Chondroitin. Medical search

Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.

Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.

Proteoglycans consisting of proteins linked to one or more CHONDROITIN SULFATE-containing oligosaccharide chains.

An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed)

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.

A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.

Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.

HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of a variety of tissues and organs. Several versican isoforms exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the versican MESSENGER RNA.

Large HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). They form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces.

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.

3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.

A small leucine-rich proteoglycan that interacts with FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and modifies the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX structure of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. Decorin has also been shown to play additional roles in the regulation of cellular responses to GROWTH FACTORS. The protein contains a single glycosaminoglycan chain and is similar in structure to BIGLYCAN.

Inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as SULFATES and SULFURIC ACID ESTERS respectively.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.

A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular fibronectin III-like domain along with a carbonic anhydrase-like domain.

Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. They are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (From Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996; 15(2): 177-86; Hepatology 1996; 24(3): 524-32)

A BRAIN-specific hyalectin that may play a role in terminally differentiating NEURONS. It is found highly overexpressed in primary BRAIN TUMORS and in experimental models of GLIOMA.

The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

A group of carbon-oxygen lyases. These enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. EC 4.2.2.

A class of Echinodermata characterized by long, slender bodies.

Stable sulfur atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sulfur, but differ in atomic weight. S-33, 34, and 36 are stable sulfur isotopes.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.

Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

An enzyme from the sulfuric ester hydrolase class that breaks down one of the products of the chondroitin lyase II reaction. EC 3.1.6.9.

A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.

A small leucine-rich proteoglycan found in a variety of tissues including CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM; SKELETAL MUSCLE; CARTILAGE; BONE; and TENDONS. The protein contains two glycosaminoglycan chains and is similar in structure to DECORIN.

An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.

A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.

The partition separating the two NASAL CAVITIES in the midplane. It is formed by the SEPTAL NASAL CARTILAGE, parts of skull bones (ETHMOID BONE; VOMER), and membranous parts.

Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various sulfate bonds of chondroitin sulfate. EC 3.1.6.-.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

The nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.

The decarboxylation product of UDPglucuronic acid, which is used for formation of the xylosides of seryl hydroxyl groups in mucoprotein synthesis. Also forms plant xylans.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Hexameric extracellular matrix glycoprotein transiently expressed in many developing organs and often re-expressed in tumors. It is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in smooth muscle and tendons. (From Kreis & Vale, Guidebook to the Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Proteins, 1993, p93)

Derivatives of GLUCURONIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the 6-carboxy glucose structure.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.

A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.

Cell surface receptors that bind to ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE.

Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.

A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.

Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

The parts of a GENOME sequence that are involved with the different functions or properties of genomes as a whole as opposed to those of individual GENES.

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.

A high-molecular-weight protein (approximately 22,500) containing 198 amino acid residues. It is a strong inhibitor of trypsin and human plasmin.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A hyalectin family member that is expressed in neuronal tissue and plays a role in neuronal CELL ADHESION.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. Its organisms are also found in raw meats, MILK and other FOOD, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. Some species are pathogenic in humans.

Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins that contain a short cytoplasmic domain, a single-span transmembrane domain, and an extracellular domain with heparin sulfate and CHONDROITIN SULFATE chains. Syndecans interact with a variety of heparin-binding INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS and may play a role in modulating cellular signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis.

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.

The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.

A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Enzymes which transfer sulfur atoms to various acceptor molecules. EC 2.8.1.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Large marine mammals of the order CETACEA. In the past, they were commercially valued for whale oil, for their flesh as human food and in ANIMAL FEED and FERTILIZERS, and for baleen. Today, there is a moratorium on most commercial whaling, as all species are either listed as endangered or threatened.

Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.

Granulated cells that are found in almost all tissues, most abundantly in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Like the BASOPHILS, mast cells contain large amounts of HISTAMINE and HEPARIN. Unlike basophils, mast cells normally remain in the tissues and do not circulate in the blood. Mast cells, derived from the bone marrow stem cells, are regulated by the STEM CELL FACTOR.

A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Distribution of chondroitin sulfate in cartilage proteoglycans under associative conditions. (1/460)

Proteoglycan aggregates and proteoglycan subunits were extracted from bovine articular cartilage with guanidine-HC1 folowed by fractionation by equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradients. The distribution of chondroitin sulfates (CS) in the cartilage proteoglycans was studied at the disaccharide level by digestion with chondroitinases. In the proteoglycan aggregate fraction, it was observed that the proportion of 4-sulfated disaccharide units to total CS increased from the bottom to the top fractions, whereas that of 6-sulfated disaccharide units was in the reverse order. Thus, the ratio of 4-sulfated disaccharide units to 6-sulfated disaccharide units increased significantly with decreasing density. The proportion of non-sulfated disaccharide units to total CS tended to increase with increasing density. These data indicate a polydisperse distribution of CS chains, under the conditions used here, in proteoglycan aggregates from bovine articular cartilage. (+info)

Sulfate incorporation from ascorbate 2-sulfate into chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage epiphyses. (2/460)

Radioactivity was significantly incorporated from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate into chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage epiphyses. The extent of incorporation was comparable with that from inorganic [35S]sulfate. The radioactive chondroitin sulfate formed from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate gave two radioactive disaccharides on chondroitinase-ABC [EC 4.2.2.4] digestion. The incorporation was markedly decreased by inorganic sulfate. The time course of incorporation from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate and inorganic [35S]sulfate into chondroitin sulfate and the constituent disaccharides suggest that the incorporation rates from the two radioactive substances are different. (+info)

Chondroitin sulphation patterns in synovial fluid in osteoarthritis subsets. (3/460)

OBJECTIVES: To determine concentrations of chondroitin sulphate (CS) disaccharides in knee synovial fluid (SF) from normal subjects and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to test whether these variables differ between different diseases and subsets of OA. METHODS: OA was subdivided into large joint OA (LJOA), nodal generalised OA (NGOA), and OA with calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPA), with 25, 9, and 11 people in each subset respectively. The SF of 13 normal subjects was also volunteered for analysis along with 15 RA patients. Clinical assessment of inflammation (0-6) was undertaken on OA and RA knees. Concentrations of unsaturated CS disaccharides Deltadi6S and Deltadi4S were measured by capillary zone electrophoresis. RESULTS: Concentrations of Deltadi6S were lower in RA (5.90 ng/ml) and OA (13.24 ng/ml) fluids compared with normal (21.0 ng/ml) but no significant differences were seen between disease and normal fluids for Deltadi4S (about 4-6 ng/ml). The ratio of Deltadi6S:Deltadi4S were RA+info)

Combined effect of Interceed and 5-fluorouracil on delayed adjustable strabismus surgery. (4/460)

AIMS/BACKGROUND: To discover a more reliable method of performing delayed suture adjustment as a basis to investigate whether delayed adjustment actually provides more stable results. In order to prevent the formation of postoperative adhesions and delay the time of adjustment, an animal study was performed to determine the combined effect of physical barriers, Viscoat and Interceed, and a pharmacological agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). METHODS: 38 rabbit eyes were divided into three groups. After recession of the superior rectus muscle (SRM), 5-FU was applied beneath and over the SRM in group 5-FU. Group I-f had Interceed and 5-FU and group I-fv, Interceed, 5-FU, and Viscoat. Delayed adjustment was performed once on each SRM at 1, 2, and 3 weeks postoperatively. The possible length and the necessary force to adjust as well as the degree of adhesions were recorded. RESULTS: 5-FU delayed the adjustment for up to 1 week after surgery in three out of four eyes. Combined use of Interceed and 5-FU could delay the adjustment for up to 1 week after surgery in three out of five eyes. Addition of Viscoat could delay the adjustment for up to 1 week after surgery in four out of five eyes. Adjustment was possible on only one of four eyes thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Combined use of Interceed, 5-FU, and Viscoat could delay the adjustment in rabbits until 1 week postoperatively. (+info)

Purification and characterization of fetal bovine serum beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase and beta-D-glucuronyltransferase involved in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. (5/460)

beta-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase II and beta-glucuronyltransferase II, involved in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis, transfer an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue, respectively, through beta-linkages to an acceptor chondroitin oligosaccharide derived from the repeating disaccharide region of chondroitin sulfate. They were copurified from fetal bovine serum approximately 2500-fold and 850-fold, respectively, by sequential chromatographies on Red A-agarose, phenyl-Sepharose, S-Sepharose and wheat germ agglutinin-agarose. Identical and inseparable chromatographic profiles of both glycosyltransferase activities obtained through the above chromatographic steps and gel filtration suggest that the purified enzyme activities are tightly coupled, which could imply a single enzyme with dual transferase activities; beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and beta-glucuronyltransferase, reminiscent of the heparan sulfate polymerase reaction. However, when a polymerization reaction was performed in vitro with the purified serum enzyme preparation under the polymerization conditions recently developed for the chondroitin-synthesizing system, derived from human melanoma cells, each monosaccharide transfer took place, but no polymerization occurred. These results may suggest that the purified serum enzyme preparation contains both beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase II and beta-glucuronyltransferase II activities on a single polypeptide or on the respective polypeptides forming an enzyme complex, but is different from that obtained from melanoma cells in that it transfers a single GalNAc or GlcA residue but does not polymerize chondroitin. (+info)

Demonstration of glycosaminoglycans in Caenorhabditis elegans. (6/460)

A considerable amount (approximately 1.6 microg from 1 mg of dried nematode) of non-sulfated chondroitin, two orders of magnitude less yet an appreciable amount of heparan sulfate, and no hyaluronate were found in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. The chondroitin chains were heterogeneous in size, being shorter than that of whale cartilage chondroitin sulfate. The disaccharide composition analysis of heparan sulfate revealed diverse sulfation including glucosamine 2-N-sulfation, glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and uronate 2-O-sulfation. These results imply that chondroitin and heparan sulfate are involved in fundamental biological processes. (+info)

Microanalysis of enzyme digests of hyaluronan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). (7/460)

Hyaluronan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate are glycosaminoglycans that play major roles in the biomechanical properties of a wide variety of tissues, including cartilage. A chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain can be divided into three regions: (1) a single linkage region oligosaccharide, through which the chain is attached to its proteoglycan core protein, (2) numerous internal repeat disaccharides, which comprise the bulk of the chain, and (3) a single nonreducing terminal saccharide structure. Each of these regions of a chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain has its own level of microheterogeneity of structure, which varies with proteoglycan class, tissue source, species, and pathology. We have developed rapid, simple, and sensitive protocols for detection, characterization and quantitation of the saccharide structures from the internal disaccharide and nonreducing terminal regions of hyaluronan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chains. These protocols rely on the generation of saccharide structures with free reducing groups by specific enzymatic treatments (hyaluronidase/chondroitinase) which are then quantitatively tagged though their free reducing groups with the fluorescent reporter, 2-aminoacridone. These saccharide structures are further characterized by modification through additional enzymatic (sulfatase) or chemical (mercuric ion) treatments. After separation by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, the relative fluorescence in each band is quantitated with a cooled, charge-coupled device camera for analysis. Specifically, the digestion products identified are (1) unsaturated internal Deltadisaccharides including DeltaDiHA, DeltaDi0S, DeltaDi2S, DeltaDi4S, DeltaDi6S, DeltaDi2,4S, DeltaDi2,6S, DeltaDi4,6S, and DeltaDi2,4,6S; (2) saturated nonreducing terminal disaccharides including DiHA, Di0S, Di4S and Di6S; and (3) nonreducing terminal hexosamines including glcNAc, galNAc, 4S-galNAc, 6S-galNAc, and 4, 6S-galNAc. (+info)

Glycosaminoglycan conformation: do aqueous molecular dynamics simulations agree with x-ray fiber diffraction? (8/460)

Glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions are biologically important and require an appreciation of glycan molecular shape in solution, which is presently unavailable. In previous studies we found strong similarity between aqueous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and published x-ray diffraction refinements of hyaluronan. We have applied a similar approach here to chondroitin and dermatan, attempting to clarify some of the issues raised by the x-ray diffraction literature relating to chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. We predict that chondroitin has the same beta(1-->4) linkage conformation as hyaluronan, and that their average beta(1-->3) conformations differ. This is explained by changes in hydrogen-bonding across this linkage, resulting from its axial hydroxyl, causing a different sampling of left-handed helices in chondroitin (2.5- to 3.5-fold) as compared with hyaluronan (3.0- to 4.0-fold). Few right-handed helices, which lack intramolecular hydrogen-bonds, were sampled during our MD simulations. Thus, we propose that the 8-fold helix observed in chondroitin-6-sulfate, represented in the literature as an 8(3) helix (right-handed), though it has never been refined, is more likely to be 8(5) (left-handed) helix. Molecular dynamics simulations implied that (4)C(1) and (2)S(O), but not (1)C(4), forms of iduronate could be used in refinements of dermatan x-ray fiber diffraction patterns. Current models of 8-fold dermatan sulfate chains containing (4)C(1) iduronate refine to right-handed helices, which possess no intramolecular hydrogen-bonds. However, MD simulations predict that models containing (2)S(O) iduronate could provide better (8(5) helix) starting structures for refinement. Thus, the 8-fold dermatan sulfate refinement (8(3) helix) could be in error. (+info)

There are several subtypes of chondrosarcoma, including:

1. Grade 1 (low-grade) chondrosarcoma: This is a slow-growing tumor that is less likely to spread to other parts of the body.
2. Grade 2 (intermediate-grade) chondrosarcoma: This type of tumor grows more quickly than grade 1 and may be more likely to spread.
3. Grade 3 (high-grade) chondrosarcoma: This is an aggressive tumor that can grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of chondrosarcoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include pain in the affected area, swelling, and limited mobility. Treatment for chondrosarcoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for chondrosarcoma varies depending on the grade of the tumor and the effectiveness of treatment.

Sources:

* American Cancer Society. (2020). Chondrosarcoma. Retrieved from
* Mayo Clinic. (2020). Chondrosarcoma. Retrieved from
* National Cancer Institute. (2020). Chondrosarcoma. Retrieved from

Mast cell sarcoma is most commonly seen in the skin, but it can also arise in other parts of the body such as the spleen, liver, or gastrointestinal tract. The tumors are usually large, irregularly shaped masses that can be firm or soft to the touch. They may ulcerate and bleed easily, leading to swelling and discomfort.

The symptoms of mast cell sarcoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. They may include:

* A lump or mass that may be painless or tender to the touch
* Swelling in the affected area
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Fatigue
* Fevers
* Night sweats

Mast cell sarcoma is rare and accounts for only about 1-2% of all skin tumors. It is more common in dogs than cats and tends to affect older animals. The exact cause of mast cell sarcoma is not known, but genetic factors and environmental triggers may play a role.

Treatment options for mast cell sarcoma depend on the location and stage of the tumor. Surgery is often the first line of treatment to remove the tumor and any affected tissue. Additional therapies such as radiation, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy may be recommended based on the severity of the disease and the patient's overall health.

Prognosis for mast cell sarcoma varies depending on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the effectiveness of treatment, and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is guarded and early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes. With prompt and appropriate therapy, some patients with mast cell sarcoma can achieve long-term remission or even cure. However, in advanced cases or those that are resistant to treatment, the prognosis may be poorer.

Examples of pregnancy complications, parasitic include:

1. Toxoplasmosis: This is a condition caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can infect the mother and/or the fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue. In severe cases, toxoplasmosis can cause birth defects, such as intellectual disability, blindness, and deafness.
2. Malaria: This is a condition caused by the Plasmodium spp. parasite, which can be transmitted to the mother and/or the fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. In severe cases, malaria can cause anemia, organ failure, and death.
3. Schistosomiasis: This is a condition caused by the Schistosoma spp. parasite, which can infect the mother and/or the fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue. In severe cases, schistosomiasis can cause organ damage and infertility.

Pregnancy complications, parasitic can be diagnosed through blood tests, imaging studies, and other medical procedures. Treatment depends on the type of parasite and the severity of the infection. In some cases, treatment may involve antibiotics, antimalarial drugs, or anti-parasitic medications.

Preventive measures for pregnancy complications, parasitic include:

1. Avoiding contact with cat feces, as Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted through contaminated soil and food.
2. Avoiding travel to areas where malaria and other parasitic infections are common.
3. Taking antimalarial medications before and during pregnancy if living in an area where malaria is common.
4. Using insecticide-treated bed nets and wearing protective clothing to prevent mosquito bites.
5. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, especially after handling food or coming into contact with cats.
6. Avoiding drinking unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat, as these can increase the risk of infection.
7. Ensuring that any water used for cooking or drinking is safe and free from parasites.

Preventive measures for pregnancy complications, parasitic are important for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, as well as for their partners and healthcare providers. By taking these preventive measures, the risk of infection and complications can be significantly reduced.

In conclusion, pregnancy complications, parasitic are a serious issue that can have severe consequences for both the mother and the fetus. However, by understanding the causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures, women can take steps to protect themselves and their unborn babies from these infections. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these issues and provide appropriate education and care to pregnant women to reduce the risk of complications.

FAQs
1. What are some common parasitic infections that can occur during pregnancy?
Ans: Some common parasitic infections that can occur during pregnancy include malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
2. How do parasitic infections during pregnancy affect the baby?
Ans: Parasitic infections during pregnancy can have serious consequences for the developing fetus, including birth defects, growth restriction, and stillbirth.
3. Can parasitic infections during pregnancy be treated?
Ans: Yes, parasitic infections during pregnancy can be treated with antibiotics and other medications. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications.
4. How can I prevent parasitic infections during pregnancy?
Ans: Preventive measures include avoiding areas where parasites are common, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and practicing good hygiene. Pregnant women should also avoid undercooked meat and unpasteurized dairy products.
5. Do all pregnant women need to be tested for parasitic infections?
Ans: No, not all pregnant women need to be tested for parasitic infections. However, certain groups of women, such as those who live in areas where parasites are common or have a history of previous parasitic infections, may need to be tested and monitored more closely.
6. Can I prevent my baby from getting a parasitic infection during pregnancy?
Ans: Yes, there are several steps you can take to reduce the risk of your baby getting a parasitic infection during pregnancy, such as avoiding certain foods and taking antibiotics if necessary. Your healthcare provider can provide guidance on how to prevent and treat parasitic infections during pregnancy.
7. How are parasitic infections diagnosed during pregnancy?
Ans: Parasitic infections can be diagnosed through blood tests, stool samples, or imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Your healthcare provider may also perform a physical exam and take a medical history to determine the likelihood of a parasitic infection.
8. Can parasitic infections cause long-term health problems for my baby?
Ans: Yes, some parasitic infections can cause long-term health problems for your baby, such as developmental delays or learning disabilities. In rare cases, parasitic infections can also lead to more serious complications, such as organ damage or death.
9. How are parasitic infections treated during pregnancy?
Ans: Treatment for parasitic infections during pregnancy may involve antibiotics, antiparasitic medications, or other supportive care. Your healthcare provider will determine the best course of treatment based on the severity and type of infection, as well as your individual circumstances.
10. Can I take steps to prevent parasitic infections during pregnancy?
Ans: Yes, there are several steps you can take to prevent parasitic infections during pregnancy, such as avoiding undercooked meat and fish, washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly, and practicing good hygiene. Additionally, if you have a higher risk of parasitic infections due to travel or other factors, your healthcare provider may recommend preventative medications or screening tests.
11. I'm pregnant and have been exposed to a parasitic infection. What should I do?
Ans: If you suspect that you have been exposed to a parasitic infection during pregnancy, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Your healthcare provider can perform tests to determine if you have an infection and provide appropriate treatment to prevent any potential complications for your baby.
12. Can I breastfeed while taking medication for a parasitic infection?
Ans: It may be safe to breastfeed while taking medication for a parasitic infection, but it is important to consult with your healthcare provider before doing so. Some medications may not be safe for your baby and could potentially be passed through your milk. Your healthcare provider can provide guidance on the safest treatment options for you and your baby.
13. What are some common complications of parasitic infections during pregnancy?
Ans: Complications of parasitic infections during pregnancy can include miscarriage, preterm labor, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies. In rare cases, parasitic infections can also be transmitted to the baby during pregnancy or childbirth, which can lead to serious health problems for the baby.
14. Can I get a parasitic infection from my pet?
Ans: Yes, it is possible to get a parasitic infection from your pet if you come into contact with their feces or other bodily fluids. For example, toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through contact with cat feces, while hookworm infections can be spread through contact with contaminated soil or feces. It is important to practice good hygiene and take precautions when handling pets or coming into contact with potentially contaminated areas.
15. How can I prevent parasitic infections?
Ans: Preventing parasitic infections involves taking steps to avoid exposure to parasites and their vectors, as well as practicing good hygiene and taking precautions when traveling or engaging in activities that may put you at risk. Some ways to prevent parasitic infections include:
* Avoiding undercooked meat, especially pork and wild game
* Avoiding raw or unpasteurized dairy products
* Avoiding contaminated water and food
* Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before handling food
* Avoiding contact with cat feces, as toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through contact with cat feces
* Using protective clothing and insect repellent when outdoors in areas where parasites are common
* Keeping your home clean and free of clutter to reduce the risk of parasite infestations
* Avoiding touching or eating wild animals or plants that may be contaminated with parasites
16. What are some common misconceptions about parasitic infections?
Ans: There are several common misconceptions about parasitic infections, including:
* All parasites are the same and have similar symptoms
* Parasitic infections are only a problem for people who live in developing countries or have poor hygiene
* Only certain groups of people, such as children or pregnant women, are at risk for parasitic infections
* Parasitic infections are rare in developed countries
* All parasites can be treated with antibiotics
* Parasitic infections are not serious and do not require medical attention
17. How can I diagnose a parasitic infection?
Ans: Diagnosing a parasitic infection typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Some common methods for diagnosing parasitic infections include:
* Physical examination to look for signs such as skin lesions or abdominal pain
* Blood tests to check for the presence of parasites or their waste products
* Stool tests to detect the presence of parasite eggs or larvae
* Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, to look for signs of parasite infection in internal organs
* Endoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the body to visualize the inside of the digestive tract and other organs.
18. How are parasitic infections treated?
Ans: Treatment for parasitic infections depends on the type of parasite and the severity of the infection. Some common methods for treating parasitic infections include:
* Antiparasitic drugs, such as antibiotics or antimalarials, to kill the parasites
* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes, to manage symptoms and prevent complications
* Surgery to remove parasites or repair damaged tissues
* Antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infections that may have developed as a result of the parasitic infection.
It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have a parasitic infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications and can be difficult to diagnose.
19. How can I prevent parasitic infections?
Ans: Preventing parasitic infections involves taking steps to avoid contact with parasites and their vectors, as well as maintaining good hygiene practices. Some ways to prevent parasitic infections include:
* Avoiding undercooked meat and unpasteurized dairy products, which can contain harmful parasites such as Trichinella spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii
* Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before eating
* Avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil, which can harbor parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium
* Using insecticides and repellents to prevent mosquito bites, which can transmit diseases such as malaria and dengue fever
* Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors in areas where ticks and other vectors are common
* Avoiding contact with animals that may carry parasites, such as dogs and cats that can transmit Toxoplasma gondii
* Using clean water and proper sanitation to prevent the spread of parasitic infections in communities and developing countries.
It is also important to be aware of the risks of parasitic infections when traveling to areas where they are common, and to take appropriate precautions such as avoiding undercooked meat and unpasteurized dairy products, and using insecticides and repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
20. What is the prognosis for parasitic infections?
Ans: The prognosis for parasitic infections varies depending on the specific type of infection and the severity of symptoms. Some parasitic infections can be easily treated with antiparasitic medications, while others may require more extensive treatment and management.
In general, the prognosis for parasitic infections is good if the infection is detected early and properly treated. However, some parasitic infections can cause long-term health problems or death if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
It is also important to note that some parasitic infections can be prevented through public health measures such as using clean water and proper sanitation, and controlling the spread of insect vectors. Prevention is key to avoiding the negative outcomes associated with these types of infections.
21. What are some common complications of parasitic infections?
Ans: Some common complications of parasitic infections include:
* Anemia and other blood disorders, such as thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
* Allergic reactions to parasite antigens
* Inflammation and damage to organs and tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, and brain
* Increased risk of infections with other microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses
* Malnutrition and deficiencies in essential nutrients
* Organ failure and death.
22. Can parasitic infections be prevented? If so, how?
Ans: Yes, some parasitic infections can be prevented through public health measures such as:
* Using clean water and proper sanitation to reduce the risk of ingesting infected parasites.
* Avoiding contact with insect vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks, by using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and staying indoors during peak biting hours.
* Properly cooking and storing food to kill parasites that may be present.
* Avoiding consuming undercooked or raw meat, especially pork and wild game.
* Practicing safe sex to prevent the transmission of parasitic infections through sexual contact.
* Keeping children away from areas where they may come into contact with contaminated soil or water.
* Using antiparasitic drugs and other treatments as recommended by healthcare providers.
* Implementing control measures for insect vectors, such as spraying insecticides and removing breeding sites.
30. Can parasitic infections be treated with antibiotics? If so, which ones and why?
Ans: No, antibiotics are not effective against parasitic infections caused by protozoa, such as giardiasis and amoebiasis, because these organisms are not bacteria. However, antibiotics may be used to treat secondary bacterial infections that can develop as a complication of parasitic infections.
32. What is the difference between a parasite and a pathogen?
Ans: A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another organism, called the host, and feeds on the host's tissues or fluids without providing any benefits. A pathogen, on the other hand, is an organism that causes disease. While all parasites are pathogens, not all pathogens are parasites. For example, bacteria and viruses can cause diseases but are not considered parasites because they do not live within the host's body.

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of factors such as genetics, wear and tear on joints over time, and injuries or trauma to the joint. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which joint is affected. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the joint
* Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity
* Limited mobility or loss of flexibility
* Grating or crackling sensations when the joint is moved
* Swelling or redness in the affected joint
* Muscle weakness or wasting

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected joint
* Corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and improve joint function
* Joint replacement surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life for individuals with this condition.

A chondroitin is a chondrin derivative. Types include: Chondroitin sulfate Dermatan sulfate Chondroitin as a supplement is now ... Chondroitin's effect toward the articular cartilage integrity as it is part of the proteoglycan molecules. The cartilage ... Research has been conducted to show the effectiveness of chondroitin and results indicate that it helps to manage pain in knee ... Chondroitin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Vasiliadis, Haris S; Tsikopoulos, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin

"Chondroitin sulfate B" is an old name for dermatan sulfate, and it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate. ... Furthermore, marine chondroitin sulfate chains tend to be longer, with molecular weight of up to 70 kDa in chondroitin sulfate ... Chondroitin sulfate is not metabolized by cytochrome P450. The effect of chondroitin sulfate in people with osteoarthritis is ... Chondroitin sulfate is highly soluble in water. Chondroitin sulfate was originally isolated well before the structure was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate

III Mechanism of sulfation of chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate A". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 274-276. PMID 13835881. Portal: ... This enzyme is also called chondroitin sulfotransferase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: chondroitin sulfate ... Habuchi O, Miyashita N (1982). "Separation and characterization of chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase and chondroitin 4- ... chondroitin 4'-sulfate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and chondroitin, whereas its two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_4-sulfotransferase

... (EC 4.2.2.20 EC 4.2.2.21, chondroitinase, chondroitin ABC eliminase, chondroitinase ABC) is an enzyme ... Chondroitin+ABC+lyase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 4.2.2, ... chondroitin 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Following a spinal cord injury, this enzyme can be used to erode scar tissue that ... "Large-scale chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan digestion with chondroitinase gene therapy leads to reduced pathology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_ABC_lyase

... s (CSPGs) are proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and a chondroitin sulfate side chain. ... Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a core protein and a sugar side chain. The core protein is generally a ... Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and epilepsy. The two primary markers of ... Galtrey, C. M.; Fawcett, J. W. (2007). "The role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in regeneration and plasticity in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate_proteoglycan

The enzyme chondroitin B lyase (EC 4.2.2.19) catalyzes the following process: Eliminative cleavage of dermatan sulfate ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin B lyase. Other names in common use include chondroitinase B, ChonB, and ... Gu K, Linhardt RJ, Laliberte M, Gu K, Zimmermann J (1995). "Purification, characterization and specificity of chondroitin ... V, Sasisekharan R, Cygler M (2004). "The structure of chondroitin B lyase complexed with glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_B_lyase

Other names in common use include chondroitinase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate lyase, chondroitin AC eliminase, chondroitin ... The enzyme chondroitin AC lyase (EC 4.2.2.5) catalyzes the chemical reaction Eliminative degradation of polysaccharides ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin AC lyase. ... "Characterization of oligosaccharides from the chondroitin/dermatan sulfates. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR studies of reduced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_AC_lyase

Other names in common use include chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS):chondroitin ... chondroitin 6'-sulfate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and chondroitin, whereas its two ... "Separation and characterization of chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase and chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase from chick embryo ... In enzymology, a chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3'- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_6-sulfotransferase

... may refer to: Chondroitin ABC lyase, an enzyme Chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase, an enzyme ... Chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase, an enzyme This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chondroitin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate_ABC_lyase

... and chondroitin D-glucuronosyl 5-epimerase. This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. Malmstrom A, Aberg L ... In enzymology, a chondroitin-glucuronate 5-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin-D-glucuronate 5-epimerase. Other names in common use include ... chondroitin D-glucuronate, and one product, dermatan L-iduronate. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin-glucuronate_5-epimerase

... chondroitin ABC lyase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate ABC lyase (ambiguous), ChS ABC lyase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate ... The enzyme chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase (EC 4.2.2.21) catalyzes the following process: Exolytic removal of Δ4-unsaturated ... Suzuki S; Hashimoto, N; Mochizuki, H; Kato, F; Makiguchi, Y; Horie, K; Suzuki, S (1997). "Two distinct chondroitin sulfate ABC ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin-sulfate-ABC exolyase. Other names in common use include chondroitinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin-sulfate-ABC_exolyase

... chondroitin ABC lyase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate ABC lyase (ambiguous), ChS ABC lyase (ambiguous), chondroitin sulfate ... The enzyme chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase (EC 4.2.2.20) catalyzes the following process: Endolytic cleavage of (1→4)-β- ... Suzuki S; Hashimoto, N; Mochizuki, H; Kato, F; Makiguchi, Y; Horie, K; Suzuki, S (1997). "Two distinct chondroitin sulfate ABC ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase. Other names in common use include chondroitinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin-sulfate-ABC_endolyase

Unsaturated+chondroitin+disaccharide+hydrolase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: ... Unsaturated chondroitin disaccharide hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.180, UGL, unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase) is an enzyme with ... 5-didehydro L-iduronic acid from chondroitin disaccharides, hyaluronan disaccharides and heparin disaccharides. Maruyama Y, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_chondroitin_disaccharide_hydrolase

... flanked by glucuronic acid residue in chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate constitutes the predominant proteoglycan present in ... Carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 13 is a protein that is encoded in humans by the CHST13 gene. The protein encoded ... "Entrez Gene: Carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 13". Kang HG, Evers MR, Xia G, Baenziger JU, Schachner M (September ... Valente B, Campos PA, do Rosário VE, Silveira H (October 2010). "Natural frequency of polymorphisms linked to the chondroitin 4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_(chondroitin_4)_sulfotransferase_13

"Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT)". 2012-01-03. "Questions and Answers: NIH Glucosamine/Chondroitin ... chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine/chondroitin; and those taking an inactive placebo or the positive control, the prescription ... to study the effect of chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin/glucosamine in combination, and celecoxib as ... Use of chondroitin in routine clinical practice should therefore be discouraged." Also in 2007, Bruyere et al. without using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trials_on_glucosamine_and_chondroitin

A 2015 Cochrane review of clinical trials of chondroitin found that most were of low quality, but that there was some evidence ... Chondroitin Sulfate Concentration and Chain Length, Water, and Ash Content". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 45 (7): ... The review noted a high-quality, two-year clinical trial comparing ASU to chondroitin - which has uncertain efficacy in ... Vangsness CT, Spiker W, Erickson J (January 2009). "A review of evidence-based medicine for glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis

Schwartz NB, Roden L (1975). "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Solubilization of chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases ... This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis and glycan structures - biosynthesis 1. It employs one cofactor, ... Robinson JA, Robinson HC (1985). "Initiation of chondroitin sulphate synthesis by beta-D-galactosides Substrates for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosylxylosylprotein_3-beta-galactosyltransferase

Helting T, Roden L (1969). "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. II. Glucuronosyl transfer in the formation of the carbohydrate ... This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis and glycan structures - biosynthesis 1. It employs one cofactor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein_3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase

Pedersen LC, Tsuchida K, Kitagawa H, Sugahara K, Darden TA, Negishi M (November 2000). "Heparan/chondroitin sulfate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B3GAT1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylosylprotein_4-beta-galactosyltransferase

"Molecular cloning of a chondroitin polymerizing factor that cooperates with chondroitin synthase for chondroitin polymerization ... Chondroitin sulfate synthase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHPF gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: CHPF chondroitin polymerizing factor". Human CHPF genome location and CHPF gene details page in the UCSC Genome ... 2003). "Chondroitin sulfate synthase-2. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human glycosyltransferase homologous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHPF

2000). "Heparan/chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. Structure and mechanism of human glucuronyltransferase I". J. Biol. Chem. 275 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B3GAT3

"Molecular cloning of a chondroitin polymerizing factor that cooperates with chondroitin synthase for chondroitin polymerization ... Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHSY1 gene. CHSY1 synthesizes chondroitin sulfate ... Kitagawa H, Uyama T, Sugahara K (Oct 2001). "Molecular cloning and expression of a human chondroitin synthase". J Biol Chem. ... 2003). "Chondroitin sulfate synthase-3. Molecular cloning and characterization". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (41): 39711-25. doi:10.1074 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHSY1

This enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and glycan structures. XYLT1 XYLT2 Xylosyltransferase ... Stoolmiller AC, Horwitz AL, Dorfman A (1972). "Biosynthesis of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Purification and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_xylosyltransferase

DiNubile N (July 2018). "Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate: What Has Been Learned Since the Glucosamine/chondroitin Arthritis ... When given as a single oral dose (9 g) with or without chondroitin sulfate (3 g) to ten horses, glucosamine (hydrochloride) was ... "21st Century Glucosamine/Chondroitin Triple Strength Class Action Lawsuit". www.topclassactions.com. 2012-09-14. Retrieved June ... Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis Pain, Arthritis Foundation Glucosamine, DailyMed, U.S. National Library of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, also known as melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP) or neuron-glial ... "Entrez Gene: CSPG4 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4". Nishiyama A, Dahlin KJ, Prince JT, Johnstone SR, Stallcup WB (July 1991 ... Yang J, Price MA, Neudauer CL, Wilson C, Ferrone S, Xia H, Iida J, Simpson MA, McCarthy JB (June 2004). "Melanoma chondroitin ... Iida J, Meijne AM, Oegema TR, Yednock TA, Kovach NL, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB (March 1998). "A role of chondroitin sulfate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSPG4

"Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine Supplements in Osteoarthritis". Retrieved November 22, 2017. Roush, James K.; Cross, Alan R ... Good sources of protein to meet higher protein requirements Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to help maintain joint and bone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_in_dogs

This enzyme is also called chondroitin glucuronyltransferase II. This enzyme participates in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis ... DeAngelis PL, Padgett-McCue AJ (2000). "Identification and molecular cloning of a chondroitin synthase from Pasteurella ... "Molecular cloning and expression of a human chondroitin synthase". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (42): 38721-6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106871200 ... "Molecular cloning and characterization of chondroitin polymerase from Escherichia coli strain K4". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (24): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan_3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase

"Entrez Gene: CHST12 carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 12". Human CHST12 genome location and CHST12 gene details ... 2003). "Specificities of three distinct human chondroitin/dermatan N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfotransferases demonstrated ... "Molecular cloning and expression of two distinct human chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferases that belong to the HNK-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHST12

The pathways for HS/heparin or chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) biosynthesis diverge after the formation of ... The antibody binds heparan sulfate, not chondroitin sulfate. The binding of HS20 to heparan sulfate requires sulfation at both ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparan_sulfate

Fact sheet on the safety and effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis. ... Chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the hand. A 6-month trial of chondroitin in 162 patients with severe osteoarthritis of the ... Chondroitin and Glucosamine - Systematic Reviews/Reviews/Meta-analyses (PubMed®). Chondroitin and Glucosamine - Randomized ... Symptomatic effects of chondroitin 4 and chondroitin 6 sulfate on hand osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- ...

https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/glucosamine-and-chondroitin-for-osteoarthritis

Chondroitin sulfate is a chemical found in human and animal cartilage. It is commonly used by mouth with glucosamine or other ... Chondroitin Sulfate A, Chondroitin Sulfates, Chondroitin Sulfate B, Chondroitin Sulfate C, Chondroitin Sulphates, Chondroitin ... Calcium Chondroitin Sulfate, CDS, Chondroitin, Chondroitin Polysulfate, Chondroitin Polysulphate, ... Glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfates. Hosp Pharm 1997;32:1275-85.. *Mazieres B, Loyau G, Menkes CJ, et al. [Chondroitin ...

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/744.html

A chondroitin sulfate/glucosamine product provided as much relief as celecoxib for patients with moderate to severe knee OA ... Patients received either chondroitin sulfate 400 mg plus glucosamine hydrochloride 500 mg (CS+GH; Droglican, Bioibérica SA) ... Cite this: Chondroitin-Glucosamine Reduced Pain in Knee Arthritis in RCT - Medscape - Jan 30, 2015. ... The authors also point out that clinical evidence is conflicting regarding the efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and the two ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/838961

Glucosamine and chondroitin are popular remedies for osteoarthritis - but do they actually work? ... Glucosamine and chondroitin are popular remedies for osteoarthritis - but do they actually work?. In a meta-analysis of 15 ... ARTHRITIS:Glucosamine and chondroitin work. What Doctors Dont Tell You1 min read ... Tagged asantibioticsantidepressantsarthritisbreast cancercancerchondroitindrug-related deathsglucosamineparoxetineSeroxat ...

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STUDY OF EFFICACY OF GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE IN OSTEOARTHRITIS Release Date: April 22, 1998 RFP AVAILABLE: NIH- ... of the clinical trial is to determine whether the oral administration of glucosamine alone or in combination with chondroitin ...

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Chondroitin provides 500mg of Glucosamine Sulphate 2KCl, 500mg of MSM and 100mg of Chondroitin. ... Natures Aid Glucosamine, MSM & Chondroitin provides 500mg of Glucosamine Sulphate 2KCl, 500mg of MSM and 100mg of Chondroitin. ... Natures Aid Glucosamine, MSM & Chondroitin - 180 Tablets Great price. Have not been taking this for long but I trust it will be ... Natures Aid Glucosamine, MSM & Chondroitin - 180 Tablets Brilliant. I couldn`t manage the pain in my knee without them. I would ...

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Chondroitin sulfate in ailments, products, posts & pages. Chondroitin sulfate is in the following biogetica products Biogetica ...

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Chondroitin sulfate has no specific lactation-related uses. Chondroitin sulfate is poorly absorbed orally with a ... Although no studies exist on the use of chondroitin sulfate supplements during breastfeeding, small amounts occur naturally in ... Mothers of preterm infants excrete greater amounts of chondroitin into breastmilk than mothers of fullterm infants.[1,2] The ... Chondroitin sulfate consists of a mixture of large glycosaminoglycans and disaccharide polymers, usually derived from shark or ...

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Buy Nutramax Cosequin Joint Health Supplement for Dogs with Glucosamine and Chondroitin DS (Double Strength) Capsules - 132 ... Cosequins active ingredients include glucosamine and chondroitin, and it can have a positive impact on joint health, while ... Cosequins active ingredients include glucosamine and chondroitin, and it can have a positive impact on joint health, while ... The glucosamine is used in conjunction with sodium chondroitin sulfate, an important structural component of cartilage that ...

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Chondroitin sulphate reduces both cartilage volume loss and bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis patients starting as ... Chondroitin sulphate reduces both cartilage volume loss and bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis patients starting as ...

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They contain FCHG49® Glucosamine Hydrochloride and TRH122® Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate.† FCHG49® Glucosamine Hydrochloride and ... Cosequin® contains FCHG49® Glucosamine and TRH122® Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate, proprietary veterinary researched specifications ... TRH122® Chondroitin Sulfate have been scientifically formulated to help support and maintain the health of your dogs joints. ...

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Age-Dependent Inhibition of Neural Crest Migration by the Notochord Correlates with Alterations in the S103L Chondroitin ... Age-Dependent Inhibition of Neural Crest Migration by the Notochord Correlates with Alterations in the S103L Chondroitin ... Age-Dependent Inhibition of Neural Crest Migration by the Notochord Correlates with Alterations in the S103L Chondroitin ... changes in the ability of the notochord to inhibit neural crest migration correlate with alterations in the S103L chondroitin ...

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DiNubile N. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate: What has been learned since the Glucosamine/chondroitin Arthritis Intervention ... Glucosamine chondroitin is used to relieve joint pain, improve joint function and lessen inflammation. Most of the side effects ... Many arthritis supplements contain glucosamine and chondroitin, both of which are regulated by the FDA as a food rather than a ... Daniel Clegg studied the effects of glucosamine chondroitin on 1,583 people with documented X-ray evidence of osteoarthritis. ...

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Clinical trials: Glucosamine-chondroitin combo improves knee OA pain. Onuora S. Onuora S. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015 Mar;11(3):126 ... Chondroitin for osteoarthritis. Singh JA, Noorbaloochi S, MacDonald R, Maxwell LJ. Singh JA, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev ... Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate as therapeutic agents for knee and hip osteoarthritis. Bruyere O, Reginster JY. Bruyere O, ... Combined Treatment With Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine Sulfate Shows No Superiority Over Placebo for Reduction of Joint ...

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This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.. ...

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Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are essential components of joint tissue involved in the production of hyaluronic acid.* ... What Does Glucosamine + Chondroitin Do? Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are essential components of joint tissue involved ... Glucosamine + Chondroitin. Provides Efficacious Quantities of Glucosamine Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate plus Vitamin C and ... 1.5 g Glucosamine Sulfate and 1.2 g Chondroitin Sulfate per Serving *Also Contains Vitamin C and Manganese (Useful in the ...

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Chondroitin sulfate is widely distributed in the extracellular matrix and cell surface of animal tissues. The sugar chain is ... Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of glycosaminoglycans that are covalently linked to form proteoglycans on proteins. ... What is Chondroitin Sulphate? Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of glycosaminoglycans that are covalently linked to form ... and sodium chondroitin sulfate (chondroitin sulfate) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. ...

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Do you believe joint support supplements will work? Question:. Do you believe joint support supplements will work for my hands? Which do I invest in? I want my arms and fingers to stay healthy and … Read the rest ...

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Research results suggest that chondroitin isn't helpful for pain from osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. (nih.gov)
A large National Institutes of Health (NIH) study, called the Glucosamine/chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT), compared glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin, both supplements together, celecoxib (a prescription drug used to manage osteoarthritis pain), or a placebo (an inactive substance) in patients with knee osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
In general, research on chondroitin has not shown it to be helpful for pain from knee or hip osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
More than 20 studies have looked at the effect of chondroitin on pain from knee or hip osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
However, the largest and best studies (including the NIH study discussed under the heading "Glucosamine" above) showed that chondroitin doesn't lessen osteoarthritis pain. (nih.gov)
Chondroitin sulfate is used for osteoarthritis and cataracts. (nih.gov)
Taking chondroitin sulfate by mouth seems to provide some relief from osteoarthritis pain and improve function. (nih.gov)
Glucosamine and chondroitin are popular remedies for osteoarthritis - but do they actually work? (healthy.net)
Used alone or with chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine salts alleviate pain and inflammation from osteoarthritis and reportedly have beneficial effects on degenerated joints. (nih.gov)
Thus dietary supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate have a potential market of tens of millions of Americans who suffer from osteoarthritis, athletes and dancers who may have joint overuse, and aging baby boomers interested in maintaining their joints. (nih.gov)
STUDY OF EFFICACY OF GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE IN OSTEOARTHRITIS Release Date: April 22, 1998 RFP AVAILABLE: NIH-NIAMS-98-2 P.T. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) in collaboration with the Office of Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, is seeking a contractor to design and conduct a multicenter clinical trial. (nih.gov)
The purpose of the clinical trial is to determine whether the oral administration of glucosamine alone or in combination with chondroitin sulfate to patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is effective in improving pain and function. (nih.gov)
The purpose of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin in relieving knee symptoms and slowing disease progression among patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). (nih.gov)
A 2002 NCCAM study conducted at the University of Utah School of Medicine by Dr. Daniel Clegg studied the effects of glucosamine chondroitin on 1,583 people with documented X-ray evidence of osteoarthritis. (healthfully.com)
Pharmaceutical-grade Chondroitin sulfate is as effective as celecoxib and superior to placebo in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: the ChONdroitin versus CElecoxib versus Placebo Trial (CONCEPT). (sentinelvitamins.com)
A 800 mg/day pharmaceutical-grade Chondroitin Sulphate is superior to placebo and similar to celecoxib in reducing pain and improving function over 6 months in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. (sentinelvitamins.com)
Treatment with Chondroitin Sulphate had a sustained beneficial effect, preventing synovitis onset or reducing its presence as well as reducing knee osteoarthritis symptoms. (sentinelvitamins.com)
This study demonstrated, for the first time in a 2-year randomised controlled trial using qMRI, the superiority of Chondroitin Sulphate over celecoxib at reducing cartilage volume loss in knee osteoarthritis patients. (sentinelvitamins.com)
Chondroitin sulfate efficacy versus celecoxib on knee osteoarthritis structural changes using magnetic resonance imaging: a 2-year multicentre exploratory study. (sentinelvitamins.com)
GAIT is the first multicenter clinical trial in the United States to test the effects of the dietary supplements glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of knee osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
The study will test whether glucosamine and chondroitin used separately or in combination are effective in reducing pain and improving functional ability in patients with knee osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
GAIT includes an additional study (or sub-study) that will assess whether glucosamine and chondroitin can reduce or halt the progression of knee osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
Results of previous studies in the medical literature have yielded conflicting results on the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin as treatments for osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
This study will test the short-term (6 months) effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin in reducing pain and improving function in a large number of patients with knee osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
What prompted the NIH to study glucosamine and chondroitin for osteoarthritis? (nih.gov)
On January 27, 1998, the NCCAM held a meeting to discuss the need, rationale, and feasibility of conducting a Phase III study (a human study involving over 1,000 patients to test the efficacy, safety, and side effects of a substance(s) of glucosamine and chondroitin for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
The group determined that there is a real and urgent public health need to test these agents in a rigorous way, and that current scientific data support short-term testing of glucosamine and chondroitin for pain control and functional improvement of osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)

Natures Aid Glucosamine, MSM & Chondroitin provides 500mg of Glucosamine Sulphate 2KCl, 500mg of MSM and 100mg of Chondroitin. (bodykind.com)
Effect of chondroitin sulphate on synovitis of knee osteoarthritic patients. (sentinelvitamins.com)

When I give lectures and talk about glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates (G&CS), most people are surprised to learn that these two natural substances are beneficial for both young and old people. (bodybuilding.com)

This effect has not been shown with chondroitin sulfate supplements. (nih.gov)
Although no studies exist on the use of chondroitin sulfate supplements during breastfeeding, small amounts occur naturally in breastmilk where it might have an inhibitory effect on microbial binding to cellular receptors in the infant or, helping prevent infections, or acting as an antioxidant to protect the infant from oxidative stress. (nih.gov)

An injectable solution containing chondroitin sulfate and sodium hyaluronate is approved by the FDA to protect the eye during cataract surgery. (nih.gov)
They contain FCHG49 ® Glucosamine Hydrochloride and TRH122 ® Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate. (cosequin.com)
Cosequin ® contains FCHG49 ® Glucosamine and TRH122 ® Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate, proprietary veterinary researched specifications. (cosequin.com)

Overall, those who received the supplements had no significant improvement in knee pain or function, although the investigators saw evidence of improvement in a small subgroup of patients with moderate-to-severe pain who took glucosamine and chondroitin together. (nih.gov)
The authors conclude, "The MOVES trial found that a fixed-dose combination of chondroitin sulfate plus glucosamine has comparable efficacy to celecoxib in reducing pain in patients with [OA] of the knee with moderate-to-severe pain after 6 months of treatment. (medscape.com)

Glucosamine helps keep collagen supple and Chondroitin provides lubrication to reduce friction and help the joint glide easily. (harristeeter.com)
Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate helps build and support collagen, the basic substance of cartilage and joints. (fullscript.com)

A new randomized controlled clinical trial has provided some support for the suggestion raised in the 2008 Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT) that glucosamine plus chondroitin sulfate might provide clinically significant pain relief for patients with moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain, despite being ineffective against milder OA pain. (medscape.com)
What is the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT)? (nih.gov)

Showing our 5 Glucosamine, MSM & Chondroitin - 180 Tablets reviews with an average rating of Excellent. (bodykind.com)

How much do we know about glucosamine and chondroitin supplements? (nih.gov)
What do we know about the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements? (nih.gov)
What do we know about the safety of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements? (nih.gov)
Studies have found that glucosamine and chondroitin supplements may interact with the anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drug warfarin (Coumadin). (nih.gov)
If you take glucosamine or chondroitin supplements, tell your health care providers. (nih.gov)
Many arthritis supplements contain glucosamine and chondroitin, both of which are regulated by the FDA as a food rather than a drug. (healthfully.com)

Glucosamine and chondroitin are structural components of cartilage, the tissue that cushions the joints. (nih.gov)
In this study, we developed an on-line reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS) separation and structural characterization of hyaluronan (HA)/chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) disaccharides released by enzymatic treatment and derivatized with 2-aminoacridone (AMAC), providing a high-resolution system also applicable by using a further fluorimetric detector (Fp) before ESI-MS spectral acquisition. (unboundmedicine.com)
To control for the time-varying confounders that might be influenced by previous treatments, we used marginal structural models to estimate the effects on OA of using glucosamine/chondroitin for 3 years, 2 years, and 1 year. (nih.gov)
Glucosamine and Chondroitin both provide the essential structural material glycosaminoglycans, which are required for healthy cartilage, promoting mobility, range of motion, flexibility and to ease occasional joint stress due to exercise or physical activity. (vitaminlife.com)
Chondroitin is an important structural component of cartilage. (sentinelvitamins.com)

Chondroitin sulfate is possibly safe when used together with other ingredients in an eye drop. (nih.gov)
Spot Farms Human Grade Glucosamine & Chondroitin Chicken Strips offer a delectable jerky treat fortified with ingredients to support healthy joints in dogs. (entirelypets.com)
Cosequin's active ingredients include glucosamine and chondroitin, and it can have a positive impact on joint health, while avoiding the side effects that can sometimes accompany prescription drugs. (1800petmeds.com)
Glucosamine Chondroitin Complex is a synergistic combination of the latest in joint health ingredients, specifically designed for those individuals who are serious about protecting and maintaining their joint health. (herbspro.com)

In this study, patients will be randomly assigned to receive either (1) glucosamine alone, (2) chondroitin alone, (3) glucosamine and chondroitin in combination, (4) celecoxib (brand name Celebrex®), or (5) a placebo (an inactive substance that looks like the study substance). (nih.gov)

Dr. Kate McLIntock, a physician and adviser to the Arthritis Research Campaign in Scotland, spoke with reporter Alan MacDermid about the effects of glucosamine chondroitin in an article titled "Death sparks safety concern over popular pain remedy," which appeared in the "Herald Scotland" on March 4, 2008. (healthfully.com)

The authors also point out that clinical evidence is conflicting regarding the efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and the two commercially available salts of glucosamine hydrochloride or sulfate available by prescription in the European Union, and that current evidence-based guidelines advise against them because of lack of efficacy, but not because of safety concerns. (medscape.com)

Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate are necessary for building the protein molecules responsible for giving cartilage its strength and resilience. (fullscript.com)

NaturVet Hemp Joint Health with glucosamine, chondroitin, and hemp seed helps alleviate joint pain associated with aging and exercises. (holisticpetinfo.com)

NOW® Glucosamine & Chondroitin with MSM combines three of the best known nutrients available for the support of healthy joints in one dietary supplement. (vitanetonline.com)

Some but not all studies found evidence that chondroitin might help, but the improvements may be too small to make a difference to patients. (nih.gov)
According to MedlinePlus, extremely elevated amounts of protein were found in the urine of patients taking glucosamine and chondroitin products. (healthfully.com)

Chondroitin sulfate consists of a mixture of large glycosaminoglycans and disaccharide polymers, usually derived from shark or bovine cartilage. (nih.gov)

Glucosamine and chondroitin and their combination will be compared to a placebo to verify that these substances significantly improve joint pain and flexibility. (nih.gov)

NOW® Glucosamine & Chondroitin with MSM provides nutritional support for normal, healthy joints. (vitanetonline.com)
FCHG49 ® Glucosamine Hydrochloride and TRH122 ® Chondroitin Sulfate have been scientifically formulated to help support and maintain the health of your dog's joints. (cosequin.com)

We used a "new-user" design, for which only participants who were not using glucosamine/chondroitin at baseline were included in the analyses (n = 1,625). (nih.gov)
Cumulative exposure was calculated as the number of visits when participants reported use of glucosamine/chondroitin. (nih.gov)
During the study period, 18% of the participants initiated treatment with glucosamine/chondroitin. (nih.gov)

A few studies have looked at whether glucosamine or chondroitin can have beneficial effects on joint structure. (nih.gov)

Chondroitin is a complex carbohydrate that naturally occurs in cartilage and other connective tissues. (vitanetonline.com)

There is some concern that chondroitin sulfate might make asthma worse. (nih.gov)
There is concern that some chondroitin sulfate products are not labeled accurately. (nih.gov)

Chondroitin sulfate is most commonly used by adults in doses of 800-1200 mg per day, for up to 2 years. (nih.gov)

Chondroitin sulfate is a chemical found in human and animal cartilage. (nih.gov)

Chondroitin sulfate is also used for many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. (nih.gov)

Glucosamine chondroitin is used to relieve joint pain, improve joint function and lessen inflammation. (healthfully.com)

There are several reports showing that taking chondroitin with glucosamine increases the effects of warfarin. (nih.gov)
Because of these issues, the effects of different chondroitin products may vary. (nih.gov)

Some products might contain no chondroitin, while other products might contain more than the amount stated on the product's label. (nih.gov)

Bioibérica, SA, maker of the glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate preparation used in the trial, funded the study. (medscape.com)

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Health Care1

Distribution of chondroitin sulfate in cartilage proteoglycans under associative conditions. (1/460)

Sulfate incorporation from ascorbate 2-sulfate into chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage epiphyses. (2/460)

Chondroitin sulphation patterns in synovial fluid in osteoarthritis subsets. (3/460)

Combined effect of Interceed and 5-fluorouracil on delayed adjustable strabismus surgery. (4/460)

Purification and characterization of fetal bovine serum beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase and beta-D-glucuronyltransferase involved in chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. (5/460)

Demonstration of glycosaminoglycans in Caenorhabditis elegans. (6/460)

Microanalysis of enzyme digests of hyaluronan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). (7/460)

Glycosaminoglycan conformation: do aqueous molecular dynamics simulations agree with x-ray fiber diffraction? (8/460)

Chondroitin Sulfates

Chondroitin

Chondroitin Lyases

Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases

Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans

Chondroitin ABC Lyase

Glycosaminoglycans

Dermatan Sulfate

Proteoglycans

Disaccharides

Sulfates

Hyaluronic Acid

Cartilage

Heparitin Sulfate

Keratan Sulfate

Sulfotransferases

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase

Versicans

Aggrecans

Uronic Acids

N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases

Glucosamine

Acetylgalactosamine

Glycosides

Sulfur Radioisotopes

Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Heparin

Oligosaccharides

Sharks

Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate

Decorin

Sulfuric Acids

Carbohydrate Sequence

Lectins, C-Type

Chromatography, Gel

Chondrosarcoma

Iduronic Acid

Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

Hexosamines

Brevican

Epiphyses

Chick Embryo

Polysaccharide-Lyases

Sea Cucumbers

Sulfur Isotopes

Carbohydrate Conformation

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Molecular Sequence Data

Glucuronic Acid

Glycosyltransferases

Cattle

Bacteroides

Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate

Cells, Cultured

Molecular Weight

Xylose

Chondro-4-Sulfatase

Extracellular Matrix

Cartilage, Articular

Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid

Biglycan

Heparin Lyase

Mast-Cell Sarcoma

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Amino Acid Sequence

Polysaccharides

Sulfatases

Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic

Borohydrides

Nasal Septum

Nitrous Acid

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Chondroitinsulfatases

Collagen

Monosaccharides

Cell Adhesion

Laryngeal Cartilages

Galactosamine

Uridine Diphosphate Xylose