The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion. Chorionic villi may be free or embedded within the DECIDUA forming the site for exchange of substances between fetal and maternal blood (PLACENTA).
A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.
The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)
Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
The most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs in the FALLOPIAN TUBE, usually in the ampullary region where FERTILIZATION takes place.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.
A 1:1 molar complex of heme or hematin and albumin formed after the dissociation of methemoglobin into heme or hematin and globin in plasma. This complex, which imparts a coffee-brown color to plasma, occurs in hemolytic and hemorrhagic disorders. Its presence in plasma is used as a test to differentiate between hemorrhagic and edematous pancreatitis.
The outermost extra-embryonic membrane surrounding the developing embryo. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it adheres to the shell and allows exchange of gases between the egg and its environment. In MAMMALS, the chorion evolves into the fetal contribution of the PLACENTA.
The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.
A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).
The development of the PLACENTA, a highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and FETUS. The process begins at FERTILIZATION, through the development of CYTOTROPHOBLASTS and SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS, the formation of CHORIONIC VILLI, to the progressive increase in BLOOD VESSELS to support the growing fetus.
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)
The collecting of fetal blood samples typically via ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND GUIDED FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION from the umbilical vein.
Pregnancy in which the mother and/or FETUS are at greater than normal risk of MORBIDITY or MORTALITY. Causes include inadequate PRENATAL CARE, previous obstetrical history (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION), and MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.
The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.
The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.
The innermost membranous sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo which is bathed in the AMNIOTIC FLUID. Amnion cells are secretory EPITHELIAL CELLS and contribute to the amniotic fluid.
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Abortion performed because of possible fetal defects.
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.
The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.
In utero measurement corresponding to the sitting height (crown to rump) of the fetus. Length is considered a more accurate criterion of the age of the fetus than is the weight. The average crown-rump length of the fetus at term is 36 cm. (From Williams Obstetrics, 18th ed, p91)
Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
A prenatal ultrasonography measurement of the soft tissue behind the fetal neck. Either the translucent area below the skin in the back of the fetal neck (nuchal translucency) or the distance between occipital bone to the outer skin line (nuchal fold) is measured.
The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
An educational process that provides information and advice to individuals or families about a genetic condition that may affect them. The purpose is to help individuals make informed decisions about marriage, reproduction, and other health management issues based on information about the genetic disease, the available diagnostic tests, and management programs. Psychosocial support is usually offered.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.
Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).
A receptor subunit that combines with CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130 to form the dual specificity receptor for LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR and ONCOSTATIN M. The subunit is also a component of the CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR. Both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms of the receptor subunit exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. The secreted isoform is believed to act as an inhibitory receptor, while the membrane-bound form is a signaling receptor.
Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.
Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.
A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Canine preprorelaxin: nucleic acid sequence and localization within the canine placenta. (1/382)

Employing uteroplacental tissue at Day 35 of gestation, we determined the nucleic acid sequence of canine preprorelaxin using reverse transcription- and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction. Canine preprorelaxin cDNA consisted of 534 base pairs encoding a protein of 177 amino acids with a signal peptide of 25 amino acids (aa), a B domain of 35 aa, a C domain of 93 aa, and an A domain of 24 aa. The putative receptor binding region in the N'-terminal part of the canine relaxin B domain GRDYVR contained two substitutions from the classical motif (E-->D and L-->Y). Canine preprorelaxin shared highest homology with porcine and equine preprorelaxin. Northern analysis revealed a 1-kilobase transcript present in total RNA of canine uteroplacental tissue but not of kidney tissue. Uteroplacental tissue from two bitches each at Days 30 and 35 of gestation were studied by in situ hybridization to localize relaxin mRNA. Immunohistochemistry for relaxin, cytokeratin, vimentin, and von Willebrand factor was performed on uteroplacental tissue at Day 30 of gestation. The basal cell layer at the core of the chorionic villi was devoid of relaxin mRNA and immunoreactive relaxin or vimentin but was immunopositive for cytokeratin and identified as cytotrophoblast cells. The cell layer surrounding the chorionic villi displayed specific hybridization signals for relaxin mRNA and immunoreactivity for relaxin and cytokeratin but not for vimentin, and was identified as syncytiotrophoblast. Those areas of the chorioallantoic tissue with most intense relaxin immunoreactivity were highly vascularized as demonstrated by immunoreactive von Willebrand factor expressed on vascular endothelium. The uterine glands and nonplacental uterine areas of the canine zonary girdle placenta were devoid of relaxin mRNA and relaxin. We conclude that the syncytiotrophoblast is the source of relaxin in the canine placenta.  (+info)

Expression of trophinin, tastin, and bystin by trophoblast and endometrial cells in human placenta. (2/382)

Trophinin, tastin, and bystin comprise a complex mediating a unique homophilic cell adhesion between trophoblast and endometrial epithelial cells at their respective apical cell surfaces. In this study, we prepared mouse monoclonal antibodies specific to each of these molecules. The expression of these molecules in the human placenta was examined immunohistochemically using the antibodies. In placenta from the 6th week of pregnancy, trophinin and bystin were found in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast in the chorionic villi, and in endometrial decidual cells at the utero placental interface. Tastin was exclusively present on the apical side of the syncytiotrophoblast. Tissue sections were also examined by in situ hybridization using RNA probes specific to each of these molecules. This analysis showed that trophoblast and endometrial epithelial cells at the utero placental interface express trophinin, tastin, and bystin. In wk 10 placenta, trophinin and bystin were found in the intravillous cytotrophoblast, while tastin was not found in the villi. After wk 10, levels of all three proteins decreased and then disappeared from placental villi.  (+info)

CD9 is expressed in extravillous trophoblasts in association with integrin alpha3 and integrin alpha5. (3/382)

The CD9 molecule is a 24-27 kDa cell surface glycoprotein, which may be related to Schwann cell migration and adhesion. In this study, we examined the expression of CD9 in human extravillous trophoblasts, which invade into the endometrium during implantation and placentation. CD9 was detected immunohistochemically on the extravillous trophoblasts in the cell columns of first trimester placentae, but not on villous trophoblasts. In the second and third trimester, CD9 was highly expressed on the extravillous trophoblasts in the basal plate of placentae, and in the chorion laeve in the fetal membrane of term placentae. The molecular mass of CD9 in the chorion laeve was shown to be 27 kDa by Western blotting. The mRNA of CD9 was also detected in the chorion laeve by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Proteins were purified from chorion laeve by affinity chromatography with anti-integrin alpha3 and alpha5 monoclonal antibodies and Western blotting, revealed that CD9 was associated with both integrins. These findings indicate that CD9 is a differentiation-related molecule present in the extravillous trophoblasts. Since it is associated with integrin alpha5 which has been proposed to regulate trophoblast invasion, CD9 may be implicated in trophoblast invasion at the feto-maternal interface.  (+info)

Characterization of human placental explants: morphological, biochemical and physiological studies using first and third trimester placenta. (4/382)

The primary objective of this study was to characterize an in-vitro model of the human placenta using morphological, biochemical and physiological parameters. Placental villi were obtained from normal first trimester and term pregnancies. The villi were incubated with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium: Ham's F12 nutrient mixture in a shaking water bath at 37 degrees C for up to 310 min. The viability was determined by the production of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]L-leucine and L-[U14C]arginine, while ultrastructure was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. In the first and third trimester group, the release into the medium of the intracellular enzyme LDH remained unaltered throughout the experiment. By contrast, beta-HCG concentrations increased linearly and concentrations were higher in the first trimester than term villi (354.5 +/- 37.8 versus 107 +/- 8.1 IU/g villi protein; P < 0.001). Electron microscopy confirmed preservation of tissue viability for up to 4 h of incubation. The incorporation of thymidine (12.2 +/- 2.9 versus 5.2 +/- 0.5 nmol/g villi protein; P < 0.05), leucine (9.4 +/- 2.1 versus 1.9 +/- 0.4 nmol/g villi protein; P < 0.02) and arginine (17 +/- 4.4 versus 4.2 +/- 0.5 nmol/g villi protein; P < 0.05) were markedly higher in early than in term placenta. Furthermore, placental uptake of L-leucine by the first (9.4 +/- 2.1 versus 17 + 4.4 mol/g villi protein; P < 0.001) and third trimester placental villi (1.9 +/- 0.4 versus 4.2 + 0.5 mol/g villi protein; P < 0.001) was less than that of L-arginine. This study describes a simple technique using placental explants to determine relative rates of uptake of substrate amino acids throughout gestation.  (+info)

Immunity to placental malaria. I. Elevated production of interferon-gamma by placental blood mononuclear cells is associated with protection in an area with high transmission of malaria. (5/382)

In areas in which malaria is holoendemic, primigravidae and secundigravidae, compared with multigravidae, are highly susceptible to placental malaria (PM). The nature of gravidity-dependent immune protection against PM was investigated by measuring in vitro production of cytokines by placental intervillous blood mononuclear cells (IVBMC). The results demonstrated that interferon (IFN)-gamma may be a critical factor in protection against PM: production of this cytokine by PM-negative multigravid IVBMC was elevated compared with PM-negative primigravid and secundigravid and PM-positive multigravid cells. Low IFN-gamma responsiveness to malarial antigen stimulation, most evident in the latter group, was balanced by increased interleukin (IL)-4 production, suggesting that counter-regulation of these two cytokines may be a crucial determinant in susceptibility to PM. A counter-regulatory relationship between IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was also observed in response to malarial antigen stimulation. These data suggest that elevated production of IFN-gamma, as part of a carefully regulated cytokine network, is important in the control of PM.  (+info)

Characterization and expression of the laminin gamma3 chain: a novel, non-basement membrane-associated, laminin chain. (6/382)

Laminins are heterotrimeric molecules composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma chain; they have broad functional roles in development and in stabilizing epithelial structures. Here, we identified a novel laminin, composed of known alpha and beta chains but containing a novel gamma chain, gamma3. We have cloned gene encoding this chain, LAMC3, which maps to chromosome 9 at q31-34. Protein and cDNA analyses demonstrate that gamma3 contains all the expected domains of a gamma chain, including two consensus glycosylation sites and a putative nidogen-binding site. This suggests that gamma3-containing laminins are likely to exist in a stable matrix. Studies of the tissue distribution of gamma3 chain show that it is broadly expressed in: skin, heart, lung, and the reproductive tracts. In skin, gamma3 protein is seen within the basement membrane of the dermal-epidermal junction at points of nerve penetration. The gamma3 chain is also a prominent element of the apical surface of ciliated epithelial cells of: lung, oviduct, epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminiferous tubules. The distribution of gamma3-containing laminins on the apical surfaces of a variety of epithelial tissues is novel and suggests that they are not found within ultrastructurally defined basement membranes. It seems likely that these apical laminins are important in the morphogenesis and structural stability of the ciliated processes of these cells.  (+info)

Rapid detection of chromosome aneuploidies by quantitative fluorescence PCR: first application on 247 chorionic villus samples. (7/382)

We report the results of the first major study of applying quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) assays for the detection of major chromosome numerical disorders. The QF-PCR tests were performed on a total of 247 chorionic villus samples, which were analysed blind, without any knowledge of the results obtained using conventional cytogenetic analysis. The aims of this investigation were to evaluate the detection power and accuracy of this approach by testing a large number of fetal samples and to assess the diagnostic value of each of the chromosome specific small tandem repeat (STR) markers used. In addition, we introduced three more markers specific for chromosomes 13, 18, and X to allow an accurate analysis of samples homozygous for a particular STR. Fluorescent labelled primers were used to amplify 12 STRs specific for chromosomes 21, 18, 13, X, and the amylogenin-like DNA sequence AMXY, expressed on the X and Y chromosomes. In this blind study of 247 fetal samples, 222 were correctly diagnosed by QF-PCR as normal for each of the five chromosomes investigated; 20 were diagnosed by QF-PCR as trisomic for chromosomes 21, 18, or 13, in agreement with the cytogenetic tests. Only one false negative result was observed, probably owing to the mishandling of the sample, which had been transferred through three laboratories before being analysed by QF-PCR. The 247 samples also included four cases of mosaicism or translocation; one case of mosaic trisomy 21 was detected by QF-PCR and the other cases were not identified by QF-PCR. The results of this investigation provide clear evidence that the QF-PCR assays are powerful adjuncts to conventional cytogenetic techniques and can be applied for the rapid and accurate prenatal diagnosis of the most frequent aneuploidies.  (+info)

Trisomy/tetrasomy 21 mosaicism in CVS: interpretation of cytogenetic discrepancies between placental and fetal chromosome complements. (8/382)

Trisomy/tetrasomy 21 mosaicism was found in chorionic villi (semidirect preparation) obtained from a 40 year old pregnant woman. Since both cell lines were abnormal, the couple elected for pregnancy termination. Placenta and fetal tissue samples were obtained for cytogenetic study. Long term cultured villi showed a non-mosaic trisomy 21 karyotype, while other tissues showed either a normal karyotype or normal/trisomy21 mosaicism. These discrepancies could be explained by a modified "bottle neck" embryogenic model with a trisomic zygote and a non-disjunction event taking place in one of the first divisions. Our case emphasises the need for confirmatory studies in other tissues when mosaicism is encountered in chorionic villi, even if all cell lines are abnormal.  (+info)

Examples of fetal diseases include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which can cause delays in physical and intellectual development, as well as increased risk of heart defects and other health problems.
2. Spina bifida: A birth defect that affects the development of the spine and brain, resulting in a range of symptoms from mild to severe.
3. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, causing thick mucus buildup and recurring lung infections.
4. Anencephaly: A condition where a portion of the brain and skull are missing, which is usually fatal within a few days or weeks of birth.
5. Clubfoot: A deformity of the foot and ankle that can be treated with casts or surgery.
6. Hirschsprung's disease: A condition where the nerve cells that control bowel movements are missing, leading to constipation and other symptoms.
7. Diaphragmatic hernia: A birth defect that occurs when there is a hole in the diaphragm, allowing organs from the abdomen to move into the chest cavity.
8. Gastroschisis: A birth defect where the intestines protrude through a opening in the abdominal wall.
9. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects that are present at birth, such as holes in the heart or narrowed blood vessels.
10. Neural tube defects: Defects that affect the brain and spine, such as spina bifida and anencephaly.

Early detection and diagnosis of fetal diseases can be crucial for ensuring proper medical care and improving outcomes for affected babies. Prenatal testing, such as ultrasound and blood tests, can help identify fetal anomalies and genetic disorders during pregnancy.

There are many different types of chromosome disorders, including:

1. Trisomy: This is a condition in which there is an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
2. Monosomy: This is a condition in which there is a missing copy of a chromosome.
3. Turner syndrome: This is a condition in which there is only one X chromosome instead of two.
4. Klinefelter syndrome: This is a condition in which there are three X chromosomes instead of the typical two.
5. Chromosomal translocations: These are abnormalities in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.
6. Inversions: These are abnormalities in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end-to-end.
7. Deletions: These are abnormalities in which a portion of a chromosome is missing.
8. Duplications: These are abnormalities in which there is an extra copy of a segment of a chromosome.

Chromosome disorders can have a wide range of effects on the body, depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common features of chromosome disorders include developmental delays, intellectual disability, growth problems, and physical abnormalities such as heart defects or facial anomalies.

There is no cure for chromosome disorders, but treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with these conditions. Treatment may include medications, therapies, and surgery, as well as support and resources for families and caregivers.

Preventive measures for chromosome disorders are not currently available, but research is ongoing to understand the causes of these conditions and to develop new treatments and interventions. Early detection and diagnosis can help identify chromosome disorders and provide appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.

In conclusion, chromosome disorders are a group of genetic conditions that affect the structure or number of chromosomes in an individual's cells. These conditions can have a wide range of effects on the body, and there is no cure, but treatment and support are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Early detection and diagnosis are important for identifying chromosome disorders and providing appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.

The term "fetomaternal" refers to the interaction between the developing fetus and the mother during pregnancy. In this context, "transfusion" describes the transfer of blood from one location to another.

Fetomaternal transfusion can occur in various conditions, such as:

1. Twin-to-twin transfusion: This occurs when there is a shared placenta between twins and blood flows from one twin to the other.
2. Fetal-maternal transfusion: This occurs when blood flows from the fetus to the mother through the umbilical cord or the maternal circulation.
3. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall, leading to bleeding and a transfer of blood from the placenta to the mother.

Fetomaternal transfusion can be diagnosed using ultrasound examination, which can detect changes in the amount of blood flowing through the placenta or umbilical cord. Treatment options for fetomaternal transfusion depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, delivery may be necessary to prevent complications.

Overall, fetomaternal transfusion is a rare but potentially serious condition that can have significant implications for both the developing fetus and the mother during pregnancy.

Trisomy is caused by an extra copy of a chromosome, which can be due to one of three mechanisms:

1. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome): This is the most common type of trisomy and occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is estimated to occur in about 1 in every 700 births.
2. Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome): This type of trisomy occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 13. It is estimated to occur in about 1 in every 10,000 births.
3. Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome): This type of trisomy occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 18. It is estimated to occur in about 1 in every 2,500 births.

The symptoms of trisomy can vary depending on the type of trisomy and the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

* Delayed physical growth and development
* Intellectual disability
* Distinctive facial features, such as a flat nose, small ears, and a wide, short face
* Heart defects
* Vision and hearing problems
* GI issues
* Increased risk of infection

Trisomy can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. After birth, it can be diagnosed through a blood test or by analyzing the child's DNA.

There is no cure for trisomy, but treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. This may include physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and medication to manage heart defects or other medical issues. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities.

The prognosis for trisomy varies depending on the type of trisomy and the severity of the condition. Some forms of trisomy are more severe and can be life-threatening, while others may have a more mild impact on the individual's quality of life. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with trisomy can lead fulfilling lives.

In summary, trisomy is a genetic condition that occurs when there is an extra copy of a chromosome. It can cause a range of symptoms and can be diagnosed before or after birth. While there is no cure for trisomy, treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition.

Down syndrome can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, or after birth through a blood test. The symptoms of Down syndrome can vary from person to person, but common physical features include:

* A flat face with a short neck and small ears
* A short stature
* A wide, short hands with short fingers
* A small head
* Almond-shaped eyes that are slanted upward
* A single crease in the palm of the hand

People with Down syndrome may also have cognitive delays and intellectual disability, as well as increased risk of certain medical conditions such as heart defects, gastrointestinal problems, and hearing and vision loss.

There is no cure for Down syndrome, but early intervention and proper medical care can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. Treatment may include speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and special education programs. With appropriate support and resources, people with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

There are several types of aneuploidy, including:

1. Trisomy: This is the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
2. Monosomy: This is the absence of a chromosome.
3. Mosaicism: This is the presence of both normal and abnormal cells in the body.
4. Uniparental disomy: This is the presence of two copies of a chromosome from one parent, rather than one copy each from both parents.

Aneuploidy can occur due to various factors such as errors during cell division, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or inheritance of an abnormal number of chromosomes from one's parents. The risk of aneuploidy increases with age, especially for women over the age of 35, as their eggs are more prone to errors during meiosis (the process by which egg cells are produced).

Aneuploidy can be diagnosed through various methods such as karyotyping (examining chromosomes under a microscope), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative PCR. Treatment for aneuploidy depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused. In some cases, treatment may involve managing symptoms, while in others, it may involve correcting the genetic abnormality itself.

In summary, aneuploidy is a condition where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes present in a cell, which can lead to various developmental and health problems. It can occur due to various factors and can be diagnosed through different methods. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused.

1. Complete Hydatidiform Mole (CHM): This type of mole is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts filled with fluid (hydropic change) in the uterus. It is usually associated with an abnormal fertilization of an egg by two sperms, resulting in a diploid fetus with 46 chromosomes.
2. Partial Hydatidiform Mole (PHM): This type of mole is characterized by the presence of only a few cysts filled with fluid in the uterus. It is usually associated with an abnormal fertilization of an egg by one sperm, resulting in a diploid fetus with 46 chromosomes.

Hydatidiform moles are usually asymptomatic, but they can cause symptoms such as vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and enlargement of the uterus. They are typically diagnosed through ultrasound examination and blood tests that measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in the body.

Treatment options for hydatidiform moles depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Watchful waiting: In some cases, doctors may choose to monitor the patient's condition closely without immediate treatment.
2. Medication: Hydatidiform moles can be treated with medications that stimulate menstruation and induce abortion.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the molar tissue from the uterus.
4. Hysterectomy: If the mole is not removed, it can lead to complications such as excessive bleeding or infection, which may require a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).

It is important for women who have had a hydatidiform mole to receive close monitoring and follow-up care from their healthcare provider to ensure that any future pregnancies are closely monitored and managed appropriately. In some cases, women who have had a hydatidiform mole may be at higher risk for complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or placental abruption.

There are several types of chromosome aberrations, including:

1. Chromosomal deletions: Loss of a portion of a chromosome.
2. Chromosomal duplications: Extra copies of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
3. Chromosomal translocations: A change in the position of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
4. Chromosomal inversions: A reversal of a segment of a chromosome.
5. Chromosomal amplifications: An increase in the number of copies of a particular chromosome or gene.

Chromosome aberrations can be detected through various techniques, such as karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). These tests can help identify changes in the chromosomal makeup of cells and provide information about the underlying genetic causes of disease.

Chromosome aberrations are associated with a wide range of diseases, including:

1. Cancer: Chromosome abnormalities are common in cancer cells and can contribute to the development and progression of cancer.
2. Birth defects: Many birth defects are caused by chromosome abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
3. Neurological disorders: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to various neurological disorders, including autism and intellectual disability.
4. Immunodeficiency diseases: Some immunodeficiency diseases, such as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), are caused by chromosome abnormalities.
5. Infectious diseases: Chromosome aberrations can increase the risk of infection with certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
6. Ageing: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to the ageing process and may contribute to the development of age-related diseases.
7. Radiation exposure: Exposure to radiation can cause chromosome abnormalities, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
8. Genetic disorders: Many genetic disorders are caused by chromosome aberrations, such as Turner syndrome (45,X), which is caused by a missing X chromosome.
9. Rare diseases: Chromosome aberrations can cause rare diseases, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), which is caused by an extra copy of the X chromosome.
10. Infertility: Chromosome abnormalities can contribute to infertility in both men and women.

Understanding the causes and consequences of chromosome aberrations is important for developing effective treatments and improving human health.

Abortion, Septic: A potentially life-threatening complication of an abortion procedure that occurs when bacteria enter the uterus and cause infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and vaginal discharge with a foul odor. Septic abortion can be caused by poor surgical technique, contamination of instruments, or failure to use sterile equipment. Treatment may involve antibiotics, surgical drainage of the infection, and supportive care. In severe cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary to manage the infection and prevent complications such as sepsis or shock.

The term "septic abortion" is used to describe an abortion that has become infected, usually as a result of poor surgical technique or contamination during the procedure. This type of infection can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important for women who have had an abortion to seek medical attention immediately if they experience any symptoms of infection.

Symptoms of septic abortion may include fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and vaginal discharge with a foul odor. In severe cases, women may develop sepsis or shock, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Treatment for septic abortion typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as surgical drainage of any abscesses that have formed in the uterus or other pelvic tissues. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary to manage the infection and prevent complications.

Preventing septic abortion is important, and this can be achieved by ensuring that proper surgical technique is used during the abortion procedure, using sterile equipment and supplies, and providing adequate aftercare to women who have had an abortion. Women who have had an abortion should seek medical attention immediately if they experience any symptoms of infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of pre-eclampsia, including:

1. Mild pre-eclampsia: This type is characterized by mild high blood pressure and no damage to organs.
2. Severe pre-eclampsia: This type is characterized by severe high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.
3. Eclampsia: This is a more severe form of pre-eclampsia that is characterized by seizures or coma.

Pre-eclampsia can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Poor blood flow to the placenta
2. Immune system problems
3. Hormonal imbalances
4. Genetic mutations
5. Nutritional deficiencies

Pre-eclampsia can be diagnosed through several tests, including:

1. Blood pressure readings
2. Urine tests to check for protein and other substances
3. Ultrasound exams to assess fetal growth and well-being
4. Blood tests to check liver and kidney function

There is no cure for pre-eclampsia, but it can be managed through several strategies, including:

1. Close monitoring of the mother and baby
2. Medications to lower blood pressure and prevent seizures
3. Bed rest or hospitalization
4. Delivery, either vaginal or cesarean

Pre-eclampsia can be a challenging condition to manage, but with proper care and close monitoring, the risk of complications can be reduced. It is essential for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care and report any symptoms promptly to their healthcare provider. Early detection and management of pre-eclampsia can help ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome for both the mother and the baby.

There are two main types of beta-thalassemia:

1. Beta-thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia): This is the most severe form of the condition, and it can cause serious health problems and a shortened lifespan if left untreated. Children with this condition are typically diagnosed at birth or in early childhood, and they may require regular blood transfusions and other medical interventions to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.
2. Beta-thalassemia minor (also known as thalassemia trait): This is a milder form of the condition, and it may not cause any noticeable symptoms. People with beta-thalassemia minor have one mutated copy of the HBB gene and one healthy copy, which allows them to produce some normal hemoglobin. However, they may still be at risk for complications such as anemia, fatigue, and a higher risk of infections.

The symptoms of beta-thalassemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. Common symptoms include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Frequent infections
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Enlarged spleen

Beta-thalassemia is most commonly found in people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian ancestry. It is caused by mutations in the HBB gene, which is inherited from one's parents. There is no cure for beta-thalassemia, but it can be managed with blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and other medical interventions. Bone marrow transplantation may also be a viable option for some patients.

In conclusion, beta-thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia, fatigue, and other complications. While there is no cure for the condition, it can be managed with medical interventions and bone marrow transplantation may be a viable option for some patients. Early diagnosis and management are crucial in preventing or minimizing the complications of beta-thalassemia.

The symptoms of choriocarcinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abnormal vaginal bleeding
* Pelvic pain
* Abdominal pain
* Weakness and fatigue
* Shortness of breath
* Nausea and vomiting

If choriocarcinoma is suspected, a variety of tests may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:

* Ultrasound: This imaging test uses high-frequency sound waves to create pictures of the uterus and ovaries. It can help doctors identify any abnormal growths or tumors in the area.
* Hysteroscopy: This procedure involves inserting a thin, lighted tube through the cervix to visualize the inside of the uterus. Doctors may use hysteroscopy to collect samples of tissue for testing.
* Laparoscopy: This procedure involves making small incisions in the abdomen and using a thin, lighted tube to visualize the inside of the pelvis. Doctors may use laparoscopy to collect samples of tissue for testing or to remove any tumors that are found.
* Biopsy: In this test, doctors take a small sample of tissue from the uterus and examine it under a microscope for cancer cells.

If choriocarcinoma is confirmed, treatment may involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health.

Prognosis for choriocarcinoma varies depending on the stage of the cancer when it is diagnosed. In general, the prognosis is good if the cancer is caught early and treated promptly. However, if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (metastasized), the prognosis may be poorer.

It's important for women who have had a molar pregnancy or choriocarcinoma to follow up with their healthcare provider regularly to ensure that any remaining tissue is removed and to monitor for any signs of recurrence.

There are different types of fetal death, including:

1. Stillbirth: This refers to the death of a fetus after the 20th week of gestation. It can be caused by various factors, such as infections, placental problems, or umbilical cord compression.
2. Miscarriage: This occurs before the 20th week of gestation and is usually due to chromosomal abnormalities or hormonal imbalances.
3. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a rare condition where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. It can cause fetal death and is often diagnosed in the early stages of pregnancy.
4. Intrafamilial stillbirth: This refers to the death of two or more fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, usually due to genetic abnormalities or placental problems.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound examination or other imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may be unknown, and further testing and investigation may be required to determine the underlying cause.

There are various ways to manage fetal death, depending on the stage of pregnancy and the cause of the death. In some cases, a vaginal delivery may be necessary, while in others, a cesarean section may be performed. In cases where the fetus has died due to a genetic abnormality, couples may choose to undergo genetic counseling and testing to assess their risk of having another affected pregnancy.

Overall, fetal death is a tragic event that can have significant emotional and psychological impact on parents and families. It is essential to provide compassionate support and care to those affected by this loss, while also ensuring appropriate medical management and follow-up.

Some examples of multiple abnormalities include:

1. Multiple chronic conditions: An individual may have multiple chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and heart disease, which can affect their quality of life and increase their risk of complications.
2. Congenital anomalies: Some individuals may be born with multiple physical abnormalities or birth defects, such as heart defects, limb abnormalities, or facial deformities.
3. Mental health disorders: Individuals may experience multiple mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, which can impact their cognitive functioning and daily life.
4. Neurological conditions: Some individuals may have multiple neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, which can affect their cognitive and physical functioning.
5. Genetic disorders: Individuals with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, may experience a range of physical and developmental abnormalities.

The term "multiple abnormalities" is often used in medical research and clinical practice to describe individuals who have complex health needs and require comprehensive care. It is important for healthcare providers to recognize and address the multiple needs of these individuals to improve their overall health outcomes.

Micrograph showing chorionic villi. Intermediate magnification. H&E stain. Micrograph showing chorionic villi. Very high ... an Italian biologist named Giuseppe Simoni discovered a new method of prenatal diagnosis using chorionic villi. Chorionic villi ... Chorionic villi are villi that sprout from the chorion to provide maximal contact area with maternal blood. They are an ... Transverse section of a chorionic villus. Human embryo of about 28 days, with yolk-sac. Villitis of unknown etiology This ...
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Chorionic villus sampling "Chorionic villus sampling - Risks". NHS Choices. Retrieved 2016-05-24. ... Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), sometimes called "chorionic villous sampling" (as "villous" is the adjectival form of the word ... Chorionic Villus Sampling - March of Dimes MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: 003406 Cleveland Clinic CVS Test: Six Months of Worry Free ... Recent studies have discovered that chorionic villi can be a rich source of fetal stem cells, multipotent mesenchymal stem ...
Such tests include: chorionic villus sampling (CVS): a small sample of the placenta is removed from the womb and tested for the ... "Chorionic villus sampling". National Health Service. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "Amniocentesis". National Health ...
"Chorionic Villus Sampling". www.bcwomens.ca. Retrieved 2019-03-19. Alfirevic, Zarko (1999-01-25). "Early amniocentesis versus ... Alfirevic Z, Navaratnam K, Mujezinovic F (September 2017). "Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis ... chorionic villus sampling. Amniocentesis provides a sample of amniotic fluid that can be used to screen for sequence variants ... while chorionic villus sampling (typically performed between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy) has a 2% risk of complications ...
Primary chorionic villi. Diagrammatic. Secondary chorionic villi. Diagrammatic. This article incorporates text in the public ...
Chorionic villi Venes, Donald (2006). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (Ed. 20, illustrated in full color. ed.). ... in mesoderm of the chorionic villus, particularly numerous in early pregnancy. They are named after J. Isfred Isidore Hofbauer ... "Isolation and characterization of Hofbauer cells from human placental villi". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 246 (4): 189-200. doi: ...
Increta - chorionic villi invaded into the myometrium. Percreta - chorionic villi invaded through the perimetrium (uterine ... chorionic villi attached to the myometrium, rather than being restricted within the decidua basalis. ...
Chorionic villus sampling is usually done between the 10th and 13th week of pregnancy, it samples chorionic villi, which are ... Kickler TS, Blakemore K, Shirey RS, Nicol S, Callan N, Ness PM, Escallon C, Dover G (May 1992). "Chorionic villus sampling for ... There are two types of chorionic villus sampling. Trans-cervical sampling involves inserting a catheter through the cervix into ... "Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)". Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library. Retrieved 2019-04-08. "Amniocentesis: Purpose, ...
... along with chorionic villus sampling, are examples of prenatal diagnostic tests. Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling are ... Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling is an alternative to amniocentesis if genetic diagnostic testing is to be performed in ... Feminism portal Chorionic villus sampling Amniotic fluid Amniotic stem cells Elective genetic and genomic testing Percutaneous ... Monni G, Pagani G, Stagnati V, Iuculano A, Ibba RM (2016-05-02). "How to perform transabdominal chorionic villus sampling: a ...
"Chorionic villus sampling - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2022-04-29. Gomella TL, Cunningham MD, Eyal FG, Tuttle ... This can be obtained via amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Foetal haematocrit for the assessment of foetal ... However, it is believed to be caused by a rapidly rising blood level of a hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which is ... pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and human chorionic gonadotropin (pregnancy hormone level itself). It gives an accurate ...
Cell-free DNA, Amniocentesis, and Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS). Of the three, CVS is no longer used due to risk of worsening ...
The chorionic membrane is a fibrous tissue layer containing the fetal blood vessels. Chorionic villi form on the outer surface ... The chorionic villi are involved in fetal-maternal exchange. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, formed by ... Initially, the amnion is separated from the chorion by chorionic fluid. The fusion of the amnion and chorion is completed in ... Therefore, it must obtain necessary nutrients and oxygen from nearby chorionic and amniotic fluid, and fetal surface vessels. ...
The initial stages of human embryogenesis Histopathology of a chorionic villus, in a tubal pregnancy, with labeled ... Transverse section of a chorionic villus. Scheme of placental circulation. ... The core of placental villi contain mesenchymal cells and placental blood vessels that are directly connected to the fetus' ... In addition, cytotrophoblasts in the tips of villi can differentiate into another type of trophoblast called the extravillous ...
... of ongoing pregnancies that are studied by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) at 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy. Chorionic villus ... CPM is diagnosed when some trisomic cells are detected on chorionic villus sampling and only normal cells are found on a ... This trisomy is confined to the chorionic villus stroma. This type of mosaicism is described in normal pregnancies and is ... Goldberg JD, Wohlferd MM (June 1997). "Incidence and outcome of chromosomal mosaicism found at the time of chorionic villus ...
VUE is an inflammatory condition involving the chorionic villi (placental villi). VUE is a recurrent condition and can be ... VUE is a common lesion characterised by inflammation in the placental chorionic villi. VUE is also characterised by the ... The main forms of placentitis are: Villitis, inflammation of chorionic villi. Intervillositis, inflammation of the intervillous ...
VUE is an inflammatory condition involving the chorionic villi (placental villi). VUE is a recurrent condition and can be ... and do not involve the proximal stem villi, the anchoring villi embedded in the basal plate, and the chorionic plate. The ... VUE is a common lesion characterised by inflammation in the placental chorionic villi. VUE is also characterised by the ... Focal has involved villi on only one glass slide, while multifocal has involved villi on at least two slides. High grade ...
Immature chorionic villi are larger and have more central blood vessels; thus, the diffusion distance for gas and nutrient ... Placental villous immaturity is chorionic villous development that is inappropriate for the gestational age. It is associated ...
Chorionic villus sampling is a similar procedure with a sample of tissue removed rather than fluid. These procedures are not ... Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) are procedures conducted to assess the fetus. A sample of amniotic fluid is ... Miscarriage caused by invasive prenatal diagnosis (chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis) is rare (about 1%). The ... Agarwal K, Alfirevic Z (August 2012). "Pregnancy loss after chorionic villus sampling and genetic amniocentesis in twin ...
Anatomical defect in the mother Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Age >30 Smoking and exposure tobacco smoke Obesity ... Agarwal K, Alfirevic Z (August 2012). "Pregnancy loss after chorionic villus sampling and genetic amniocentesis in twin ... Alfirevic, Zarko; Navaratnam, Kate; Mujezinovic, Faris (September 4, 2017). "Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for ...
The most invasive measures are chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis, which involve testing of the chorionic villus ... Young, Carmen; von Dadelszen, Peter; Alfirevic, Zarko (January 31, 2013). "Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for ...
Two such diagnostic tests are chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis. Individual states and countries vary on their ... Some medical organizations advocate the offer of diagnostic testing by chorionic villi sampling, and amniocentesis to all ... Alfirevic, Z; Navaratnam, K; Mujezinovic, F (4 September 2017). "Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal ...
... and chorionic villus sampling, which involves testing fluid from the chorionic villi lining the uterine wall. These procedures ... Alfirevic Z, Navaratnam K, Mujezinovic F (September 4, 2017). "Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal ...
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis are two rather invasive testing procedures. These may, in principle, be ...
Rarely, it may be detected prenatally by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. As the underlying ring chromosome is an ...
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), the most common form of prenatal diagnosis, can be performed between 10 and 14 weeks of ... "Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis: Recommendations for Prenatal Counseling". United States, Center for Disease ...
Free cell DNA, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Of the three, CVS is no longer used due to risk of worsening ...
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which can be performed after the 10th week of gestation, is the most common form of prenatal ... Prenatal testing can be performed by assay of HEX A enzyme activity in fetal cells obtained by chorionic villus sampling or ... "Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis: Recommendations for Prenatal Counseling". United States, Center for Disease ... more than 3000 pregnancies were monitored by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Out of 604 monitored pregnancies where ...
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis (Review). By Alfirevic Z, Mujezinovic F, Sundberg K at The ... However, transcervical chorionic villus sampling carries a significantly higher risk, compared with a second-trimester ... Common diagnosis procedures include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. In some cases, the tests are administered to ... One study comparing transabdominal chorionic villus sampling with second trimester amniocentesis found no significant ...
Free Cell DNA, Amniocentesis, and Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS). Of the three, CVS is no longer used due to risk of worsening ...
"First Report of Atopobium vaginae Bacteremia with Fetal Loss after Chorionic Villus Sampling". Journal of Clinical Microbiology ...
... an outer membrane of the placenta that eventually forms chorionic villi that allow the transfer of blood and nutrients from ...
... are slightly more risky for the fetus and involve needles or probes being inserted into the placenta or chorionic villus ...
As this is a screening test, other diagnostic tests such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling are needed to confirm a ... Samples for this testing are obtained through invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Prenatal ...
"First report of Atopobium vaginae bacteremia with fetal loss after chorionic villus sampling". Journal of Clinical Microbiology ...
Two of these cases were missed by chromosomal microarray analysis of the placenta and chorionic villi. However, the study did ... placenta chorionic villi, cells isolated from the amniotic fluid, fibroblasts isolated from the fetus's umbilical cord, and ...
Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling can be used to screen for the disease before birth. After birth, urine tests, along ...
Prenatal diagnosis is routinely available by measuring I2S enzymatic activity in amniotic fluid or in chorionic villus tissue. ...
The fetuses are evaluated, first by ultrasound, then often by testing the amniotic fluid and chorionic villus sampling; these ...
If lissencephaly is suspected, chorionic villus sampling can test for some lissencephaly variants, but only those with a known ...
Prenatal testing for AGAT deficiency can be performed on chorionic villi samples if the causative pathogenic variants in the ...
Either chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis can be used early in a pregnancy to obtain a small sample of cells from ...
Whether the fetus is an affected girl can be determined by chorionic villus sampling at 9-11 weeks of gestation, or by ...
This can be done at 10-12 weeks gestation by a procedure called chorionic villus sampling (CVS) that involves removing a tiny ...
... poses less risk as compared to amniocentesis and chorionic villous sampling (CVS). Chorionic villus sampling utilizes placental ...
... is also diagnosed before birth by ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Ultrasound can ...
... conditions Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling ...
IL11 has been shown to be present in the decidua and chorionic villi to regulate the extent in which the placenta implants ... "Defective production of interleukin-11 by decidua and chorionic villi in human anembryonic pregnancy". The Journal of Clinical ...
... invasive prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, and the management of high-risk pregnancies. ...
They often surround the cytotrophoblasts, reminiscent of their normal anatomical relationship in chorionic villi. ... increased quantitative chorionic gonadotropin (the "pregnancy hormone") levels vaginal bleeding shortness of breath hemoptysis ... from excess chorionic gonadotropin cross reacting with the LH, FSH, and TSH receptor) in males can present with decreased ... from excess chorionic gonadotropin cross reacting with the alpha MSH receptor), gynecomastia, and weight loss ( ...
Prenatal testing can also be performed during weeks 10-12 using chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to extract DNA from the fetus. ...
Chorionic Villus Sampling, which involves sampling of the placental tissue using a catheter inserted through the cervix, can be ...
Mutations in the main genes responsible for TCS can be detected with chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Rare mutations ...
DNA samples for prenatal testing can be obtained by amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, or even by the analysis of rare ...
Chorionic arteries branch off the umbilical artery, and supply the capillaries of the chorionic villi. Increased ... Chorionic (plate) vessels, also fetal surface vessels are blood vessels, including both arteries and veins, that carry blood ... Benoit, C.; Zavecz, J.; Wang, Y. (2007). "Vasoreactivity of Chorionic Plate Arteries in Response to Vasoconstrictors Produced ... vasocontractility of chorionic arteries may contribute to preeclampsia. Wang, Yuping; Zhao, Shuang (2010). "Placental Blood ...
... women underwent invasive testing such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). This new maternal blood test has the ...
... ganglion cervix chaetae cheek chest Cheyne-Stokes respiration chiasma chiasmatic sulcus choanae chorda tympani Chorionic villi ... adhesion intertrochanteric line interventricular foramen of Monro interventricular septum intervertebral disc Intestinal villus ...
March 2020). "Droplet-digital PCR assay to detect Merkel cell polyomavirus sequences in chorionic villi from spontaneous ... chorionic villi tissues, biomarkers of neurodegenerative disease in cerebral spinal fluid, and fecal contamination in drinking ...
Chorionic villus sampling retrieves placental tissue in either a transcervical or transabdominal manner. Amniocentesis ... who the biological father of the fetus is while the woman is still pregnant through procedures called chorionic villus sampling ...
Chorionic villus sampling and transverse limb deficiencies: maternal age is not a confounder. Am J Med Genet 1994;53:182-6. ... Effect of chorionic villus sampling on utilization of prenatal diagnosis in women of advanced maternal age. Clin Genet 1992;41 ... Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis: Recommendations for Prenatal Counseling The following CDC staff members prepared ... Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling for prenatal genetic testing: a decision analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44:657-70. ...
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test some pregnant women have to screen their baby for genetic problems. ... Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test some pregnant women have to screen their baby for genetic problems. ... A small sample of chorionic villus (placental) tissue is then removed.. The transabdominal procedure is performed by inserting ...
Chorionic villi (Wikimedia). Risks of taking the test. Approximately 1-2 women in 100 (1-2%) experience a miscarriage after ... Chorionic villi are part of the placenta. This tissue is found in an area of the placenta that is in contact with maternal ... In some cases, it takes three days to get the results of a chorionic villi analysis, but in others, it may take 2-3 weeks. When ... If we want to perform genetic studies on the baby, we can take a sample of chorionic villi. A pregnant woman may be asked to ...
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS). Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) This is a type of diagnostic test that can be performed ... Chorionic Villus Sampling. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is performed during weeks 10-14 of pregnancy. A sample of tissue ... This blood test measures levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a fetus-produced protein; human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a ...
... levels either in the bulk placental samples or chorionic villi when comparing control and preeclamptic patients. Histological ... in the preeclamptic chorionic villi. However, no changes were reported regarding transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV ... remodeling lead to several molecular alterations in the placental compartments with those occurring in the chorionic villi ... Correlates with an Increase in Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Levels Leading to Macromolecular Alterations in Chorionic Villi of Term ...
Chorionic villi (8). *. Dried blood spot (DBS) card (10). *. Fetal blood (15). ...
Whats The Difference Between Chorionic Villus Sampling And Amniocentesis?. HealthStatus Crew Why You Should Stop Judging Your ...
Chorionic villi. Immature chorionic villi with enlarged irregular contours without inflammatory infiltrate and partial ... Heterogeneous pattern of accelerated maturation of the chorionic villi, with some chorionic villi enlarged with irregular ...
The chorionic villi are at first small and non-vascular, and consist of trophoblast only, but they increase in size and ramify ... Many of the larger villi extend from the chorionic to the decidual surface, while others are attached to the septa which ... the chorionic villi, which invade and destroy the uterine decidua and at the same time absorb from it nutritive materials for ... These greatly ramified villi are suspended in the intervillous space, and are bathed in maternal blood, which is conveyed to ...
Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis: Recommendations for Prenatal Counseling ... Chorionic villus sampling and transverse limb deficiencies: maternal age is not a confounder. Am J Med Genet 1994;53:182-6. * ... Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis: Recommendations for Prenatal Counseling MMWR 44(RR-9);1-12 Publication date: 07/21 ... Effect of chorionic villus sampling on utilization of prenatal diagnosis in women of advanced maternal age. Clin Genet 1992;41 ...
Chorionic Villus Sampling OverviewEdit. *Often referred to simply as CVS. *CVS is a technique in which a sample of placental ... The little fingerlike projections of the placenta that are sampled are called chorionic villi ... The villi are derived from the same original cells as the fetus so these cells should have the same genes and chromosomes as ... Smaller sample size (pieces of the villi) obtained). *(Can be performed after 12 weeks, but usually only if there is not enough ...
As of now, genetic screening of unborn children in utero requires amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling, so routine ... More invasive tests include amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling. These allow the direct examination of fetal chromosomes ...
Ultrasound-guided transabdominal or transvaginal interventions include amniocentesis with chorionic villus sampling (CVS), ... based on fetal karyotype analyzed predominantly on fetal cells from amniotic fluid sampled by amniocentesis or chronic villus ...
Chorionic villus sampling. *Amniocentesis. *Cell-free fetal DNA test. *Quad screen. *Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ...
Chorionic Gonadotropin [‎5]‎. Chorionic Villi [‎1]‎. Chromans [‎4]‎. Chromatography [‎3]‎. Chromatography, Affinity [‎1]‎. ...
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS). Another first-trimester test that determines gender is Chorionic Villus sampling. Though more ...
Chorionic plate of delivered zebra placenta with villi below. Note the cylindrical epithelium beneath the vascularized chorion ... The fetal villi are within the white spaces of endometrial glands. Surface of zebra placenta with villous ramifications and ... The chorionic membrane is on top. Note the space in the top center with cylindrical trophoblast and questionable red blood cell ... Photograph of the undersurface of the chorionic plate. At left is the amnionic membrane, at left is the vascularized allantoic ...
WhatToExpect.com, Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS), April 2021. *WhatToExpect.com, Jaundice in Newborn Babies, September 2022. ... such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. Vaginal bleeding or trauma during pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic ...
Turner syndrome may be diagnosed by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling during pregnancy. ...
Chorionic Villi A16.254.403.473.200 A16.254.750.473.200. A16.759.189 A16.710.189. Ciliary Body A9.371.60.160. Citalopram D3.383 ...
The most common genetic tests are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.. More information. *. Detecting Genetic ...
Chorionic villus sampling at the 8th week. *Amniocentesis at the 12th week ...
Enzyme activity of cultured chorionic villus cells can be determined in time to make an early diagnosis. Inaccuracies in the ...
These can include amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. These tests use a needle to take a sample of tissue. They may ...
Diagnostic tests such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis can provide information about the risk of specific ...
He pioneered the development of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and multi-fetal reduction. He has authored or co-authored over ...
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), to screen for genetic diseases and certain birth defects. ...
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis are prenatal diagnostic procedures that are performed to detect fetal abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
  • What's The Difference Between Chorionic Villus Sampling And Amniocentesis? (healthstatus.com)
  • More invasive tests include amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling. (ewtn.com)
  • The diagnosis of Down syndrome is based on fetal karyotype analyzed predominantly on fetal cells from amniotic fluid sampled by amniocentesis or chronic villus sampling (CVS) . (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasound-guided transabdominal or transvaginal interventions include amniocentesis with chorionic villus sampling (CVS), percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), and termination of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Some follow-up diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, are invasive and carry risks, including miscarriage. (nih.gov)
  • These can include amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • A small sample of chorionic villus (placental) tissue is then removed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The main hallmark of preeclampsia , impaired trophoblast migration, and the subsequent disruption of uterine arteries remodeling lead to several molecular alterations in the placental compartments with those occurring in the chorionic villi being of the utmost importance. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, no changes were reported regarding transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1) levels either in the bulk placental samples or chorionic villi when comparing control and preeclamptic patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: Western blot and whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) were utilized to characterize and quantify basal and interferon (IFN)-inducible IDO1 expression in 1st trimester (7-13 weeks), 2nd trimester (14-22 weeks) and term (39-41 weeks) placental villi. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Histochemical age-changes in normal and pathological placental villi (hydatidiform mole, eclampsia). (nih.gov)
  • 2. Increased Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in the Placental Villi of Women with Chronic Venous Disease during Pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • 8. An increase in elastogenic components in the placental villi of women with chronic venous disease during pregnancy is associated with decreased EGFL7 expression level. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Apoptotic changes occur in syncytiotrophoblast of human placental villi where fibrin type fibrinoid is deposited at discontinuities in the villous trophoblast. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Expression of the Carbohydrate Lewis Antigen, Sialyl Lewis A, Sialyl Lewis X, Lewis X, and Lewis Y in the Placental Villi of Patients With Unexplained Miscarriages. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Sequential expression of VEGF and its receptors in human placental villi during very early pregnancy: differences between placental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • Klinefelter syndrome may be diagnosed prenatally from fetal cytogenetic analyses performed on chorionic villi or amniocytes. (medscape.com)
  • Chorionic villi may be free or embedded within the DECIDUA forming the site for exchange of substances between fetal and maternal blood ( PLACENTA ). (nih.gov)
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test used for prenatal diagnosis. (asu.edu)
  • Histological analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRI) showed an increase in collagen deposition together with higher levels of lipid peroxidation and phosphorylated compounds in the pathological villi. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) This is a type of diagnostic test that can be performed through the abdomen or through the cervix. (ynhh.org)
  • Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is performed during weeks 10-14 of pregnancy. (ynhh.org)
  • 14. Fractal and lacunar dimension of the chorionic villi of molar pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Pregnancy: Should I Have CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling)? (ohri.ca)
  • 16. Placentas from women with pregnancy-associated venous insufficiency show villi damage with evidence of hypoxic cellular stress. (nih.gov)
  • hCG is produced by the placenta in pregnancy, specifically by what is called the trophoblast of the chorionic villi. (nih.gov)
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test some pregnant women have to screen their baby for genetic problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If we want to perform genetic studies on the baby, we can take a sample of chorionic villi. (share4rare.org)
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), to screen for genetic diseases and certain birth defects. (dignityhealth.org)
  • 11. Localization of leukocytes and cytokines in chorionic villi of normal placentas and complete hydatidiform moles. (nih.gov)
  • Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) will increase testosterone levels in men with Klinefelter syndrome, but the response is diminished when compared with the unaffected male population. (medscape.com)
  • 1. Expression of Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) in human normal chorionic villi and hydatidiform mole. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Impact of chlorpyrifos on human villous trophoblasts and chorionic villi. (nih.gov)
  • The three main human gonadotropins are: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). (nih.gov)
  • Preeclampsia Correlates with an Increase in Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Levels Leading to Macromolecular Alterations in Chorionic Villi of Term Placenta. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results obtained by immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in the protein levels of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the preeclamptic chorionic villi . (bvsalud.org)
  • In some cases, it takes three days to get the results of a chorionic villi analysis, but in others, it may take 2-3 weeks . (share4rare.org)
  • 15. Decreased type III and V collagen expression in chorionic villi of hydatidiform mole. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Overexpression of type IV collagen in chorionic villi in hydatidiform mole. (nih.gov)
  • It measures the levels of two proteins, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). If the protein levels are abnormally high or low, there could be a chromosomal disorder in the baby. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent vanishing twin has been shown to increase levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG). (medscape.com)
  • The three main human gonadotropins are: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). (nih.gov)
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis are prenatal diagnostic procedures that are performed to detect fetal abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
  • Some follow-up diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, are invasive and carry risks, including miscarriage. (nih.gov)
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test some pregnant women have to screen their baby for genetic problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chorionic villus sampling may be helpful if the placenta has a mosaic makeup and there is a singleton at birth. (medscape.com)
  • METHODS: Western blot and whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) were utilized to characterize and quantify basal and interferon (IFN)-inducible IDO1 expression in 1st trimester (7-13 weeks), 2nd trimester (14-22 weeks) and term (39-41 weeks) placental villi. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Increased Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in the Placental Villi of Women with Chronic Venous Disease during Pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • 9. An increase in elastogenic components in the placental villi of women with chronic venous disease during pregnancy is associated with decreased EGFL7 expression level. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Apoptotic changes occur in syncytiotrophoblast of human placental villi where fibrin type fibrinoid is deposited at discontinuities in the villous trophoblast. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Expression of the Carbohydrate Lewis Antigen, Sialyl Lewis A, Sialyl Lewis X, Lewis X, and Lewis Y in the Placental Villi of Patients With Unexplained Miscarriages. (nih.gov)