Choroid Plexus
Choroid
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms
Papilloma, Choroid Plexus
Choroid Neoplasms
Choroid Diseases
Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Uvea
Ependyma
Pigment Epithelium of Eye
Sclera
Gyrate Atrophy
Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase
Eye
Meninges
Ciliary Body
Retina
Blood-Brain Barrier
Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Cysts
Fluorescein Angiography
Prealbumin
Choroidal Neovascularization
Cerebral Ventricles
Hydrocephalus
Ependymoma
Brain Diseases
Iris
Brain
Fundus Oculi
Vitreous Body
Fourth Ventricle
Lateral Ventricles
Epithelium
Retinal Detachment
Arachnoid
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Macular Degeneration
Ganglia, Parasympathetic
Coloboma
Immunohistochemistry
Fluorescein
Visna-maedi virus
Indocyanine Green
Fetal Diseases
Corrosion Casting
Myopia
Encyclopedias as Topic
MedlinePlus
Microvascular loops and networks as prognostic indicators in choroidal and ciliary body melanomas. (1/1300)
BACKGROUND: Malignant melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid of the eye is a tumor that disseminates frequently, and 50% of the diagnosed patients die within 10 years. We investigated the hypothesis that, by histopathologic analysis of the arrangement of microvessels (i.e., small blood vessels) in loops and networks, we might be able to differentiate better those patients with a favorable prognosis from those with a poor prognosis. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study of melanoma-specific and all-cause mortality for 167 consecutive patients who had an eye surgically removed because of malignant choroidal or ciliary body melanoma during the period from 1972 through 1981. Microvascular loops and networks were evaluated independently by two pathologists who were unaware of patient outcome. RESULTS: Microvascular patterns could be assessed in 134 (80%) of 167 melanoma specimens. The 10-year probability of melanoma-specific survival was worse if microvascular loops (0.45 versus 0.83; two-sided P<.0001) and networks (0.41 versus 0.72, two-sided P<.0001) were present. In multivariate Cox regression analysis of melanoma-specific survival, the hazard ratios were 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-2.30) for the presence of loops and networks as a combined three-category variable, 2.36 (95% CI = 1.37-4.05) for the presence of epithelioid cells, 1.11 (95% CI = 1.03-1.19) for the largest basal tumor diameter (evaluated as a continuous variable), and 2.14 (95% CI = 1.25-3.67) for ciliary body involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with malignant uveal melanoma who have a favorable prognosis can be distinguished from those with a poor prognosis by histopathologic analysis of microvascular patterns in uveal melanoma tumor specimens. (+info)Increase in the advanced glycation end product pentosidine in Bruch's membrane with age. (2/1300)
PURPOSE: To determine whether there is an age-related increase of pentosidine in human Bruch's membranes and to localize pentosidine and carboxymethyllysine (CML), two well-characterized, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in aged human Bruch's membranes and choroid in vivo. METHODS: Human Bruch's membrane samples were isolated from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid and subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to determine pentosidine content. A polyclonal anti-pentosidine antibody and a monoclonal antibody specific for carboxymethyllysine were used to localize AGEs in 20-month-old nondiabetic, 82-year-old nondiabetic, and 82-year-old diabetic globes. RESULTS: Human Bruch's membranes (n = 20) showed a linear age-dependent increase in pentosidine that reached approximately 0.17 millimoles pentosidine per mole hydroxyproline in late life (r = 0.896; P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical evaluation showed evidence of pentosidine in Bruch's membrane, choroidal extracellular matrix, and vessel walls in the 82-year-old nondiabetic and diabetic globes. A similar staining pattern was found with the anti-CML antibody. Basal laminar deposits and drusen stained with both antibodies in the elderly nondiabetic eye. In contrast, neither antibody stained the 20-month-old tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We provide biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence for the formation of pentosidine and CML structures in human Bruch's membrane and choroid with age. These changes could promote aging of the RPE-Bruch's membrane-choroid complex. (+info)Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. (3/1300)
Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSC) is usually seen in young males with Type A personality. Clinical evaluation of the macula with fundoscopy and biomicroscopy, coupled with fluorescein angiography establishes the diagnosis. Indocyanine green angiographic studies have reinformed that the basic pathology lies in choriocapillaries and retinal pigment epithelium. Most of the ICSC resolve completely in four months, and some of them could resolve early with direct photocoagulation of the leaking site. Oral steroids have no role, and could even cause an adverse reaction. (+info)Clinical characteristics of CHARGE syndrome. (4/1300)
CHARGE syndrome, first described by Pagon, was named for its six major clinical features. They are: coloboma of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the choanae, retarded growth and development including CNS anomalies, genital hypoplasia and/or urinary tract anomalies, and ear anomalies and/or hearing loss. We experienced three cases of CHARGE syndrome who displayed ocular coloboma, heart defects, retarded growth and development, and external ear anomalies, and we also review the previously reported literature concerning CHARGE syndrome. (+info)Effects of bicarbonate ion on chick retinal pigment epithelium: membrane potentials and light-evoked responses. (5/1300)
The purpose of this study was to determine how changes in [HCO3-] alter the electrical properties of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Experiments were conducted on the isolated chick retina-RPE-choroid preparation. The chamber holding the preparation allowed independent perfusion of the retinal and the choroidal surfaces. The light-evoked trans-tissue potential (TTP), the trans-epithelial potential (TEP), the trans-retinal potentials, and the intracellularly-recorded apical and basal membrane potentials were studied. Increasing the [HCO3-]0 in the choroidal bath from 25 to 40 mEq/1 led to an increase in the TTP and TEP. The same change in the retinal bath decreased the TTP because of a biphasic change of the RPE membrane potentials. There was also an increase in the amplitudes of the TEP, the c-wave and the slow PIII. The light-evoked subretinal K+ decrease was greater which is consistent with an increase in the photoreceptor light response. These observations indicated that the decrease of TTP resulted from a basal membrane hyperpolarization followed by an apical membrane depolarization induced by an increase in retinal [HCO3-]0. The relationship of these potential changes to the human bicarbonate responses is discussed. (+info)Dendritic cells and macrophages in the uveal tract of the normal mouse eye. (6/1300)
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are components of the immune cell populations in the uveal tract whose density, distribution, turnover, and function may play a role in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis in the eye. Little is known of these cells in the mouse eye despite this being the predominant experimental model in many studies of ocular immune responses and immunoinflammatory mediated eye diseases. The aim of the present study was to obtain further immunophenotypic data on resident tissue macrophages and DC populations in the mouse uveal tract. METHODS: Pieces of iris, ciliary body, and choroid dissected from perfusion fixed BALB/c mice were incubated whole in a variety of anti-macrophage and DC monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Labelled cells were visualised using either single or double immunoperoxidase techniques. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis and double immunolabelling revealed that 80% of F4/80(+) cells (a mAb that recognises both DC and macrophages) in the iris are macrophages (SER4(+)). The iris contained a network of Ia+ cells (412 (SD 130) cells/mm2) of which two thirds appear to be DC. A similar pattern was observed in the ciliary body and choroid. Only a few DC in the uveal tract were very weakly reactive for mAbs which recognise B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), beta2 integrin (mAb N418), and multivesicular bodies associated with antigen presentation (mAb M342). CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals that the mouse uveal tract, like the rat, contains rich networks of DC and resident tissue macrophages. The networks of resident tissue macrophages in the mouse uveal tract closely resemble similar networks in non-ocular tissues. The phenotype of uveal tract DC suggests they are in the "immature" phase of their life cycle, similar to Langerhans cells of the skin, thus implying their role in situ within the eye is antigen capture and not antigen presentation. (+info)Zinc deficiency and oxidative stress in the retina of pigmented rats. (7/1300)
PURPOSE: To determine the effect of moderate zinc deficiency on antioxidant defenses and measures of oxidative stress in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of Brown Norway Rats. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were housed individually and divided into three groups of 8 rats each. Group 1 was fed ad libitum a semipurified control diet formulated to contain 50 parts per million [ppm] total zinc; group 2 was fed ad libitum an identical diet but containing 5 ppm total zinc; and group 3 was pair-fed the control diet but restricted in amount to that consumed by group 2. Food intake was measured daily and the rats weighed weekly. After 6 weeks, the rats were killed and the following measurements were made: serum zinc, serum alkaline phosphatase, retinal zinc, RPE-choroid zinc, RPE-choroid catalase, liver metallothionein (MT), retinal MT, RPE-choroid MT, retinal catalase, and retinal thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). RESULTS: The following showed statistically significant differences between groups 2 and 3, respectively: serum Zn (1216 micro/l versus 1555 microg/l, P < or = 0.01), serum alkaline phosphatase (3.75 U/mg versus 5.10 U/mg, P < or = 0.05), liver MT (4.3 microg/mg protein versus 16.7 microg/mg, P < or = 0.0001), RPE-choroid MT (1.3 microg/mg protein versus 2.2 microg/mg, P < or = 0.02), retinal MT (0.85 microg/mg protein versus 2.8 microg/mg, P < or = 0.05), and retinal TBARS (6.2 nM/mg protein versus 2.2 nM/mg, P < or = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that retinal MT and RPE MT concentrations are very sensitive to intake of dietary zinc. The increase in retinal TBARS in group 2 indicates that moderate zinc deficiency increases oxidative stress to the retina. The results also suggest that MT is protective against lipid peroxidation of retinal membranes. (+info)Structural specializations of the eye in the vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus). (8/1300)
Vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus maximus, Chinchillidae) are nocturnal rodents living in burrows in many regions of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. We have studied the eye of the vizcacha using several light and electron microscopic procedures, with the purpose of understanding the role of vision in the behavior of this species. Our observations demonstrated an avascular, rod-rich retina, with a specialized region spanning through most of the equator of the eye. In this central band, all neural retinal layers exhibited a high cell density, whereas the photoreceptor layer was characterized by the presence of very long rods. In addition, the central region was associated with a distinct pigmentation pattern, including scarce granulation of the pigment epithelium, low pigmentation of the choroid, and the selective attachment of suprachoroidal cells to the inner scleral surface. These central modifications probably form the structural basis of a reflecting tapetum. The eye of the vizcacha received both long and short ciliary vessels, and a specialized cilio-sclero-choroidal vascular network appeared at the equatorial region. Our findings suggest that the equatorial region of the eye of the vizcacha could be a highly sensitive light detector related to foraging behaviors during crepuscular or nocturnal hours. (+info)The symptoms of choroid plexus neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and severity, but they may include:
* Headaches
* Nausea and vomiting
* Seizures
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Vision problems
* Endocrine disturbances (such as diabetes insipidus)
The diagnosis of choroid plexus neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue sampling, such as biopsy or surgical resection. Treatment options for these tumors depend on their size, location, and severity, but they may include:
* Observation and monitoring
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to destroy the tumor cells
* Chemotherapy to kill the tumor cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of the tumor
Some common types of choroid plexus neoplasms include:
* Papilloma: A benign tumor that grows from the choroid plexus.
* Choroid plexus carcinoma: A malignant tumor that grows from the choroid plexus.
* Mixed glioma: A tumor that is made up of both benign and malignant cells.
The prognosis for patients with choroid plexus neoplasms depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, patients with small, benign tumors have a good prognosis, while those with larger, more aggressive tumors may have a poorer prognosis.
It is important to note that choroid plexus neoplasms are relatively rare, and there is ongoing research into their causes, diagnosis, and treatment. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with a choroid plexus neoplasm, it is best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for more information and personalized advice.
The term "papilloma" comes from the Latin words "papilla," meaning "nipple," and "oma," meaning "tumor." This refers to the characteristic nipple-like appearance of the tumor. The word "choroid" refers to the layer of tissue in which the tumor originates, and "plexus" refers to the network of blood vessels within the choroid plexus.
Papilloma, Choroid Plexus is a rare type of brain tumor that usually occurs in adults, although it can also be found in children. It tends to grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms until it has reached a significant size. Symptoms can include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision or balance.
Treatment for Papilloma, Choroid Plexus usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, and the prognosis is generally good if the tumor is completely removed. However, if the tumor is not fully resected (removed), it can recur and may be difficult to treat.
Some common types of choroid neoplasms include:
1. Choroidal melanoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the pigment-producing cells of the choroid. It is the most common type of primary intraocular cancer and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
2. Choroidal hemangioma: A benign tumor that arises from the blood vessels of the choroid. It can cause changes in vision and may require treatment to prevent complications.
3. Choroidal naevus: A benign growth that occurs in the choroid and can be inherited. It is usually asymptomatic but can sometimes cause changes in vision.
4. Other rare types of choroid neoplasms include choroidal lymphoma, choroidal osteochondromatosis, and choroidal metastasis (metastasis of cancer from another part of the body to the choroid).
Choroid neoplasms can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans, and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the neoplasm, and may include observation, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, or surgery.
Overall, choroid neoplasms are complex and varied conditions that require careful evaluation and treatment by an ophthalmologist or other eye care professional to prevent complications and preserve vision.
Some common examples of choroid diseases include:
1. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV): This is a condition where new blood vessels grow under the retina, often as a result of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or other eye conditions. These new vessels can cause vision loss and distortion.
2. Choroidal melanoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the choroid layer of the eye. It is usually slow-growing, but it can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Choroiditis: This is an inflammatory condition that affects the choroid layer of the eye, often as a result of infection or autoimmune disorders. It can cause vision loss and pain in the affected eye.
4. Choroidal rupture: This is a rare condition where the choroid layer of the eye ruptures, leading to bleeding and potentially severe vision loss.
5. Other conditions: There are several other conditions that can affect the choroid layer of the eye, such as choroidal vasculitis, choroidal effusion, and choroidal tumors. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including vision loss, pain, and distortion.
Overall, choroid diseases can have a significant impact on vision and eye health, and it is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms persist or worsen over time. Early detection and treatment can help to mitigate the risk of long-term vision loss and other complications.
The symptoms of cerebral ventricle neoplasms depend on their size, location, and growth rate. They may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or cognitive function. As the tumor grows, it can press on surrounding brain tissue and disrupt normal brain function.
Diagnosis of cerebral ventricle neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue sampling through a biopsy procedure. Treatment options for cerebral ventricle neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination to treat these tumors.
Examples of types of cerebral ventricle neoplasms include:
1. Choroid plexus papilloma: A benign tumor that arises from the choroid plexus, a layer of tissue that lines the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Choroid plexus carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the choroid plexus.
3. Ventricular ependymoma: A tumor that arises from the ependyma, a layer of tissue that lines the ventricles and helps to move cerebrospinal fluid through the brain.
4. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA): A rare benign tumor that arises from the subependymal layer of tissue, which is located beneath the ependyma.
Overall, cerebral ventricle neoplasms are a complex and diverse group of brain tumors that can have significant impacts on the brain and nervous system. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of tumor and the individual patient's needs.
The exact cause of gyrate atrophy is not well understood, but it is thought to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The condition typically presents in childhood or adolescence and can progress rapidly, leading to significant vision loss over a short period of time.
Symptoms of gyrate atrophy may include blurred vision, peripheral vision loss, and sensitivity to light. The condition can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, including imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF).
There is currently no cure for gyrate atrophy, but various treatments may be used to slow the progression of the condition and manage its symptoms. These may include vitamin supplements, anti-inflammatory medications, and protective eyewear to reduce exposure to bright light. In severe cases, surgical intervention such as retinal implantation or vision restoration therapy may be considered.
Early detection and ongoing monitoring are essential for managing gyrate atrophy and preserving vision as much as possible. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with this condition can lead active and fulfilling lives despite significant vision loss.
There are many different types of cysts that can occur in the body, including:
1. Sebaceous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or torso. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
2. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They are common in women of childbearing age and can cause pelvic pain, bloating, and other symptoms.
3. Kidney cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form in the kidneys. They are usually benign but can cause problems if they become large or infected.
4. Dermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form in the skin or organs. They are filled with skin cells, hair follicles, and other tissue and can become inflamed or infected.
5. Pilar cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the scalp. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
6. Epidermoid cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form just under the skin. They are filled with a thick, cheesy material and can become inflamed or infected.
7. Mucous cysts: These are small, usually painless cysts that form on the fingers or toes. They are filled with a clear, sticky fluid and can become inflamed or infected.
8. Baker's cyst: This is a fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee. It can cause swelling and pain in the knee and is more common in women than men.
9. Tarlov cysts: These are small, fluid-filled cysts that form in the spine. They can cause back pain and other symptoms, such as sciatica.
10. ganglion cysts: These are noncancerous lumps that form on the joints or tendons. They are filled with a thick, clear fluid and can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other types of cysts that are not included here. If you suspect that you have a cyst, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
CNV develops when the underlying choroidal layers experience changes that lead to the growth of new blood vessels, which can leak fluid and cause damage to the retina. This can result in vision distortion, loss of central vision, and even blindness if left untreated.
The formation of CNV is a complex process that involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms. It is thought to be triggered by factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and the presence of certain growth factors and proteins.
There are several clinical signs and symptoms associated with CNV, including:
1. Distortion of vision, including metamorphopsia (distorted vision of geometric shapes)
2. Blind spots or scotomas
3. Decreased central vision
4. Difficulty reading or performing other daily tasks
5. Reduced color perception
6. Sensitivity to light and glare
The diagnosis of CNV is typically made based on a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography (OCT).
There are several treatment options for CNV, including:
1. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications work by blocking the growth of new blood vessels and can help improve vision and reduce the risk of further damage.
2. Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive medication and low-intensity laser therapy to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels.
3. Focal photocoagulation: This involves the use of a high-intensity laser to destroy the abnormal blood vessels in the central retina.
4. Vitrectomy: In severe cases, a vitrectomy may be performed to remove the vitreous gel and blood vessels that are causing the CNV.
It is important to note that these treatments do not cure CNV, but they can help improve vision and slow the progression of the disease. Regular follow-up appointments with an eye care professional are necessary to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed.
There are several types of hydrocephalus, including:
1. Aqueductal stenosis: This occurs when the aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or blocked, leading to an accumulation of CSF in the brain.
2. Choroid plexus papilloma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the choroid plexus, which is a layer of tissue that produces CSF.
3. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: This occurs when there is a decrease in the volume of brain tissue due to injury or disease, leading to an accumulation of CSF.
4. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): This is a type of hydrocephalus that occurs in adults and is characterized by an enlarged ventricle, gait disturbances, and cognitive decline, despite normal pressure levels.
5. Symptomatic hydrocephalus: This type of hydrocephalus is caused by other conditions such as brain tumors, cysts, or injuries.
Symptoms of hydrocephalus can include headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and difficulty walking or speaking. Treatment options for hydrocephalus depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a shunt to drain excess CSF. In some cases, hydrocephalus can be managed with lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.
Prognosis for hydrocephalus varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. However, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people with hydrocephalus can lead active and fulfilling lives.
The symptoms of an ependymoma depend on its location and size, but may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and problems with balance and coordination. The diagnosis of an ependymoma is made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Treatment for an ependymoma may involve surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for this condition depends on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the age of the patient. In general, children have a better prognosis than adults, and patients with benign ependymomas have a good outlook. However, malignant ependymomas can be more difficult to treat and may have a poorer outcome.
Ependymoma accounts for about 5% of all primary brain tumors, which means they originate in the brain rather than spreading from another part of the body. They are relatively rare, making up only about 1-2% of all childhood brain tumors. However, they can occur at any age and can be a significant source of morbidity and mortality if not properly treated.
There are several subtypes of ependymoma, including:
1. Papillary ependymoma: This is the most common type of ependymoma and typically affects children. It grows slowly and is usually benign.
2. Fibrillary ependymoma: This type of ependymoma is more aggressive than papillary ependymoma and can be malignant. It is less common in children and more common in adults.
3. Anaplastic ependymoma: This is the most malignant type of ependymoma and tends to affect older adults. It grows quickly and can spread to other parts of the brain.
The symptoms of ependymoma vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting, and changes in personality or cognitive function. Treatment for ependymoma usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The prognosis for ependymoma depends on the subtype and location of the tumor, as well as the age of the patient. In general, patients with benign ependymomas have a good outlook, while those with malignant ependymomas may have a poorer outcome.
Some common types of brain diseases include:
1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.
It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
The retina is a layer of cells that lines the inside of the eye and senses light to send visual signals to the brain. When the retina becomes detached, it can no longer function properly, leading to vision loss or distortion.
Retinal detachment can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Age-related changes: As we age, the vitreous gel that fills the eye can become more liquid and pull away from the retina, causing a retinal detachment.
2. Injury or trauma: A blow to the head or a penetrating injury can cause a retinal detachment.
3. Medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and sickle cell disease, can increase the risk of developing a retinal detachment.
4. Genetic factors: Some people may be more prone to developing a retinal detachment due to inherited genetic factors.
Symptoms of retinal detachment may include:
1. Flashes of light: People may see flashes of light in the peripheral vision.
2. Floaters: Specks or cobwebs may appear in the vision, particularly in the periphery.
3. Blurred vision: Blurred vision or distorted vision may occur as the retina becomes detached.
4. Loss of vision: In severe cases, a retinal detachment can cause a complete loss of vision in one eye.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A comprehensive eye exam can diagnose a retinal detachment and determine the appropriate treatment.
Treatment for retinal detachment typically involves surgery to reattach the retina to the underlying tissue. In some cases, laser surgery may be used to seal off any tears or holes in the retina that caused the detachment. In more severe cases, a scleral buckle or other device may be implanted to support the retina and prevent further detachment.
In addition to surgical treatment, there are some lifestyle changes you can make to help reduce your risk of developing a retinal detachment:
1. Quit smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of retinal detachment. Quitting smoking can help reduce this risk.
2. Maintain a healthy blood pressure: High blood pressure can increase the risk of retinal detachment. Monitoring and controlling your blood pressure can help reduce this risk.
3. Wear protective eyewear: If you participate in activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as sports or working with hazardous materials, wearing protective eyewear can help reduce the risk of retinal detachment.
4. Get regular eye exams: Regular comprehensive eye exams can help detect any potential issues with the retina before they become serious problems.
Overall, a retinal detachment is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent long-term vision loss. By understanding the causes and symptoms of retinal detachment, as well as making lifestyle changes to reduce your risk, you can help protect your vision and maintain good eye health.
Symptoms of Sturge-Weber Syndrome can vary in severity and may include:
* Port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) on one side of the face and/or neck
* Seizures, including epilepsy
* Developmental delays and intellectual disability
* Vision problems, including glaucoma, cataracts, and visual field defects
* Hearing loss
* Scoliosis or other spinal abnormalities
* Weakened muscles (hypotonia)
There is no cure for Sturge-Weber Syndrome, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:
* Anticonvulsant medications to control seizures
* Surgery to remove the port-wine stain or repair related eye problems
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and coordination
* Speech and language therapy to address communication difficulties
* Occupational therapy to help with daily living skills
The prognosis for Sturge-Weber Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of other health problems. Some individuals with the condition may have a relatively mild course, while others may experience more significant challenges. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Sturge-Weber Syndrome can lead fulfilling lives.
There are two main types of MD:
1. Dry Macular Degeneration (DMD): This is the most common form of MD, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by the gradual accumulation of waste material in the macula, which can lead to cell death and vision loss over time.
2. Wet Macular Degeneration (WMD): This type of MD is less common but more aggressive, accounting for about 10% of cases. It occurs when new blood vessels grow underneath the retina, leaking fluid and causing damage to the macula. This can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated.
The symptoms of MD can vary depending on the severity and type of the condition. Common symptoms include:
* Blurred vision
* Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appearing wavy)
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Difficulty adjusting to bright light
* Blind spots in central vision
MD can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.
There is currently no cure for MD, but there are several treatment options available to slow down the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. These include:
* Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help prevent the growth of new blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the macula.
* Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive drug and low-intensity laser to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels in the macula.
* Vitamin supplements: Certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene, have been shown to slow down the progression of MD.
* Laser surgery: This can be used to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in the macula and improve vision.
It is important for individuals with MD to receive regular monitoring and treatment from an eye care professional to manage their condition and prevent complications.
Examples:
1. Retinal coloboma: A condition where a hole or gap in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, can cause vision loss or blindness.
2. Cerebral coloboma: A condition where a part of the brain is missing or underdeveloped, which can result in intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Coloboma of the eye: A condition where the iris or optic nerve is not properly formed, leading to vision problems such as amblyopia (lazy eye) or strabismus (crossed eyes).
Note: Coloboma is a relatively rare condition and can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options vary depending on the location and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, medication, or other interventions to manage associated symptoms.
Examples of fetal diseases include:
1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which can cause delays in physical and intellectual development, as well as increased risk of heart defects and other health problems.
2. Spina bifida: A birth defect that affects the development of the spine and brain, resulting in a range of symptoms from mild to severe.
3. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, causing thick mucus buildup and recurring lung infections.
4. Anencephaly: A condition where a portion of the brain and skull are missing, which is usually fatal within a few days or weeks of birth.
5. Clubfoot: A deformity of the foot and ankle that can be treated with casts or surgery.
6. Hirschsprung's disease: A condition where the nerve cells that control bowel movements are missing, leading to constipation and other symptoms.
7. Diaphragmatic hernia: A birth defect that occurs when there is a hole in the diaphragm, allowing organs from the abdomen to move into the chest cavity.
8. Gastroschisis: A birth defect where the intestines protrude through a opening in the abdominal wall.
9. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects that are present at birth, such as holes in the heart or narrowed blood vessels.
10. Neural tube defects: Defects that affect the brain and spine, such as spina bifida and anencephaly.
Early detection and diagnosis of fetal diseases can be crucial for ensuring proper medical care and improving outcomes for affected babies. Prenatal testing, such as ultrasound and blood tests, can help identify fetal anomalies and genetic disorders during pregnancy.
Myopia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Genetics: Myopia can run in families, and people with a family history of myopia are more likely to develop the condition.
2. Near work: Spending too much time doing close-up activities such as reading or using digital devices can increase the risk of developing myopia.
3. Poor posture: Slouching or leaning forward can cause the eye to focus incorrectly, leading to myopia.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking in essential nutrients such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to the development of myopia.
5. Eye stress: Prolonged eye strain due to excessive near work or other activities can lead to myopia.
Symptoms of myopia include:
1. Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly
2. Headaches or eye strain from trying to focus on distant objects
3. Squinting or rubbing the eyes to try to see distant objects more clearly
4. Difficulty seeing in low light conditions
5. Blurry vision at a distance, with close objects appearing clear.
Myopia can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and retinoscopy. Treatment options for myopia include:
1. Glasses or contact lenses: These corrective lenses refract light properly onto the retina, allowing clear vision of both close and distant objects.
2. Laser eye surgery: Procedures such as LASIK can reshape the cornea to improve its curvature and reduce myopia.
3. Orthokeratology (ORTHO-K): A non-surgical procedure that uses a specialized contact lens to reshape the cornea while you sleep.
4. Myopia control: This involves using certain treatments or techniques to slow down the progression of myopia in children and young adults.
5. Multifocal lenses: These lenses have multiple focal points, allowing for clear vision of both near and distant objects without the need for glasses or contact lenses.
In conclusion, myopia is a common vision condition that can be caused by a variety of factors and symptoms can include difficulty seeing distant objects clearly, headaches, and eye strain. Treatment options include glasses or contact lenses, laser eye surgery, ORTHO-K, myopia control, and multifocal lenses. It is important to consult an eye doctor for a comprehensive evaluation and to determine the best course of treatment for your specific case of myopia.
Choroid
Choroid plexus
Choroid glomus
Choroid veins
Choroid plexus tumor
Choroid plexus carcinoma
Choroid plexus papilloma
Choroid plexus cyst
Capillary lamina of choroid
Tela choroidea
Sattler's layer
Superior medullary velum
List of OMIM disorder codes
Macular scarring
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
Glymphatic system
Santosh G. Honavar
Ornithine aminotransferase deficiency
CII protein
Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch
Ornithine aminotransferase
Ciliary muscle
Circulus arteriosus major
Ronald Silverman
Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Canine brain tumors
88Kasyo Junrei
Pia mater
Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
Edwards syndrome
Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Choroid Plexus Papilloma Imaging: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Choroid: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: MedlinePlus Genetics
The isolated choroid plexus cyst - PubMed
Choroid plexus cyst (Concept Id: C0338597)
- MedGen - NCBI
SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Brain Choroid Plexus and Disrupts the Blood-CSF Barrier in Human Brain Organoids
Pathology Outlines - Choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma)
Tissue expression of MGST2 - Staining in choroid plexus - The Human Protein Atlas
Neuroendoscopic diagnosis and clinical management of cryptococcal choroid plexitis in an immunocompetent pregnant woman -...
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma Archives - Morgan Adams Foundation
Developmental changes in the transcriptome of the rat choroid plexus in relation to neuroprotection. - Inserm - Institut...
Sonic Hedgehog promotes proliferation of Notch-dependent monociliated choroid plexus tumour cells<...
Subjects: Choroid Neoplasms - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
The choroid plexus epithelium is the site of the organic anion transport protein in the brain<...
Snapshot: Choroid plexus brain barrier. | Cell;186(16): 3522-3522.e1, 2023 08 03. | MEDLINE
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Search results for: choroid | National Eye Institute (NEI) Media Library
Treating Specific Types of Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors
Choroid | Visionary Eyecare's Blog: "The Eye Journal"
Amyloid beta immunization worsens iron deposits in the choroid plexus and cerebral microbleeds
Adult human choroid: An alymphatic tissue?<...
Melanoma Choroid and Ciliary Body | EOD Data SEER*RSA
Neoplasia of the Nervous System | IVIS
Diagnosing and Treating a Choroid Plexus Tumor | Brain & Spine Center
The Choroid Plexus: A Conduit for Prenatal Inflammation? - Brain Scientists
Tumors8
- Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are rare central nervous system tumors. (medscape.com)
- Merve A. Choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma). (pathologyoutlines.com)
- Choroid plexus tumors are developed by brain tissue called "choroid plexus" by invading nearby tissue and spreading through the ventricles of the brain which are the interconnected cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- Most choroid plexus tumors are noncancerous, though the cancerous form grows faster and is much more likely to spread through the cerebrospinal fluid and invade nearby tissue. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- Overall, choroid plexus tumors represent about 3% of brain tumors in children. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- Choroid plexus tumors are most common in infants and represent 10-20% of brain tumors found in children younger than one year old. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- Choroid plexus carcinomas account for 10-20% of all choroid plexus tumors. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- Choroid plexus tumors are unusual intracranial tumors which comprised of only 0.4?0.6% of all brain tumors. (who.int)
Gyrate Atrophy of Choroid and Retina1
- When Do Symptoms of Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina Begin? (nih.gov)
Papilloma1
- Singh Shikha, Patil Bharat U, Gangane Nitin M.. Choroid plexus papilloma in a mature cystic teratoma of ovary: A rare case report. (who.int)
Epithelium1
- Finally, we show that infection with SARS-CoV-2 damages the choroid plexus epithelium, leading to leakage across this important barrier that normally prevents entry of pathogens, immune cells, and cytokines into cerebrospinal fluid and the brain. (nih.gov)
Carcinoma7
- What is a choroid plexus carcinoma? (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- The cancerous form of a choroid plexus tumor is called choroid plexus carcinoma. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- What causes a choroid plexus carcinoma? (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- The cause of choroid plexus carcinoma is unknown but may be associated with rare genetic syndromes. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- What are the symptoms of a choroid plexus carcinoma? (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- How is a choroid plexus carcinoma treated? (morganadamsfoundation.org)
- Children with choroid plexus carcinoma often need chemotherapy and radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
Neoplasms1
- Aberrant Notch signalling has been linked to many cancers including choroid plexus (CP) tumours, a group of rare and predominantly paediatric brain neoplasms. (elsevier.com)
Cerebral1
- A cyst occurring within the choroid plexus within a cerebral ventricle. (nih.gov)
Tissue5
- The choroid is the layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the white of the eye and retina (at the back of the eye). (medlineplus.gov)
- which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye, and in a nearby tissue layer called the choroid. (nih.gov)
- Located in each brain ventricle, choroid plexus (ChP) tissue forms a blood -CSF barrier and produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other supportive factors. (bvsalud.org)
- Adult human choroid: An alymphatic tissue? (johnshopkins.edu)
- These are neuroectodermal in origin and similar in structure to a normal choroid plexus in the form of multiple papillary fronds mounted on a well vascularized connective tissue stroma. (who.int)
Brain6
- The choroid plexuses develop early during embryogenesis and provide pivotal control of the internal environment throughout development when the brain is especially vulnerable to toxic insults. (inserm.fr)
- Data obtained from experiments with reverse transcriptase-PCR techniques and in situ hybridization analysis showed that the oatp mRNA is present within the brain, localized to the choroid plexus. (elsevier.com)
- Snapshot: Choroid plexus brain barrier. (bvsalud.org)
- A patient can get cancer on the Eyelids, the Conjunctiva (the "skin" over the white of your eye), the Iris (the colored part of your eye), the Optic Nerve (the nerve from the eye back to the brain), the Retina (the nerve layer inside your eye - responsible for your vision), the Choroid (the blood vessels beneath the retina) and more. (wordpress.com)
- Tumor emboli can lodge and grow anywhere in the brain, meninges, choroid plexus, or spinal cord. (ivis.org)
- Mouse study reveals the choroid plexus can act as a conduit for inflammation that can arise from maternal inflammation, impacting fetal brain development. (brainscientists.com)
Cerebrospinal fluid3
- BACKGROUND: The choroid plexuses are the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained within the ventricular spaces of the central nervous system. (inserm.fr)
- Examination of the choroid plexus by fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that immunoreactive oatp polypeptide is localized to the apical surface of the choroid plexus epithelial cells, which contacts the cerebrospinal fluid. (elsevier.com)
- This localization of oatp is consistent with previous experiments showing vectorial transport of organic anions between the choroid plexus and the cerebrospinal fluid. (elsevier.com)
Retina3
- Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is an inherited disorder of protein metabolism characterized by progressive vision loss. (nih.gov)
- While most people with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina have no symptoms other than vision loss, neonatal hyperammonemia (excess ammonia in the blood in the newborn period), neurological abnormalities, intellectual disability, peripheral nerve problems, and muscle weakness may occur. (nih.gov)
- Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina, which is often shortened to gyrate atrophy, is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive vision loss. (nih.gov)
Cysts4
- To describe the karyotypes of a population of fetuses with choroid plexus cysts and compare affected fetuses with and without additional ultrasonographic findings. (nih.gov)
- Two hundred ten cases of choroid plexus cysts were identified among 7617 patients (2.8%) who underwent second-trimester ultrasound examination. (nih.gov)
- The majority of the cases (181, or 86%) involved isolated choroid plexus cysts and the remaining 29 (14%) were associated with additional ultrasonographic findings. (nih.gov)
- More than 1000 fetuses with choroid plexus cysts would have to be studied to determine whether such a difference was real. (nih.gov)
Ventricular1
- METHODS: The transcriptome of rat lateral ventricular choroid plexuses isolated from fifteen-day-old embryos, nineteen-day old fetuses, two-day old pups, and adults was analyzed by a combination of Affymetrix microarrays, Illumina RNA-Sequencing, and quantitative RT-PCR. (inserm.fr)
Benign1
- In addition, misdiagnosis may result from attempts to classify a choroid plexus tumor as benign or malignant solely on the basis of imaging characteristics. (medscape.com)
Metastasis1
- 14. [Bronchial carcinoid--a rare neoplasm metastasis to choroid]. (nih.gov)
Inflammation2
- Inflammation of the choroid is called choroiditis . (medlineplus.gov)
- The Choroid Plexus: A Conduit for Prenatal Inflammation? (brainscientists.com)
Cells3
- We find expression of viral receptor ACE2 in mature choroid plexus cells expressing abundant lipoproteins, but not in neurons or other cell types. (nih.gov)
- We challenge organoids with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and live virus to demonstrate viral tropism for choroid plexus epithelial cells but little to no infection of neurons or glia. (nih.gov)
- We find that infected cells are apolipoprotein- and ACE2-expressing cells of the choroid plexus epithelial barrier. (nih.gov)
Symptoms1
- The symptoms of a choroid plexus tumor depend on the location and of the mass. (morganadamsfoundation.org)
Barrier1
- These barrier properties reflect a neuroprotective function of the choroid plexus. (inserm.fr)
Expression1
- Expression of all these genes was more variable in choroid plexus from fifteen-day-old embryos. (inserm.fr)
Species2
- A sequence- specific antibody to the oatp polypeptide demonstrated the presence of the expected polypeptide with a molecular weight of 80,000 plus an immunoreactive species with a higher molecular weight in preparations of choroid plexus membranes. (elsevier.com)
- I know that there has been concern expressed by the medical committee regarding the possibility of transmitting disease from pig to other species via xeno-transplantation of pig choroid plexus. (wmrf.org.nz)
Article1
- Is the Subject Area "Choroid" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Year1
- The present case report highlights the presence of a choroid plexus tumor in a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 27?year?old woman who came for safe confinement and cesarean section. (who.int)
Found2
Normal1
- A complementary study of untreated lemurs showed iron accumulation in the choroid plexus with normal aging. (nih.gov)
Risk1
- For those fetuses with known outcome, the risk of aneuploidy with isolated choroid plexus cyst (one in 180) was not statistically significantly different from that associated with choroid plexus cyst accompanied by other sonographic findings (one in 26). (nih.gov)
Children1
- Children diagnosed with a choroid plexus tumor undergo surgery to safely remove as much tumor as possible. (morganadamsfoundation.org)