AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth Care
Cholinesterase ReactivatorsDisulfotonTrimedoximeCholinesterasesObidoxime ChlorideCholinesterase InhibitorsOximesPralidoxime CompoundsAcetylcholinesteraseSarinOrganophosphatesParaoxonAntidotesPyridinium CompoundsChemical Warfare AgentsButyrylcholinesteraseOrganophosphate PoisoningOrganophosphorus CompoundsEnzyme ReactivatorsThiocholineTrichlorfonPseudocholinesterasePhenylcarbamatesChlorpyrifosNeostigmineIndansDibucaineTacrinePhysostigmineGalantamineDiazinonTetraisopropylpyrophosphamideInsecticidesParathionOrganothiophosphorus CompoundsDichlorvosSuccinylcholinePyridostigmine BromideFenitrothionCarbarylMethomylCarbamatesButyrylthiocholineEye DiseasesBooksBacteriologyOphthalmologyNobel PrizeHistory, 19th CenturyBook SelectionEncyclopedias as TopicMilitary PersonnelButtocksDrug Delivery SystemsVacuum
Cholinesterase Reactivators
Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates.
Disulfoton
An organothiophosphate insecticide.
Trimedoxime
Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.
Cholinesterases
Obidoxime Chloride
Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Oximes
Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.
Pralidoxime Compounds
Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.
Acetylcholinesterase
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.
Sarin
An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.
Organophosphates
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
Paraoxon
An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.
Antidotes
Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.
Pyridinium Compounds
Chemical Warfare Agents
Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.
Butyrylcholinesterase
An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.
Organophosphorus Compounds
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
Enzyme Reactivators
Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme.
Thiocholine
A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.
Trichlorfon
An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed)
Pseudocholinesterase
An aspect of cholinesterases.
Phenylcarbamates
Phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of N-substituted carbamic acids. Structures are similar to PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS with a carbamate in place of the urea.
Chlorpyrifos
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
Neostigmine
A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
Indans
Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.
Dibucaine
A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)
Tacrine
A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.
Physostigmine
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.
Galantamine
A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.
Diazinon
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.
Insecticides
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
Parathion
A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
Organothiophosphorus Compounds
Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.
Dichlorvos
An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.
Succinylcholine
A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.
Pyridostigmine Bromide
A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.
Fenitrothion
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
Carbaryl
A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.
Methomyl
A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.
Carbamates
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
Butyrylthiocholine
A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.
Books
Bacteriology
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of bacteria, and BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.
Ophthalmology
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Nobel Prize
History, 19th Century
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
Book Selection
Encyclopedias as Topic
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Military Personnel
Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
Buttocks
Either of two fleshy protuberances at the lower posterior section of the trunk or HIP in humans and primate on which a person or animal sits, consisting of gluteal MUSCLES and fat.
Drug Delivery Systems
Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.
Vacuum
A space in which the pressure is far below atmospheric pressure so that the remaining gases do not affect processes being carried on in the space.

A case of aldicarb poisoning: a possible murder attempt. (1/98)

A couple showing signs of cholinergic crisis was admitted to the hospital. Analyses with high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry conducted on serum, urine, and stomach contents that were collected few hours after first symptoms showed the presence of aldicarb, which is the most potent carbamate insecticide on the market. A murder attempt was suspected because the patients showed the first signs some minutes after drinking coffee upon returning home and no commercial products containing aldicarb were found in the house. Because of the reversibility of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the patients recovered after treatment with atropine and toxogonin. They left the hospital after 12 days. To our knowledge, the serum concentrations of aldicarb reported in this paper are the highest reported for a nonfatal case.  (+info)

Positive inotropic effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on normal and failing cardiac myocytes. (2/98)

OBJECTIVE: The acute administration of growth hormone (GH) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) improves cardiac performance, possibly contributing to the beneficial effects of GH therapy on heart failure (HF). GH can induce the production of IGF-1 and thus the actions of GH may be mediated through its IGF-1 induction. However, these effects have not yet been demonstrated in failing hearts and the cellular basis of GH or IGF-1-induced inotropic effects remains unknown. We examined the direct effects of GH and IGF-1 on the contractile function and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis in normal and failing myocytes. METHODS: To determine whether GH and IGF-1 have a direct effect on myocardial contractility and whether the GH/IGF-1-induced effect was the results of changes in Ca2+ activation, cell shortening and [Ca2+]i transient were simultaneously measured in the left ventricular myocyte preparations, isolated from normal and rapid pacing-induced HF dogs. RESULTS: Basal shortening of HF myocytes was reduced by 64% (p < 0.01). In normal and HF myocytes, GH (0.4-40 x 10(-3) IU/ml) had no effect on either cell shortening or [Ca2+]i transients. In normal myocytes, IGF-1 exerted a positive inotropic effect in a time- and dose-dependent manner (25-500 ng/ml), associated with a parallel increase of [Ca2+]i transient amplitude. IGF-1 increased the shortening magnitude in normal (121 +/- 5% increase from baseline, p < 0.05) and HF (118 +/- 4% increase from baseline, p < 0.05) myocytes. It also increased [Ca2+]i transient amplitude in normal and HF cells by 124 +/- 4 and 125 +/- 7%, respectively. The percent increase of cell shortening and [Ca2+]i transient amplitude was comparable between normal and HF myocytes. Furthermore, IGF-1 did not shift the trajectory of the relaxation phase in the phase-plane plots of cell length vs. [Ca2+]i, indicating that it did not change myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: In both normal and HF conditions, IGF-1 exerted an acute direct positive inotropic effect in adult cardiac myocytes by increasing the availability of [Ca2+]i to the myofilaments, possibly explaining the beneficial effect of GH on HF.  (+info)

Inhibitory effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac ventricular myocytes. (3/98)

1. The effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), a 'chemical phosphatase', on Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current (I(NCX)) was investigated using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in single guinea-pig cardiac ventricular myocytes and in CCL39 fibroblast cells expressing canine NCX1. 2. I(NCX) was identified as a current sensitive to KB-R7943, a relatively selective NCX inhibitor, at 140 mM Na(+) and 2 mM Ca(2+) in the external solution and 20 mM Na(+) and 433 nM free Ca(2+) in the pipette solution. 3. In guinea-pig ventricular cells, BDM inhibited I(NCX) in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC(50) value was 2.4 mM with a Hill coefficients of 1. The average time for 50% inhibition by 10 mM BDM was 124+/-31 s (n=5). 4. The effect of BDM was not affected by 1 microM okadaic acid in the pipette solution, indicating that the inhibition was not via activation of okadaic acid-sensitive protein phosphatases. 5. Intracellular trypsin treatment via the pipette solution significantly suppressed the inhibitory effect of BDM, implicating an intracellular site of action of BDM. 6. PAM (pralidoxime), another oxime compound, also inhibited I(NCX) in a manner similar to BDM. 7. Isoprenaline at 50 microM and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) at 8 microM did not reverse the inhibition of I(NCX) by BDM. 8. BDM inhibited I(NCX) in CCL39 cells expressing NCX1 and in its mutant in which its three major phosphorylatable serine residues were replaced with alanines. 9. We conclude that BDM inhibits I(NCX) but the mechanism of inhibition is not by dephosphorylation of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger as a 'chemical phosphatase'.  (+info)

Force spectroscopy between acetylcholine and single acetylcholinesterase molecules and the effects of inhibitors and reactivators studied by atomic force microscopy. (4/98)

Force spectroscopy between a single acetylcholinesterase (AChE) molecule and its natural substrates was performed, and the effects of inhibitors and reactivators on the force spectrum were studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The force spectrum between normal AChE and its substrates had its special shape. Inhibitors, which inhibit AChE by occupying the active center of the enzyme, could change the force spectrum shape noticeably. Reactivators, which reactivate the inhibited AChE by pulling the inhibitor off the active center of the enzyme, could make the normal shape of force spectrum reappear. This meant the shape features of the force spectrum could be used as a good index to observe the time course of the interactions between a single AChE molecule and its special inhibitors and reactivators in real time. The results of the real-time observation demonstrated that the inhibition times of soman and sarin on AChE were longer than 2 h and that of eserine, a reversible inhibitor of AChE, was 34 +/- 3 min. The reactivation time of HI-6 on soman-inhibited AChE was 6 +/- 2 min. These results indicated that AFM was a useful tool in pharmacology and toxicology, and could reveal time information of the interactions between AChE and its ligands.  (+info)

Cholinesterase inhibition by aluminium phosphide poisoning in rats and effects of atropine and pralidoxime chloride. (5/98)

AIM: To investigate the cholinesterase inhibition and effect of atropine and pralidoxime (PAM) treatment on the survival time in the rat model of aluminium phosphide (AlP) poisoning. METHODS: The rats were treated with AlP (10 mg/kg; 5.55 x LD50; ig) and the survival time was noted. The effect of atropine (1 mg/kg, ip) and PAM (5 mg/kg, ip) was noted on the above. Atropine and PAM were administered 5 min after AlP. Plasma cholinesterase levels were measured spectrophotometrically in the control and AlP treated rats 30 min after administration. RESULTS: Treatment with atropine and PAM increased the survival time by 2.5 fold (1.4 h+/-0.3 h vs 3.4 h+/-2.5 h, P < 0.01) in 9 out of 15 animals and resulted in total survival of the 6 remaining animals. Plasma cholinesterase levels were inhibited by 47 %, (438+/-74) U/L in AlP treated rats as compared to control (840+/-90) U/L (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This preliminary study concludes that AlP poisoning causes cholinesterase inhibition and responds to treatment with atropine and PAM.  (+info)

Reactivation of immobilized acetyl cholinesterase in an amperometric biosensor for organophosphorus pesticide. (6/98)

Biosensors based on acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibition have been known for monitoring of pesticides in food and water samples. However, strong inhibition of the enzyme is a major drawback in practical application of the biosensor which can be overcome by reactivation of the enzyme for repeated use. In the present study, enzyme reactivation by oximes was explored for this purpose. Two oximes viz., 1,1'-trimethylene bis 4-formylpyridinium bromide dioxime (TMB-4) and pyridine 2-aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM) were compared for the reactivation of the immobilized AChE. TMB-4 was found to be a more efficient reactivator under repeated use, retaining more than 60% of initial activity after 11 reuses, whereas in the case of 2-PAM, the activity retention dropped to less than 50% after only 6 reuses. Investigations also showed that reactivation must be effected within 10 min after each analysis to eliminate the ageing effect, which reduces the efficiency of reactivation.  (+info)

Myosin II is present in gastric parietal cells and required for lamellipodial dynamics associated with cell activation. (7/98)

Nonmuscle myosin II has been shown to participate in organizing the actin cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells. Vectorial acid secretion in cultured parietal cells involves translocation of proton pumps from cytoplasmic vesicular membranes to the apical plasma membrane vacuole with coordinated lamellipodial dynamics at the basolateral membrane. Here we identify nonmuscle myosin II in rabbit gastric parietal cells. Western blots with isoform-specific antibodies indicate that myosin IIA is present in both cytosolic and particulate membrane fractions whereas the IIB isoform is associated only with particulate fractions. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrates that myosin IIA is diffusely located throughout the cytoplasm of resting parietal cells. However, after stimulation, myosin IIA is rapidly redistributed to lamellipodial extensions at the cell periphery; virtually all the cytoplasmic myosin IIA joins the newly formed basolateral membrane extensions. 2,3-Butanedione monoximine (BDM), a myosin-ATPase inhibitor, greatly diminishes the lamellipodial dynamics elicited by stimulation and retains the pattern of myosin IIA cytoplasmic staining. However, BDM had no apparent effect on the stimulation associated redistribution of H,K-ATPase from a cytoplasmic membrane compartment to apical membrane vacuoles. The myosin light chain kinase inhibitor 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine (ML-7) also did not alter the stimulation-associated recruitment of H,K-ATPase to apical membrane vacuoles, but unlike BDM it had relatively minor inhibitory effects on lamellipodial dynamics. We conclude that specific disruption of the basolateral actomyosin cytoskeleton has no demonstrable effect on recruitment of H,K-ATPase-rich vesicles into the apical secretory membrane. However, myosin II plays an important role in regulating lamellipodial dynamics and cortical actomyosin associated with parietal cell activation.  (+info)

Rational design of alkylene-linked bis-pyridiniumaldoximes as improved acetylcholinesterase reactivators. (8/98)

To improve the potency of 2-pralidoxime (2-PAM) for treating organophosphate poisoning, we dimerized 2-PAM and its analogs according to Wilson's pioneering work and the 3D structure of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) inactivated by isoflurophate. 1,7-Heptylene-bis-N,N'-syn-2-pyridiniumaldoxime, the most potent of the alkylene-linked dimeric reactivators, was readily synthesized using bistriflate and is 100 times more potent than 2-PAM in reactivating hAChE poisoned by isoflurophate. Experimental and computational studies confirm that 2-PAM in its biologically active form adopts the syn-I configuration. Further, they suggest that the improved performance of dimeric oximes is conferred by two-site binding with one oxime pointing toward the diisopropyl ester at the catalytic site of hAChE and the other anchored at the peripheral site. This type of binding may induce a conformational change in the acyl pocket loop which modulates the catalytic site via a domino effect.  (+info)

From Pyridinium-based to Centrally Active Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators | BenthamScienceFrom Pyridinium-based to Centrally Active Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators | BenthamScience
Title:From Pyridinium-based to Centrally Active Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators. VOLUME: 14 ISSUE: 3. Author(s):Jan Korabecny, Ondrej Soukup, Rafael Dolezal, Katarina Spilovska, Eugenie Nepovimova, Martin Andrs, Thuy Duong Nguyen, Daniel Jun, Kamil Musilek, Marta Kucerova-Chlupacova and Kamil Kuca. Affiliation:University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.. Keywords:Acetylcholinesterase, HI-6, organophosphorus compounds, pyridinium oximes, pralidoxime, reactivator, trimedoxime, uncharged reactivator.. Abstract:Organophosphates are used as pesticides or misused as warfare nerve agents. Exposure to them can be fatal and death is usually caused by respiratory arrest. For almost six decades, pyridinium oximes represent a therapeutic tool used for the management of poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) compounds. However, these compounds possess several drawbacks. Firstly, they are inefficient in the restoration of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity ...
http://www.eurekaselect.com/120474/article
Dokument bez názvuDokument bez názvu
A methodology combining molecular structure represented by fragments, and artificial neural network (ANN) was applied for the prediction of a new acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) reactivator. We searched for a new structure of the AChE reactivator with the capability of reactivating AChE inhibited by almost all actual nerve agents. For this purpose, we have tested in vitro seventeen potential AChE reactivators for reactivation of AChE inhibited by sarin, cyclosarin, agent VX and tabun. The results obtained were used as input data for prediction by ANN. Using ANN we have predicted new AChE reactivators ...
http://jab.zsf.jcu.cz/3_3/dohnal.htm
Docking Studies, Synthesis, and In-vitro Evaluation of Novel Oximes Based on Nitrones as Reactivators of Inhibited...Docking Studies, Synthesis, and In-vitro Evaluation of Novel Oximes Based on Nitrones as Reactivators of Inhibited...
Acetylcholinesterase has important role in synaptic cleft. It breaks down the acetylcholineatcholinergic synapsesand terminates the cholinergic effects. Some chemical agents likeorganophosphorus compounds (OPCs) including nerve agents and pesticides react withacetylcholinesteraseirreversibly. They inhibit normal biological enzyme action and resultin accumulation of acetylcholineand show toxic effects andcholinergic symptoms. Theprocess of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition can be reversed by a nucleophilic agentto dephosphorylate and reactivate the enzyme. In this study, design and docking studies of 15novel nitrone based onoximes as reactivators were performed by using AutoDock program.Then, more effective reactivatorsoximes in terms of binding energy and orientation withinthe active site were synthesized and evaluated in-vitro on human AChE (hAChE) inhibited byparaoxon and compared to standard hAChE reactivators (2-PAM and obidoxime). Our resultsused to design new derivatives of Oxim with better
http://ijpr.sbmu.ac.ir/article_2102.html
Difference Between Myasthenic Crisis and Cholinergic Crisis | Myasthenic Crisis vs Cholinergic CrisisDifference Between Myasthenic Crisis and Cholinergic Crisis | Myasthenic Crisis vs Cholinergic Crisis
What is the difference between Myasthenic Crisis and Cholinergic Crisis? Myasthenic crisis and cholinergic crisis are two medical crises that can occur in a...
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-myasthenic-crisis-and-vs-cholinergic-crisis/
6o5v - Proteopedia, life in 3D6o5v - Proteopedia, life in 3D
Exposure to organophosphorus compounds (OPs) may be fatal if untreated, and a clear and present danger posed by nerve agent OPs has become palpable in recent years. OPs inactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by covalently modifying its catalytic serine. Inhibited AChE cannot hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine leading to its build-up at the cholinergic synapses and creating an acute cholinergic crisis. Current antidotes, including oxime reactivators that attack the OP-AChE conjugate to free the active enzyme, are inefficient. Better reactivators are sought, but their design is hampered by a conformationally rigid portrait of AChE extracted exclusively from 100K X-ray crystallography and scarcity of structural knowledge on human AChE (hAChE). Here, we present room temperature X-ray structures of native and VX-phosphonylated hAChE with an imidazole-based oxime reactivator, RS-170B. We discovered that inhibition with VX triggers substantial conformational changes in bound RS-170B from a ...
http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/6o5v
6o5s - Proteopedia, life in 3D6o5s - Proteopedia, life in 3D
Exposure to organophosphorus compounds (OPs) may be fatal if untreated, and a clear and present danger posed by nerve agent OPs has become palpable in recent years. OPs inactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by covalently modifying its catalytic serine. Inhibited AChE cannot hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine leading to its build-up at the cholinergic synapses and creating an acute cholinergic crisis. Current antidotes, including oxime reactivators that attack the OP-AChE conjugate to free the active enzyme, are inefficient. Better reactivators are sought, but their design is hampered by a conformationally rigid portrait of AChE extracted exclusively from 100K X-ray crystallography and scarcity of structural knowledge on human AChE (hAChE). Here, we present room temperature X-ray structures of native and VX-phosphonylated hAChE with an imidazole-based oxime reactivator, RS-170B. We discovered that inhibition with VX triggers substantial conformational changes in bound RS-170B from a ...
http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/6o5s
JCI - Mechanisms of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection due to SIV coinfectionJCI - Mechanisms of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection due to SIV coinfection
Real-time RT-PCR and multiplex cytokine analysis strongly confirmed genome-wide transcriptome results. Cytokines associated with inflammation, including TNF-α, IL1-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were highly induced in the lungs of SIV-coinfected reactivators compared with CD4R1-administered NHPs (Figure 4D). Multiplex analysis supported this trend, showing that in the BAL supernatant at necropsy, TNF-α, IL1-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 proteins were more abundant in SIV-coinfected reactivators (Figure 4E). Significantly increased IFN-γ was detected in the plasma (Supplemental Figure 4A) and BAL (Supplemental Figure 4B) of reactivators compared with other groups. Other markers of increased cell signaling and migration associated with inflammatory responses were significantly increased in the plasma (CXCL9; Supplemental Figure 4C) or BAL (CXCL13 [Supplemental Figure 4D], eotaxin [Supplemental Figure 4E], I-TAC [Supplemental Figure 4F], and IL-6 [Supplemental Figure 4G]) of reactivators. SIVΔGY-coinfected NHPs ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/125810
OPAL - OHIO PRIVATE ACADEMIC LIBRARIES / OtterbeinOPAL - OHIO PRIVATE ACADEMIC LIBRARIES / Otterbein
Phencyclidine -- Physiological effect. : Possible long-term health effects of short-term exposure to chemical agents. Volume 2, Cholinesterase reactivators, psychochemicals, and irritants and vesicants / prepared by the Panel on Cholinesterase Reactivator Chemicals, Panel on Psychochemicals, Panel on Irritants and Vesicants, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council ...
https://cat.opal-libraries.org/search~S17?/dPhencyclidine+--+Physiological+effect./dphencyclidine+physiological+effect/-3,-1,0,B/browse
Chestgraph HI-101Chestgraph HI-101
This spirometry system called CHESTGRAPH HI-101 is used for testing asthma, COPD and other respiratory failure problems that are coming in adults.…
https://www.hospitals-management.com/products/medicare-systems/chestgraph-hi-101
Oximes as Nerve Agent Antidotes • Military Medicine WorldwideOximes as Nerve Agent Antidotes • Military Medicine Worldwide
Pralidoxime (2-PAM) The reactivation of inhibited AChE brought about by nucleophile aldoximes, which will be referred to as oximes in the following, was optimized even further by means of a structure also similar to ACh - meaning the positively charged, quaternary nitrogen. Thus, the pralidoxime (2-PAM) - a quaternary monoxime - was developed mid-1950, providing positively charged nitrogen via a pyridinium aromatic ring. Quaternary pyridine oximes represent lead structures for acetylcholinesterase reactivators.. The effects of oximes are based on the chemical re-activation of the OP-inhibited AChE. The oximes dock into the choline pocket of the AChE active center with their quaternary, positively charged nitrogen, by their nucleophilic action attacking the inhibited enzyme at the phosphorous atom of the OP remainder via the oxygen atom of the oxime group. This results in an OP-oxime-compound whose rapid decomposition into secondary products is crucial for the effectivity of the reactivators. ...
https://www.military-medicine.com/article/3696-oximes-as-nerve-agent-antidotes.html
Dokument bez názvuDokument bez názvu
The ability of the oxime HI-6 to reduce tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms was compared with the neuroprotective efficacy of two combinations of oximes (HI-6 + trimedoxime, HI-6 + K203) using a functional observational battery. Tabun-induced neurotoxicity and the neuroprotective effects of HI-6 alone, and HI-6 combined with trimedoxime or K203, in rats poisoned with tabun at a sublethal dose (200 microg/kg i.m.; 80% of LD50 value), were monitored by the functional observational battery at 24 hours following tabun challenge. The results indicate that both oxime mixtures tested, combined with atropine are able to allow tabun-poisoned rats to survive for 24 hours following tabun challenge, while one non-treated tabun poisoned rat and one tabun-poisoned rat treated with the oxime HI-6 alone combined with atropine, died within 24 hours following tabun challenge. The oxime HI-6 alone, as well as both oxime mixtures combined with atropine, were able to decrease tabun-induced ...
http://jab.zsf.jcu.cz/7_4/kassa7_4.htm
Preparation, In Vitro Screening and Molecular Modelling of Monoquaternary Compounds Related to the Selective...Preparation, In Vitro Screening and Molecular Modelling of Monoquaternary Compounds Related to the Selective...
Title:Preparation, In Vitro Screening and Molecular Modelling of Monoquaternary Compounds Related to the Selective Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor BW284c51. VOLUME: 11 ISSUE: 1. Author(s):Ondrej Benek, Kamil Musilek, Anna Horova, Vlastimil Dohnal, Rafael Dolezal and Kamil Kuca. Affiliation:University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.. Keywords:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, BW284c51, synthesis, in vitro, molecular modelling.. Abstract:This paper describes preparation and in vitro evaluation of 19 compounds related to the selective experimental cholinesterase inhibitor BW284c51. The novel compounds were prepared as fragments of parent molecule BW284c51 and evaluated on the model of human recombinant acetylcholinesterase and human plasmatic butyrylcholinesterase. The IC50 values of the prepared compounds were compared to the parent molecule BW284c51. None of the compounds was superior to the parent drug, but two BW284c51 fragments showed promising hAChE inhibition in ...
http://www.eurekaselect.com/121875/article
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Novel Bisquaternary Oximes-Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase...Molecules | Free Full-Text | Novel Bisquaternary Oximes-Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase...
Four novel bisquaternary aldoxime cholinesterase reactivators differing in their chemical structure were prepared. Afterwards, their biological activity was evaluated for their ability to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; EC 3.1.1.8) inhibited by paraoxon. Their reactivation activity was compared with standard reactivators-pralidoxime, obidoxime and HI-6-which are clinically used at present. As it resulted, none of the prepared compounds surpassed obidoxime, which is considered to be the most potent compound if used for reactivation of AChE inhibited by paraoxon. In case of BuChE reactivation, two compounds (K053 and K068) achieved similar results as obidoxime.
http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/14/12/4915
tabun facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about tabuntabun facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about tabun
Get information, facts, and pictures about tabun at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about tabun easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and dictionary.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/organic-chemistry/tabun
Pralidoxime: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.comPralidoxime: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com
Easy to read patient leaflet for Pralidoxime. Includes indications, proper use, special instructions, precautions, and possible side effects.
https://www.drugs.com/cdi/pralidoxime.html
Pralidoxime Side Effects in Detail - Drugs.comPralidoxime Side Effects in Detail - Drugs.com
Learn about the potential side effects of pralidoxime. Includes common and rare side effects information for consumers and healthcare professionals.
https://www.drugs.com/sfx/pralidoxime-side-effects.html
Chemical Database: 1H-Imidazolium, 2-((hydroxyimino)methyl)-1-(methoxymethyl)-3-methyl-, chloride (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)Chemical Database: 1H-Imidazolium, 2-((hydroxyimino)methyl)-1-(methoxymethyl)-3-methyl-, chloride (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)
This page contains information on the chemical 1H-Imidazolium, 2-((hydroxyimino)methyl)-1-(methoxymethyl)-3-methyl-, chloride including: 3 synonyms/identifiers.
https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemicals/cn/1H-Imidazolium%2C%A02-%28%28hydroxyimino%29methyl%29-1-%28methoxymethyl%29-3-methyl-%2C%A0chloride.html
HI-713-25 Reagents for HI-713 Phosphate Pocket Checker x 25 testsHI-713-25 Reagents for HI-713 Phosphate Pocket Checker x 25 tests
|h3|Reagents for HI 713 Phosphate Low Rage Pocket Checker|/h3||br||br| This 25 pack of reagents is for use with the HI 713 Phosphate Low Rage Pocket Checker.|br||br|
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TÉLÉCHARGER ANTIDOTE PRISME V5 GRATUIT GRATUITEMENTTÉLÉCHARGER ANTIDOTE PRISME V5 GRATUIT GRATUITEMENT
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Camelbak Antidote Insulated TubeCamelbak Antidote Insulated Tube
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Global Antidote Market Professional Survey Report 2017 : ReportsnReportsGlobal Antidote Market Professional Survey Report 2017 : ReportsnReports
[108 Pages Report] Check for Discount on Global Antidote Market Professional Survey Report 2017 report by QYResearch Group. This report studies Antidote in Global market, especially in North...
http://www.reportsnreports.com/reports/1207509-global-antidote-market-professional-survey-report-2017.html
Death Antidote @ PixelJoint.comDeath Antidote @ PixelJoint.com
It has a skull in it because it is the antidote for death! If you had tried the potion your mind would be clear and youd be able to see that.
http://pixeljoint.com/pixelart/128450.htm?sec=showcase
antidote - BeatsVille, USAantidote - BeatsVille, USA
Travis Scott Reportedly Had To Give Up 50% Of Antidote To Secure Sample Use (VIDEO) by Yohance Kyles Sampling has…. Continue Reading →. ...
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Maans Antidote to Annie! | 1580281 | Geet - Hui Sabse Parayee ForumMaans Antidote to Annie! | 1580281 | Geet - Hui Sabse Parayee Forum
Well gals I hope all of you have enjoyed a lot MSKs antidote to Annie for her Arjun Fever today !He straightway said no more talks other than Wedding Plan ! Be sure abt it.And his eyes said it all.Annie stopped her nautanki at once .....seeing MSKs Rudravataar ! In this way CVs saved us from ... | 1580281 | Geet - Hui Sabse Parayee Forum
http://www.india-forums.com/forum_posts.asp?TID=1580281
A CUP OF JO: Winter blues antidotesA CUP OF JO: Winter blues antidotes
has moved to a new address:. A CUP OF JO: Winter blues antidotes Sorry for the inconvenience… Redirection provided by Blogger to WordPress Migration Service ...
http://joannagoddard.blogspot.com/2012/10/winter-blues-antidotes.html?showComment=1350487903083
AntidotesAntidotes
Antidotes, are medicines which prevent or cure the effect deleterious substances, either taken into the stomach, or externally applied to the human body. Of those poisons which generally prove mo...
https://chestofbooks.com/reference/The-Domestic-Encyclopaedia-Vol1/Antidotes.html
BDM Imaging Center Inc - Diagnostic Imaging Clinic in Caloocan City - WhatClinic.comBDM Imaging Center Inc - Diagnostic Imaging Clinic in Caloocan City - WhatClinic.com
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Adoption, Is It An Option... - Sclero Forums (MAIN) - Sclero ForumsAdoption, Is It An Option... - Sclero Forums (MAIN) - Sclero Forums
Hi- I am about to investigate how to go about adopting a child. I know some countries will not allow you to adopt a child if one of the parents has been di...
https://www.sclero.org/forums/topic/2451-adoption-is-it-an-option/
Share this postShare this post
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https://www.celiac.com/gluten-free/topic/3733-what-would-you-do/
supplements (and a little venting) | DailyStrengthsupplements (and a little venting) | DailyStrength
Hi- I am newer to the group- I had a misscarriage 2 years ago and have been trying hard since to get pregnant- I have endo and PCOS and have had two surgeries to...
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Xarelto | NO AntidoteXarelto | NO Antidote
Those patients taking the blood thinner, Xarelto, still dont know that they are at an increased risk for bleeding to death. Thats because Xarelto manufacturers have kept that secret pretty well hidden.
http://www.golombhonik.com/Blog/2015/January/Patients-Taking-Xarelto-Dont-Know-There-is-NO-An.aspx
Dice Tower Reviews: Antidote | Video | BoardGameGeekDice Tower Reviews: Antidote | Video | BoardGameGeek
Our End-of-Year Geek support drive ends in 18 days! It has been your support, financial and otherwise, that has allowed this site to become what it is today. Learn More ...
https://boardgamegeek.com/video/70369/antidote/dice-tower-reviews-antidote
Xarelto · A MedTruth GuideXarelto · A MedTruth Guide
Xarelto, a blood thinner used to prevent clotting, can cause extreme bleeding. Because no antidote exists, Xarelto side effects could be fatal.
https://medtruth.com/drugs-devices/xarelto/
NDC Code 0409-4911-34 Atropine Sulfate Atropine SulfateNDC Code 0409-4911-34 Atropine Sulfate Atropine Sulfate
NDC Code 0409-4911-34 is assigned to a package of 10 carton in 1 package > 1 syringe, glass in 1 carton > 10 ml in 1 syringe, glass (0409-4911-11) of Atropine Sulfate, a human prescription drug labeled by Hospira, Inc..
https://ndclist.com/ndc/0409-4911/package/0409-4911-34
Gentaur Molecular :Nacala \ Atropine Sulfate \ 03533-11Gentaur Molecular :Nacala \ Atropine Sulfate \ 03533-11
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Atropine Sulfate Ophthalmic - Side effect(s)Atropine Sulfate Ophthalmic - Side effect(s)
Learn about the known and possible side effects of Atropine Sulfate Ophthalmic Not everyone will experience one or all of these side effects. In case of any doubt please consult your doctor or pharmacist
http://www.medindia.net/drugs/medication-side-effects/atropine_sulfate_ophthalmic.htm
DuoDote (atropine and pralidoxime) - Drugs and Medication - 635DuoDote (atropine and pralidoxime) - Drugs and Medication - 635
Find medical information for DuoDote (atropine and pralidoxime) (635), including its uses, information and definitions, as well as for other most po
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5Z,6Z)-5,6-Bis(hydroxyimino)piperazine-2,3-diol | C4H8N4O4 - PubChem5Z,6Z)-5,6-Bis(hydroxyimino)piperazine-2,3-diol | C4H8N4O4 - PubChem
(5Z,6Z)-5,6-Bis(hydroxyimino)piperazine-2,3-diol | C4H8N4O4 | CID 536754 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/536754
Inhibicija kolinesterazâ karbamatom albuterola | Repozitorij Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakultetaInhibicija kolinesterazâ karbamatom albuterola | Repozitorij Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta
OdreĎene su konstante brzine inhibicije dviju butirilkolinesteraza (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) i dviju acetilkolinesteraza (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) s racemičnim, (R)- i (S)- N,N-dimetilkarbamatom albuterola (4-(2-(tert-butilamino)-1-hidroksietil)-2-(hidroksimetil)fenol. Korištene su ljudska (hBChE) i BChE izolirana iz seruma konja (hoBChE), rekombinantna ljudska AChE (hAChE) i AChE izolirana iz električnog organa jegulje (eeAChE). Karbamat albuterola je progresivno inhibirao sve ispitivane kolinesteraze s konstantama brzine inhibicije reda veličine 103-106 dm3mol-1min-1, pri čemu je najbrţe inhibirao hBChE. Ispitivani karbamat se pokazao selektivnim inhibitorom koji hBChE inhibira 8 puta brţe od hAChE. TakoĎer, karbamat albuterola razlikuje kolinesteraze različitih vrsta, budući da hBChE inhibira 1,7 puta brţe od hoBChE, dok hAChE inhibira 34 puta brţe od eeAChE. Ljudske BChE i AChE su stereoselektivni enzimi koji imaju 13, odnosno 4 puta veći afinitet prema (R)-karbamatu albuterola. Inhibicijski ...
https://repozitorij.pmf.unizg.hr/islandora/object/pmf:4029
2-Oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarbaldehyde oxime 56682-66-7 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR Spectrum2-Oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarbaldehyde oxime 56682-66-7 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR Spectrum
2-Oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarbaldehyde oxime 56682-66-7 NMR spectrum, 2-Oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarbaldehyde oxime H-NMR spectral analysis, 2-Oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarbaldehyde oxime C-NMR spectral analysis ect.
http://www.molbase.com/en/hnmr_56682-66-7-moldata-7032.html
Remediated Sequence - 3ZLU: Crystal structure of mouse acetylcholinesterase in complex with cyclosarin Sequence...Remediated Sequence - 3ZLU: Crystal structure of mouse acetylcholinesterase in complex with cyclosarin Sequence...
3ZLU: Catalytic-Site Conformational Equilibrium in Nerve-Agent Adducts of Acetylcholinesterase; Possible Implications for the Hi-6 Antidote Substrate Specificity.
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/remediatedSequence.do?structureId=3ZLU
RCSB PDB for 2C0PRCSB PDB for 2C0P
2C0P: Structural Changes of Phenylalanine 338 and Histidine 447 Revealed by the Crystal Structures of Tabun-Inhibited Murine Acetylcholinesterase.
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/images.do?structureId=2C0P
MIL SPEC ANTIDOTE™ 100oz Short - Army TechnologyMIL SPEC ANTIDOTE™ 100oz Short - Army Technology
Meet the Antidote™. More than just a reservoir, the Mil Spec Antidote™ Reservoir redefines the ultimate delivery system for an operators water supply and provides maximum adaptability for changing missions or combat environments.. Operational features include:. ...
http://www.army-technology.com/products/mil-spec-antidote-100oz-short
Antidote Market 2017-2021 Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Demand,... - RNRMarketResearch.comAntidote Market 2017-2021 Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Demand,... - RNRMarketResearch.com
RnRMarketResearch.com adds 2017 Global Antidote Industry Research with Global Antidote Reports to Pharmaceuticals Section of its online business...
http://www.mynewsdesk.com/us/pressreleases/antidote-market-2017-2021-size-share-growth-trends-demand-analysis-1767186
ChemIDplus - 730-98-3 - FAULKGIMXGQRPX-GHRIWEEISA-N - 3-Butynal, 2,4-diphenyl-2-hydroxy-, oxime - Similar structures search,...ChemIDplus - 730-98-3 - FAULKGIMXGQRPX-GHRIWEEISA-N - 3-Butynal, 2,4-diphenyl-2-hydroxy-, oxime - Similar structures search,...
730-98-3 - FAULKGIMXGQRPX-GHRIWEEISA-N - 3-Butynal, 2,4-diphenyl-2-hydroxy-, oxime - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.
https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/730-98-3
Ronny Jordan: The Antidote CD Track Listing at cyListRonny Jordan: The Antidote CD Track Listing at cyList
Ronny Jordan The Antidote (1992) through wash YEAR: 1992 This misc cd contains 8 tracks and runs 44min 6sec. Freedb: 540a5408 Buy: from Amazon.com
https://www.cylist.com/List/405183062/ronny-jordan-the-antidote-cd-track-listing
CamelBak Mil Spec Antidote Long Reservoir - 100 oz/3.0 L - 15% OffCamelBak Mil Spec Antidote Long Reservoir - 100 oz/3.0 L - 15% Off
CamelBak Mil Spec Antidote Reservoir 100 oz/3.0 L - Long. The lowest prices and free shipping available on Camelbak hydration systems from CopQuest.
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UV radiation triggers drug antidote | RapidScan | Nov 2006 | BioPhotonicsUV radiation triggers drug antidote | RapidScan | Nov 2006 | BioPhotonics
Drug-inhibiting antidotes are important for preventing unwanted side effects caused by overdosing, particularly for drugs that inhibit blood clotting
https://www.photonics.com/a42990/UV_radiation_triggers_drug_antidote
Antidote with dart wont workAntidote with dart wont work
When trying to pick up dart to fill it with antidote, the hand disappears and only get the magnifying glass with message to fill the dart. Well, just cant. Tried game all over using a different player and got stuck on this same screen. Dont know how this can be fixed. Help ...
http://forums.bigfishgames.com/posts/list/337687.page
Four Divorce Predictions and Their AntidotesFour Divorce Predictions and Their Antidotes
Based on the research of Dr. John Gottman, we have outlined the four factors that predict divorce - and more importantly the antidotes to them.
https://estestherapy.com/four-divorce-predictions-antidotes/
Learn What Makes Our Services Special | Antidote HealthLearn What Makes Our Services Special | Antidote Health
Antidote delivers high-quality, on-demand care, in minutes. By increasing access to doctors, patients receive the right treatment, at the right time and place.
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Pyridinium,3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-O-phosphono-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-, inner salt CAS # 1094-61-7Pyridinium,3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-O-phosphono-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-, inner salt CAS # 1094-61-7
TradingChem provides information about Pyridinium,3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-(5-O-phosphono-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-, inner salt, ,CAS #: 1094-61-7.
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Qemu-devel] qemu/vl.c serial patch termios fixQemu-devel] qemu/vl.c serial patch termios fix
Hi- The serial routines do not set the proper termios flags for the serial port so that data can pass unmolested from the emulated environment to the host serial device. This simple patch fixes that. Tested on a FreeBSD 6.2 host with Windows XP as the emulated OS. --- Zach --- /usr/ports/emulators/qemu/work/qemu-0.8.2/vl.c Tue Sep 19 16:06:35 2006 +++ vl.c Tue Sep 19 16:43:38 2006 @@ -1591,8 +1591,8 @@ cfsetospeed(&tty, spd); tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK,BRKINT,PARMRK,ISTRIP - ,INLCR,IGNCR,ICRNL,IXON); - tty.c_oflag ,= OPOST; + ,INLCR,IGNCR,ICRNL,IXON,IMAXBEL); + tty.c_oflag &= ~OPOST; /* Dont do any output processing! */ tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO,ECHONL,ICANON,IEXTEN,ISIG); tty.c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE,PARENB,PARODD,CRTSCTS); switch(data_bits ...
http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2006-09/msg00201.html
Antidotes · Part OneAntidotes · Part One
Duration of action is ~30-40 minutes is shorter than some opioids, which may lead to re-narcosis if not given subsequent doses or by ...
http://www.partone.lifeinthefastlane.com/naloxone.html
REVIEW | 2020 Lexus ES 300h is a calming antidote to our crazy worldREVIEW | 2020 Lexus ES 300h is a calming antidote to our crazy world
Sliding into any of the Lexus ES 300h EXs seats provides an escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life in the best possible way
https://www.timeslive.co.za/motoring/reviews/2020-01-29-review-2020-lexus-es-300h-is-a-calming-antidote-to-our-crazy-world/
V/A Optoplanar (Urban Antidote Records) - Triplag DarkPsyV/A Optoplanar (Urban Antidote Records) - Triplag DarkPsy
Nice to hear, i already had the honour to listen & play your track with Xabbu, yep was working more than well on the dancefloor, very good work ...
http://www.triplag.com/4room/viewtopic.php?p=30195
Organophosphate poisoningOrganophosphate poisoning
2015 Jokanović M, Prostran M (2009). "Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. Structure-activity relationship and ... Significant advances with cholinesterases (ChEs), specifically human serum BChE (HuBChE) have been made. HuBChe can offer a ... "Cholinesterase Inhibition". Archived from the original on 2013-04-02. "Pesticide Application and Safety Training for ... He was later transferred to Berlin, where poisoning by a cholinesterase inhibitor was diagnosed and confirmed by multiple tests ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning
PralidoximePralidoxime
Jokanović M, Prostran M (2009). "Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. Structure-activity relationship and efficacy ... "Current understanding of the application of pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators in treatment of organophosphate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralidoxime
ObidoximeObidoxime
Jokanović M, Prostran M (2009). "Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. Structure-activity relationship and efficacy ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obidoxime
ATNAAATNAA
V. The effect of oximes and related cholinesterase reactivators. Teratology 15: 33 (Feb) 1977. Moller, K.O., Jensen-Holm, J. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATNAA
Tetraethyl pyrophosphateTetraethyl pyrophosphate
Petroianu, Georg (2015). "History of organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors & reactivators". Military Medical Science ... Historical development of organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors." Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology.". Cholinesterases ... doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68441-8. ISBN 978-3-642-68443-2.The history of cholinesterase inhibitors: who was Moschnin(e)? "9: " ... TEPP was discovered to be an inhibitor of cholinesterases. Schrader referred to the studies by Eberhard Gross, who was the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyl_pyrophosphate
DimethylheptylpyranDimethylheptylpyran
2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants. Commission on Life Sciences. The National ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran
Edgewood Arsenal human experimentsEdgewood Arsenal human experiments
Similarly, cholinesterase reactivators antidotes such as 2-PAM were tested on about 750 subjects. These agents are still used ... 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants" (1984) Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health ... 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants (1984) Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health ... 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants (1984) Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewood_Arsenal_human_experiments
ChlorfenvinphosChlorfenvinphos
Administration of a cholinesterase reactivator, in the pyridinium oxime family, usually pralidoxime; Administration of ... However, cholinesterase inhibition is caused by all anticholinesterase compounds and is therefore not a specific biomarker for ... Two pools of cholinesterases exist in the blood: acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes and pseudocholinesterase in plasma. The ... In addition, the activity of cholinesterases in the blood varies in populations and there are no studies which have measured a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorfenvinphos
3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate
THC-O-acetateTHC-O-acetate
Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants. The National Academies Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-309- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC-O-acetate
List of MeSH codes (D27)List of MeSH codes (D27)
... enzyme reactivators MeSH D27.505.519.405.347 - cholinesterase reactivators MeSH D27.505.519.421 - fibrin modulating agents MeSH ... cholinesterase inhibitors MeSH D27.505.519.625.120.400 - cholinesterase reactivators MeSH D27.505.519.625.150 - dopamine agents ... cholinesterase inhibitors MeSH D27.505.696.577.120.400 - cholinesterase reactivators MeSH D27.505.696.577.150 - dopamine agents ... cholinesterase inhibitors MeSH D27.505.519.389.310 - cyclooxygenase inhibitors MeSH D27.505.519.389.310.500 - cyclooxygenase 2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)
SomanSoman
... can also bind to other esterases, e.g., AChE, cholinesterase (ChE) and carboxylesterases (CarbE). In this binding, soman ... oxime reactivators. The rate of this process is dependent on the OP. Soman is an OP that stimulates the rate of aging most ... interfering with normal functioning of the mammalian nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. It is an inhibitor ... "Behavioral Changes in the Rat after Low Doses of Cholinesterase Inhibitors". Toxicological Sciences. 4 (2part2): 195-208. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soman
MethylfluorophosphonylcholineMethylfluorophosphonylcholine
MFPCh is resistant to oxime reactivators, meaning the acetylcholinesterase inhibited by MFPCh can't be reactivated by oxime ... "Experiments with Methyl-fluoro-phosphorylcholine-inhibited Cholinesterase". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 12: 780-781. doi:10.3891 ... reactivators. MFPCh also acts directly on the acetylcholine receptors. However, despite its high toxicity, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylfluorophosphonylcholine
SchradanSchradan
... , named after Gerhard Schrader, is an obsolete organophosphate insecticide.[1] Schradan itself is a weak cholinesterase ... "The conversion of schra dan (OMPA) and parathion into inhibitors of cholinesterase by mammalian liver". The Biochemical ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schradan
Huperzine AHuperzine A
"Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine". Acta Pharmacologica ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huperzine_A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitorAcetylcholinesterase inhibitor
An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (often abbreviated AChEI) or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical or a drug that inhibits the ... Some major effects of cholinesterase inhibitors: *Actions on the parasympathetic nervous system, (the parasympathetic branch of ... Compounds which function as reversible competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have ... Compounds which function as quasi-irreversible inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have use as chemical ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitors
DonepezilDonepezil
... , like other cholinesterase inhibitors, can cause nightmares due to enhanced activation of the visual association ... Donepezil along with other cholinesterase inhibitors is suggested as having potential for trouble behaviors, irritability, ... Donepezil binds and reversibly inactivates the cholinesterases, thus inhibiting hydrolysis of acetylcholine. This increases ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donepezil
Neuromuscular-blocking drugNeuromuscular-blocking drug
For similar term named Cholinesterase-blocking drug, see Cholinesterase inhibitor.. Neuromuscular-blocking drugs block ... Also, they protect the molecule from hydrolysis by cholinesterases, which explain its nature of kidney excretion. The four ... because of hydrolysis by various cholinesterases (such as butyrylcholinesterase in the blood). Succinylcholine was originally ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug
AnticholinergicAnticholinergic
Not to be confused with Anti-cholinesterase.. Chemical substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergics
cholinesterase reactivatorscholinesterase reactivators
... Summary. Summary: Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by ... Oximes are cholinesterase reactivators of use in poisoning with organophosphorus ester enzyme inhibitors. Pralidoxime (PRX) is ... PAM-2), trimedoxime (TMB-4), obidoxime (LüH-6, Toxogonin), HI-6 and HLö-7 which are used as cholinesterase reactivators in the ... Oximes are cholinesterase reactivators used in organophosphorus poisoning. Clinical experience with pralidoxime (PRX) and other ...
http://www.labome.org/topics/chemical/pharmacologic/molecular/enzyme/cholinesterase-reactivators-15300.html
DailyMed - Search Results for Cholinesterase ReactivatorDailyMed - Search Results for Cholinesterase Reactivator
SEARCH RESULTS for: Cholinesterase Reactivator [Drug Class] (4 results) * Share : JavaScript needed for Sharing tools. Bookmark ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Cholinesterase%20Reactivator&searchdb=class
A noncholinesterase component in the molecular mechanism of action of the cholinesterase reactivator dipyroxime | SpringerLinkA noncholinesterase component in the molecular mechanism of action of the cholinesterase reactivator dipyroxime | SpringerLink
A noncholinesterase component in the molecular mechanism of action of the cholinesterase reactivator dipyroxime. ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00830669
3. Psychochemicals | Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase...3. Psychochemicals | Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase...
Previous: 2. Cholinesterase Reactivators Page 47 Share Cite Suggested Citation:"3. Psychochemicals." National Research Council ... Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, ... Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, ... Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, ...
https://www.nap.edu/read/9136/chapter/5
Development and Structural Modifications of Cholinesterase Reactivators against Chemical Warfare Agents in Last Decade: A...Development and Structural Modifications of Cholinesterase Reactivators against Chemical Warfare Agents in Last Decade: A...
Title:Development and Structural Modifications of Cholinesterase Reactivators against Chemical Warfare Agents in Last Decade: A ... Development and Structural Modifications of Cholinesterase Reactivators against Chemical Warfare Agents in Last Decade: A ... Development and Structural Modifications of Cholinesterase Reactivators against Chemical Warfare Agents in Last Decade: A ... "Development and Structural Modifications of Cholinesterase Reactivators against Chemical Warfare Agents in Last Decade: A ...
https://www.eurekaselect.com/126444/article?tracking-code=4
Pralidoxime - Antidotes, Cholinesterase Reactivators, ATC:V03AB04Pralidoxime - Antidotes, Cholinesterase Reactivators, ATC:V03AB04
Pralidoxime is to reactivate cholinesterase (mainly outside of the central nervous system) which has been inactivated by ... Pralidoxime also slows the process of "aging" of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a nonreactivatable form, and detoxifies ...
http://pharmacycode.com/Pralidoxime.html
Drug-induced ocular side effects (Book, 2001) [WorldCat.org]Drug-induced ocular side effects (Book, 2001) [WorldCat.org]
Cholinesterase reactivators. Muscle relaxants. 11. Oncolytic agents: Antineoplastic agents --. 12. Heavy metal antagonists and ... Cholinesterase reactivators. Muscle relaxants."@en ;. schema:exampleOfWork ;. ...
http://www.worldcat.org/title/drug-induced-ocular-side-effects/oclc/44129071
Search | The Merck Index OnlineSearch | The Merck Index Online
The Merck Index* Online - search across all of the entries using text (names, classifications) and numerical (melting point, mol weight, boiling point) queries
https://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/search
Study to Know the Efficacy of Higher Doses of Pralidoxime in Patients of Organophpsphorus Poisoning. - Full Text View -...Study to Know the Efficacy of Higher Doses of Pralidoxime in Patients of Organophpsphorus Poisoning. - Full Text View -...
Cholinesterase Reactivators. Enzyme Reactivators. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. Cholinergic Agents. ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00333944
New structural scaffolds for centrally acting oxime reactivators of phosphylated cholinesterases<...New structural scaffolds for centrally acting oxime reactivators of phosphylated cholinesterases<...
N2 - We describe here the synthesis and activity of a new series of oxime reactivators of cholinesterases (ChEs) that contain ... AB - We describe here the synthesis and activity of a new series of oxime reactivators of cholinesterases (ChEs) that contain ... We describe here the synthesis and activity of a new series of oxime reactivators of cholinesterases (ChEs) that contain ... abstract = "We describe here the synthesis and activity of a new series of oxime reactivators of cholinesterases (ChEs) that ...
https://tpu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/new-structural-scaffolds-for-centrally-acting-oxime-reactivators-
ATNAA - WikipediaATNAA - Wikipedia
V. The effect of oximes and related cholinesterase reactivators. Teratology 15: 33 (Feb) 1977. Moller, K.O., Jensen-Holm, J. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATNAA
Organophosphate poisoning - WikipediaOrganophosphate poisoning - Wikipedia
2015 Jokanović M, Prostran M (2009). "Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. Structure-activity relationship and ... Significant advances with cholinesterases (ChEs), specifically human serum BChE (HuBChE) have been made. HuBChe can offer a ... "Cholinesterase Inhibition". Archived from the original on 2013-04-02. "Pesticide Application and Safety Training for ... He was later transferred to Berlin, where poisoning by a cholinesterase inhibitor was diagnosed and confirmed by multiple tests ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning
Pralidoxime - WikipediaPralidoxime - Wikipedia
Jokanović M, Prostran M (2009). "Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. Structure-activity relationship and efficacy ... "Current understanding of the application of pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators in treatment of organophosphate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralidoxime
Pralidoxime | definition of pralidoxime by Medical dictionaryPralidoxime | definition of pralidoxime by Medical dictionary
pral·i·dox·ime/ (pral″ĭ-doks´ēm) a cholinesterase reactivator, used as the chloride salt as an antidote in the treatment of ... a cholinesterase reactivator whose salts are used in treatment of organophosphorus compound poisoning; it also has limited ... Pharmacologic: cholinesterase reactivators. Pregnancy Category: C. Indications. Early (first 24-36 hr) treatment of ... a cholinesterase reactivator, effective against the nicotinic cholinergic effects of organophosphorus compounds; it also has ...
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pralidoxime
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Why is Aged Acetylcholinesterase So Difficult to Reactivate? | HTMLMolecules | Free Full-Text | Why is Aged Acetylcholinesterase So Difficult to Reactivate? | HTML
Jodanović, M.; Prostran, M. Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivator. Structure-activity relationship and efficacy in ... reactivator design, and reactivator mechanism that experimenters can harness to produce agents that can covalently modify aged ... Accumulation of tetrahedral intermediates in cholinesterase catalysis: A secondary isotope effect study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010 ... have shown by measurements of β-deuterium secondary isotope effects on kcat that for the deacylation stage of cholinesterase ...
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/9/1464/htm
Free USMLE Flashcards about ANS PharmacologyFree USMLE Flashcards about ANS Pharmacology
List the covered cholinesterase reactivators. pralidoxime.. List the indirect reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. donepezil, ... List the cholinesterase reactivators. pralidoxime. Drug that can increase the outflow of aqueous humor by topical aplication, ... A monoquaternary oxime that is a cholinesterase reactivator used in cases of organophosphate poisoning (insecticide). Though it ... List the indirect irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors.. Organophosphates (parathion, others). ...
https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1476336
PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE INJECTION (AUTO-INJECTOR)PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE INJECTION (AUTO-INJECTOR)
Pralidoxime chloride is a cholinesterase reactivator.. The principal action of pralidoxime is to reactivate cholinesterase ( ... Pralidoxime chloride is a cholinesterase reactivator.. Chemical Name: 2-formyl-1 methylpyridinium chloride oxime (pyridine-2- ... It has been reported that the supplemental use of oxime cholinesterase reactivators (such as pralidoxime) reduces the incidence ... V. The effect of oximes and related cholinesterase reactivators, Teratology 15:33 (Feb.) 1977. ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a16ac225-bb32-4b27-bb66-9e152cf065eb&type=display
Toxicology L 11-12 Flashcards - Pharmacology Fall 2015 | BrainscapeToxicology L 11-12 Flashcards - Pharmacology Fall 2015 | Brainscape
irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors. SLUD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation. headache, dizziness, weakness, ...
https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/toxicology-l-11-12-4177743/packs/6283269
PDB 5fpq structure summary ‹ Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe) ‹ EMBL-EBIPDB 5fpq structure summary ‹ Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe) ‹ EMBL-EBI
Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. Masson et al ...
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/5FPQ
Protopam | definition of Protopam by Medical dictionaryProtopam | definition of Protopam by Medical dictionary
a cholinesterase reactivator whose salts are used in treatment of organophosphorus compound poisoning; it also has limited ... Pharmacologic: cholinesterase reactivators. Pregnancy Category: C. Indications. Early (first 24-36 hr) treatment of ... value in counteracting overdosage of carbamate-type cholinesterase inhibitors in persons being treated for myasthenia gravis. ...
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Protopam
Free Pharmacology Flashcards about Autonomic & NM DrugsFree Pharmacology Flashcards about Autonomic & NM Drugs
cholinesterase inhibitor, cholinergic agonist. antimyasthenic agent. Pralidoxime. Protopam. cholinesterase reactivator (takes ... cholinesterase inhibitor. diagnostic agent (for myasthenia gravis - should increase muscle weakness). Pyridostigmine. Mestinon ...
https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1378789
Masson P[au] - PubMed - NCBIMasson P[au] - PubMed - NCBI
Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. ... Optimization of Cholinesterase-Based Catalytic Bioscavengers Against Organophosphorus Agents.. Lushchekina SV, Schopfer LM, ... Mixed cationic liposomes for brain delivery of drugs by the intranasal route: The acetylcholinesterase reactivator 2-PAM as ... Time-course of human cholinesterases-catalyzed competing substrate kinetics.. Mukhametgalieva AR, Aglyamova AR, Lushchekina SV ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Masson+P%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Novel Bisquaternary Oximes-Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase...Molecules | Free Full-Text | Novel Bisquaternary Oximes-Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase...
Their reactivation activity was compared with standard reactivators-pralidoxime, obidoxime and HI-6-which are clinically used ... Four novel bisquaternary aldoxime cholinesterase reactivators differing in their chemical structure were prepared. Afterwards, ... Four novel bisquaternary aldoxime cholinesterase reactivators differing in their chemical structure were prepared. Afterwards, ... Their reactivation activity was compared with standard reactivators-pralidoxime, obidoxime and HI-6-which are clinically used ...
http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/14/12/4915
Medicine/First Aid/Materials - WikiversityMedicine/First Aid/Materials - Wikiversity
Cholinesterase reactivators (dipyroxime, isonitrosine) bind with phosphoorganic substances and release acetylcholinesterase. ... anti-cholinesterase agents etc. The pattern and severity of poisoning depends on its agent action. Thus, anti-cholinesterase ...
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Medicine/First_Aid/Materials
PROTOPAM INJECTION Dosage & Rx Info | Uses, Side EffectsPROTOPAM INJECTION Dosage & Rx Info | Uses, Side Effects
Cholinesterase reactivator.. PROTOPAM INJECTION Interactions: Concomitant atropine: atropinization may occur earlier. Adverse ...
https://www.empr.com/drug/protopam-injection/
PROTOPAM INJECTION (Pralidoxime) dosage, indication, interactions, side effects | EMPR - ONAPROTOPAM INJECTION (Pralidoxime) dosage, indication, interactions, side effects | EMPR - ONA
Cholinesterase reactivator.. Adverse Reactions:. Blurred vision, diplopia, impaired accommodation, dizziness, headache, ...
http://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/protopam-injection/drug/4030/
Pediatric Organophosphates Toxicity Treatment & Management: Medical Care, ConsultationsPediatric Organophosphates Toxicity Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations
Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is a cholinesterase reactivator and the antidote for organophosphate poisoning. Administer 2-PAM to ... Brahmi N, Mokline A, Kouraichi N, Ghorbel H, Blel Y, Thabet H. Prognostic value of human erythrocyte acetyl cholinesterase in ... as possible because its effectiveness decreases with prolonged exposure due to the aging of the organophosphate-cholinesterase ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1009888-treatment
Immunodetection of Serum Albumin Adducts as Biomarkers for Organophosphorus Exposure | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...Immunodetection of Serum Albumin Adducts as Biomarkers for Organophosphorus Exposure | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...
2012) Nonquaternary reactivators for organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases. J Med Chem 55:465-474. ... Cholinesterase Activity Inhibition by GD Model Compound.. One of the acute toxic effects of nerve agents is the cholinesterase ... Therefore, cholinesterase functional activity can be used as a biomarker in OP poisoning in the short term, but cholinesterase ... Cholinesterase functional activity was detected by the Ellman assay (Ellman et al., 1961). Typically, 20 μl of plasma was used ...
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/344/2/531.long
Current Medicinal Chemistry | Bentham ScienceCurrent Medicinal Chemistry | Bentham Science
Pyridinium Oximes as Cholinesterase Reactivators. Structure-Activity Relationship and Efficacy in the Treatment of Poisoning ...
http://www.eurekaselect.com/node/602/current-medicinal-chemistry/issue/16/218/17/2615
Oximes as cholinesterase reactivatorsInhibitorsAntidotesAtropineInhibitorAChEOxime reactivatorsOrganophosphatesAldoxime cholinesterase reactivatorsOrganophosphatePralidoxime chlorideAnti-cholinesterase activityIrritants and VesicantsSeverityAcetylcholinesterase reactivatorReactivationInhibitionTabun-inhibitedOrganophosphorusConjugatesInsecticidesStructuralReactivatesRECEPTORBroad-spectrumSubstrateActivityIntoxicationNerve agentPotentMolecularModificationExposureNeutralBloodHours
Oximes as cholinesterase reactivators3
  • Jokanovic M, Stojiljkovic M. Current understanding of the application of pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators in treatment of organophosphate poisoning. (labome.org)
  • Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Chapter 5, Jokanović and Petrović review pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators for the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning. (benthamscience.com)
Inhibitors3
  • Treatment/antidote of IRReversible cholinesterase inhibitors? (cram.com)
  • How does ATROPINE work as a treatment/antidote of IRReversible cholinesterase inhibitors? (cram.com)
  • After some time though, some inhibitors can develop a permanent bond with cholinesterase, known as aging, where oximes such as pralidoxime cannot reverse the bond. (gutenberg.org)
Antidotes3
  • The military has developed Autoinjector kits (Mark 1 kits) that contain two antidotes, an oxime (an AChE reactivator) and atropine. (medscape.com)
  • Poisoning with phosphorus-containing organic chemicals or OP compounds can be managed with antidotes like oximes which are potential reactivators of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). (ac.ir)
  • Known antidotes, which react with the substance and release the substrate (for example, oxime reactivators cholinesterase, similarly, there are antidotes used for poisoning metgemoglobinoobrazovatelami substances). (hindimequotes.com)
Atropine2
  • For the immediate treatment of organophosphate poisoning, dry/wet autoinjectors have been developed, containing the broad-spectrum cholinesterase reactivator HI 6 dichloride as a powder and atropine in solution. (mendeley.com)
  • atropine and drugs that regenerate the cholinesterase enzyme i.e. (enoeco.com)
Inhibitor2
  • Effect on enzymes and other biochemical parameters Fensulfothion, like other organophosphorothionate esters, is a weak cholinesterase inhibitor which, after being converted to the corresponding phosphate ester of fensulfothion is from 500 to 2 000 times more active in inhibiting cholinesterase. (inchem.org)
  • Onset of poisoning signs is usually delayed compared with that of many other commonly used organophosphates because of the conversion of chlorpyrifos to the active cholinesterase inhibitor chlorpyrifos-oxon. (org.ua)
AChE4
  • This review is centered on the recent developments and structural modification of AChE reactivators against nerve agent toxicity. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Among these approaches, determination of inhibition of AChE and BChE functional activity in the blood is still the mainstay for quick initial screening, although determination of relative cholinesterase activity lacks sensitivity and specificity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Organophosphate are absorbed through the skin lungs & GI tract and distributed widely in tissues and are slowly eliminated in hepatic metabolism.The principal effect is inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes, particularly acetylcholinesterase (AChE). (co.ke)
  • Oxime HI-6 DMS (dimethanesulfonate) is an asymmetric bis-pyridinium aldoxime and essential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator. (nel.edu)
Oxime reactivators1
  • We describe here the synthesis and activity of a new series of oxime reactivators of cholinesterases (ChEs) that contain tertiary amine or imidazole protonatable functional groups. (elsevier.com)
Organophosphates4
  • Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. (labome.org)
  • Pralidoxime also slows the process of "aging" of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a nonreactivatable form, and detoxifies certain organophosphates by direct chemical reaction. (pharmacycode.com)
  • Absorption occurs through all routes Carbamates differ toxicologically from organophoshphates in two ways: 1.They will spontaneously hydrolyse from the cholinesterase enzymatic site within 24 to 48 hours, whereas organophosphates will not 2.They do not effectively penetrate into central nervous system{CNS} and as such CNS toxicity is limited. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • A new series of 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoxime compounds have been designed, synthesised and tested in vitro, in silico, and ex vivo as reactivators of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) inhibited by organophosphates (OPs), for example, VX, sarin, cyclosarin, tabun, and paraoxon. (proteopedia.org)
Aldoxime cholinesterase reactivators1
  • Four novel bisquaternary aldoxime cholinesterase reactivators differing in their chemical structure were prepared. (mdpi.com)
Organophosphate6
  • Pralidoxime is to reactivate cholinesterase (mainly outside of the central nervous system) which has been inactivated by phosphorylation due to an organophosphate pesticide or related compound. (pharmacycode.com)
  • Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is a cholinesterase reactivator and the antidote for organophosphate poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Administer 2-PAM as soon as possible because its effectiveness decreases with prolonged exposure due to the aging of the organophosphate-cholinesterase bond. (medscape.com)
  • If given within 24 hours,after organophosphate exposure, pralidoxime reactivates the enzyme cholinesterase by cleaving the phosphate-ester bond formed between the organophosphate and acetylcholinesterase. (hmdb.ca)
  • Potent 3-Hydroxy-2-Pyridine Aldoxime Reactivators of Organophosphate-Inhibited Cholinesterases with Predicted Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration. (proteopedia.org)
  • Prevents permanent binding of the organophosphate to cholinesterase. (co.ke)
Pralidoxime chloride2
  • Pralidoxime chloride is a cholinesterase reactivator. (nih.gov)
  • In poisonings due to organophosphorous nerve agents and insecticides, it may also be helpful to concurrently administer a cholinesterase reactivator such as pralidoxime chloride. (drugs.com)
Anti-cholinesterase activity1
  • As with several other compounds of a similar structural nature, cholinesterase activity in females is more sensitive to in vivo anti-cholinesterase activity. (inchem.org)
Irritants and Vesicants1
  • Volume 2, Cholinesterase reactivators, psychochemicals, and irritants and vesicants / prepared by the Panel on Cholinesterase Reactivator Chemicals, Panel on Psychochemicals, Panel on Irritants and Vesicants, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. (opal-libraries.org)
Severity3
  • It has been reported that the supplemental use of oxime cholinesterase reactivators (such as pralidoxime) reduces the incidence and severity of developmental defects in chick embryos exposed to such known teratogens as parathion, bidrin, carbachol and neostigmine. (nih.gov)
  • Usually reaching its cholinesterase reactivator, clear visualization of the authors reporting increases in severity. (puc.edu)
  • However, at present, there are men with tpsa between 3 hours for 24 hours follow- reversible increases in severity, usually reaching its cholinesterase reactivator. (puc.edu)
Acetylcholinesterase reactivator4
  • HI-6 oxime (an acetylcholinesterase reactivator): blood plasma pharmacokinetics and organ distribution in experimental pigs. (nel.edu)
  • Kuneš M, Květina J, Bureš J, Karasová J, Pavlík M, Tachecí I, Musílek K, Kuca K. HI-6 oxime (an acetylcholinesterase reactivator): blood plasma pharmacokinetics and organ distribution in experimental pigs. (nel.edu)
  • Impact of paraoxon followed by acetylcholinesterase reactivator HI-6 on gastric myoelectric activity in experimental pigs. (nel.edu)
  • Oxime HI-6 is an acetylcholinesterase reactivator therapeutically efficient against nerve agents. (nel.edu)
Reactivation5
  • In particular, a deeper look has been taken into chemical modifications of the reactivators by incorporation of different structural moieties targeted towards the increased reactivation affinity and improved blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Reactivation kinetics of the lead hydroxyimino acetamide reactivator of hAChE, when analyzed in terms of apparent affinity (1/K ox ) and maximum reactivation rate (k 2 ), is superior to the reference uncharged reactivators monoisonitrosoacetone and 2,3-butanedione monoxime and shows potential for further refinement. (elsevier.com)
  • The disparate pH dependences for reactivation of ChE and the general base-catalyzed oximolysis of acetylthiocholine reveal that distinct reactivator ionization states are involved in the reactivation of ChE conjugates and in conferring nucleophilic reactivity of the oxime group. (elsevier.com)
  • Their reactivation activity was compared with standard reactivators-pralidoxime, obidoxime and HI-6-which are clinically used at present. (mdpi.com)
  • Moreover, efficient ex vivo reactivation of phosphylated native cholinesterases by selected oximes enabled significant hydrolysis of VX, sarin, paraoxon, and cyclosarin in whole human blood, which indicates that the oximes have scavenging potential. (proteopedia.org)
Inhibition2
  • A few organophosphorus pesticides have produced the so-called "Intermediate Syndrome" and delayed and persistent neuropathy, apparently unrelated to cholinesterase inhibition. (intox.org)
  • Following intraperitoneal administration of fensulfothion (0.9 mg/kg) to rats, inhibition of cholinesterase was maximal within one hour. (inchem.org)
Tabun-inhibited1
  • Musilek K, Jun D, Cabal J, Kassa J, Gunn Moore F, Kuca K. Design of a potent reactivator of tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase--synthesis and evaluation of (E)-1-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-4-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide (K203). (labome.org)
Organophosphorus2
  • PAM-2), trimedoxime (TMB-4), obidoxime (LüH-6, Toxogonin), HI-6 and HLö-7 which are used as cholinesterase reactivators in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphorus compounds. (labome.org)
  • Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. (ebi.ac.uk)
Conjugates2
  • Among the evaluated compounds, two morpholine-3-hydroxypyridine aldoxime conjugates proved to be promising reactivators of OP-inhibited cholinesterases. (proteopedia.org)
  • Mechanism of interaction of novel uncharged, centrally active reactivators with OP-hAChE conjugates. (semanticscholar.org)
Insecticides1
  • The ATROPEN ® Auto-Injector is indicated for the treatment of poisoning by susceptible organophosphorous nerve agents having cholinesterase activity as well as organophosphorous or carbamate insecticides. (drugs.com)
Structural2
  • Rahul Sharma, Bhanushree Gupta, Namrata Singh, J.R. Acharya, Kamil Musilek, Kamil Kuca and Kallol Kumar Ghosh, "Development and Structural Modifications of Cholinesterase Reactivators against Chemical Warfare Agents in Last Decade: A Review", Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry (2015) 15: 58. (eurekaselect.com)
  • The four-helix bundle in cholinesterase dimers: Structural and energetic determinants of stability. (nih.gov)
Reactivates2
  • Reactivates cholinesterase after poisoning with anticholinesterase agents. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Reactivates phophorylated acetyl cholinesterase. (co.ke)
RECEPTOR2
  • Effect of a new cholinesterase reactivator, diethixime, on the central nervous system Dopamine receptor subtypes contribution to Homer1a induction: insights into antipsychotic molecular action. (termsreign.ga)
  • Direct-acting cholinomimetics directly stimulate the receptors, while indirect-acting cholinomimetics block the action of cholinesterase, thus allowing the persistence of acetylcholine on the receptor. (lecturio.com)
Broad-spectrum1
  • Due to this fact, it could be designated as a partially broad-spectrum reactivator. (labome.org)
Substrate1
  • Time-course of human cholinesterases-catalyzed competing substrate kinetics. (nih.gov)
Activity2
  • A new sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for measurement of activity and kinetic study of cholinesterases. (nih.gov)
  • Blood cholinesterase activity and insecticide concentration were measured to determine the compound and the patients' response to insecticide and therapy. (ox.ac.uk)
Intoxication1
  • Kuca K, Jun D, Bajgar J. Currently used cholinesterase reactivators against nerve agent intoxication: comparison of their effectivity in vitro. (labome.org)
Nerve agent1
  • Targeted synthesis of 1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-pyridiniumpropane dibromide--a new nerve agent reactivator. (labome.org)
Potent1
  • A potent oxime for treatment of tabun and cyclosarin-caused intoxications was thus obtained via slight modification of the reactivator structure (compared to trimedoxime and K027). (labome.org)
Molecular1
  • First principles calculations of thermodynamics and kinetic parameters and molecular dynamics simulations of acetylcholinesterase reactivators: can mouse data provide new insights into humans? (labome.org)
Modification1
  • antitrypsin deficiency is most often persists for weeks plus a cholinesterase reactivator, pralidoxime, is an aid to behavior modification. (raseproject.org)
Exposure1
  • Pralidoxime (a specific cholinesterase reactivator) should also be started within four hours of exposure [11]. (enoeco.com)
Neutral1
  • Equilibration between the neutral and protonated species at physiological pH enables the reactivators to cross the blood-brain barrier and distribute in the CNS aqueous space as dictated by interstitial and cellular pH values. (elsevier.com)
Blood1
  • Although a plasma cholinesterase level was not detectable on admission, the patient's red blood cell cholinesterase level was normal when measured after completion of pralidoxime therapy. (cdc.gov)
Hours2
  • The use of cholinesterase reactivators depended on administration within 24-48 hours. (childbirthsolutions.com)
  • Determine use 20 cialis de bula mg of cholinesterase reactivators depended on administration within 25-48 hours after ingestion. (medimobile.com)