesser extent, norepinephrine as well as other chemicals such as chromogranins, enkephalins, and neuropeptide Y-all of which…
https://www.britannica.com/science/chromaffin-cell
BAM (8-22) (Bovine Adrenal Medulla 8-22) | AbcamBAM (8-22) (Bovine Adrenal Medulla 8-22) | Abcam
Buy BAM (8-22) (Bovine Adrenal Medulla 8-22) (CAS 412961-36-5), a water soluble SNSR agonist. Join researchers using high quality BAM (8-22) (Bovine Adrenal…
http://www.abcam.com/bam-8-22-bovine-adrenal-medulla-8-22-ab120178.html
ChannelpediaChannelpedia
The properties of Ca(2+)- and voltage-dependent K+ currents and their role in defining membrane potential were studied in cultured rat chromaffin cells. Two variants of large-conductance, Ca2+ and voltage-dependent BK channels, one noninactivating and one inactivating, were largely segregated among patches. Whole-cell noninactivating and inactivating currents resulting from each of these channels were segregated among different chromaffin cells. Cell-to-cell variation in the rate and extent of whole-cell current decay was not explained by differences in cytosolic [Ca2+] regulation among cells; rather, variation was due to differences in the intrinsic properties of the underlying BK channels. About 75% of rat chromaffin cells and patches express inactivating BK current (termed BKi) while the remainder express noninactivating BK current (termed BKs). The activation time course of both currents is similar, as is the dependence of activation on [Ca2+] and membrane potential. However, deactivation of ...
https://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/73/reference/1183
Publications | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryPublications | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Nili, U.; de Wit, H.; Gulyas-Kovacs, A.; Toonen, R. F.; Soerensen, J. B.; Verhage, M.; Ashery, U.: Munc18-1 phosphorylation by protein kinase C potentiates vesicle pool replenishment in bovine chromaffin cells. Neuroscience 143 (2), pp. 487 - 500 (2006 ...
https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/publication-search/101130?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons15160
Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell Isolation | ProtocolMouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell Isolation | Protocol
Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro...
https://www.jove.com/v/129/mouse-adrenal-chromaffin-cell-isolation
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Treatment of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells with the catecholamine transport blocker reserpine was previously shown to increase enkephalin levels several-fold. To explore the biochemical mechanism of this effect, we examined the effect of reserpine treatment on the activities of three different peptide precursor processing enzymes: carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and the prohormone convertases (PCs) PC1/3 and PC2. Reserpine treatment increased both CPE and PC activity in extracts of cultured chromaffin cells; total protein levels were unaltered for any enzyme. Further analysis showed that the increase in CPE activity was due to an elevated Vmax, with no change in the Km for substrate hydrolysis or the levels of CPE mRNA. Reserpine activation of endogenous processing enzymes was also observed in extracts prepared from PC12 cells stably expressing PC1/3 or PC2. In vitro experiments using purified enzymes showed that catecholamines inhibited CPE, PC1/3 and PC2, with dopamine quinone the most ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/03/mol.111.072090
Recapture after exocytosis causes differential retention of protein in granules of bovine chromaffin cells<...Recapture after exocytosis causes differential retention of protein in granules of bovine chromaffin cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Recapture after exocytosis causes differential retention of protein in granules of bovine chromaffin cells. AU - Perrais, David. AU - Kleppe, Ingo C.. AU - Taraska, Justin W.. AU - Almers, Wolfhard. PY - 2004/10/15. Y1 - 2004/10/15. N2 - After exocytosis, chromaffin granules release essentially all their catecholamines in small fractions of a second, but it is unknown how fast they release stored peptides and proteins. Here we compare the exocytic release of fluorescently labelled neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tissue plasminogen activator from single granules. Exocytosis was tracked by measuring the membrane capacitance, and single granules in live cells were imaged by evanescent field microscopy. Neuropeptide Y left most granules in small fractions of a second, while tissue plasminogen activator remained in open granules for minutes. Taking advantage of the dependence on pH of the fluorescence of green fluorescent protein, we used rhythmic external acidification to determine whether ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recapture-after-exocytosis-causes-differential-retention-of-prote-2
Reductive chain separation of botulinum A toxin - a prerequisite to its inhibitory action on exocytosis in chromaffin cellsReductive chain separation of botulinum A toxin - a prerequisite to its inhibitory action on exocytosis in chromaffin cells
Cleavage of the disulfide bond linking the heavy and the light chains of tetanus toxin is necessary for its inhibitory action on exocytotic release ofcatecholamines from permeabi1ized chromaffin cells [(1989) FEBS Lett. 242, 245-248; (1989) J. Neurochern., in press]. The related botulinum A toxin also consists of a heavy and a light chain linked by a disulfide bond. The actions ofboth neurotoxins on exocytosis were presently compared using streptolysin O-permeabilized bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Botulinum A toxin inhibited Ca2 +-stimulated catecholamine release from these cells. Addition of dithiothreitollowered the effective doses to values below 5 nM. Under the same conditions, the effective doses of tetanus toxin were decreased by a factor of five. This indicates that the interchain S-S bond of botulinum A toxin must also be split before the neurotoxin can exert its effect on exocytosis. ...
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7142/
Short-Term Changes in the Ca2+-Exocytosis Relationship during Repetitive Pulse Protocols in Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells |...Short-Term Changes in the Ca2+-Exocytosis Relationship during Repetitive Pulse Protocols in Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells |...
The previous sections describe the different exocytotic responses obtained when the amount of Ca2+ entry is altered at a constant interpulse interval (200 msec). To examine whether the exocytotic response of a cell is also influenced by the time span between bouts of Ca2+ entry, we tested various interpulse intervals.. Trains of 40 msec pulses at 200 msec intervals evoked depressed responses in most cells (Figs. 3C, 4). Prolonging the interpulse interval increased the Ca2+ efficacy without significant changes to total Ca2+ entry (Fig. 8). Three examples comparing a 200 and a 1000 msec interval stimulus train within individual cells are shown in Figure 8A. Cells with strong depression during the 200 msec train showed a partial relief of depression at 1000 msec intervals (Fig. 8A,i) or followed the standard curve (Fig. 8A,ii), whereas cells with less depression often gave large responses with enhanced Ca2+ efficacy (Fig. 8A,iii). A summary of 17 experiments is presented in Figure 8B, in which the ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/23/9010?ijkey=a5b5430af4dc8b17e42cd7cca1cb3033bf1965a9&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Molecular Basis for the Inactivation of Ca2+- and Voltage-Dependent BK Channels in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells and Rat Insulinoma...Molecular Basis for the Inactivation of Ca2+- and Voltage-Dependent BK Channels in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells and Rat Insulinoma...
Large-conductance Ca2+- and voltage-dependent potassium (BK) channels exhibit functional diversity not explained by known splice variants of the single Slo α-subunit. Here we describe an accessory subunit (β3) with homology to other β-subunits of BK channels that confers inactivation when it is coexpressed with Slo. Message encoding the β3 subunit is found in rat insulinoma tumor (RINm5f) cells and adrenal chromaffin cells, both of which express inactivating BK channels. Channels resulting from coexpression of Slo α and β3 subunits exhibit properties characteristic of native inactivating BK channels. Inactivation involves multiple cytosolic, trypsin-sensitive domains. The time constant of inactivation reaches a limiting value ∼25-30 msec at Ca2+ of 10 μm and positive activation potentials. Unlike Shaker N-terminal inactivation, but like native inactivating BK channels, a cytosolic channel blocker does not compete with the native inactivation process. Finally, the β3 subunit confers a ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/13/5255.abstract
Annexins V and VI: major calcium-dependent atrial secretory granule-binding proteins. | HypertensionAnnexins V and VI: major calcium-dependent atrial secretory granule-binding proteins. | Hypertension
Atrial natriuretic peptide is stored by atrial myocytes in secretory granules, known as atrial specific granules, and is released from these granules by exocytosis. We have isolated a group of atrial proteins by affinity chromatography that bind to atrial specific granules in a calcium-dependent manner. The two major proteins isolated (32.5 kd and 67 kd) are calcium-binding proteins and have been identified as annexins V and VI by immunoblotting with specific antisera. The calcium dependence of their binding to atrial specific granules has been characterized in vitro and indicates that this interaction takes place at micromolar levels of calcium. In addition, the group of proteins isolated includes another calcium-binding protein of 20 kd, as well as GTP-binding proteins of 22 to 26 kd. Membrane interactions during exocytosis are presumably mediated by the interaction of specific proteins with the granule membrane. The properties of the proteins described here, and their ability to bind to ...
http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/18/5/648
Doc2b synchronizes secretion from chromaffin cells by stimulating fast and inhibiting sustained release
Synaptotagmin-1 and -7 constitute the main calcium sensors mediating SNARE-dependent exocytosis in mouse chromaffin cells, but the role of a closely related calcium-binding protein, Doc2b, remains enigmatic. We investigated its role in chromaffin cells using Doc2b knock-out mice and high temporal resolution measurements of exocytosis. We found that the calcium dependence of vesicle priming and release triggering remained unchanged, ruling out an obligatory role for Doc2b in those processes. However, in the absence of Doc2b, release was shifted from the readily releasable pool to the subsequent sustained component. Conversely, upon overexpression of Doc2b, the sustained component was largely inhibited whereas the readily releasable pool was augmented. Electron microscopy revealed an increase in the total number of vesicles upon Doc2b overexpression, ruling out vesicle depletion as the cause for the reduced sustained component. Further experiments showed that, in the absence of Doc2b, the ...
https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/doc2b-synchronizes-secretion-from-chromaffin-cells-by-stimulating-fast-and-inhibiting-sustained-release
RT-PCR and Western blotting techniques established the expression | Smad Signaling
RT-PCR and Western blotting techniques established the expression of APC protein both in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, which express native alpha 3 beta 4* nAChRs, and in a HEK293 cell line expressing recombinant bovine adrenal alpha 3 beta 4 nAChRs (BM alpha 3 beta 4 cells). Transfection of BM alpha 3 beta 4 cells with siRNA to APC, reduced APC protein. levels to 52.4% and 61.9% of control values at 24 and 48 h after transfection. To investigate the effects of APC on the cellular distribution of alpha 3 beta 4 nAChRs, [(3)H]epibatidine binding approaches, coupled with APC siRNA treatment, were used. Twenty-four and 48 h after APC siRNA transfection, intracellular nAChRs were significantly reduced to 71% and 68% of control, respectively, while the total population of nAChRs were. not significantly changed. Given that total cellular nAChRs represent IKK inhibitor the sum of surface and intracellular nAChRs, these studies support a re-distribution of nAChRs to the plasma membrane with APC siRNA ...
https://smadsignaling.com/rt-pcr-and-western-blotting-techniques-established-the-expression/
Cloning and characterisation of hAps1 and hAps2, human diadenosine polyphosphate-metabolising Nudix hydrolases | BMC...Cloning and characterisation of hAps1 and hAps2, human diadenosine polyphosphate-metabolising Nudix hydrolases | BMC...
In addition to the canonical ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside phosphates and cofactors, cells contain a large number of minor nucleotides. Among these are the diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, where n = 2-7 [1]). Ap3A and Ap4A are the most intensively studied of these and are generally present in the soluble fraction of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at concentrations between 10 nM and 5 μM [2]. Platelet dense granules, adrenal chromaffin granules and certain synaptic vesicles have been reported to contain high concentrations of Ap5A and Ap6A in addition to Ap3A and Ap4A, all of which can be exocytosed following appropriate stimuli and bind to target cell purinoceptors causing a variety of physiological responses in the cardiovascular and central and peripheral nervous systems [1, 3-5]. However, although Ap6A has been detected in erythrocytes [6], there are no substantiated measurements of Ap5A and Ap6A in the soluble fraction of nucleated cells, and it is likely that they are typically ...
https://bmcbiochem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2091-3-20
Chromaffin cells | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.orgChromaffin cells | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells found predominantly in the medulla of the adrenal gland. They are also found in other ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system and are derived from the embryonic neural crest. Embryology They arise in ...
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/chromaffin-cells
Arun Anantharam | UM Neuroscience Graduate ProgramArun Anantharam | UM Neuroscience Graduate Program
Area of interest: Mechanisms of stress transduction at the sympatho-adrenal synapse; optical studies of hormone trafficking and secretion in the adrenomedullary chromaffin cell.
http://neuroscience.med.umich.edu/directory/faculty/arun-anantharam
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The role of nongenomic action of estrogens on elicited catecholamine secretion and exocytosis kinetics was studied in perfused rat adrenals and in cultured bovine chromaffin cells. 17β-Estradiol as well as the estrogen receptor modulators raloxifene and LY117018, but not 17α-estradiol, inhibited at the micromolar range the catecholamine output elicited by acetylcholine or high potassium. However, these agents failed to modify the secretion elicited by high Ca2+ in glands treated with the ionophore A-23187 (calcimycin), suggesting that estrogens did not directly act on the secretory machinery. At the single cell level, estrogens modified the kinetics of exocytosis at nanomolar range. All of the drugs tested except 17α-estradiol produced a profound slowing down of the exocytosis as measured by amperometry. LY117018 also reduced the granule content of catecholamines. 17β-Estradiol reduced the intracellular free Ca2+ but only at micromolar concentrations, whereas nanomolar concentrations ...
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/301/2/631
Subcellular compartmentalization of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium with catecholamines in adrenal medullary chromaffin vesicles...Subcellular compartmentalization of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium with catecholamines in adrenal medullary chromaffin vesicles...
Cultures of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells accumulated 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by a process that was prevented by desmethylimipramine. The subcellular localization of the incorporated [methyl-3H]MPP+ was examined by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient fractionation and was found to be predominantly colocalized with catecholamines in chromaffin vesicles, and negligible amounts were detected within the mitochondrial fraction. When chromaffin cell membranes were made permeable with the detergent digitonin in the absence of calcium, there was no increase in the release of [3H]MPP+, indicating that there is negligible accumulation of the neurotoxin in the cytosol. Simultaneous exposure to digitonin and calcium induced cosecretion of MPP+ and catecholamines. Stimulation of the cells with nicotine released both catecholamines and MPP+ at identical rates and percentages of cellular content in a calcium-dependent ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/84/22/8160?ijkey=5fe895003d5c71ecfc2b558a1674eea37800a4e9&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Differential subcellular distribution of PC1, PC2 and furin in bovine adrenal medulla and secretion of PC1 and PC2 from this...Differential subcellular distribution of PC1, PC2 and furin in bovine adrenal medulla and secretion of PC1 and PC2 from this...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential subcellular distribution of PC1, PC2 and furin in bovine adrenal medulla and secretion of PC1 and PC2 from this tissue. AU - Kirchmair, R.. AU - Egger, C.. AU - Gee, P.. AU - Hogue-Angeletti, R.. AU - Fischer-Colbrie, R.. AU - Laslop, A.. AU - Winkler, H.. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the Fonds zur F6rderung ,ter wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Austria), by the Dr. Legerlotz-Stiftung and by funds from NIH (Grant NS 22697, R.H.-A.). PY - 1992/8/31. Y1 - 1992/8/31. N2 - The subcellular distribution of PC1, PC2 and furin was determined in bovine adrenal medulla by immunoblotting of fractions obtained by density gradient centrifugation. PC1 and PC2 were found to be confined to chromaffin granules whereas furin (C-terminal-peptide) was absent from these organelles. Stimulation of bovine adrenal medulla by carbamoylcholine chloride induced the secretion of PC1 and PC2. The secreted enzymes had the same molecular size as PC1 and PC2 present in ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/differential-subcellular-distribution-of-pc1-pc2-and-furin-in-bov-2
Synaptotagmin-1 and-7 are functionally overlapping ca2+ sensors for exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cellsSynaptotagmin-1 and-7 are functionally overlapping ca2+ sensors for exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells
Synaptotagmin-1, the canonical isoform of the synaptotagmin family, is a Ca(2+) sensor for fast synchronous neurotransmitter release in forebrain neurons and chromaffin cells. Even though deletion of synaptotagmin-1 abolishes fast exocytosis in chromaffin cells, it reduces overall secretion by only 20% because of the persistence of slow exocytosis. Therefore, another Ca(2+) sensor dominates release in these cells. Synaptotagmin-7 has a higher Ca(2+) affinity and slower binding kinetics than synaptotagmin-1, matching the proposed properties for the second, slower Ca(2+) sensor. Here, we examined Ca(2+)-triggered exocytosis in chromaffin cells from KO mice lacking synaptotagmin-7, and from knockin mice containing normal levels of a mutant synaptotagmin-7 whose C(2)B domain does not bind Ca(2+). In both types of mutant chromaffin cells, Ca(2+)-triggered exocytosis was decreased dramatically. Moreover, in chromaffin cells lacking both synaptotagmin-1 and -7, only a very slow release component, ...
https://vivo.scripps.edu/display/endnote323937
Cell-free translation of enkephalin-precursor messenger RNA from bovine adrenal medulla and corpus striatum.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cell-free translation of enkephalin-precursor messenger RNA from bovine adrenal medulla and corpus striatum.. AU - Sabol, S. L.. AU - Dandekar, Satya. AU - Kranzler, L. S.. PY - 1982. Y1 - 1982. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0020021542&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0020021542&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 7124494. AN - SCOPUS:0020021542. VL - 33. SP - 175. EP - 181. JO - Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology. JF - Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology. SN - 0065-2229. ER - ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cell-free-translation-of-enkephalin-precursor-messenger-rna-from-
Suppression of Ca2+ syntillas increases spontaneous exocytosis in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells | JGPSuppression of Ca2+ syntillas increases spontaneous exocytosis in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells | JGP
Since the work of Katz, Douglas, and their collaborators almost half a century ago (Katz, 1969), a central concept in the physiology of neurosecretion is that a rise in cytosolic [Ca2+], resulting from Ca2+ influx, triggers exocytosis. More recently it has become clear that the rise in [Ca2+] occurs in a microdomain within the vicinity (i.e., at a distance of 200-300 nm in chromaffin cells) of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels (García et al., 2006; Neher and Sakaba, 2008). This finding raises the possibility of other microdomains where a rise in focal [Ca2+] might mediate other processes, allowing Ca2+ to subserve several functions without cross talk. This possibility receives further support from the study of Ca2+ sparks in smooth muscle cells. Ca2+ sparks are focal Ca2+ transients found in striated and smooth muscle and mediated by RYRs (Cheng and Lederer, 2008). In striated muscle, they are the quanta or building blocks that make up a global increase in [Ca2+] to trigger contraction (Csernoch, ...
http://jgp.rupress.org/content/134/4/267.long
Authors: International Symposium on Chromaffin Cell Biology 1986 : Coolfont, W. Va.) / Languages: English / Subjects: Cellular...Authors: International Symposium on Chromaffin Cell Biology 1986 : Coolfont, W. Va.) / Languages: English / Subjects: Cellular...
Start Over You searched for: Authors International Symposium on Chromaffin Cell Biology 1986 : Coolfont, W. Va.) ✖Remove constraint Authors: International Symposium on Chromaffin Cell Biology 1986 : Coolfont, W. Va.) Languages English ✖Remove constraint Languages: English Subjects Cellular Structures ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Cellular Structures ...
https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.authorAggregate%5D%5B%5D=International+Symposium+on+Chromaffin+Cell+Biology+1986+%3A+Coolfont%2C+W.+Va.%29&f%5Bdrep2.language%5D%5B%5D=English&f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Cellular+Structures
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Adrenal chromaffin cells are excitable neuroendocrine cells that have been widely used as a simple model of neurosecretion. In vivo, acetylcholine released from preganglionic neurons binds to nicotinic receptors, which are Na+ ionophores, causing Na+ influx that depolarizes the plasma membrane. Depolarization in turn causes voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) to open, leading to an influx of Ca2+ that activates the fusion of secretory granules with the plasma membrane, resulting in catecholamine release that occurs within milliseconds. This Ca2+-dependent secretory process is referred to as exocytosis. Previous investigations exploring the potential for nanosecond electric pulses (NEPs) to serve as a novel bioelectric stimulus of neurosecretion in chromaffin cells have shown that in chromaffin cells exposed to 5 ns, 5 MV/m electric pulses, catecholamine release is stimulated in a manner that relies on Ca2+ influx via VGCCs. The goal of the present study was to further understand this novel ...
https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1975420799.html?FMT=ABS
Role Of Secretory Granule Heterogeneity In Calcium-Triggered Exocytosis by Tejeshwar RaoRole Of Secretory Granule Heterogeneity In Calcium-Triggered Exocytosis by Tejeshwar Rao
The sympathetic nervous system is activated by a variety of threats to organismal homeostasis. The adrenomedullary chromaffin cell is the core effector of sympathetic activity in the peripheral nervous system. By design, the chromaffin cell secretory response is mutable so that release can be rapidly tuned to drive context-dependent changes in physiological function. However, the mechanisms by which this tuning is achieved with such high temporal fidelity and context specificity remain unclear. This represents a major gap in our understanding of the sympatho-adrenal system since it is known to modify the function of nearly every organ system in the body. In chromaffin cells, the trigger for stimulus-evoked exocytosis is a rise in intracellular Ca2+. The level of intracellular Ca2+ accumulation varies with the stimulus intensity and secretagogue. Ca2+ regulates release by acting on the Ca2+-binding synaptotagmin (Syt) protein family, driving their penetration into membranes that harbor anionic lipids,
http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1579/
Ultrastructural Organization of Bovine Chromaffin Cell Cortex-Analysis by Cryofixation and Morphometry of Aspects Pertinent to...Ultrastructural Organization of Bovine Chromaffin Cell Cortex-Analysis by Cryofixation and Morphometry of Aspects Pertinent to...
With the type of cryofixation we used (sandwich freezing), cells remain permanently surrounded by their culture or trigger medium, and impairment of viability during handling can be minimized (Pscheid et al., 1981). The propane jet applied onto the thin copper cover provides very rapid cooling, i.e., up to 40,000°C·s−1 (Knoll et al., 1982; Plattner and Knoll, 1984). The freeze-substitution medium used includes OsO4 and, thus, precludes osmotic changes during warming (Van Harreveld et al., 1965; Morel et al., 1971; Wollweber et al., 1981), and the epoxide embedding chosen involves little shrinkage (Plattner and Zingsheim, 1983). In other studies, open samples were used for freezing on cold metal surfaces or injection into cold media (Ornberg et al., 1995; Parsons et al., 1995). This requires removal of the culture/trigger medium since cryopreservation is restricted to ∼20 μm (Plattner and Bachmann, 1982). The fluid film that may remain on the sample is very thin and ionic conditions are ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/139/7/1709
Adrenomedullin<...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Adrenomedullin. AU - Abel, Peter. AU - Rorabaugh, Boyd. PY - 2007/1/1. Y1 - 2007/1/1. N2 - Adrenomedullin is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides. It is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, adrenal chromaffin cells, macrophages, bronchial epithelium, and many other cell types. This peptide is a potent vasodilator in most vascular beds and has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure, ..... AB - Adrenomedullin is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides. It is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, adrenal chromaffin cells, macrophages, bronchial epithelium, and many other cell types. This peptide is a potent vasodilator in most vascular beds and has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure, ..... UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84884021496&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...
https://creighton.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/adrenomedullin
CNTF, FGF, and NGF collaborate to drive the terminal differentiation of MAH cells into postmitotic neurons.
The differentiation of neuronal cell progenitors depends on complex interactions between intrinsic cellular programs and environmental cues. Such interactions have recently been explored using an immortalized sympathoadrenal progenitor cell line, MAH. These studies have revealed that depolarizing conditions, in combination with exposure to FGF, can induce responsiveness to NGF. Here we report that CNTF, which utilizes an intracellular signaling pathway distinct from that of both FGF and NGF, can collaborate with FGF to promote efficiently the differentiation of MAH progenitor cells to a stage remarkably reminiscent of NGF-dependent, postmitotic sympathetic neurons. We also find that similar collaborative interactions can occur during transdifferentiation of normal cultured chromaffin cells into sympathetic neurons ...
http://vivo.mblwhoilibrary.org/display/publication71405
Role of phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol in the fusion of chromaffin granules with target membranes. - PubMed - NCBIRole of phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol in the fusion of chromaffin granules with target membranes. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7944396?dopt=Abstract
Anesthesia for the adult with pheochromocytomaAnesthesia for the adult with pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms of chromaffin tissue that synthesize catecholamines. Pheochromocytoma is a rare disorder that presents challenges for the anesthesiologist. By some estimates, 25 to 50 percent of hospital deaths of patients with unmana
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-the-adult-with-pheochromocytoma
South Africa - Health Expenditure, Private (% Of GDP) - 1995-2014 Data | 2020 ForecastSouth Africa - Health Expenditure, Private (% Of GDP) - 1995-2014 Data | 2020 Forecast
Health expenditure, private (% of GDP) in South Africa was reported at 4.5537 % in 2014, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. South Africa - Health expenditure, private (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the |a href=https://data.worldbank.org/ target=blank>World Bank|/a> on August of 2020.
http://cdn.tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/health-expenditure-private-percent-of-gdp-wb-data.html
The actions of propofol on inhibitory amino acid receptors of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and rodent central...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of The actions of propofol on inhibitory amino acid receptors of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and rodent central neurones. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/the-actions-of-propofol-on-inhibitory-amino-acid-receptors-of-bov/fingerprints/
N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine: a facile electron donor and chromophoric substrate for dopamine beta-monooxygenaseN,N,N,N-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine: a facile electron donor and chromophoric substrate for dopamine beta-monooxygenase
Dopamine beta-monooxygenase is shown to catalyze the oxidation of N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (TMPD) to its cation radical in the presence of a regular substrate and molecular oxygen. The enzyme-mediated oxidation of TMPD is stoichiometrically coupled with the hydoxylation of the substrate to the corresponding enzymatic product. TMPD is kinetically well behaved as an alternate electron donor for the enzyme with a potency comparable to that of the most efficient electron donor, ascorbate. Dopamine beta-monooxygenase mediated oxidation of TMPD has been employed to design a convenient and sensitive spectrophotometric assay for the enzyme. The finding that TMPD is a well behaved facile alternate electron donor for dopamine beta-monooxygenase raises some interesting novel questions regarding the specificity and chemistry of the reduction site, which may have important implications on the reduction of active site coppers of the enzyme ...
https://soar.wichita.edu/handle/10057/4400
Neuropeptide Y inhibition of nicotinic receptor-mediated chromaffin cell secretion<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Neuropeptide Y inhibition of nicotinic receptor-mediated chromaffin cell secretion. AU - Hexum, T. D.. AU - Zheng, Jialin C. AU - Zhu, J.. PY - 1994/1/1. Y1 - 1994/1/1. N2 - Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a widely distributed peptide with varied activities, inhibits nicotinic receptor-induced [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) secretion from bovine chromaffin cells. The secretion produced by membrane depolarization with high KCl concentrations or veratridine is not inhibited. Fragments of NPY, such as NPY18-36, are potent inhibitors of [3H]NE secretion, whereas [Leu31,Pro34]-NPY and peptide YY have no effect. The response to NPY18-36 is not sensitive to pertussis toxin pretreatment of chromaffin cells. NPY fragments also inhibit nicotinic receptor-induced 45Ca++ influx but not that induced by KCl or veratridine. The rank orders of potency for inhibition of [3H]NE secretion and 45Ca++ influx are the same: NPY18-36 ≥ NPY26-36 , NPY13-36. NPY and NPY(free acid) are weak inhibitors of secretion ...
https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/neuropeptide-y-inhibition-of-nicotinic-receptor-mediated-chromaff
Neurosecretory cell-based biosensor: Monitoring secretion of adrenal chromaffin cells by local extracellular acidification...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Neurosecretory cell-based biosensor. T2 - Monitoring secretion of adrenal chromaffin cells by local extracellular acidification using light-addressable potentiometric sensor. AU - Liu, Qingjun. AU - Hu, Ning. AU - Zhang, Fenni. AU - Wang, Hua. AU - Ye, Weiwei. AU - Wang, Ping. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 81071226 , 60725102 ), the Research on Public Welfare Technology Application Projects of Zhejiang Province, China (no. 2011C23096 ), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (no. Y2100684 ), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities .. PY - 2012/5/15. Y1 - 2012/5/15. N2 - Vesicular exocytosis plays an important role in many physiological processes. The dense-core vesicles release of chromaffi{ligature}n cells is a suitable model for the presynaptic process in neurosecretory cells. In this study, light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) was introduced ...
https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/neurosecretory-cell-based-biosensor-monitoring-secretion-of-adren
Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells as a Model to Study the Neurobiology of Ascorbic Acid: From Monooxygenation to Neuromodulation...Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells as a Model to Study the Neurobiology of Ascorbic Acid: From Monooxygenation to Neuromodulation...
S. Karanth, W. H. Yu, A. Walczewska, C. Mastronardi, S. M. McCann, Ascorbic acid acts as an inhibitory transmitter in the hypothalamus to inhibit stimulated luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by scavenging nitric oxide, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2000, 97, 4, ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23749.x/abstract
Nerves containing nitric oxide synthase and their possible function in the control of catecholamine secretion in the bovine...Nerves containing nitric oxide synthase and their possible function in the control of catecholamine secretion in the bovine...
Marley, PD, McLeod, J, Anderson, C and Thompson, KA 1995, Nerves containing nitric oxide synthase and their possible function in the control of catecholamine secretion in the bovine adrenal medulla, Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 184-194, doi: 10.1016/0165-1838(95)00013-N. ...
http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30095187
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase (Dopamine beta-Monooxygenase) (DBH) ELISA KitsDopamine beta-Hydroxylase (Dopamine beta-Monooxygenase) (DBH) ELISA Kits
Reactivity: Chicken, Cow, Dog and more. Compare 38 different DBH ELISA Kits & buy the right one directly at antibodies-online.com!
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Plus itPlus it
Bovine adrenal medullary slices were incubated at 30° in Lockes solution containing orthophosphate-32P or glycerol-1-14C. 32P was incorporated into all individual phospholipids, but at different rates. The highest specific activity observed was in phosphatidylinositol, followed by phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin), sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylethanolamine.. Acetylcholine (10-5 M)in the presence of eserine (10-5 M) produced a 3-fold increase in catecholamine release and stimulated the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidic acid (3.4-fold), phosphatidylinositol (2.7-fold), and phosphatidylcholine (1.4-fold).. The uptake of orthophosphate-32P into the chromaffin tissue, as well as the specific activities and tissue levels of orthophosphate and nucleotides, were not modified upon acetylcholine stimulation.. Glycerol-1-14C was incorporated into all the individual phospholipids, but, in contrast to 32P incorporation, acetylcholine ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/5/4/382
the Cell Counter | Molecular Devicesthe Cell Counter | Molecular Devices
First cultured by Greene and Tischler in 1976, PC-12 cells originated from a pheochromocytoma (neuroendocrine tumor) of the rat adrenal medulla. It was developed as a model cell line and an alternative to adrenal chromaffin primary cell cultures. PC-12 cells are able to differentiate into neuron-like cells in the presence of nerve growth factor or dexamethasone. Due to their differentiation ability and ease of culture, PC-12 cells are used in a variety of research areas ranging from drug efficacy to neurosecretion.. ...
https://fr.moleculardevices.com/cell-counter
Calcium mobilization and catecholamine secretion in histamine-stimulated rat adrenal medullary cellsCalcium mobilization and catecholamine secretion in histamine-stimulated rat adrenal medullary cells
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http://www.ndsl.kr/ndsl/search/detail/article/articleSearchResultDetail.do?cn=NART00106533
Anti-DBH Antibody, - OriGeneAnti-DBH Antibody, - OriGene
DBH - Rabbit polyclonal antibody to Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase (dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine beta-monooxygenase)) available from OriGene
http://www.origene.com/antibody/TA308366.aspx
lens can doxycycline synthroid
Doxycycline synthroid. In most instances, the biopsy is taken from the actual tumor. Chlorpromazine was with- drawn and doxycycline synthroid substituted (up to a maximum of 600 mgday). Chronic morphine increases levels synthrodi types I (ACI) and VIII (ACVIII) adenylyl cyclase, PKA catalytic (C) and regulatory type II (RII) subunits, and several phosphoproteins, including CREB and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in norepinephrine biosynthesis.
http://luxbar-starway.ru/discount-pills-online-no-prescription/doxycycline-synthroid.html
Chromaffin Cell: Electron Microscopic Identification in the Human Dermis |...Chromaffin Cell: Electron Microscopic Identification in the Human Dermis |...
Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/145/3629/275
Chromaffin cellChromaffin cell
"Endocrine System: adrenal gland, reticularis and medulla" Secretion Control in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells UC-San Diego Chromaffin ... In order to activate chromaffin cells, the splanchnic nerve of the sympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, which ... Perry, SF; Capaldo, A (Nov 16, 2011). "The autonomic nervous system and chromaffin tissue: neuroendocrine regulation of ... Chromaffin cells also settle near the vagus nerve and carotid arteries. In lower concentrations, extra-adrenal chromaffin cells ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaffin_cell
Fish anatomyFish anatomy
The circulatory systems of all vertebrates are closed. Fish have the simplest circulatory system, consisting of only one ... The interrenal and chromaffin cells are located within the head kidney. The spleen is found in nearly all vertebrates. It is a ... from which the peripheral nervous system branches out to innervate the various systems. The front end of the nerve tube is ... who also designed a new classification system which is especially well suited for biological systems. Linkage mechanisms are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_anatomy
NeurohormoneNeurohormone
... neurosecretory cells connected to the central nervous system. The synthesis, storage (in chromaffin cells) and release of ... Gasman S, Chasserot-Golaz S, Bader MF, Vitale N (October 2003). "Regulation of exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells: focus on ... Unsicker K, Huber K, Schütz G, Kalcheim C (Jun-Jul 2005). "The chromaffin cell and its development". Neurochemical Research. 30 ... The adrenal medulla produces adrenomedullary hormones in chromaffin cells, cells which are very similar in structure to post- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurohormone
PC12 cell linePC12 cell line
This makes PC12 cells useful as a model system for neuronal differentiation and neurosecretion. Treatment of PC12 cells with ... It was developed in parallel to the adrenal chromaffin cell model because of its extreme versatility for pharmacological ... Treatment of PC12 cells with dexamethasone differentiates them into chromaffin-like cells. Using patch clamp recording and ... and release of these neurotransmitters give rise to spikes due to changes in current similar to chromaffin cells. PC12 cell ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC12_cell_line
Vesicular monoamine transporter 1Vesicular monoamine transporter 1
SIFs are interneurons associated with the sympathetic nervous system which are managed by dopamine. VMAT1 is found in both ... Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) also known as chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT) or solute carrier family 18 ... MAXHOM alignment was determined using the "profile-fed neural network systems from Heidelberg" (PHD) program. The main ... Specifically, VMAT1 is found in chromaffin cells, enterochromaffin cells, and small intensely fluorescent cells (SIFs). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_1
Adrenal medullaAdrenal medulla
Chromaffin cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest, and are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons. They are ... As a cluster of neuron cell bodies, the adrenal medulla is considered a modified ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. ... Adrenal gland Chromaffin cell History of catecholamine research Carmichael, Stephen W. (1997-01-01), Bittar, E. Edward; Bittar ... It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines, including ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla
Hes3 signaling axisHes3 signaling axis
July 2014). "A defined, controlled culture system for primary bovine chromaffin progenitors reveals novel biomarkers and ... Chromaffin progenitor cells of the bovine adrenal medulla. Mouse insulinoma cells (MIN6 cell line) and mouse pancreatic islet ... Cultured bovine chromaffin progenitor cells: Several activators of the signaling pathway increase cell yield. Cultured mouse ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes3_signaling_axis
Trunk neural crestTrunk neural crest
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Near the vertebral column and become sympathetic chain ganglia. Differentiation ... v t e (AC with 0 elements, Embryology of nervous system, All stub articles, Developmental biology stubs). ... sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_neural_crest
PheochromocytomaPheochromocytoma
The cardiovascular system is the most commonly involved. In pregnancy, pheochromocytoma is associated with significant maternal ... Pheochromocytoma (PHEO or PCC) is a rare tumor of the adrenal medulla composed of chromaffin cells, also known as ... The signs and symptoms of a pheochromocytoma are those related to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. The classic triad ... Metastatic pheochromocytoma is defined as the presence of tumor cells (chromaffin tissue) where they are not normally found. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma
Vesicular monoamine transporterVesicular monoamine transporter
The VMAT were first isolated and purified in bovine chromaffin granules, in both its native and denatured forms. There are two ... In the 1970s, scientists like Arvid Carlsson recognized the need to understand how transport systems and ion gradients work in ... 1994). "The chromaffin granule and synaptic vesicle amine transporters differ in substrate recognition and sensitivity to ... VMAT1 is expressed mainly in large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) of the peripheral nervous system. VMAT1 may be found in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter
Postganglionic nerve fibersPostganglionic nerve fibers
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The ... Another notable structure is the medulla of the adrenal gland, where chromaffin cells function as modified post-ganglionic ... Preganglionic fibers Nerve fiber Noback C, Ruggiero DA, Demarest RJ, Strominger NL (2005). The Human Nervous System: Structure ... Like other components of the sympathetic nervous system, all of these exceptions are still stimulated by cholinergic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers
Tyrosine kinaseTyrosine kinase
The insulin receptor system, in contrast, appears to diminish the efficacy of endosomal signaling. The epidermal growth factor ... In addition, they are functional in mediating communication pathways in cell types such as adrenal chromaffin, platelets, and ... Systems on which the organism relies malfunction, resulting often in cancers. Preventing this type of circumstance is highly ... Mammals possess this system, which begins in the kidneys where the developmental signal is manufactured. The developmental ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase
DOC2BDOC2B
... chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland and beta cells in the pancreas. In the central nervous system, Doc2b contributes to the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOC2B
Carboxypeptidase ECarboxypeptidase E
... is found in brain and throughout the neuroendocrine system, including the endocrine pancreas, pituitary, and ... purification and characterization of a specific enkephalin-synthesizing carboxypeptidase localized to adrenal chromaffin ... adrenal gland chromaffin cells. Within cells, carboxypeptidase E is present in the secretory granules along with its peptide ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase_E
Small intensely fluorescent cellSmall intensely fluorescent cell
They are a neural crest derivative and share a common sympathoadrenal precursor cell with sympathetic neurons and chromaffin ... Cell biology, Commons category link is locally defined, Peripheral nervous system). ... of the Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The neurotransmitter for these cells is dopamine. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Autonomic nervous system. ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intensely_fluorescent_cell
CACNA1GCACNA1G
Nicotine Activity on Chromaffin Cells edit]] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: " ... while awake the thalamus should instead relay sensory inputs from outside the central nervous system. The mechanism of absence ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNA1G
AdrenalineAdrenaline
... it also activates many other responses within the central nervous system reward system, which drives behavioral responses; ... While PNMT is found primarily in the cytosol of the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla (also known as chromaffin cells), it ... Little adrenaline is found in other tissues, mostly in scattered chromaffin cells and in a small number of neurons that use ... Adrenaline is synthesized in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland's adrenal medulla and a small number of neurons in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline
ParagangliomaParaganglioma
... functioning as part of the sympathetic nervous system (a branch of the autonomic nervous system). These cells normally act as ... Paragangliomas originate from paraganglia in chromaffin-negative glomus cells derived from the embryonic neural crest, ... Given the fact that they originate from cells of the orthosympathetic system, paragangliomas are closely related to ... comprising a small mass of neural crest-derived chromaffin cells. Serves as a common origin of abdominal paragangliomas. Vagal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraganglioma
Adrenal glandAdrenal gland
The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, ... The HPA axis is an example of a negative feedback system, in which cortisol itself acts as a direct inhibitor of both CRH and ... The HPA axis also interacts with the immune system through increased secretion of ACTH at the presence of certain molecules of ... Formation Catecholamines are produced in chromaffin cells in the medulla of the adrenal gland, from tyrosine, a non-essential ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland
CatecholamineCatecholamine
... produced mainly by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system ... Dopamine, which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two ... Catecholamine tests are done to identify rare tumors at the adrenal gland or in the nervous system. Catecholamine tests provide ... The catecholamine norepinephrine is a neuromodulator of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system but is also present in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetryFast-scan cyclic voltammetry
FSCV is used to study dynamics of exocytosis of noradrenaline and adrenaline from chromaffin cells; release of serotonin from ... ISBN 978-3-527-30250-5. Wightman, R. M. (2006). "Probing Cellular Chemistry in Biological Systems with Microelectrodes". ... Initially, FSCV was successfully used for detection of electrochemically active biogenic amines release in chromaffin cells ( ... and can only be used with select molecules in biological systems. In spite of this, there have been methods developed to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-scan_cyclic_voltammetry
Sympathoadrenal systemSympathoadrenal system
Chromaffin cells contained in the adrenal medulla act as postganglionic nerve fibers that release this chemical response into ... The sympathoadrenal system is a physiological connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla and is ... muscles along with the muscles surrounding certain bodily systems such as the cardiovascular system and respiratory system, ... The sympathoadrenal system can activate and discharge chemical messengers as a single unit to activate an organism's "fight or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor
The sympathetic nervous system also has some preganglionic nerves terminating at the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, ... The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla act as "modified neurons", releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline into the ... The somatic nervous system uses a nicotinic receptor to acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Muscarinic acetylcholine ... Very few parts of the sympathetic system use cholinergic receptors. In sweat glands the receptors are of the muscarinic type. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor
Thomas C. SüdhofThomas C. Südhof
Innervated by sympathetic nervous system, chromaffin cells are important in the initiation of the fight-or-flight response of ... In Göttingen Südhof worked on his doctoral thesis, in which he described the structure and function of chromaffin cells, at the ... Südhof described the structure and function of chromaffin cells which are responsible for the release of epinephrine, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Südhof
PHOX2BPHOX2B
It is expressed exclusively in the nervous system, in most neurons that control the viscera (cardiovascular, digestive and ... Essential for the differentiation and survival of sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells, the transcription factor PHOX2B is ... Mutations in human PHOX2B cause a rare disease of the visceral nervous system (dysautonomia): congenital central ... partial agenesis of the enteric nervous system), ROHHAD, and tumours of the sympathetic ganglia. In most people, Exon 3 of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHOX2B
Enterochromaffin-like cellEnterochromaffin-like cell
The name is derived from their location in the enteric system and their chromaffin-like staining pattern in histologic sections ... Enterochromaffin cell Chromaffin cell List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Enterochromaffin-like+Cells at the ... CS1 maint: uses authors parameter, AC with 0 elements, Digestive system, Human cells, Stomach). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell
Aortic bodyAortic body
When a distinction is made, the "aortic bodies" are chemoreceptors which regulate the circulatory system, while the "paraaortic ... bodies" are the chromaffin cells which manufacture catecholamines. The aortic bodies measure changes in blood pressure and the ... Cardiovascular System", Pathobiology of Human Disease, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 1042-1070, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386456- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_body
Enteroendocrine cellEnteroendocrine cell
They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset ... Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells ... Histology image: 11604loa - Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Endocrine System: duodenum, enteroendocrine cells ... The very discovery of hormones occurred during studies of how the digestive system regulates its activities, as explained at ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell
NicotineNicotine
Immune cells of both the Innate immune system and adaptive immune systems frequently express the α2, α5, α6, α7, α9, and α10 ... Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and thus the release of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into the ... Dickson SL, Egecioglu E, Landgren S, Skibicka KP, Engel JA, Jerlhag E (June 2011). "The role of the central ghrelin system in ... POMC neurons are a precursor of the melanocortin system, a critical regulator of body weight and peripheral tissue such as skin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine
ParaganglionParaganglion
Chromaffin paraganglia (also called chromaffin bodies) are connected with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the ganglia ... WHO classification of tumors (2005). "Tumours of the Paraganglionic System". Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours ( ... Chromaffin paragangliomas are issued from chromaffin cells, and are known as pheochromocytomas. Adrenal pheochromocytomas are ... They are essentially of two types: (1) chromaffin or sympathetic paraganglia made of chromaffin cells and (2) nonchromaffin or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraganglion
Emil ZuckerkandlEmil Zuckerkandl
... chromaffin system, et al. He was married to the Galician-Austrian writer, journalist and critic Berta Szeps. The couple's house ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Zuckerkandl
List of human cell types derived from the germ layersList of human cell types derived from the germ layers
Fibrocyte Digestive system Interstitial cell of Cajal Angioblast → Endothelial cell Mesangial cell Intraglomerular ... Gonadotrope Corticotrope Thyrotrope Somatotrope Lactotroph Ameloblast Neuron Glia Schwann cell Satellite glial cell Chromaffin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers
David SulzerDavid Sulzer
... including the dopamine system, in habit formation, planning, decision making, and diseases of the system. His lab has developed ... to measure release of adrenaline from adrenal chromaffin cells. They showed that the quantal event at dopamine synapses ... which answers a century-old mystery on the role of immune system activation in that disorder. The Sulzer lab has published over ... Regulation of cytosolic catecholamines in chromaffin cells". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (13): 5835-5845. doi:10.1523/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sulzer
List of OMIM disorder codesList of OMIM disorder codes
... familial chromaffin, 4; 115310; SDHB Paragangliomas 2; 601650; SDHAF2 Paragangliomas, familial nonchromaffin, 1, with or ... PAX2 Optic nerve hypoplasia and abnormalities of the central nervous system; 206900; SOX2 Optic nerve hypoplasia; 165550; PAX6 ... AMN Melanoma and neural system tumor syndrome; 155755; CDKN2A Melanoma; 609048; CDK4 Melanoma, cutaneous malignant, 2; 155601; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphatePhosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PIPKIγ knockout in chromaffin cell and in central nerve system , PIPKIγ knockdown in beta cell lines , and over-expression of ... A comparative study of acylation systems of phospholipids in rat and the fish species Seriola quinqueradiata". Eur J Biochem. ... found that the application of PI-specific phospholipase C into digitonin-permeabilized chromaffin cells decreased PI levels, ... 2005). "Plasmalemmal phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate level regulates the releasable vesicle pool size in chromaffin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate
Ascorbate ferrireductase (transmembrane)Ascorbate ferrireductase (transmembrane)
Flatmark T, Terland O (December 1971). "Cytochrome b 561 of the bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. A high potential b-type ... iron will reach the system of the organism and will prevent the mineralization of the aqueous ferrous (III). The general for a ... hence becoming one of the most problematic metal species to introduce and dissolve into an organisms system. Especially in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbate_ferrireductase_(transmembrane)
List of MeSH codes (A11)List of MeSH codes (A11)
... cell-free system MeSH A11.284.835.450 - intracellular fluid MeSH A11.284.835.450.200 - cytosol MeSH A11.284.835.514 - ... chromaffin granules MeSH A11.284.430.214.190.500.560 - melanosomes MeSH A11.284.430.214.190.500.585 - microbodies MeSH A11.284. ... chromaffin granules MeSH A11.284.430.214.190.875.190.190.560 - melanosomes MeSH A11.284.430.214.190.875.190.190.755 - ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A11)
AmnioteAmniote
Additional unique features are the presence of adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues as a discrete pair of glands: 600 near ... water-impermeable cutes and a robust respiratory system, are very important for amniotes to live on land as true terrestrial ... and any lateral line system.: 694 The first amniotes, referred to as "basal amniotes", resembled small lizards and evolved from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote
Interference reflection microscopyInterference reflection microscopy
More recently, the technique has been used to study exocytosis in chromaffin cells. When imaged using DIC, chromaffin cells ... which increases the efficiency of the system. The circular polarizer article discusses this process in detail. Furthermore, by ... Wu MM, Llobet A, Lagnado L (November 2009). "Loose coupling between calcium channels and sites of exocytosis in chromaffin ... multiple bright spots begin to appear inside the dark footprint of the chromaffin cell as a result of exocytosis of dense core ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_reflection_microscopy
GranuleGranule
... extent to which a material or system is composed of distinguishable particles Granular material, any conglomeration of discrete ... a structure characteristic of the azurophil eukaryotic cell type Chromaffin granule, a structure characteristic of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule
TityustoxinTityustoxin
In rats, the Tityustoxin caused dramatic effects on the circulatory and respiratory systems, consisting of hypotension, ... "Synergism between toxin-gamma from Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus and veratridine in chromaffin cells". The American ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tityustoxin
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2BMultiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B
Vernon Book Systems. Scientist Wants to Test Abraham Lincoln's Bloodstained Pillow for Cancer Discover Magazine April 20, 2009 ... A possible regulatory defect in the differentiation of chromaffin tissue". N. Engl. J. Med. 279 (1): 1-7. doi:10.1056/ ... Unlike Marfan syndrome, the cardiovascular system and the lens of the eye are unaffected.[citation needed] Mucosal neuromas are ... whose ligands are part of the transforming growth factor beta signaling system.[citation needed] About half of cases are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_2B
Biological membraneBiological membrane
The increase in available hydrogen bonding increases the entropy of the system, creating a spontaneous process. Biological ... and chromaffin granules). Different types of biological membranes have diverse lipid and protein compositions. The content of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_membrane
Cell cultureCell culture
This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically more similar to in vivo tissue, but is technically challenging to ... Gilabert JA, Montalvo GB, Artalejo AR (2006). "Rat Chromaffin cells primary cultures: Standardization and quality assessment ... The co-culture system in 3D models can predict the response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy if the microenvironment ... OoC systems mimic and control the microenvironment of the cells by growing tissues in microfluidics. Combining tissue ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (this is the one exception to the two-neuron pathway rule: the synapse is directly ... The enteric nervous system is the intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal system. It has been described as "the Second ... The sympathetic nervous system is often considered the "fight or flight" system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is ... The sympathetic system is often considered the "fight or flight" system, while the parasympathetic system is often considered ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system
TramadolTramadol
... induces analgesic effects through a variety of different targets on the noradrenergic system, serotoninergic system ... "Inhibitory effects of tramadol on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in adrenal chromaffin cells and in Xenopus oocytes ... Frink MC, Hennies HH, Englberger W, Haurand M, Wilffert B (November 1996). "Influence of tramadol on neurotransmitter systems ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1 September 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 29 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol
Edith E. SproulEdith E. Sproul
Lattes, R., McDonald, J.J., Sproul, E.E. (1954) Non-chromaffin paraganglioma, of carotid body and orbit; report of a case. ... Bickerman, H.A., Sproul, E.E., Barach, A.L. (1959) Effective system of bactericidal conditioning for hospitals. Diseases of the ... Hudson, P.B., Sanger, G., Sproul E.E. (1959) Effective system of bactericidal conditioning for hospitals. Journal of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_E._Sproul
V-ATPaseV-ATPase
Johnson RG, Beers MF, Scarpa A (September 1982). "H+ ATPase of chromaffin granules. Kinetics, regulation, and stoichiometry". ... Bio Systems. 31 (2-3): 111-9. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(93)90038-E. PMID 8155843. Bowman EJ, O'Neill FJ, Bowman BJ (June 1997). " ... Ca2+ antiporter system. In synaptic transmission in neuronal cells, V-ATPase acidifies synaptic vesicles. Norepinephrine enters ... and acidification of intracellular systems, are important roles of V-ATPases. V-ATPases also play a significant role in cell ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-ATPase
CBD supplementation reduces arterial blood pressure via modulation of the sympatho-chromaffin system: A substudy from the HYPER...CBD supplementation reduces arterial blood pressure via modulation of the sympatho-chromaffin system: A substudy from the HYPER...
CBD supplementation reduces arterial blood pressure via modulation of the sympatho-chromaffin system: A substudy from the HYPER ... chromaffin system, although further research is warranted. ...
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/es/mdl-36780785
Pheochromocytoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, EtiologyPheochromocytoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
... catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. The term pheochromocytoma (in Greek, phios means dusky, chroma ... Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas develop in the paraganglion chromaffin tissue of the nervous system. They may occur anywhere ... Assignment of PGL3 to chromosome 1 (q21-q23) in a family with autosomal dominant non-chromaffin paraganglioma. Am J Med Genet. ... A pheochromocytoma (see the image below) is a rare, catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. The term ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/124059-45036/what-are-the-clinical-manifestations-of-pheochromocytomas
Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Incidence Over 70 YearsPheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Incidence Over 70 Years
... are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from the chromaffin cells of the autonomic nervous system.[1] Pheochromocytomas ( ... 1. (pheochromocytoma or phaeochromocytoma or Adrenal medulla* or chromaffin cell).mp. [mp = ti, ab, hw, tn, ot, dm, mf, dv, kw ... Pheochromocytoma OR phaeochromocytoma OR adrenal medulla* OR chromaffin cell) OR (Paraganglioma OR chemodectoma OR Carotid body ... ALL = (Pheochromocytoma OR phaeochromocytoma OR chromaffin cell OR adrenal medulla)) OR((ALL = (paraganglioma OR chemodectoma ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/980314
From Wildfire Cancers to Foot-Long Clots, Dr. Ryan Cole Explains the Dangers of the Spike ProteinFrom 'Wildfire Cancers' to Foot-Long Clots, Dr. Ryan Cole Explains the Dangers of the Spike Protein
Weve seen enough of modern medicine and big systems treat people very poorly. The systems act in a broken fashion, so this ... The spike will go to the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland, all sorts of things. In addition to that, that spike protein ... Spike protein can go to the adrenal glands, the autonomic nervous system, and the sympathetic-parasympathetic nervous system. ... Your immune system, for a simple way of thinking, you have an immediate-reacting arm of it, and you have a slow-acting arm. ...
https://www.theepochtimes.com/from-wildfire-cancers-to-foot-long-clots-dr-ryan-cole-explains-the-dangers-of-the-spike-protein_4813813.html
Obturator vein | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.orgObturator vein | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
endocrine system * adrenal gland *adrenal vessels *adrenal arteries. *adrenal veins. *chromaffin cells ...
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/obturator-vein?lang=us
The Influence of a Posture on the Autonomic Nervous System and Stress Hormones in SalivaThe Influence of a Posture on the Autonomic Nervous System and Stress Hormones in Saliva
In this study, the influence of postures on a body was examined through the perspective of the endocrine system and the ... such as curving back affected stress reactions through the perspective of the endocrine system and the automatic nervous system ... autonomic nervous system. The subjects were 18 healthy adults (7 males and 11 females). A slouching posture like arching back ... Helle, K.B. (1966) Some Chemical and Physical Properties of the Soluble Protein Fraction of Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Granules ...
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=98200
Development of chromaffin cells depends on MASH1 function | Development | The Company of BiologistsDevelopment of chromaffin cells depends on MASH1 function | Development | The Company of Biologists
The chromaffin system. In Catecholamines Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol 33 (ed. H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl), pp 16 ... Chromaffin cells possess typical ultrastructural features, most notably large chromaffin granules (Coupland, 1972; Coupland and ... SA cells give rise to sympathetic neurons, chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, extra-adrenal chromaffin cells, and the ... However, their expression was not restricted to TH-positive chromaffin cells and apparently occurred in all or most chromaffin ...
https://cob.silverchair.com/dev/article/129/20/4729/41909/Development-of-chromaffin-cells-depends-on-MASH1?searchresult=1
α2-Chimaerin, a Cdc42/Rac1 Regulator, Is Selectively Expressed in the Rat Embryonic Nervous System and Is Involved in...α2-Chimaerin, a Cdc42/Rac1 Regulator, Is Selectively Expressed in the Rat Embryonic Nervous System and Is Involved in...
... containing neural crest-derived chromaffin cells, by E20.5. This widespread early embryonic expression of α2-chimaerin mRNA ... 1996) A family of rat CRMP genes is differentially expressed in the nervous system. J Neurosci 16:6197-6207. ... 1993) Activity and expression of cyclin dependent protein kinase 5 in the embryonic nervous system. Development 119:1029-1040. ... α2-chimaerin mRNA, but not α1-chimaerin mRNA, is highly expressed in embryonic nervous system. A,Specificity of detection of α2 ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/14/5191
Pheochromocytomas - Endocrine System - MSD Veterinary ManualPheochromocytomas - Endocrine System - MSD Veterinary Manual
This diffuse proliferation of chromaffin cells is nonencapsulated but compresses the surrounding adrenal cortex. In bulls with ... Pheochromocytomas arise from the adrenal medullary chromaffin cells that normally synthesize and secrete the catecholamines ... read more and in cats Neuroendocrine Tissue Tumors in Cats Neuroendocrine tissues are tissues that have both nervous system and ...
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/endocrine-system/neuroendocrine-tumors/pheochromocytomas
Pencil Villain Shared Endocrine System - 71 PicmonicsPencil Villain Shared 'Endocrine System' - 71 Picmonics
Endocrine System. - 71. Picmonics. With Picmonic, facts become pictures. Weve taken what the science shows - image mnemonics ...
https://www.picmonic.com/playlists/944e18866b1a47dd26f7a63c47de4c5d
Stimulus-secretion coupling: the concept and clues from chromaffin and other cells - WikidataStimulus-secretion coupling: the concept and clues from chromaffin and other cells - Wikidata
Enzymic systems involving adenosinephosphates in the adrenaline and noradrenaline containing granules of the adrenal medulla ... The fate of the chromaffin granule during catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla. II. Loss of protein and retention of ... Influence of the ionic environment on the membrane potential of adrenal chromaffin cells and on the depolarizing effect of ... The fate of the chromaffin granule during catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla. 3. Recovery of a purified fraction of ...
https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35227005
Diagnostic relevance of CSF interleukin-6Diagnostic relevance of CSF interleukin-6
In the central nervous system (CNS), IL-6 is involved in neurogenesis and the response of neurons and glia-cells to various ... which has been shown to possess important functions in the immune system, the regulation of hematopoesis, inflammation and ... as well as by adrenal chromaffin cells [12, 13]. ... In the central nervous system (CNS), IL-6 is involved in ... 3. Erta M, Quintana A, Hidalgo J. Interleukin 6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system. Int J Biol Sci 2012;8:1254-66. ...
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/labmed-2015-0111/html
Method and apparatus for sustaining viability of biological cells on a substrate (Patent) | DOE PatentsMethod and apparatus for sustaining viability of biological cells on a substrate (Patent) | DOE Patents
A molecular delivery system by using AFM and nanoneedle journal, April 2005 * Han, Sung Woong; Nakamura, Chikashi; Obataya, ... Temporally resolved catecholamine spikes correspond to single vesicle release from individual chromaffin cells. journal, ... The SERS system can be a single or a stacked plurality of photonic crystal membranes with noble-metal lined through pores for ... Synthetic DNA delivery systems journal, January 2000 * Luo, Dan; Saltzman, W. Mark ...
https://www.osti.gov/doepatents/biblio/1034300
Flashcards - Lecture Endocrine System Part IIFlashcards - Lecture Endocrine System Part II
Lecture Endocrine System Part II - for Exam 3 Dr. john Loughman ... made up of chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine and ... What are the developmental aspects of the endocrine system? HORMONE PRODUCING GLANDS ARISE FROM ALL THREE GERM LAYERS!. ... 1. Adrenal medulla (inner)- neural tissue that acts as part of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. Adrenal cortex (outter)- ... How do enviormental aspects effect the endocrine system? exposure to pesticides, industrial chemical, arsenic, dioxin, and ...
https://freezingblue.com/flashcards/183982/preview/lecture-endocrine-system-part-ii
SNAP25 Products: R&D SystemsSNAP25 Products: R&D Systems
... and adrenal chromaffin cells, and is one component of the trans-SNARE complex involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion. ...
https://www.rndsystems.com/target/snap25?species=Rat
CRF and Unipolar Depression -- Neurotransmitter.netCRF and Unipolar Depression -- Neurotransmitter.net
Cortical and chromaffin tissues were interwoven in the human adrenals, and both in situ and in the co-culture system the ... The serotonergic neurotransmitter system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system may interact. Further, the ... Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states.. Mol ... The impact of early adverse experiences on brain systems involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and affective disorders.. ...
https://www.neurotransmitter.net/crf.html
Comparison of Biochemical Recurrence After Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy with Volatile and Total...Comparison of Biochemical Recurrence After Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy with Volatile and Total...
A bispectral index score (BIS) monitor (Aspect A-2000®, Aspect Medical System Inc., Newton, MA, USA) was used so that the BIS ... The prostate has a sympathetic nerve supply that is 5 or 6 times greater than that of the other chromaffin organs, making it ... Body temperature was maintained at 36-37°C using a forced-air warming system. For continuous blood pressure monitoring, 20-G ... Growing evidence from preclinical studies has revealed that various anesthetics can influence the immune system in different ...
https://medsci.org/v17p0449.htm
KAKEN - Research Projects | Development of Software for Automatic Analysis of Electric Signals of the Nerve Cells Recorded by...KAKEN - Research Projects | Development of Software for Automatic Analysis of Electric Signals of the Nerve Cells Recorded by...
Using this system, the patch clamp studies were done to elucidate the mechanism underlying the muscarinic and nicotinic ... Publications] Akaike A, Mine Y, Sasa M, Takaori S: A patch clamp study of muscarinic excitation of the rat adrenal chromaffin ... In the first study, it was clarified that (1) excitation by acethylcholine of the adrenal chromaffin cells is mediated by both ... Publications] Akaike,A.: A patch-clamp study on muscarinic and nicotinic excita-tion of the rat adrenal chromaffin cells. J ...
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-01870010/
Fine-tuning acupuncture to heal, not harm | Harvard MagazineFine-tuning acupuncture to heal, not harm | Harvard Magazine
The approach caused chromaffin cells in the adrenal glands to secrete dopamine. After just 15 minutes of stimulation, those ... A core component of the immune system, its essential for recovering from an injury or infection-but too much can contribute to ... They focused on the effects of this stimulation on two types of nerve cells, chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons, which ... Using a genetic tool to "knock out" these nerve cells, they confirmed that chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons are key ...
https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/01/right-now-acupuncture-relieves-inflammation
Locally invasive recurrence or metastasis of pheochromocytoma into the liver?-clinicopathological challenges | ScholarBank@NUSLocally invasive recurrence or metastasis of pheochromocytoma into the liver?-clinicopathological challenges | [email protected]
Currently, two histopathological grading systems Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland Scaled Score (PASS) and Grading of ... Pheochromocytomas (PCC) are rare and functional neuroendocrine tumors developing from adrenal chromaffin cells. Predicting ...
https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/234519
DeCSDeCS
Argentaffin Systems Chromaffin Systems System, Argentaffin System, Chromaffin Systems, Argentaffin Systems, Chromaffin ... Argentaffin Systems. Chromaffin Systems. System, Argentaffin. System, Chromaffin. Systems, Argentaffin. Systems, Chromaffin. ... Chromaffin System - Preferred Concept UI. M0004365. Scope note. The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They ... cytol: consider also specific CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM cell indentions. Allowable Qualifiers:. AB abnormalities. AH anatomy & ...
https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=2887&filter=ths_exact_term&q=SISTEMA+CROMAF%C3%8DN
Code System Concept
Chromaffin cell neoplasm Active Synonym false false 506611012 Chromaffin tumour Active Synonym false false ... Code System Concept Name. Pheochromocytoma (morphologic abnormality). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Pheochromocytoma ( ... Code System Concept Code System Concept Code. 85583005. ... Code System Code. PH_SNOMED-CT Code System OID. 2.16.840.1. ...
https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=85583005
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 905 : Non-neurotoxic Amphetamine Derivatives Release Serotonin through Serotonin Transporters :...Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 905 : Non-neurotoxic Amphetamine Derivatives Release Serotonin through Serotonin Transporters :...
Two non-neurotoxic derivatives of MDMA were tested in membrane vesicle model systems to determine whether they also lacked the ... In addition to their effects on plasma membrane transporters, MMA and MMAI both inhibited serotonin transport into chromaffin ... At higher concentrations, these compounds also caused release of [3H]serotonin from chromaffin granule membrane vesicles and ...
https://erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=905&S=Cocaine
IMSEAR at SEARO: Search
DeCSDeCS
Chromaffin System (1966-1972). Nerve Tissue Proteins (1966-1972). Public MeSH Note:. 1991; see NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS 1973-1990 ...
https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=2913&filter=ths_exact_term&q=CHROMOGRANINS
Hugo Cruces-Solis - Google ScholarHugo Cruces-Solis - Google Scholar
Neurite outgrowth on chromaffin cells applying extremely low frequency magnetic fields by permanent magnets. H Hern ndez-Hern ... Whole-brain signatures of functional connectivity after bidirectional modulation of the dopaminergic system in mice. H Cruces- ...
https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=9eb80LMAAAAJ&hl=en&oe=ASCII
8-Br-cGMP BIOLOG Life Science Institute8-Br-cGMP BIOLOG Life Science Institute
Biologs Quality Management System is certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2015. A copy of the certificate issued by the ... J. Neurosci., 9, 1144 - 1152 (1997), "Inhibition of [Ca2+]i Transients in Rat Adrenal Chromaffin Cells by Neuropeptide Y: Role ... Jap., 108, 143 - 148 (1996), "Signal Transduction System Involved in the Mechanism of Peripheral Mechanical Hyperalgesia" ... "Effect of Cyclic GMP-increasing Agents Nitric Oxide and C-type Natriuretic Peptide on Bovine Chromaffin Cell Function: ...
https://www.biolog.de/8-br-cgmp
DeCS Ingl s
Chromaffin System .. Argentaffin Systems .. Chromaffin Systems .. System, Argentaffin .. System, Chromaffin .. Systems, ... A06 Endocrine System .. A06.224 Chromaffin System .. A06.224.161 Chromaffin Cells .. A06.224.161.500 Chromaffin Granules .. A11 ... A11.284.430.214.190.875.190.190.207 Chromaffin Granules .. A11.299 Chromaffin Cells .. T rminos. Sin nimos e Hist ricos ... A11.284.430.214.190.500.207 Chromaffin Granules .. A11.284.430.214.190.875 Organelles .. A11.284.430.214.190.875.190 ...
http://trigramas.bireme.br/cgi-bin/mx/[email protected]?collection=DeCSi&lang=e&minsim=0.30&maxrel=10&text=Chromaffin%20System
Wigmore & Getchow (1995): Physiology of stress (note B) | PsykNoter Wigmore & Getchow (1995): Physiology of stress (note B) | PsykNoter
Chromaffin celler indeholder catecholaminer: adrenalin og noradrenalin (aminosyrer) og endorfiner.. *Når det sympatiske system ... Autonome system: homeostase *Parasympatisk system(langsomt) *Neurotransmitter: acetylcholin. *Sympatisk system(hurtigt) = ... Kontrollerer det endokrine system.. *Anvendt på Karaseks disekvilibrium model over strain og learning: *System ... Somatisk system: sensoriske nerver og skeletal tissue motor nerves *Pyramidal (neokortikal) system - voluntary control. ...
https://psyknoter.com/kandidatnoter-psykologi-noter/arbejds-og-organisationspsykologi-noter/wigmore-d-getchow-k-1995-physiology-of-stress-2/wigmore-getchow-1995-physiology-of-stress-note-b/
CellsEndocrine systemGranulesGranuleMedullaryAutonomic nervouBovinePheochromocytomasSerotoninPheochromocytomaNeuronsSecretionSpleenCellGlandsCortisolNeuronal systemsNeurotransmitter systemsInnate immuneHypothalamusInteractionModulationOrgansNervous systemsSympathetic nervouResponsesSkeletalImmuneStrainInvoluntaryNerveCentral nervouOccurPeripheralDigestiveDevelopmentRegulatory
Cells32
  • A pheochromocytoma (see the image below) is a rare, catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. (medscape.com)
  • Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from the chromaffin cells of the autonomic nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • The sympathoadrenal (SA) cell lineage is a derivative of the neural crest (NC), which gives rise to sympathetic neurons and neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. (silverchair.com)
  • We show now that MASH1 function is necessary for the development of the vast majority of chromaffin cells. (silverchair.com)
  • Most cells in the adrenal medulla of Mash1 -/- mice do not contain chromaffin granules, display a very immature, neuroblast-like phenotype, and, unlike wild-type adrenal chromaffin cells, show prolonged expression of neurofilament and Ret comparable with that observed in wild-type sympathetic ganglia. (silverchair.com)
  • However, few chromaffin cells in Mash1 -/- mice become PNMT positive and downregulate neurofilament and Ret expression. (silverchair.com)
  • Together, these findings suggest that the development of chomaffin cells does depend on MASH1 function not only for catecholaminergic differentiation but also for general chromaffin cell differentiation. (silverchair.com)
  • Pheochromocytomas arise from the adrenal medullary chromaffin cells that normally synthesize and secrete the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • In the central nervous system (CNS), IL-6 is involved in neurogenesis and the response of neurons and glia-cells to various injuries. (degruyter.com)
  • SNAP25 is expressed in neurons, pancreatic beta cells, and adrenal chromaffin cells, and is one component of the trans-SNARE complex involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion. (rndsystems.com)
  • Using this system, the patch clamp studies were done to elucidate the mechanism underlying the muscarinic and nicotinic excitation of the adrenal chromaffin cells. (nii.ac.jp)
  • In the first study, it was clarified that (1) excitation by acethylcholine of the adrenal chromaffin cells is mediated by both distinct muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, (2) the muscarinic excitation is induced by the inhibition of opening of potassium channels which are activated at near resting membrane potential, and (3) the inhibition of the potassium channel is due to the decrease of number of the channels activated. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Publications] Akaike A: 'Voltage and current clamp studies of muscarinic and nicotinic excitation of the rat adrenal chromaffin cells. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Publications] Akaike A: 'A patch clamp study of muscarinic excitation of the rat adrenal chromaffin cells. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Pheochromocytomas (PCC) are rare and functional neuroendocrine tumors developing from adrenal chromaffin cells. (nus.edu.sg)
  • The download International Financial History in the Twentieth Century: System and Anarchy (Publications of the of Ii is the human plasma of adenosine metabolites to the major MHC NTPDases in the ligand and often includes MHC residues to particular cells. (evakoch.com)
  • NP04634 prevent s cell damage caused by calcium overload and mitochondrial disruption in bovine chromaffin cells. (edu.sa)
  • Cells in different regions of the adrenal glands have different functions in the endocrine system.The outer portion of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
  • The catecholamine-secreting cells are sometimes referred to as chromaffin cells, and they are found in other areas of the body as well as in the adrenal medulla. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
  • Sometimes, pheochromocytomas arise from chromaffin cells that are located outside of the adrenal gland. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
  • ABBR: APUD cell Any of the constituent cells of a diffuse neuroendocrine system, having metabolic pathways that make and utilize serotonin (5-HT). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 3.2 Heterologous Manifestation Systems CV-1 cells expressing VMAT collect [3H]5HT although they don't contain storage space vesicles17. (kentlandsinitiative.org)
  • Depression and augmentation of quantal release in adrenal chromaffin cells. (mpg.de)
  • Cells in the endoderm layer become the linings of the digestive and respiratory system, and form organs such as the liver and pancreas. (questionitnow.com)
  • The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermal skin cells, the mesoderm gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body, and the endoderm gives rise to the digestive system and other internal organs . (questionitnow.com)
  • Synopsis Mouse chromaffin cells are a model to study regulated exocytosis. (vorarlberg.com)
  • 1) we aim to further delineate the consequences of chronically altered steroidogenesis and modified responses of chromaffin cells due to changes in the PHD-HIFα axis (Fig. 6). (adrenal-research.de)
  • II) Characterise the consequences of modulating central HPPs in chromaffin cells in mice. (adrenal-research.de)
  • From it also are de- rived the cells of the primitive sheaths of the nerve-fibres and the chromaffin cells of the supra-renal glands and other chromaffin bodies. (co.ma)
  • Nearly 90% of serotonin is found in the entero-chromaffin like cells in the alimentary canal (regulate intestinal movements) while 10% is found in the nervous system in the brain (regulate mood, appetite, sexual desire, attitude, memory and behaviour). (pharmacampus.in)
  • Clinical Manifestations Glucocorticoids affect almost all cells of the body, and thus signs of cortisol excess impact multiple physiologic systems ( Table 406-2 ) , with upregulation of gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and protein catabolism causing the most prominent features. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • We provisionally categorized the adrenal gland as nerve tissue because of the presence of chromaffin cells in the medulla of the gland. (cdc.gov)
Endocrine system5
  • In this study, the influence of postures on a body was examined through the perspective of the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system. (scirp.org)
  • This study suggested that bad postures such as curving back affected stress reactions through the perspective of the endocrine system and the automatic nervous system. (scirp.org)
  • Moreover, it induces several reactions to the whole body through the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system and the motor system. (scirp.org)
  • The influence of the postures on the body was conducted through the perspective of the endocrine system and the automatic nerve system. (scirp.org)
  • This mode of discharge (directly into the bloodstream) is called endocrine ( endocrine system ) secretion. (en-academic.com)
Granules4
  • Lysolecithin, a characteristic constituent of chromaffin granules. (wikidata.org)
  • An interaction between chromaffin granules and calcium ions. (wikidata.org)
  • The original rate kinetics from the discussion of physiological substrates and different pharmacological real estate agents with VMAT in addition has been researched using intact bovine chromaffin granules or granule ghosts. (kentlandsinitiative.org)
  • The experimentally established dissociation constants (Kds) for these inhibitors are in low nM range recommending that all are extremely powerful inhibitors for the monoamine uptake program in chromaffin granules (Desk I). Desk I Uptake and Inhibition Kinetic Parametersof Resealed Bovine Chromaffin Granule Ghosts/Membranes below and Desk 1 & II). (kentlandsinitiative.org)
Granule4
  • In addition to their effects on plasma membrane transporters, MMA and MMAI both inhibited serotonin transport into chromaffin granule membrane vesicles catalyzed by the vesicular biogenic amine transporter. (erowid.org)
  • At higher concentrations, these compounds also caused release of [3H]serotonin from chromaffin granule membrane vesicles and dissipated the transmembrane pH difference (delta pH). (erowid.org)
  • 5HT (1)], DA (2), NE (3), and epinephrine [E (4)] using resealed chromaffin granule ghosts are demonstrated in Desk I. Comparison from the Vmax/Km guidelines show how the uptake efficiencies of the amines are in the region of 5HT DA E NE. (kentlandsinitiative.org)
  • Likewise, the kinetics from the relationships of TBZ (5), RES (6), KET (7), and DTBZOH (8) using the bovine chromaffin granule are also studied at length. (kentlandsinitiative.org)
Medullary1
  • During the second funding period we will continue our research related to the impact of hypoxia-pathway proteins (HPPs) in the HPA axis and sympathetic and adrenal medullary systems. (adrenal-research.de)
Autonomic nervou7
  • Heartbeats, blood pressure, digestion: these vital functions occur without thought, all thanks to the autonomic nervous system. (anahana.com)
  • The autonomic nervous system controls all involuntary functions of the human body. (anahana.com)
  • The autonomic nervous system has two primary subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems . (anahana.com)
  • What Are the Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System? (anahana.com)
  • The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary physiological processes such as digestion, breathing, and blood pressure. (anahana.com)
  • The autonomic nervous system contains both sensory and motor nerve types. (anahana.com)
  • Sensory input to the autonomic nervous system communicates the physiological state of the body. (anahana.com)
Bovine1
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder of cattle characterized by accumulation of a protease-resistant form of a normal cellular prion protein (PrPres) in the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Pheochromocytomas1
  • Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas develop in the paraganglion chromaffin tissue of the nervous system. (medscape.com)
Serotonin1
  • Two non-neurotoxic derivatives of MDMA were tested in membrane vesicle model systems to determine whether they also lacked the ability to release serotonin. (erowid.org)
Pheochromocytoma1
  • Currently, two histopathological grading systems Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland Scaled Score (PASS) and Grading of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (GAPP) score are used in clinical practice, but these are subject to significant interobserver variability. (nus.edu.sg)
Neurons1
  • α2-chimaerin mRNA was highly expressed in the rat embryonic nervous system, especially in early postmitotic neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Secretion4
  • The effect of amethocaine on acetylcholine-induced depolarization and catecholamine secretion in the adrenal chromaffin cell. (wikidata.org)
  • On the relation between ATP splitting and secretion in the adrenal chromaffin cell: extrusion of ATP (unhydrolysed) during release of catecholamines. (wikidata.org)
  • The meaning of the term hormone has been extended beyond the original definition of a blood-borne secretion, however, to include similar regulatory substances that are distributed by diffusion across cell membranes instead of by a blood system. (en-academic.com)
  • Excess glucocorticoids also interfere with central regulatory systems, leading to suppression of gonadotropins with subsequent hypogonadism and amenorrhea, and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, resulting in decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Spleen1
  • As explained by Seneff, the mRNA in the jab is taken into your lymph system and spleen, germinal centers where antibodies are produced, and in order to produce the antibodies, these germinal centers release exosomes. (databaseinternational.org)
Cell1
  • You can help to reduce flare-up appropriate therapy as infection often needs glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation. (chimecottagemusic.com)
Glands1
  • The ectoderm will form the outer components of the body, such as skin, hair, and mammary glands , as well as part of the nervous system. (questionitnow.com)
Cortisol1
  • Cushing syndrome can cause hypertension secondary to an increase in cortisol, which leads to suppression of the vasodilatory systems as well as some minor mineralocorticoid activity. (medscape.com)
Neuronal systems1
  • The hyperactivity of CRF neuronal systems appears to be a state marker for depression because HPA axis hyperactivity normalizes following successful antidepressant treatment. (neurotransmitter.net)
Neurotransmitter systems1
  • OBJECTIVE: To review, examine and propose a common mechanism for anxiety and depression based on modifications observed in neurotransmitter systems (mainly noradrenergic and serotonergic) and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (neurotransmitter.net)
Innate immune2
  • Your immediate arm is your innate immune system. (theepochtimes.com)
  • In the "Innate Immune Suppression" paper, they and their other co-authors delve deep into the mechanisms of the COVID shots, showing how they suppress your innate immune system. (databaseinternational.org)
Hypothalamus3
  • Stress is processed in the central nervous system commencing with hypothalamus, and it brings changes in the higher nerve function such as emotion and arousal level. (scirp.org)
  • Stimulation af hypothalamus aktiverer det sympatiske system. (psyknoter.com)
  • stimulerer hypothalamus à stimulerer det sympatiske system. (psyknoter.com)
Interaction1
  • Overall, the results of the present study imply that the antihypertensive effects of CBD may be explained by its interaction with the sympatho- chromaffin system , although further research is warranted. (bvsalud.org)
Modulation1
  • CBD supplementation reduces arterial blood pressure via modulation of the sympatho-chromaffin system: A substudy from the HYPER-H21-4 trial. (bvsalud.org)
Organs1
  • formed by the longi- nal folding of a thickened Chorion ite of ectoderm, the neural plate, which is the rudiment of the whole of the central and peripheral portions of the nervous system, except per- haps the olfactory nerves, and the end organs of the sensory nerves. (co.ma)
Nervous systems3
  • It includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (anahana.com)
  • The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems act reciprocally to one another. (anahana.com)
  • Principally because of our extraction method and the search for certain amino acids contained in the eukaryotes of the root of the Rhodiola Imbricata in certain high concentration, we did obtain conclusive results on the different nervous systems. (fulmina.org)
Sympathetic nervou2
  • The sympathetic nervous system controls the fight-or-flight response and is most active in times of stress. (anahana.com)
  • The sympathetic nervous system is in charge of the fight-or-flight response. (anahana.com)
Responses2
  • Central struktur/område for stress responses - limbisk system påvirker hjernestamme kontrolfunktioner. (psyknoter.com)
  • Medierer responses der er startet i emotionscentre i det limbiske system. (psyknoter.com)
Skeletal1
  • The somatic nervous system controls the voluntary movement of skeletal muscle. (anahana.com)
Immune10
  • What you're basically talking about is the immune system has been somehow compromised in people where this is happening. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Your immune system, for a simple way of thinking, you have an immediate-reacting arm of it, and you have a slow-acting arm. (theepochtimes.com)
  • They're the Marines of the immune system. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Your adaptive immune system, that's all your antibodies. (theepochtimes.com)
  • They work in tandem, these two arms of the immune system. (theepochtimes.com)
  • But there are countless papers now in the literature, [inaudible] was one of the early ones out of the Netherlands, [inaudible] which did a study on the Pfizer vaccines showing that these Marines of the immune system were no longer reacting in the robust manner they normally do. (theepochtimes.com)
  • The exclusion criteria were as follows: under 20 years of age, cancer patient, blood disease, diabetes, abnormal cardiac rhythm, history of mental illness, drug abuse, infectious diseases or immune system disorders. (scirp.org)
  • Numerous studies now demonstrate the pleiotropic character of IL-6, which has been shown to possess important functions in the immune system, the regulation of hematopoesis, inflammation and oncogenesis. (degruyter.com)
  • Growing evidence from preclinical studies has revealed that various anesthetics can influence the immune system in different ways. (medsci.org)
  • Aside from several well-documented factors that synergistically influence the risk of long-term cancer recurrence, recent studies have shown that anesthetic agents might affect the postoperative prognosis of cancer due to its unfavorable effect on the immune system [ 1 , 2 ], and has led to a renewed interest in this field [ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
Strain1
  • Learning inhibits strain og strain inhibits learning , men begge processer bruger energi fra en begrænset kilde. (psyknoter.com)
Involuntary1
Nerve2
  • Efferent autonomic nerves in the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems follow a two-nerve system, with ganglia that relay the signal between them. (anahana.com)
  • Isolated nerve terminals as a model system for the study of Botulinum and Tetanus toxins. (mpg.de)
Central nervou3
  • The distribution of substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the central nervous system of the dog. (wikidata.org)
  • As a result, regulatory monoaminergic pathways in the central nervous system have become targets for psychopharmacological interventions [ 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human nervous function stems from the brain and spinal cord, the central nervous system (CNS). (anahana.com)
Occur1
  • The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems promote and inhibit digestion, but the enteric system controls the physiological mechanisms that allow digestion to occur. (anahana.com)
Peripheral1
  • It is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (anahana.com)
Digestive1
  • The enteric nervous system is all about digestive processes. (anahana.com)
Development1
  • Formation of the neuroectoderm is first step in the development of the nervous system. (questionitnow.com)
Regulatory1
  • The TAL1 download International Financial History in the Twentieth Century: System and Anarchy (Publications of the for other rafts of the regulatory Bessel chains of the acid steroid get pH nurses and are reviewed in account smooth. (evakoch.com)