Cholinesterases. Medical search

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates.

A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.

An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed)

An aspect of cholinesterases.

Phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of N-substituted carbamic acids. Structures are similar to PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS with a carbamate in place of the urea.

An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.

A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.

A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)

A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.

N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.

Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.

An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.

Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.

Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.

A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.

A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.

An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.

Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.

A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.

A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.

An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.

Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.

A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.

A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.

An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.

A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The benzoic acid ester of choline.

Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. While no potent nootropic drugs have yet been accepted for general use, several are being actively investigated.

An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.

Amide derivatives of phosphoric acid such as compounds that include the phosphoric triamide (P(=O)(N)(N)(N)) structure.

An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.

AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.

Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.

A carbamate insecticide.

A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

An organothiophosphate insecticide.

A plant family of the order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery. Fruits are one- or two-seeded capsules or drupes (stony-pitted fleshy fruits).

Carbon-containing thiophosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either SULFUR atom, or the OXYGEN atom of the SPO3 core structure.

Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.

The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.

Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.

An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.

Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.

Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.

A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.

A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112)

Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.

Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.

The discharge of saliva from the SALIVARY GLANDS that keeps the mouth tissues moist and aids in digestion.

A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE. It is a tropical palm tree that yields a large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

Metrifonate increases neuronal excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons from both young and aging rabbit hippocampus. (1/576)

The effects of metrifonate, a second generation cholinesterase inhibitor, were examined on CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices of young and aging rabbits using current-clamp, intracellular recording techniques. Bath perfusion of metrifonate (10-200 microM) dose-dependently decreased both postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and spike frequency adaptation (accommodation) in neurons from young and aging rabbits (AHP: p < 0.002, young; p < 0.050, aging; accommodation: p < 0.024, young; p < 0.001, aging). These reductions were mediated by muscarinic cholinergic transmission, because they were blocked by addition of atropine (1 microM) to the perfusate. The effects of chronic metrifonate treatment (12 mg/kg for 3 weeks) on CA1 neurons of aging rabbits were also examined ex vivo. Neurons from aging rabbits chronically treated with metrifonate had significantly reduced spike frequency accommodation, compared with vehicle-treated rabbits. Chronic metrifonate treatment did not result in a desensitization to metrifonate ex vivo, because bath perfusion of metrifonate (50 microM) significantly decreased the AHP and accommodation in neurons from both chronically metrifonate- and vehicle-treated aging rabbits. We propose that the facilitating effect of chronic metrifonate treatment on acquisition of hippocampus-dependent tasks such as trace eyeblink conditioning by aging subjects may be caused by this increased excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons. (+info)

Behavioral changes and cholinesterase activity of rats acutely treated with propoxur. (2/576)

Early assessment of neurological and behavioral effects is extremely valuable for early identification of intoxications because preventive measures can be taken against more severe or chronic toxic consequences. The time course of the effects of an oral dose of the anticholinesterase agent propoxur (8.3 mg/kg) was determined on behaviors displayed in the open-field and during an active avoidance task by rats and on blood and brain cholinesterase activity. Maximum inhibition of blood cholinesterase was observed within 30 min after administration of propoxur. The half-life of enzyme-activity recovery was estimated to be 208.6 min. Peak brain cholinesterase inhibition was also detected between 5 and 30 min of the pesticide administration, but the half-life for enzyme activity recovery was much shorter, in the range of 85 min. Within this same time interval of the enzyme effects, diminished motor and exploratory activities and decreased performance of animals in the active avoidance task were observed. Likewise, behavioral normalization after propoxur followed a time frame similar to that of brain cholinesterase. These data indicate that behavioral changes that occur during intoxication with low oral doses of propoxur may be dissociated from signs characteristic of cholinergic over-stimulation but accompany brain cholinesterase activity inhibition. (+info)

Human-serum cholinesterase subunits and number of active sites of the major component. (3/576)

The major C4 component of human serum cholinesterase was highly purified by a two-step procedure involving chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and preparative disc electrophoresis. The final product was about 8 000-fold purified with a yield of 64%. The subunit structure was determined by 8M urea polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and by the sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation method in 5M guanidine hydrochloride. It was found that the C4 enzyme has a tetrameric structure. The subunits are equal in size and charge and a molecular weight comparable to that of the C1 enzyme from native serum. The major C4 enzyme and the minor C1 enzyme were subjected to an 'active enzyme centrifugation'. It was found that the C4 enzyme was a tetramer and the C1 enzyme was a monomer in the presence of substrate. The number of diisopropylphosphofluoridate-binding sites was measured from the molar ratio of bound diisopropylphosphate to protein. A value close to two binding sites was found for the C4 enzyme. (+info)

Atypical serum cholinesterase in a family with congenital distichiasis. (4/576)

This paper describes the coexistence of genetically determined reduced cholinesterase activity and congenital distichiasis in the same family. The pedigree suggests that these two autosomal dominant diseases are segregated independently and do not show evidence of linkage. (+info)

Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. (5/576)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the kinetics of elimination of urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites after oral and dermally applied doses of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos to human volunteers and to determine whether these doses affected plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity. METHOD: Five volunteers ingested 1 mg (2852 nmol) of chlorpyrifos. Blood samples were taken over 24 hours and total void volumes of urine were collected over 100 hours. Four weeks later 28.59 mg (81567 nmol) of chlorpyrifos was administered dermally to each volunteer for 8 hours. Unabsorbed chlorpyrifos was washed from the skin and retained for subsequent measurement. The same blood and urine sampling regime was followed as for the oral administration. Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase concentrations were determined for each blood sample. The concentration of two urinary metabolites of chlorpyrifos--diethylphosphate and diethyl-thiophosphate--was determined for each urine sample. RESULTS: The apparent elimination half life of urinary dialkylphosphates after the oral dose was 15.5 hours and after the dermal dose it was 30 hours. Most of the oral dose (mean (range) 93% (55-115%)) and 1% of the applied dermal dose was recovered as urinary metabolites. About half (53%) of the dermal dose was recovered from the skin surface. The absorption rate through the skin, as measured by urinary metabolites was 456 ng/cm2/h. Blood plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity did not fall significantly during either dosing regime. CONCLUSION: An oral dose of chlorpyrifos was readily absorbed through the skin and almost all of the dose was recovered as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites. Excretion was delayed compared with the oral dose. Only a small proportion of the applied dose was recovered during the course of the experiment. The best time to collect urine samples for biological monitoring after dermal exposure is before the shift the next day. The amounts of chlorpyrifos used did not depress acetyl cholinesterase activity but could be readily detected as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites indicating that the urinary assay is a more sensitive indicator of exposure. (+info)

Impaired respiratory muscle function in chemical plant workers producing chlorfenvinphos. (6/576)

All employees of a chemical plant division producing chlorfenvinphos were studied, i.e. 35 males aged 25-57 years (mean 42.1); their employment period ranged from 1-15 years (mean 9.0). Chronic bronchitis was diagnosed in 13 workers (37.1%). Mean air chlorfenvinphos concentrations in the work environment estimated with gas-liquid chromatography were from 0.0008-0.0018 mg/m3 (maximum allowable concentration according to Polish standards is 0. 01 mg/m3). The activity of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was similar to that observed in people who were not exposed to chemicals, however, a slightly lowered activity of plasma cholinesterase in the studied population was evidently the result of mild liver impairment. Spirometric investigations performed in the studied workers revealed slight alterations manifested by increased intrathoracic gas volume (ITGV) (the value of the index was 138.6% of the mean value, 24 workers with an abnormally high index), as well as by decreased specific airway conductance (sGaw); its mean value in the studied group was 58.5% of the mean standard (11 people showed an abnormal index). Substantial functional changes were found in the respiratory muscles. Maximal inspiratory pressures (MIP = 97. 2 +/- 28.3 cm H2O) as well as maximal expiratory pressures (MEP = 113.9 +/- 44.2 cm H2O) in the studied group were significantly lower (p < 0.01) as compared to those observed in the control group (MIP = 120.7 +/- 31.7; MEP = 154.4 +/- 40.2 cm H2O) of 22 males having similar cigarette smoking habit, without occupational exposure to chemicals. It was also found that the people who had worked for more than 10 years under conditions of exposure to chlorfenvinphos showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) values of maximal inspiratory pressure (87.2 +/- 28.06 cm H2O, n = 17) compared to the workers whose period of employment was shorter than 10 years (106.6 +/- 26.8 cm H2O, n = 18). The two groups were comparable with regard to age and smoking habits. The values of maximal expiratory pressures were similar in both groups. No essential disturbances in neuro-muscular transmission were observed; only in 3 workers (8.5%) the electrostimulating myasthenic test showed some disturbances in neuro-muscular transmission. It seems that respiratory muscles impairment in humans exposed to chlorfenvinphos results from changes in the metabolism and structure of muscles, and partly from lung hyperinflation. (+info)

Hepatosplenic morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: evaluation with Doppler sonography. (7/576)

In Southeast Asia, schistosomiasis japonica is an important cause of hepatic fibrosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Reliable methods to investigate portal hypertension (PHT) clinically and epidemiologically on community level are lacking. Doppler sonography is an established tool for investigating PHT in hospital settings. In Leyte, The Philippines, 137 individuals underwent color Doppler sonography, stool examination, and serology for hepatitis B and C, liver cell injury and cholestasis. A total of 85% of the study population had been infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Sonographically, periportal liver fibrosis was seen in 25% and reticular echogenicities (network pattern) in 44%. Portal blood flow was decreased or portosystemic collaterals were present in 10% (adults throughout) and correlated with periportal fibrosis, but not with network lesions. Chronic viral hepatitis was rare. Thus, hepatic lesions are frequent in adults but not in children in areas endemic for S. japonicum. Periportal liver fibrosis indicates a risk of PHT, and network pattern fibrosis apparently does not. Doppler sonography is suitable for research under tropical field conditions. (+info)

Influence of metoclopramide on plasma cholinesterase and duration of action of mivacurium. (8/576)

Mivacurium is metabolized by plasma cholinesterase (PCHE). Metoclopramide inhibits PCHE in vitro and in vivo. We have assessed the effect of metoclopramide on duration of action of mivacurium and measured PCHE at baseline and at the time of maximal block. In a randomized, double-blind study, 30 patients received metoclopramide 0.15 mg kg-1 i.v. or saline, followed by propofol anaesthesia and mivacurium 0.15 mg kg-1. Using a TOF-Guard accelerometer, times to recovery of TI to 25%, 75% and 90% were 13.4, 19.3 and 21.9 min in the saline group and 17.8, 25.3 and 28.8 min in the metoclopramide group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively). There were no differences in onset time or recovery index between the groups. PCHE activity at the time of maximum block decreased within each group (P < 0.01) but there was no difference between groups. In a second biochemical study of eight patients, a small decrease in PCHE activity was detected after metoclopramide 0.15 mg kg-1, but before administration of mivacurium (P < 0.025). We conclude that metoclopramide prolongs the duration of action of mivacurium. (+info)

20 Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors. *21 Eye preparations *21.1 Anti-infective agents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Health_Organization_Essential_Medicines

Ipecac was used in cough mixtures as an expectorant or an emetic from the 18th until the early 20th century.[citation needed] For instance, Ipecac and opium were used to produce Dover's powder, which was used in syrup form.[citation needed] In 1965, the FDA approved the sale of up to one ounce of syrup of ipecac without a prescription. At the time it was approved, its use was recommended by the AAP, AAPCC, AMA, and the FDA's medical advisory board as a method to induce vomiting "for quick first-aid use in the home, under medical supervision", for use in cases of accidental poisoning.[2][3] Current guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, however, strongly advise against this and in fact recommend the disposal of any syrup of ipecac present in the home.[4] Many toxicological associations have also issued position papers recommending against its use as a first-line treatment for most ingested poisons,[5] because of a lack of evidence that syrup of ipecac actually helps improve the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipecac

... (trade name Nimelan), also known as N-allylnormorphine dinicotinate, dinicotinoylnalorphine, or niconalorphine, is a semisynthetic, mixed opioid agonist-antagonist which is described as a narcotic antagonist but may produce limited analgesia and sedation at higher doses in opioid naive patients (with limited euphoria and dependence liability).[1][2] It is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of nalorphine, and is therefore the nalorphine analogue of nicomorphine (which is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine). As nalorphine dinicotinate is only regulated at the Rx (prescription required) drug, it would be legal to possess with a valid prescription should a patient manage to acquire it.[citation needed] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalorphine_dinicotinate

In the translation of messenger RNA molecules to produce polypeptides, cysteine is coded for by the UGU and UGC codons. Cysteine has traditionally been considered to be a hydrophilic amino acid, based largely on the chemical parallel between its sulfhydryl group and the hydroxyl groups in the side chains of other polar amino acids. However, the cysteine side chain has been shown to stabilize hydrophobic interactions in micelles to a greater degree than the side chain in the nonpolar amino acid glycine and the polar amino acid serine.[19] In a statistical analysis of the frequency with which amino acids appear in different chemical environments in the structures of proteins, free cysteine residues were found to associate with hydrophobic regions of proteins. Their hydrophobic tendency was equivalent to that of known nonpolar amino acids such as methionine and tyrosine (tyrosine is polar aromatic but also hydrophobic[20]), those of which were much greater than that of known polar amino acids such ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E920

An opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors. Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opioids and endorphins. Some opioid antagonists are not pure antagonists but do produce some weak opioid partial agonist effects, and can produce analgesic effects when administered in high doses to opioid-naive individuals. Examples of such compounds include nalorphine and levallorphan. However, the analgesic effects from these specific drugs are limited and tend to be accompanied by dysphoria, most likely due to additional agonist action at the κ-opioid receptor. As they induce opioid withdrawal effects in people who are taking, or have recently used, opioid full agonists, these drugs are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_antagonist

In industry, EDTA is mainly used to sequester metal ions in aqueous solution. In the textile industry, it prevents metal ion impurities from modifying colors of dyed products. In the pulp and paper industry, EDTA inhibits the ability of metal ions, especially Mn2+, from catalyzing the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, which is used in chlorine-free bleaching. In a similar manner, EDTA is added to some food as a preservative or stabilizer to prevent catalytic oxidative decoloration, which is catalyzed by metal ions.[4] In soft drinks containing ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate, EDTA mitigates formation of benzene (a carcinogen).[5] The reduction of water hardness in laundry applications and the dissolution of scale in boilers both rely on EDTA and related complexants to bind Ca2+, Mg2+, as well as other metal ions. Once bound to EDTA, these metal centers tend not to form precipitates or to interfere with the action of the soaps and detergents. For similar reasons, cleaning solutions often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edta

Cholinesterase inhibitorsEdit. Main article: Cholinesterase inhibitors. Many ACh receptor agonists work indirectly by ... and rapid inactivation by cholinesterase. However, it is used in the form of eye drops to cause constriction of the pupil ... Many toxins and venoms produced by plants and animals also contain cholinesterase inhibitors. In clinical use, they are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

Ontogenesis of cholinesterases. In: Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents, G. B. Koelle, Ed., pp. 129 - 186, Handbch. d ... In: Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents, G. B. Koelle, Ed., pp. 799 -832, Handbch. d. Exper. Pharmakol., Erganzungswk ... Contribution to the study of the mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 101: 327-343. ... These studies contributed to the understanding of the role of cholinesterases as morphogens and "transport" or "scavenger" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Karczmar

Shen ZX (2004). "Brain cholinesterases: II. The molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer's disease". Med. Hypotheses. 63 (2): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry_of_Alzheimer's_disease

The cholinesterase forms a very stable complex with TEPP, in which TEPP is covalently bound to the cholinesterase. This is a ... Therefore, the acetyl group is hydrolysed to acetate and it will dissociate from the cholinesterase. Now the cholinesterase is ... The irreversible phosphorylation of the cholinesterase occurs in two steps. In the first step the cholinesterase gets ... This makes the inhibition of the cholinesterase permanent. The cholinesterase gets irreversible phosphorylated according to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyl_pyrophosphate

Cholinesterase inhibitors at AChR Immunosuppressive treatment[edit]. *Thymectomy. *Medical therapy: corticosteroids, non- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction_disease

... (INN) (brand names Lethidrone, Nalline), also known as N-allylnormorphine, is a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist with opioid antagonist and analgesic properties.[1] It was introduced in 1954[2] and was used as an antidote to reverse opioid overdose and in a challenge test to determine opioid dependence.[3] It acts at two opioid receptors - the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) where it has antagonistic effects, and at the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) (Ki = 1.6 nM; EC50 = 483 nM; Emax = 95%) where it exerts high-efficacy partial agonist/near-full agonist characteristics.[4] Nalorphine was the second opioid antagonist to be introduced, preceded by nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) in 1915 and followed by naloxone in 1960 and naltrexone in 1963.[2] Due to potent activation of the KOR, nalorphine produces side effects such as dysphoria, anxiety, confusion, and hallucinations, and for this reason, is no longer used medically.[1][2][5] Nalorphine has a number of analogues including niconalorphine (the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalorphine

The nomenclatural variations of BCHE and of cholinesterases generally are discussed at Cholinesterase § Types and nomenclature ... The term "serum cholinesterase" is generally used in reference to a clinical test that reflects levels of both of these enzymes ... Lockridge O, Adkins S, La Du BN (Sep 1987). "Location of disulfide bonds within the sequence of human serum cholinesterase". ... Cholinesterases Dibucaine number GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000114200 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase

Significant advances with cholinesterases (ChEs), specifically human serum BChE (HuBChE) have been made. HuBChe can offer a ... "Cholinesterase Inhibition". Archived from the original on 2013-04-02. "Pesticide Application and Safety Training for ... May 2008 USACEHR Technical Report 0801: An Evaluation of Blood Cholinesterase Testing Methods for Military Health Surveillance ... Specifically in the blood, metabolites of cholinesterases, such as butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in plasma, neuropathy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning

Cholinesterases and the pathology of Alzheimer disease. „Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord". 9 Suppl. 2, s. 23-28, 1995. PMID: 8534419 ... Cholinesterases, a target of pharmacology and toxicology. „Biomedical Papers Olomouc". 155 (3), s. 219-229, 2011. DOI: 10.5507/ ... Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. „Cochrane Database Syst Rev", s. CD005593, 2006. DOI: 10.1002/ ... Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. „Cochrane Database Syst Rev", s. CD005593, 2006. DOI: 10.1002/ ...

https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_Alzheimera

Birks, J. (2006). "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plants

Fenoxycarb (insecticide): Carciniogen, cholinesterase inhibitor; not allowed in WA. *Thiophanate-methyl (fungicide): Carcinogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States

The nomenclatural variations of ACHE and of cholinesterases generally are discussed at Cholinesterase § Types and nomenclature ... Massoulié J, Perrier N, Noureddine H, Liang D, Bon S (2008). "Old and new questions about cholinesterases". Chem Biol Interact ... Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE), also known as AChE or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It ... Taylor P, Radić Z (1994). "The cholinesterases: from genes to proteins". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 34: 281- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase

236 (8): 2292-5. Berry WK (Oct 1951). "The turnover number of cholinesterase" (PDF). Biochem. J. 49 (5): 615-20. PMC 1197565 . ... Rothenberg MA, Nachmansohn D (1947). "Studies on cholinesterase; purification of the enzyme from electric tissue by fractional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_number

ISBN 91-87184-39-7. Tammelin, Lars-Erik (1958). Choline esters: substrate and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Stockholm. LIBRIS ... linked to their chemical similarity to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and their ability to block the enzyme cholinesterase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars-Erik_Tammelin

Brain cholinesterases: II. The molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses. 2004, 63 (2): 308-21. PMID ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿兹海默病

Not to be confused with Anti-cholinesterase.. Chemical substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergics

Walker LC, Rosen RF (Jul 2006). "Alzheimer therapeutics-what after the cholinesterase inhibitors?". Age and Ageing. 35 (4): 332 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_secretase

Proceedings of the IX International Meeting on Cholinesterases. 175 (1-3): 355-364. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.008. ISSN 0009- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpyrifos

"Mefloquine inhibits cholinesterases at the mouse neuromuscular junction". Neuropharmacology. 49 (8): 1132-1139. doi:10.1016/j. ... "Mefloquine enhances nigral gamma-aminobutyric acid release via inhibition of cholinesterase". JPET. 317 (3): 1155-1160. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefloquine

It is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Breakdown in soil is 6.1 days in sand, 309 days in water at pH 5.0, 27 days at pH 7.0, and 3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamidophos

It is a Cholinesterase inhibitor. When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of sulfur oxides and phosphorus oxides. ( ... NTP, 1992) Symptoms of exposure to this type of compound include cholinesterase inhibition, miosis, frontal headache, increased ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaoxon

It covalently binds by its phosphate group to serine group at the active site of the cholinesterase. Once bound, the enzyme is ... Because of the very slow rate at which echothiophate is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase, its effects can last a week or more. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echothiophate

The use of medications for treatment of Alzheimer's dementia, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, has shown small[ ... cholinesterase inhibitors galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine; and ginkgo biloba extract. The general management of dementia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_dementia

Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil are often used and may be beneficial in mild to moderate disorder. Overall benefit ... Cholinesterase inhibitors are often used early in the disorder course; however, benefit is generally small. Cognitive and ... 2008). "Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice ... Rodda, J.; Morgan, S.; Walker, Z. (October 2009). "Are cholinesterase inhibitors effective in the management of the behavioral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia

... insecticide that acts by inhibiting cholinesterases, enzymes involved in transmitting nerve impulses. Chemically, it is an ... drug is quickly inactivated by cholinesterase in the plasma. Succinylcholine often is used to produce paralysis quickly at the ... Cholinesterase inhibitors allow the accumulation of acetylcholine, causing symptoms related to parasympathetic overactivity, ... insecticide that acts by inhibiting cholinesterases, enzymes involved in transmitting nerve impulses. Chemically, it is an ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/cholinesterase

TeachMeFinance.com - explain Cholinesterase Cholinesterase An enzyme found in animals that regulates nerve impulses by the ... Cholinesterase inhibition is associated with a variety of acute symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach ...

http://www.teachmefinance.com/Scientific_Terms/Cholinesterase.html

What is the meaning of cholinesterase in various languages. Translation of cholinesterase in the dictionary ...

http://www.dictionarist.com/cholinesterase

Immobilized cholinesterases capillary reactors on-flow screening of selective inhibitors.. [Adriana Ferreira Lopes Vilela, ... there is a growing interest in developing rapid and effective assays techniques for cholinesterases (ChE) enzymes ligand ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/24321276

first of all, cholinesterase is an enzyme not a hormone. Now, about its overproduction: I dont really think it would make that ... Overproduction of Cholinesterase. Discussion of all aspects of cellular structure, physiology and communication. ... Overproduction of Cholinesterase. by Calculon17 » Thu Sep 04, 2008 3:19 am ... The fact this(i think), there is already enough cholinesterase in the synaptic cleft to quickly degrade any molecules of ...

http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/post-102910.html

Comparative Cholinesterase, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, Antioxidant, Molecular Docking, and Kinetic Studies on Potent Succinimide ... Comparative Cholinesterase, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, Antioxidant, Molecular Docking, and Kinetic Studies on Potent Succinimide ... Conclusion: Both succinimide derivatives exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against cholinesterases and α-glucosidase ...

https://www.dovepress.com/comparative-cholinesterase-alpha-glucosidase-inhibitory-antioxidant-mo-peer-reviewed-article-DDDT

Optimal detection of cholinesterase activity in biological samples: modifications to the standard Ellmans assay.. [Dominika ... Ellmans assay is the most commonly used method to measure cholinesterase activity. It is cheap, fast, and reliable, but it has ... Then, the reaction is stopped by a cholinesterase inhibitor and the produced thiocholine is revealed by DTNB and quantified at ... Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to enrich tissue homogenates for cholinesterase while depleting the sample of ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/24929086

The kinetics of inhibition of erythrocyte cholinesterase by monomethylcarbamates. E Reiner, V Simeon-Rudolf ... The kinetics of inhibition of erythrocyte cholinesterase by monomethylcarbamates Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/98/2/501

The mode of recovery of cholinesterase activity in vivo after organophosphorus poisoning. 1. Erythrocyte cholinesterase. L. C. ... The mode of recovery of cholinesterase activity in vivo after organophosphorus poisoning. 1. Erythrocyte cholinesterase ... The mode of recovery of cholinesterase activity in vivo after organophosphorus poisoning. 1. Erythrocyte cholinesterase ... The mode of recovery of cholinesterase activity in vivo after organophosphorus poisoning. 1. Erythrocyte cholinesterase ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/77/3/591

... Does this test have other names?. RBC cholinesterase, true cholinesterase, red cell cholinesterase, ... Instead, treatment of cholinesterase poisoning is usually based on symptoms.. What other tests might I have along with this ... Cholinesterase is an enzyme that helps your nervous system work the way it should. Certain toxic chemicals in the environment ... They are called cholinesterase inhibitors. An overdose of these chemicals can be fatal. ...

http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/167,cholinesterase_blood

Inhibition of plasma cholinesterase by three methylfluorophosphonates (MFF), sarin, soman and cyclosin, and by the products of ... The rate of phosphorylation of cholinesterase by MFF differs, depending on the structure of the alkoxy group in the MFF and ... The ,i,in vitro,/i, kinetic parameters suggest that plasma cholinesterase might act as a natural detoxicating agent in cases of ... Cabal, Jiří; Kassa, Jiří; Patočka, Jiří (1997) Inhibition of Plasma Cholinesterase by O-Alkylfluorophosphonates. Collection of ...

http://dlib.lib.cas.cz/1137/

The putative chaperone resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 3 (Ric-3) has been reported to interact with, and enhance the ... The putative chaperone resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 3 (Ric-3) has been reported to interact with, and enhance the ... Resistance To Inhibitors Of Cholinesterase 3 (Ric-3) Expression Promotes Selective Protein Associations With The Human Î±7- ... "Resistance To Inhibitors Of Cholinesterase 3 (Ric-3) Expression Promotes Selective Protein Associations With The Human Î±7- ...

https://scholar.barrowneuro.org/neurobiology/271/

Serum cholinesterase level and its impact on health condition of fresh fruit and vegetable consumers Article Sidebar. ... 2019). Serum cholinesterase level and its impact on health condition of fresh fruit and vegetable consumers. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ... Thus, the objective of this study was to study serum cholinesterase levels and its relation to health issues in people who ... Then, subjects were separated into two groups by level of serum cholinesterase greater or less than 2,000 U/ L. Data analysis ...

https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JHR/article/view/233414

Preliminary investigation on cholinesterase activity in Adamussium colbecki from Terra Nova Bay: field and laboratory study. ... Preliminary investigation on cholinesterase activity in Adamussium colbecki from Terra Nova Bay: field and laboratory study ... Cholinesterase activity was investigated in specimens of the Antarctic scallop, Adamussium colbecki, collected in winter 2000 ... Cholinesterase activity was investigated in specimens of the Antarctic scallop, Adamussium colbecki, collected in winter 2000 ...

https://iris.unige.it/handle/11567/213053

The enzymes from brain and red cells are said to be specific cholinesterases, and in addition a non-specific cholinesterase ... This is also true for the cholinesterase of the nervous system, where the enzyme is bound to the cell structure. Hence, the red ... IT is known that the cholinesterases from various animal tissues are not identical, and it has been proposed that two types of ... The enzymes from brain and red cells are said to be specific cholinesterases, and in addition a non-specific cholinesterase ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/162194a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=498adbf7-3c62-408e-b86c-967783335b0b

Purpose Cholinesterase inhibitors are drugs that block the activity of an enzyme in the brain called cholinesterase. ... Cholinesterase inhibitors Definition Cholinesterase inhibitors are a group of drugs prescribed to treat symptoms resulting from ... Cholinesterase inhibitors are drugs that block the activity of an enzyme in the brain called cholinesterase. Cholinesterase ... Some cholinesterase inhibitors should be used with caution in persons with asthma or lung disease, as cholinesterase inhibitors ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/cholinesterase

In general, acetylthiocholine was hydrolysed slightly more rapidly by insect cholinesterases. A unique cholinesterase was found ... Distribution of cholinesterases in insects.. Booth GM, Lee AH.. Abstract. The study of toxicology and other related fields has ... Ultrastructural evidence shows that cholinesterases that hydrolyse acetylthiocholine are membrane-bound. Phenyl thioacetate was ... methods is discussed.The substrates acetylthiocholine and phenyl thioacetate were utilized in demonstrating cholinesterase. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5315359?dopt=Abstract

Serum cholinesterase is a blood test that looks at levels of 2 substances that help the nervous system work properly. They are ... Acetylcholinesterase; RBC (or erythrocyte) cholinesterase; Pseudocholinesterase; Plasma cholinesterase; Butyrylcholinesterase; ... Serum cholinesterase is a blood test that looks at levels of 2 substances that help the nervous system work properly. They are ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003358.htm

Cholinesterases regulation in the absence of ColQ.. Sigoillot SM1, Bourgeois F, Legay C. ... Here, we investigated the effects of ColQ deficiency on cholinesterases mRNA levels and cluster formation. We show that ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20153305

During a cholinesterase test, a needle is inserted into a vein and blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. The ... During a cholinesterase test, a needle is inserted into a vein and blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. The ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9878.htm

Cholinesterase testing on workers may only be done by a laboratory that has been approved by the California Department of ... CDPH-Approved Cholinesterase Laboratories. Regulations relating to Pesticide Worker safety specify that certain loaders, mixers ... and applicators of pesticides must be monitored for exposure, as measured by depression of their cholinesterase enzyme activity ... Environmental Health Laboratory is responsible for maintaining the list of laboratories approved to perform Cholinesterase ...

https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/EHLB/Pages/CDPH-Approved-Cholinesterase-Laboratories.aspx

Cholinesterase definition is - an enzyme that occurs chiefly at neuromuscular junctions and promotes the hydrolysis of ... Share cholinesterase Post the Definition of cholinesterase to Facebook Share the Definition of cholinesterase on Twitter ... Comments on cholinesterase What made you want to look up cholinesterase? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including ... Dictionary Entries near cholinesterase. cholic acid choline cholinergic cholinesterase cholla choller cholo ...

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cholinesterase

Definition of specific cholinesterase. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and ...

https://www.drugs.com/dict/specific-cholinesterase.html

... when cholinesterase tests are ordered, and what the results of a cholinesterase test might mean ... Reduced cholinesterase levels can also be caused by chronic liver disease and malnutrition. Total cholinesterase activity can ... Cholinesterase testing has two main uses:. *It can be used to detect and diagnose organophosphate pesticide exposure and/or ... Cholinesterase testing can also be used to assess any acute exposure to these compounds, which can cause neuromuscular damage. ...

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/cholinesterase-tests

Reduced cholinesterase levels can also be caused by chronic liver disease and malnutrition. Total cholinesterase activity can ... Cholinesterase testing has two main uses:. *It can be used to detect and diagnose organophosphate pesticide exposure and/or ... Cholinesterase testing can also be used to assess any acute exposure to these compounds, which can cause neuromuscular damage. ... Cholinesterases are enzymes that are involved in helping the nervous system to function properly. There are two separate ...

https://www.labcorp.com/help/patient-test-info/cholinesterase-tests

Use with Cholinomimetics and Other Cholinesterase Inhibitors: A synergistic effect may be expected when cholinesterase ... Overdosage with cholinesterase inhibitors can result in cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, salivation ... Use with Anticholinergics: Because of their mechanism of action, cholinesterase inhibitors have the potential to interfere with ... Anesthesia: ARICEPT®, as a cholinesterase inhibitor, is likely to exaggerate succinylcholine-type muscle relaxation during ...

https://www.healthyplace.com/alzheimers/medications/aricept-cholinesterase-inhibitor

Cholinesterase Inhibitors was found in Washington Manual. The Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics helps you diagnose and ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/search?q=Cholinesterase%20Inhibitors

Cholinesterase Inhibitor? A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimers Disease. Usage, dosage, side-effects ... Use with Cholinomimetics and Other Cholinesterase Inhibitors: A synergistic effect may be expected when cholinesterase ... Exelon is a cholinesterase Inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimers Disease. Usage, dosage, side-effects of Exelon. ... Exelon as a cholinesterase inhibitor, is likely to exaggerate succinylcholine-type muscle relaxation during anesthesia. ...

https://www.healthyplace.com/alzheimers/medications/exelon-cholinesterase-inhibitor

This Initial Check will help you assess your current knowledge and skill level about cholinesterase inhibitors. To take the ... While laboratory tests can be used to estimate the exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors (cholinesterase levels and direct ... and Serum Cholinesterase and Direct Measurement of Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Their Metabolic Byproducts. ... This Initial Check will help you assess your current knowledge and skill level about cholinesterase inhibitors. To take the ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cholinesterase-inhibitors/initial_check.html

Literature Cited in Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Including Insecticides and Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents ... Namba T. Cholinesterase inhibition by organophosphorus compounds and its clinical effects. Bulletin of the World Health ... Karalliedde L. Cholinesterase estimations revisited: the clinical relevance. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. May 2002;19(5 ... Nouira S, Abroug F, al e. Prognostic value of serum cholinesterase in organophosphate poisoning. Chest. 1994;106:1811-1814. ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cholinesterase-inhibitors/literature_cited.html

In: Doctor B.P., Taylor P., Quinn D.M., Rotundo R.L., Gentry M.K. (eds) Structure and Function of Cholinesterases and Related ... Maxwell D.M., Brecht K., Saxena A., Feaster S., Doctor B.P. (1998) Comparison of Cholinesterases and Carboxylesterase as ... Structure and Function of Cholinesterases and Related Proteins pp 387-392 , Cite as ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-1540-5_109

... when cholinesterase tests are requested, and what the results of a cholinesterase test might mean ... As cholinesterase is synthesised by the liver the activity can also be lower in some liver diseases such as acute and chronic ... Cholinesterase activity and phenotype studies in a patient can be used to predict the degree of potential post-operative ... Cholinesterase activity can also be used to assess any acute exposure to these compounds which can cause neuromuscular damage. ...

https://www.labtestsonline.org.uk/tests/cholinesterase-test

SEARCH RESULTS for: Cholinesterase Reactivator [Drug Class] (4 results) * Share : JavaScript needed for Sharing tools. Bookmark ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Cholinesterase%20Reactivator&searchdb=class

Katherine A. Hunt, Michael J. Hooper, and Edward E. Littrell "CARBOFURAN POISONING IN HERONS: DIAGNOSIS USING CHOLINESTERASE ... CARBOFURAN POISONING IN HERONS: DIAGNOSIS USING CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATION TECHNIQUES. Katherine A. Hunt, Michael J. Hooper, ... Katherine A. Hunt, Michael J. Hooper, Edward E. Littrell "CARBOFURAN POISONING IN HERONS: DIAGNOSIS USING CHOLINESTERASE ... Exposure to the carbamate insecticide carbofuran was detected using brain cholinesterase (ChE) reactivation techniques in heron ...

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-wildlife-diseases/volume-31/issue-2/0090-3558-31.2.186/CARBOFURAN-POISONING-IN-HERONS-DIAGNOSIS-USING-CHOLINESTERASE-REACTIVATION-TECHNIQUES/10.7589/0090-3558-31.2.186.full

... Summary. Summary: Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by ... cholinesterases*pyridostigmine bromide*isoflurophate*dimethoate*butanes*benactyzine*chlorpyrifos*electrophorus*parathion* ... Oximes are cholinesterase reactivators of use in poisoning with organophosphorus ester enzyme inhibitors. Pralidoxime (PRX) is ... PAM-2), trimedoxime (TMB-4), obidoxime (LüH-6, Toxogonin), HI-6 and HLö-7 which are used as cholinesterase reactivators in the ...

http://www.labome.org/topics/chemical/pharmacologic/molecular/enzyme/cholinesterase-reactivators-15300.html

Cholinesterase Inhibitors answers are found in the Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics powered by Unbound Medicine. ... Cholinesterase inhibitors are chemical compounds that inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase. Blockade of AChE function leads to ... Cholinesterase inhibitors are chemical compounds that inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase. Blockade of AChE function leads to ... Cholinesterase Inhibitors. In: Bhat PP, Dretler AA, Gdowski MM, et al, eds. Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics. Wolters ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602687/1/Cholinesterase_Inhibitors

The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are ... Cholinesterase inhibitors may be added to memantine for further beneficial effects on behavioral symptoms and other symptoms of ... Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract ...

https://www.drugbank.ca/categories/DBCAT000815

The primary outcome was to investigate the value of preoperative cholinesterases in predict postoperative adverse outcome after ... the Value of Preoperative Cholinesterases. Trial Phase:. N/A. Minimum Age:. 18 Years. Maximum Age:. 90 Years ...

http://www.knowcancer.com/cancer-trials/NCT00883454/

... producing the second oddity that cholinesterase and true cholinesterase then do not mean the same thing. But such usage is now ... but this usage produces the oddity that cholinesterase and false cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) under that scheme mean ... or erythrocyte cholinesterase, true cholinesterase, choline esterase I, or (most formally) acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, is ... plasma cholinesterase (PChE), serum cholinesterase (SChE), butylcholinesterase, or (most formally) acylcholine acylhydrolase, ...

https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Cholinesterase

All about Enzymes of the Cholinesterase Family (The Language of Science) by A.S. Balasubramanian. LibraryThing is a cataloging ... Enzymes of the Cholinesterase Family (The Language of Science). by A.S. Balasubramanian. ... Proceedings of the Fifth International Meeting on Cholinesterases (September 24-28, 1994) Madras, India. Basic and advanced ...

https://www.librarything.com/work/8377248

Cholinesterase inhibitors. Class Summary. Cholinesterase inhibitors may be effective in temporarily reversing muscle weakness ... Neostigmine is a longer-acting cholinesterase inhibitor that can be used if a trial of edrophonium is effective; it inhibits ... Evidence supports the trial of cholinesterase-inhibiting drugs, such as edrophonium or neostigmine, as a temporizing measure in ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/771918-medication

Inhibitors Inhibitor Inhibition AChE Acetylcholine Enzyme Pesticides or chemicals Enzymes Exposure 2017 Organophosphates Depression Chemicals Serum Activity Drugs Gradually Horses Interactions Structural

Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) in improving cognitive status and disability in subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). (unboundmedicine.com)
Led by the University of Bristol and the Royal United Hospitals (RUH) Bath NHS Foundation Trust , the three-year medical research Phase 3 Cholinesterase Inhibitors to Prevent Falls in Parkinson's Disease Trial (CHIEF-PD, 2018-003219-23 ) ultimately will recruit 600 patients across 26 UK hospitals to determine the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEi) for one of the most disabling complications of Parkinson's. (parkinsonsnewstoday.com)
Cholinesterase inhibitors block the normal breakdown of acetylcholine (an important brain neurotransmitter), which restores imbalances in different neurotransmitters in the brain. (parkinsonsnewstoday.com)
Biophenols: Enzymes (β-secretase, Cholinesterases, histone deacetylase and tyrosinase) inhibitors from olive (Olea europaea L. (elsevier.com)
There is very little evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors affect progression to dementia or cognitive test scores in mild cognitive impairment. (cochrane.org)
Cholinesterase inhibitors should not be recommended for mild cognitive impairment. (cochrane.org)
To assess the safety and efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in people with mild cognitive impairment. (cochrane.org)
Meta-analysis of the three studies reporting conversion to dementia gives no strong evidence of a beneficial effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on the progression to dementia at one, two or three years. (cochrane.org)
There was essentially no effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on cognitive test scores. (cochrane.org)
Russ TC, Morling JR. Cholinesterase inhibitors for mild cognitive impairment. (cochrane.org)
Oranges are sprayed frequently with Organophosphates and cholinesterase inhibitors, which are real neurotoxins. (nutralegacy.com)
Topping this year's list is a caution against dementia drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors - Aricept is the most widely used - without following up to see whether they're really helping. (nytimes.com)
So the society urges extensive discussion before doctors prescribe cholinesterase inhibitors and suggests no more than a three-month trial. (nytimes.com)
In consideration to these findings, cholinesterase inhibitors are suggested as the standard drugs for the treatment of AD. (greenmedinfo.com)
Another found more than a doubled risk of hospitalization for bradycardia in older people taking cholinesterase inhibitors used to treat cognitive impairment [2] . (prolekare.cz)
The medications are: Reminyl canada goose outlet kokemuksia (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), Aricept (donepezil), and Cognex (tacrine).Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimer disease, but current research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory canada goose outlet ottawa and thinking. (cineric.com)
therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.No published study directly compares these drugs. (cineric.com)
Cholinesterase inhibitors, that help victims of Alzheimer's disease can also assist in the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, a new study has shown. (medindia.net)
The results confirmed their hypothesis: teens who had lower AChE activity, suggesting greater exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors, showed more symptoms of depression assessed using a standardized depression assessment tool. (ucsd.edu)
These medications are called cholinesterase inhibitors, and they can help if a person with CBS is having memory problems, especially with CBS symptoms that look like Alzheimer's disease . (ucsf.edu)
Cholinesterase inhibitors have proven to be effective in case of delirium and hallucinations, symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, while they succeed in diminishing the progression of the disease. (fundacionmapfre.org)
See more studies on Cholinesterase Inhibitors and. (naturalnews.com)
TREATMENT: SWEDISH RESEARCHERS find that cholinesterase inhibitors provide cognitive benefits and reduce mortality for up to five years afte. (alzheimersweekly.com)
Like Sarin, VX and Tabun are cholinesterase inhibitors and produce similar symptoms and are equally lethal. (91outcomes.com)
Cholinesterases (ChEs) display a hysteretic behavior with certain substrates and inhibitors. (msu.ru)
Four cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is) and one N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of AD. (biomedcentral.com)
Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine have similar effects with improvements above baseline on measures of cognition and global function and temporary stabilization of activities of daily living (ADL). (biomedcentral.com)
To assess whether memantine adds benefit for people already taking cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs). (ox.ac.uk)

Cholinesterase inhibitor ('anti-dementia') drugs are used to treat people with Alzheimer's disease (the most common cause of dementia) and can be started as soon as dementia is diagnosed. (cochrane.org)
Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trials of any cholinesterase inhibitor in people with mild cognitive impairment. (cochrane.org)
Allow no further exposure to any cholinesterase inhibitor until full recovery is assured. (kstc.com)
On December 18, 2002, a notice appeared in the Federal Register that states: "EPA has determined that labels for tetrachlorvinphos feed-through products for horses must state that the product is a chlolinesterase inhibitor, describe signs of cholinesterase inhibition in horses, caution against the use with other cholinesterase inhibiting compounds, and direct horse owners to consult a veterinarian before using products containing tetrachlorvinphos on debilitated, aged, breeding, pregnant or nursing animals. (equisearch.com)
This medicine is a cholinesterase inhibitor. (internetdrugcoupons.com)
1. Conclude which cholinesterase inhibitor has shown improvements in apathy. (quantumunitsed.com)
For example, cholinesterase inhibitor, which can reduce behaviors associated with dementia, is more effective when take early in the disease. (dementia.org)
This product contains tetrachlorvinphos, which is a cholinesterase inhibitor. (caudillseed.com)
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. (lexic.us)
Pharmacological action: cholinesterase inhibitor, insecticide, organothiophosphate. (lexic.us)
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has announced that it will not make a conclusive decision until early next year about whether expensive but effective cholinesterase inhibitor treatments for Alzheimer's disease should be made available free of charge through the NHS. (pmlive.com)
It is classified as a cholinesterase inhibitor, which means that it interferes with the function of cholinesterase, a very important enzyme critical to neurotransmissions throughout the body. (91outcomes.com)
Exelon is a cholinesterase inhibitor. (secure-tablets.com)
The delirium may have been reversed had a cholinesterase inhibitor been provided soon after the overdose. (edu.au)

When human cholinesterase levels are low, because of excessive inhibition from pesticides, the nervous system can malfunction, producing pesticide-poisoning symptoms such as fatigue, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, headaches and seizures. (marshfieldclinic.org)
The most frequently reported clinical signs of cholinesterase inhibition in the horse are abdominal pain, lethargy, sweating, tearing and excessive salivation. (caudillseed.com)
Of mental and behavioural effects vary according to which at the site of injury will result in stimulation or inhibition of cholinesterase e.G. (yogachicago.com)

TCVP exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) leading to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (AChE) in synapses of the central and peripheral nervous systems. (elsevier.com)

Considering that cholinesterases and/or acetylcholine have recently been discovered in plants, different microorganisms and mold Aspergillus niger and Physarum polycephalum, it is only fair to expect finding them in higher fungi. (uniri.hr)

Key to the program is monitoring blood levels of the enzyme cholinesterase in workers spraying the pesticide. (marshfieldclinic.org)
The purpose of regular monitoring of cholinesterase levels is to alert the exposed person to any change in the level of this essential enzyme before it can cause serious illness. (marshfieldclinic.org)
Acetyl)cholinesterase is an enzyme which is mostly regarded as important in the nervous system signaling. (uniri.hr)

Do not use this product simultaneously or within a week before or after treatment with cholinesterase inhibiting drugs, pesticides or chemicals. (caudillseed.com)
Do not use this product simultaneously or within 30 days before or after treatment with or exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting drugs, pesticides or chemicals. (chewy.com)

The biochemical evidence of OP poisoning - depressed levels of the cholinesterase enzymes in the blood - gradually returned to normal after the Rabon supplement was stopped. (equisearch.com)

There is a critical need for rapid, accurate measurement of serum cholinesterase activity in the field to provide a timely determination of nerve agent exposure. (sbir.gov)
Prolonged exposure will cause cholinesterase depression. (kstc.com)
Farnam said that the chemical is absorbed by the horse but suggested that the depressed cholinesterase levels are only an indicator of exposure, not necessarily toxicity. (equisearch.com)
Ideally, a pre-exposure baseline cholinesterase value should be established for individuals before they come in regular contact with organophosphates and carbamates. (marshfieldclinic.org)
The breakdown of cholinesterase can be reversed and cholinesterase levels will return to normal if pesticide exposure is stopped. (marshfieldclinic.org)

Othello Family Clinic, Wahluke Family Clinic and Connell Family Clinic will begin accepting appointments for Cholinesterase Monitoring beginning Monday, February 27, 2017 . (cbha.org)

Certain chemical classes of pesticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates, work against undesirable insects by interfering with, or 'inhibiting,' cholinesterase. (marshfieldclinic.org)

Again, a significant depression of cholinesterase levels was noted in the treated horses but not in untreated controls. (equisearch.com)

While effects of cholinesterase-inhibiting chemicals are intended for insects, these products can also be toxic to humans. (marshfieldclinic.org)

Both berberine and palmatine inhibited specific cholinesterase in rabbit spleen and pseudocholinesterase in normal horse serum. (newsarchive.info)

In the multiple-dose study, the cholinesterase activity was gradually increased and reached above the normal range on day 8 in 3 of 6 subjects given Z-321 and gradually returned to the normal range after completion of dosing. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
The elevation of plasma cholinesterase activity was considered to be an action of Z-321, but this remains to be verified. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Its cholinesterase inhibiting activity causes nervous system effects. (locksmithtorontonorthyork.com)

This group of cases conforming to the class of CMS are noteworthy, because of high number, paucity of dysmorphic features, relatively benign course and response to anti cholinesterase drugs, Recognition of this entity from autoimmune myasthenia gravis by seronegativity and onset at birth or childhood is important as immunotherapy and thymectomy ineffective in CMS. (annalsofian.org)

Cholinesterase was tested during this time and found to be severely depressed, gradually returning to normal over one to two months when Equitrol was stopped. (equisearch.com)

They tested blood cholinesterase levels on affected horses and found them to be depressed. (equisearch.com)
This study shows marked depressions in blood cholinesterase levels in these horses when fed Equitrol and that the horses were noted to be significantly more "spooky"/easily excited than control horses. (equisearch.com)
In addition to the cholinesterase data and case information supplied by Cottonwood and the owners of the Texas farm, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has on file the results of a controlled study commissioned by Farnam, completed in March 2000 by Midwest Veterinary Services, confirming suppression of cholinesterase levels in horses fed Equitrol. (equisearch.com)

Postsynaptic neuroligins engage in Ca2+-dependent transsynaptic interactions via their extracellular cholinesterase domain with presynaptic neurexins (NRXs). (unibas.ch)
These interactions may be regulated by two short splice insertions (termed A and B) in the NL cholinesterase domain. (unibas.ch)

The overall structure of NL2A resembles that of cholinesterases, but several structural features are unique to the NL proteins. (unibas.ch)

Anatomy1

Organisms2

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Metrifonate increases neuronal excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons from both young and aging rabbit hippocampus. (1/576)

Behavioral changes and cholinesterase activity of rats acutely treated with propoxur. (2/576)

Human-serum cholinesterase subunits and number of active sites of the major component. (3/576)

Atypical serum cholinesterase in a family with congenital distichiasis. (4/576)

Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. (5/576)

Impaired respiratory muscle function in chemical plant workers producing chlorfenvinphos. (6/576)

Hepatosplenic morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: evaluation with Doppler sonography. (7/576)

Influence of metoclopramide on plasma cholinesterase and duration of action of mivacurium. (8/576)

Cholinesterases

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Butyrylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase

Cholinesterase Reactivators

Thiocholine

Trichlorfon

Pseudocholinesterase

Phenylcarbamates

Chlorpyrifos

Neostigmine

Indans

Dibucaine

Tacrine

Physostigmine

Galantamine

Diazinon

Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide

Insecticides

Parathion

Organothiophosphorus Compounds

Dichlorvos

Organophosphate Poisoning

Pralidoxime Compounds

Succinylcholine

Pyridostigmine Bromide

Fenitrothion

Organophosphorus Compounds

Carbaryl

Methomyl

Paraoxon

Carbamates

Butyrylthiocholine

Edrophonium

Acetylthiocholine

Isoflurophate

Benzoylcholine

Nootropic Agents

Sarin

Phosphoramides

Soman

Memantine

Pesticides

Propoxur

Echothiophate Iodide

Piperidines

Chemical Warfare Agents

Acetylcholine

Disulfoton

Buxaceae

Organothiophosphates

Agrochemicals

Histocytochemistry

Trimedoxime

Neuromuscular Junction

Alzheimer Disease

Solanine

Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents

Antidotes

Methyl Parathion

Aldicarb

Chlorfenvinphos

Choline

Organophosphates

Atropine

Agriculture

Benzethonium

Oximes

Malathion

Ambenonium Chloride

Agricultural Workers' Diseases

Muscarinic Antagonists

Neurotoxicity Syndromes

Salivation

Cocos

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Parasympathomimetics

Metrifonate increases neuronal excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons from both young and aging rabbit hippocampus. (1/576)

Behavioral changes and cholinesterase activity of rats acutely treated with propoxur. (2/576)

Human-serum cholinesterase subunits and number of active sites of the major component. (3/576)