Cholinergic neurons. Medical search

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)

A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the LATERAL VENTRICLES of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the CORPUS CALLOSUM and the body and columns of the FORNIX (BRAIN).

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.

GRAY MATTER structures of the telencephalon and LIMBIC SYSTEM in the brain, but containing widely varying definitions among authors. Included here is the cortical septal area, subcortical SEPTAL NUCLEI, and the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE into small SECRETORY VESICLES. Proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic acetylcholine.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

A group of nerve cells in the SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA that has wide projections to the NEOCORTEX and is rich in ACETYLCHOLINE and CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE. In PARKINSON DISEASE and ALZHEIMER DISEASE the nucleus undergoes degeneration.

Cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the paraterminal gyrus in the septal area with the hippocampus and lateral olfactory area.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of only the toxic A subunit, which is a polypeptide of around 30 kDa.

Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

Portion of midbrain situated under the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI. The two ventrolateral cylindrical masses or peduncles are large nerve fiber bundles providing a tract of passage between the FOREBRAIN with the HINDBRAIN. Ventral MIDBRAIN also contains three colorful structures: the GRAY MATTER (PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY), the black substance (SUBSTANTIA NIGRA), and the RED NUCLEUS.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

A low affinity receptor that binds NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; and neurotrophin 4.

Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Dense collection of cells in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum known to play a role in the functional organization of the BASAL GANGLIA and in the modulation of the thalamocortical neuronal system.

Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4, neurotrophin 5. It plays a crucial role in pain sensation and thermoregulation in humans. Gene mutations that cause loss of receptor function are associated with CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN WITH ANHIDROSIS, while gene rearrangements that activate the protein-tyrosine kinase function are associated with tumorigenesis.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.

Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

Saturated azacyclopropane compounds. They include compounds with substitutions on CARBON or NITROGEN atoms.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.

Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

A growth differentiation factor that plays a regulatory role as a paracrine factor for a diverse array of cell types during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult tissues. Growth differentiation factor 2 is also a potent regulator of CHONDROGENESIS and was previously referred to as bone morphogenetic protein 9.

Methods used to label and follow the course of NEURAL PATHWAYS by AXONAL TRANSPORT of injected NEURONAL TRACT-TRACERS.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.

Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)

Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.

The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.

A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.

The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.

A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.

Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.

A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN.

The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.

A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.

An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the THIRD VENTRICLE.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

A neurotrophic factor involved in regulating the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. It is closely homologous to nerve growth factor beta and BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

A flavoprotein that reversibly oxidizes NADPH to NADP and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.6.99.1.

The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.

Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

Methods used to study CELLS.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Nerve cells where transmission is mediated by NITRIC OXIDE.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is EPINEPHRINE.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

A subclass of LIM domain proteins that include an additional centrally-located homeodomain region that binds AT-rich sites on DNA. Many LIM-homeodomain proteins play a role as transcriptional regulators that direct cell fate.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.

Compensatory responses to age-related decline in odor quality acuity: cholinergic neuromodulation and olfactory enrichment. (1/184)

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Neuroinflammation not associated with cholinergic degeneration in aged-impaired brain. (2/184)

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GPR30 is positioned to mediate estrogen effects on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cognitive performance. (3/184)

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Functional connectivity and cholinergic modulation in auditory cortex. (4/184)

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Gender differences in neurotrophin and glutamate receptor expression in cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. (5/184)

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The cholinergic system in rat testis is of non-neuronal origin. (6/184)

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Projections from the rat pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei to the anterior thalamus and ventral tegmental area arise from largely separate populations of neurons. (7/184)

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Overexpression of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors enhances neuronal differentiation of fetal human neural progenitor cells in various ways. (8/184)

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Most research involving cholinergic neurons involves the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. However, cholinergic neurons only ... Cholinergic neurons, along with non-cholinergic neurons, have sleep/wake regulatory functions in the basal forebrain that can ... which causes cholinergic neurons to become vulnerable. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are highly dependent on the constant ... The cholinergic system allows the circadian system to have the cycle of one day. The cholinergic neuron may also play a role in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_neuron

Cholinergic neurons - acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons into the synaptic cleft. It acts as a ... Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are ... Neurons must maintain the specific electrical properties that define their neuron type. Thin neurons and axons require less ... NIF Search - Neuron via the Neuroscience Information Framework Cell Centered Database - Neuron Complete list of neuron types ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

Blusztajn, J.; Wurtman, R. (1983). "Choline and cholinergic neurons". Science. 221 (4611): 614-20. Bibcode:1983Sci...221..614B ... Therefore, mechanisms involved in the transfer of energy from foods to neurons are likely to be fundamental to the control of ... Vitamin A affects spatial memory most of the time because the size of the nuclei in hippocampal neurons are reduced by ... Choline has been shown to increase the synthesis and release of acetylcholine from neurons, which in turn increases memory. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience

The region contains cholinergic neurons. Tegmentum mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA) Winn, Philip (2009). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopontine_tegmentum

"Entrez Gene: CHRND cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, delta". Kreienkamp HJ, Maeda RK, Sine SM, Taylor P (March 1995). " ... Neuron. 14 (3): 635-44. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90320-8. PMID 7695910. Pasteris NG, Trask BJ, Sheldon S, Gorski JL (1993). " ... CHRND has been shown to interact with Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 1. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor GRCh38: ... "Intersubunit contacts governing assembly of the mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptor". Neuron. 14 (3): 635-44. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRND

Cholinergic neurons are capable of producing ACh. An example of a central cholinergic area is the nucleus basalis of Meynert in ... as PDF Yu AJ, Dayan P (May 2005). "Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention". Neuron. 46 (4): 681-92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... Neuron. 43 (1): 133-43. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.012. PMID 15233923. Crow TJ, Grove-White IG (October 1973). "An analysis ... preganglionic neurons in the central nervous system send projections to neurons located in autonomic ganglia, which send output ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

... substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, locus ceruleus adrenergic neurons, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus cholinergic neurons ... expression in cholinergic neurons, culminating in increased cholinergic tone. Following dopamine depletion leading to increase ... "Thalamic Gating of Corticostriatal Signaling by Cholinergic Interneurons". Neuron. 67 (2): 294-307. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... "Cholinergic modulation of Kir2 channels selectively elevates dendritic excitability in striatopallidal neurons". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._James_Surmeier

"Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease". Lancet. 2 (8000): 1403. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91936- ... December 2020). "Cholinergic dysfunction in the dorsal striatum promotes habit formation and maladaptive eating". The Journal ... Certainly, Alzheimer's disease involves a substantial loss of the elements of the cholinergic system and it is generally ... Based on the physiopathology of anorexia nervosa, namely in terms of cholinergic deficiencies, the effects of donepezil and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donepezil

"Entrez Gene: CHRNA1 cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 1 (muscle)". Kreienkamp HJ, Maeda RK, Sine SM, Taylor P (March 1995 ... Neuron. 14 (3): 635-44. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90320-8. PMID 7695910. Gattenlöhner S, Brabletz T, Schultz A, Marx A, Müller- ... Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with CHRND. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor GRCh38: ... Neuron. 15 (1): 229-39. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90080-2. PMID 7619526. S2CID 1959504. Kreienkamp HJ, Maeda RK, Sine SM, Taylor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRNA1

Cholinergic neurons are neurons that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Through different studies, these types of neurons ... triggering neurons and transfer neurons. All of these neurons are located in the peribrachial area, which is a group of neurons ... These neurons are theorized to be inhibitory to aminergic neurons, and thus inhibitory to PGO wave propagation. The neurons ... Within this network, there are two types of neuronal groups: executive neurons and modulatory neurons. These neurons are the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGO_waves

Davies P, Maloney AJ (December 1976). "Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease". Lancet. 2 (8000 ... Among the oldest hypotheses is the cholinergic hypothesis, which suggests that deficiency in cholinergic signaling initiates ... In neurons DSBs are induced by a type II topoisomerase as part of the physiologic process of memory formation. DSBs are present ... April 2004). "Hippocampal neuron loss exceeds amyloid plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry_of_Alzheimer's_disease

The cholinergic system consists of projection neurons from the pedunculopontine nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and ... As with dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, neurons in the locus coeruleus tend to be melanin-pigmented. ... Neuron. 76 (1): 116-29. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.036. PMC 3466476. PMID 23040810. Hasselmo ME, Sarter M (January 2011). " ... primarily the melanin-pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra but secondarily the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation

ISBN 0-387-18613-1. Whittaker, V. P. (1992). The Cholinergic Neuron and Its Target. The Electromotor Innervation of the ... Whittaker, V. P.; Essman, W. B. T.; Dowe, G. H. (1972). "The isolation of pure cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric ... 1988). The Cholinergic Synapse. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 86. New York: Springer. ... Zimmermann, H.; Whittaker, V. P. (1977). "Morphological and biochemical heterogeneity of cholinergic synaptic vesicles". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_P._Whittaker

Varija Raghu, S; Reiff DF; Borst A. (2011-01-01). "Neurons with cholinergic phenotype in the visual system of Drosophila". The ... The development, lineages, and characterizations of secondary axon tracts, anatomical maps of cholinergic neurons in the visual ... Neuron. 65 (5): 670-81. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.032. PMC 2862355. PMID 20223202. Reuter, JE; Nardine TM; Penton A; ... "Diverse functions of N-cadherin in dendritic and axonal terminal arborization of olfactory projection neurons". Neuron. 42 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARCM

α-neurotoxins attack the Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of cholinergic neurons. They mimic the shape of the acetylcholine ... Fasciculins These toxins attack cholinergic neurons (those that use ACh as a transmitter) by destroying acetylcholinesterase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_venom

"Androgen affects cholinergic enzymes in syringeal motor neurons and muscle". Brain Research. 192 (1): 89-107. doi:10.1016/0006- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_starling

Neuron. 54 (5): 813-29. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.017. PMC 2590749. PMID 17553428. Vo N, Klein ME, Varlamova O, Keller DM, ... Shaked I, Meerson A, Wolf Y, Avni R, Greenberg D, Gilboa-Geffen A, Soreq H (2009). "MicroRNA-132 potentiates cholinergic anti- ... Neuron. 65 (3): 373-84. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.005. PMC 5018398. PMID 20159450. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-132

It has been discovered that the cholinergic neurons are actually nicotinic. These receptors are meant to monitor the amount of ... Neurons in the CTZ, and area postrema in general, actually have two types of receptors: those at the surface of the neuron and ... Most of the neurons located in the CTZ express hyperpolarization-activated cation channels (H-channels). Since the neurons in ... Recently, evidence of this notion that H-channels in CTZ neurons play a role in emesis has come to light. It has been found ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone

Because cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis are significantly altered during Alzheimer's progression, cholinergic agents ... Cholinergic interneurons and dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain are largely unaffected. Treatment for Huntington's disease is ... Additionally, damage to neurons in nociceptive pathways leads to neuropathic pain. Three families in northern Pakistan were ... Neuron, 2006. pp. 33-38 Dawson, TM; Dawson, VL.Molecular pathways of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Science, 2003. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neurochemistry

Both types express glutamate receptors (NMDAR and AMPAR), cholinergic receptors (M1 and M4) and CB1 receptors are expressed on ... When indirect pathway neurons fire, GPe neurons are inhibited, which disinhibits the STN. The STN then excites SNr/GPi neurons ... The medium spiny neurons are medium-sized neurons (~15 microns in diameter, ~12-13 microns in the mouse) with large and ... Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron

"A third vesicular glutamate transporter expressed by cholinergic and serotoninergic neurons". The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 ( ... Neuron. 57 (2): 263-75. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.11.032. PMC 2293283. PMID 18215623. Mortensen, Ole V.; Liberato, José L.; ... Neuron. 83 (2): 404-16. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.043. PMC 4159050. PMID 25033183. The dependence of EAAT3 internalization ... Neurons are able to express VGluT3 when they use a neurotransmitter different to Glutamate, for example in the specific case of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_transporter

Micrograph of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of a rhesus monkey; Bar = 50 microns (0.05 millimeters). This article ... The nucleus basalis in humans is a somewhat diffuse collection of large cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. The main ... Rostrally, the nucleus basalis is continuous with the cholinergic neurons of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. The ... Yu AJ, Dayan P (May 2005). "Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention". Neuron. 46 (4): 681-92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_basalis

The presence of non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the cortex have been found to act with the cholinergic neurons to ... Adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic ... of non-cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain structures has been shown in working together with the cholinergic neurons in ... The basal forebrain is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the central nervous system (CNS) centred on the output ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_forebrain

In insects, the cholinergic system is limited to the central nervous system. The nicotinic receptors are considered cholinergic ... Neuron. 76 (1): 116-29. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.036. PMC 3466476. PMID 23040810. Wonnacott S (February 1997). "Presynaptic ... The activation of receptors by nicotine modifies the state of neurons through two main mechanisms. On one hand, the movement of ... These α-neurotoxins antagonistically bind tightly and noncovalently to nAChRs of skeletal muscles and in neurons, thereby ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor

... hyper-innervation acts to promote the death of these neurons and that the inhibitory effect of galanin on cholinergic neurons ... toxicity in rat cholinergic basal forebrain neurons". Neurobiol. Dis. 21 (2): 413-20. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.016. PMID ... Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus may govern parental behaviour. Galanin is linked to a number of ... Sensory neurons increasingly release galanin when they are damaged. An increase in the concentrations of galanin are also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin

... has a role in inducing and maintaining the ability of embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) to respond to a ... "Bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces the transcriptome of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons". Proceedings of the National ... "Induction and maintenance of the neuronal cholinergic phenotype in the central nervous system by BMP-9". Science. 289 (5477): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF2

"A small number of cholinergic neurons mediate hyperaggression in female Drosophila" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy ... "A small number of cholinergic neurons mediate hyperaggression in female Drosophila" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy ... responsible for driving this behavior and they found 2-4 pairs of neurons in the female brain pC1 region that were cholinergic ... The fascinating finding that such a small populations of neurons can drive specific and intense behavioral outputs will serve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Palavicino-Maggio

GDF2 (also known as BMP9) induces and maintains the response embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) have to a ... "Bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces the transcriptome of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102 (19 ... Neuron. 37 (2): 197-207. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01172-8. PMID 12546816. S2CID 15399794. Kim J, Wu H, Lander A, Lyons K, ... and regulates the number of olfactory receptor neurons occurring in the olfactory epithelium, and numbers of retinal ganglionic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor

This alters the activation of cholinergic neurons, 5-HT, and beta-adrenolin. Another effect is to increase proteins such as ... Environmental enrichment can also lead to the formation of neurons (at least in rats) and reverse both the loss of neurons in ... Stimulation affects not only synapses upon pyramidal neurons (the main projecting neurons in the cerebral cortex) but also ... Neuron. 62 (4): 510-25. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.022. PMID 19477153. S2CID 17085834. During MJ, Cao L (February 2006). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_enrichment

NRTN promotes survival of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and spinal motor neurons. Therefore, NRTN has a potential in the ... PSPN promotes the survival of mouse embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in vitro. Hence, PSPN may be used for the ... "Neurturin and persephin promote the survival of embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in vitro". Exp Neurol. 184 (1): ... In particular signalling by GDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons. At the cell surface of target cells, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDNF_family_of_ligands

This change is mediated by cholinergic neurons as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic ... Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in ... antagonist (atropine). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress_and_sleep

These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. The inner circular layer is ... The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the ... while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitatory neurons. These action potentials cause the smooth muscle ... innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm

Its principal neurons are tiny granule cells which give rise to unmyelinated axons called the mossy fibers which project to the ... As with all regions of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus also receives GABAergic and cholinergic input from the medial septum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_dentata

Neuron. 56 (6): 955-62. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.001. PMC 2199268. PMID 18093519. Dölen G, Carpenter RL, Ocain TD, Bear MF ... 5 on mGluR1 function in striatal cholinergic interneurons". Neuropharmacology. 49. 49 Suppl 1: 104-13. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm ... They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the cerebral cortex, as well as ... Group II and III mGluRs tend to protect neurons from excitotoxicity, possibly by reducing the activity of NMDARs. Metabotropic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

There is no model to account for the specific neurons and brain regions that are affected. Autopsy studies and amyloid imaging ... Neuronal loss in DLB leads to profound dopamine dysfunction and marked cholinergic pathology; other neurotransmitters might be ... The exact cause is unknown but involves formation of abnormal clumps of protein in neurons throughout the brain. Manifesting as ... Loss of acetylcholine-producing neurons is thought to account for degeneration in memory and learning, while the death of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

... neuron - neuronal cell adhesion molecule - neuropeptide - neuropeptide receptor - neuropeptide Y - neuropeptide Y receptor - ... cholinergic receptor - chorionic gonadotropin - chromatid - chromatin - ciclosporin - chromatography - chromosomal crossover - ... olfactory receptor neuron - oligopeptide - oncogene - oncogene protein - oncogene proteins V-abl - oncogenic retroviridae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Animal studies with rats have also shown that exposure to acute stress reduces the survival of hippocampal neurons. One of the ... Evidence that aspects of memory can be improved by action on selective neurotransmitter systems, such as the cholinergic system ... Hippocampus-dependent learning, for example, can promote the survival of newborn neurons which may serve as a foundation for ... Flavonoids may also help with preserving memory by protecting neurons in the brain and promoting regeneration. Some examples of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_improvement

A possible cause for this is the hypothesis that severe cholinergic deletion may be the underlying component in the attention ... It is associated with the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Clinical symptoms of PD include ... These findings are also consistent with neuropathological changes seen in early AD patients in areas such as the cholinergic ... cholinergic system, and the decreased connectivity in the frontoparietal network in the early stages of AD. These changes, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_selective_attention_in_dementia

... dopamine neurons), ventral tegmental area (dopamine neurons), cortex (with bidirectional connections with the prefrontal cortex ... The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) sends cholinergic (acetylcholine) projections to many subcortical and cortical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterodorsal_tegmental_nucleus

In a cholinergic crisis, where a person has too much neuromuscular stimulation, edrophonium will make the muscle weakness worse ... However, in LEMS the neuron is unable to release enough acetylcholine for normal muscle function due to autoantibodies ... is used to differentiate myasthenia gravis from cholinergic crisis and Lambert-Eaton. In myasthenia gravis, the body produces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edrophonium

LOCS neurons. Shell neurons are typically large, and morphologically are very similar to MOCS neurons. The LOCS (originating ... ACh release from the olivocochlear terminals activates an evolutionarily ancient cholinergic receptor complex composed of the ... While the intrinsic LOCS neurons tend to be small (~10 to 15 µm in diameter), and the shell OC neurons are larger (~25 µm in ... to afferent neurons. Furthermore, both studies showed that most MOC neurons responded to sound presented in the ipsilateral ear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivocochlear_system

Malenka RC, Bear MF (Sep 2004). "LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches". Neuron. 44 (1): 5-21. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09. ... However, the medial septum is more than just the controller of theta; it is also the main source of cholinergic projections to ... Squire LR (Jan 2009). "The legacy of patient H.M. for neuroscience". Neuron. 61 (1): 6-9. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.023. PMC ... The spiking activity of neurons within the hippocampus is highly correlated with sharp wave activity. Most neurons decrease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus

In aged neurons, the medium and slow hyperpolarization phases involve the prolonged opening of calcium-dependent potassium ... The prolonging of this phase has been hypothesized to be a result of deregulated calcium and hypoactivity of cholinergic, ... The hyperpolarization of a neuron can be divided into three stages: the fast, medium and slow hyperpolarization. ... For example, the tau hypothesis to Alzheimer's proposes that tau protein accumulation results in the breakdown neuron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_aging

According to Sato, both adrenergic and cholinergic-muscarinic neurons participate, in the following physiological proportions: ... Tiwari, P.; Dwivedi, S.; Singh, M. P.; Mishra, R.; & Chandy, A. (2013). "Basic and modern concepts on cholinergic receptor: A ... Assessment of sudomotor function provides a measure of sympathetic cholinergic function in the workup of CAN. Amyloidosis such ... For instance, in the cholinergic pathway (the dominant pathway), this leads to the following sequence, or activation cascade: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_skin_conductance

Chemosensory Jump 6 Is a Positive Transcriptional Regulator of the Cholinergic Gene Locus in Drosophila Olfactory Neurons - Lee ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_chemistry

Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors ... Guanethidine and other adrenergic neuron blocking drugs can have their antihypertensive effects blocked by dosulepin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin

Mesulam, M-M; Geula, C.; Bothwell, M.A.; Hersh, C.B. (1989). "Human reticular formation: cholinergic neurons of the ... GPe neurons are often multi-targeted and may respond to a number of neuron types. In macaques, axons from the GPe to the ... Medium spiny neurons (MSN)s, account for up to 95 per cent of the striatal neurons. There are two populations of these ... Each striatal neuron may contribute 680 synapses. This leads again to an approximation of 100 striatal neurons for one target ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_basal_ganglia

For example, a synapse is GABAergic if it uses GABA as its neurotransmitter, and a GABAergic neuron produces GABA. A substance ... GABA reuptake inhibitor Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic Glycinergic Histaminergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAergic

... toward emotion-specific stimuli may occur via projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala to cholinergic neurons, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_perception

Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Annals of Neurology: 1981 Aug;10( ... Neuron. 1989 Jun 1;2(6):1547-58. (Cited 1067 times, according to Google Scholar. Goff DC, Coyle JT. The emerging role of ... Coyle JT, Schwarcz R. Lesion of striatal neurons with kainic acid provides a model for Huntington's chorea. Nature. 1976 Sep; ... Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science. 1982 Mar 5;215(4537):1237-9. (Cited ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_T._Coyle

It has also been shown that modifications in the cholinergic input at the celiac ganglion also led, via the superior ovarian ... These ganglia contain neurons whose postganglionic axons innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small ... Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion. ... Orozco, A. V.; Sosa, Z.; Fillipa, V.; Mohamed, F.; Rastrilla, A. M. (2006). "The cholinergic influence on the mesenteric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_ganglia

... monocular deprivation during the critical period is reduced by combined destruction of noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons. ... If these young neurons had more plasticity than adult neurons in the same context, they could be more influential in smaller ... Neuron. 74 (4): 691-705. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026. PMC 3528177. PMID 22632727. Sipe, G.O.; et al. (28 October 2015). " ... In mammals, neurons in the brain that process vision actually develop after birth based on signals from the eyes. A landmark ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period

These olfactory signals are received from dopaminergic, octopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurons ... There are three specific classes of neurons that make up the mushroom body lobes: α/β, α'/β', and γ neurons, which all have ... The neurons which receive signals from serotonergic and GABAergic neurons outside the MB produce wakefulness, and ... Davis, Ronald (2011). "Traces of Drosophila Memory". Neuron. 70 (1): 8-19. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.012. PMC 3374581. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_bodies

... nvlDBB projects to the hippocampal formation through the fornix and it is the second largest assembly of cholinergic neurons in ... "Chronic exposure to nerve growth factor increases acetylcholine and glutamate release from cholinergic neurons of the rat ... This is a cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the subcallosal ... forebrain whereas nhlDBB projects to the olfactory bulb and it does not have a significant population of cholinergic neurons. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_band_of_Broca

... neurons integrate signals from many neurons. In the short term, it is important to have changes in activity of the neuron ... Amongst the common drugs of abuse, nicotine is one of the strongest agonists at the nicotinic cholinergic synapse. Nicotine, ... Thus, low frequency stimulation of a neuron in the short term is similar to the activity of a neuron at rest in the brain. No ... Long-term effects: Low frequency stimulation of a neuron for a long period of time decreases the excitability of the neuron by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsynaptic_plasticity

Neurons in the central nervous system contain α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors and β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. All four ... Their function is enhancing, compared to the inhibiting action of the cholinergic fibres of the parasympathetic system. ... Adrenergic neurons, in particular the α2 autoreceptors found in the brain, are also involved in sexual behavior and in the ... Peripheral adrenergic neurons integrate signals from other nerves of the central nervous system and peripheral sense organs. An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_nerve_fibre

"Entrez Gene: CHRNB2 cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 2 (neuronal)". Skorupska E, Rózycka A, Trzeciak WH (2002). "[ ... Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit]] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRNB2

In very serious cases of hyperhidrosis, a solution containing glycopyrronium bromide or glycopyrrolate, a cholinergic inhibitor ... Transmitter molecules naturally pass signals between neurons. By microelectrophoretic techniques, including microiontophoresis ... neurotransmitters and other chemical agents can be artificially administered very near living and naturally functioning neurons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontophoresis

... and cell death of cholinergic neurons, resulting in loss of memory. The reasons for the damage of the cholinergic neurons are ... The reasons for the damage of the cholinergic neurons are not clear, but nerve growth factor (NGF) is the most potent trophic ... embedded into collagen hydrogels and the brain slices were placed at the center of the microprints and the cholinergic neurons ... was embedded into collagen hydrogels and brain slices were placed in the center of these microprints and cholinergic neurons ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.775621/full

Viral tagging reveals few PPTg glutamate neurons are cholinergic in the adult, but that PPTg glutamate and cholinergic neurons ... cholinergic neurons expressed detectable VGLUT2 (Fig. 3A-D). VGAT colocalization was low in PPTg cholinergic neurons (4.0 ± ... small cholinergic neurons. We found that most PBG cholinergic neurons expressed VGLUT2 in the adult, and that VGLUT2 and VAChT ... and even fewer cholinergic neurons coexpressed VGAT mRNA. The fact that PPTg cholinergic neurons largely expressed the VGLUT2 ...

https://www.eneuro.org/content/6/4/ENEURO.0161-19.2019

CHOLINERGIC NEURONS AND FUNCTION IN THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN. MeCP2 function in cholinergic neurons is sufficient to rescue ... Cholinergic receptors: In ANS, cholinergic neurons release Ach a neurotransmitter. The majority of cholinergic projections ... A central role of cholinergic neurons in neurodegeneration seems conserved. This study tests whether ICG cholinergic neuron ... Administration of nicotine or nicotinic agonists to act postsynaptically on cholinergic . Cholinergic Neuron As cholinergic ...

https://www.climapower.pe/can/11352203ad28f8e58

keywords = "choline acetyltransferase, cholinergic neuron, immunohistochemistry, pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic system ... Gould, E., & Butcher, L. L. (1986). Cholinergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra. Neuroscience Letters, 63(3), 315-319. ... Cholinergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra. Neuroscience Letters. 1986 Jan 30;63(3):315-319. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(86) ... Gould, E & Butcher, LL 1986, Cholinergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 315- ...

https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/cholinergic-neurons-in-the-rat-substantia-nigra

... the cholinergic PPT axons appear to contact both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. These findings suggest cholinergic ... Cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus contact excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the inferior ... Cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus contact excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the inferior ... "Cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus contact excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the inferior ...

https://neomed.omeka.net/items/show/11207

A cell autonomous torsina requirement for cholinergic neuron survival and motor control. / Pappas, Samuel S.; Li, Jay; LeWitt, ... A cell autonomous torsina requirement for cholinergic neuron survival and motor control. eLife. 2018 Aug 17;7:e36691. doi: ... A cell autonomous torsina requirement for cholinergic neuron survival and motor control. In: eLife. 2018 ; Vol. 7. ... Here, we addressed this question by using ChAT-Cre mice to conditionally delete torsinA from cholinergic neurons (ChAT-CKO). ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-cell-autonomous-torsina-requirement-for-cholinergic-neuron-surv

1982) The organization and some projections of cholinergic neurons of the mammalian forebrain. Brain Res 257:327-388. doi: ... Effects of cholinergic agonists on LHb neuron membrane currents. We previously reported that the muscarinic agonist Oxo-M ... Using in vitro electrophysiology, we find that LHb neurons are depolarized or hyperpolarized by the cholinergic agonists ... Neuron 101:648-661.e644. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.026 pmid:30679017. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/42/28/5552.full

VGLUT3+ cholinergic neurons in the HDB project to the IPL. To determine whether VGLUT3 is expressed by cholinergic neurons in ... Given that ~46% of cholinergic neurons are VGLUT3+ (Fig. 1), the numbers indicate that ~56% of neurons positive for both VGLUT3 ... Cell type-selective innervation by VGLUT3+ cholinergic neurons. The observation of specific subsets of HDB neurons forming ... neurons expressed tdTomato (46%), indicating that cholinergic neurons in this nucleus also express or have expressed VGLUT3 at ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00765-4?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d719b9f1-d64f-432d-ba0f-0dc719dc38a1

Acetylcholine - cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. The ascending arousal system. Adapted from Saper et al. ... the DRN serotonergic neurons, VTA dopaminergic neurons, and LC noradrenergic neurons). ... Hypocretin neurons interact with both the sleep-active and the sleep-promoting systems and act as stabilizers between ... Hypocretin neurons in the posterolateral hypothalamus are active during wakefulness and project to all of the wakefulness ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1187829-70516/what-causes-adjustment-insomnia-acute-insomnia

Priming fetal human embryonic stem cells aids differentiation into cholinergic neurons. ... From stem cell to neuron. Priming fetal human embryonic stem cells aids differentiation into cholinergic neurons.. Tudor Toma ... can transform them into cholinergic neurons in adult rat CNS (. Nature Neuroscience,. DOI:10.1038/nn974, November 11, 2002). ... with tropic factors or other chemicals important in the development of cholinergic neurons. They observed that after this ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/research-round-up/from-stem-cell-to-neuron-52508

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-presentation

Download Free Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor Stimulation In Olfactory ... Home Free eBooks Medical Free Books Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor ... Tags: Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor Stimulation In Olfactory ... Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor Stimulation In Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice ...

https://www.kopykitab.com/Donepezil-Rescues-The-Medical-Septum-Cholinergic-Neurons-Via-Nicotinic-ACh-Receptor-Stimulation-In-Olfactory-Bulbectomized-Mice-by-Panel-Of-Experts

Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the dorsal ... that the dH exerts a critical role in the organization of postictal analgesia and that muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic ... Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the dorsal ... Neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological approaches to postictal antinociception-related prosencephalic neurons: the role of ...

https://www.win.ox.ac.uk/publications/407877

Cholinergic terminals in the cat visual cortex: Ultrastructural basis for interaction with glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and ... Cholinergic terminals in the cat visual cortex : Ultrastructural basis for interaction with glutamate-immunoreactive neurons ... Cholinergic terminals in the cat visual cortex : Ultrastructural basis for interaction with glutamate-immunoreactive neurons ... These observations provide ultrastructural evidence for direct, cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons ...

https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/cholinergic-terminals-in-the-cat-visual-cortex-ultrastructural-ba

Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: intraocular distribution of trophic activity for ciliary neurons. Adler R, Landa KB, ... Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. VI. Age-dependent requirements by chick embryo ciliary ganglionic neurons. Manthorpe M, ... Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. III. Developmental increase of trophic activity for chick embryo ciliary ganglion neurons ... Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: fractionation properties of an extract from selected chick embryonic eye tissues. Manthorpe ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Adler+R&cauthor_id=487083

Cholinergic Transcript Dysregulation in Tau-Containing nbM Neurons in CTE. *Clinical Consequences of nbM Pathobiology in CTE ... Chapter 22: Kallmann syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: The role of semaphorin signaling on GnRH neurons ... Changes in Hypothalamic Neurosecretory Neurons. *Alterations of Hypothalamic-Releasing and Inhibiting Factors Which Regulate ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-human-hypothalamus/swaab/978-0-12-819973-2

1990). Cholinergic neurons of the feline pontomesencephalon. Brain Res 520:43-54. ... 1991). Midlatency auditory evoked responses: differential effects of a cholinergic agonist and antagonist. Electroencephalogr ...

https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0042-1745601?id=&lang=de

Promotion of central cholinergic and dopaminergic neuron differentiation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not ... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases survival and differentiated functions of rat septal cholinergic neurons in culture. ... Widespread expression of BDNF but not NT3 by target areas of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. ... Neuronal properties of clonal hybrid cell lines derived from central cholinergic neurons. ...

https://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/0896-6273

mGluR5 promotes the differentiation of rat neural progenitor cells into cholinergic neurons and activation of extracellular ... neurons as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms showed that it caused rat NPCs to differentiate into cholinergic neurons ... The pattern of mGluR5 expression by neural stem/progenitor cells, neuroblasts and neurons provides important anatomical ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Peng-bo-Yang/2318335

Examples include cholinergic, GABA-ergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neurons. Notes. *↑ Wei-Chung Allen Lee, Hayden Huang ... Classification by action on other neurons *Excitatory neurons evoke excitation of their target neurons. Excitatory neurons in ... Spinal motor neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.. *Inhibitory neurons evoke inhibition of their target neurons ... Information outflow from dendrites to other neurons can also occur. Neurons can have great longevity (human neurons can ...

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Neuron

Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimers disease. Lancet. 1976 Dec 25;2(8000):1403. PubMed. ... Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimers disease. Lancet. 1976 Dec 25;2(8000):1403. PubMed. ... Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimers disease. Lancet. 1976 Dec 25;2(8000):1403. PubMed. ... His early discoveries regarding the cholinergic system were highly influential in leading to the development of cholinergic ...

https://www.alzforum.org/news/community-news/peter-davies-beloved-giant-alzheimers-disease-research-dies-72

Stepwise, non-adherent differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to generate basal forebrain cholinergic neurons via ... TDP-43 induces p53-mediated cell death of cortical progenitors and immature neurons. Vogt, M. A., Ehsaei, Z., Knuckles, P., ... Synaptic signalling in a network of dopamine neurons: What prevents proper inter-cellular crosstalk?. Chen, Y., Kunath, T., ... Alpha-synuclein supports type 1 interferon signalling in neurons and brain tissue. Monogue, B., Chen, Y., Sparks, H., Behbehani ...

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/persons/tilo-kunath/publications/

BoNTs target motor neurons, and block the cholinergic neuromuscular innervation of striated and smooth muscles in multiple ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/2/22-0991

Pharmacogenetic stimulation of cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons reverses motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinsons ... AMPA and NMDA receptor regulation of firing activity in 5-HT neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. European Journal of ... A role for nitric oxide in serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei. European Journal of Neuroscience 2020, 51(9), 1881- ... firing pattern in a sub-population of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the rat. ...

https://www.ncl.ac.uk/medical-sciences/people/profile/sashagartside.html

CRH and catecholaminergic neurons also receive stimulatory innervation from the serotonergic and cholinergic systems. CRH ... Reciprocal neural connections exist between nonadrenergic neurons and the CRH of the central stress system. [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ... LHRH neurons do not contain estrogen receptors. The steroid regulatory inputs from the gonads are neural influences on the ... TRH mRNA and TRH prohormone are present in several types of neurons that do not express TRH. In normal individuals, TRH ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948709-overview

... neuron]) and plaques indicative of neuron degeneration (35). Degeneration is particularly prominent among neurons that release ... Loss of M2 muscarine receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimers disease and experimental cholinergic degeneration. Science ... The destruction of neurons releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine appears to be common among people with AD and some ... Recent research has suggested that the CSF of patients with AD has altered levels of proteins associated with neuron ...

https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/apr/05_0167.htm

Do cholinergic neurons directly innervate nasal blood vessels?. Rhinology. 1988;26:139-46 ... Effects of temperature on cholinergic contractility of rabbit airway smooth muscle. Ame J Phy. 1987;63:1933-41 ... The cholinergic contracting agent tested in this preparation is commonly used for research purposes. It is noteworthy that ... Menthol has been recognized as a compound that activates the cold receptors in sensory neurons [5]. Involvement of the cold ...

https://medsci.org/v13p0923.htm

2017). It is usually employed to define neurons, receptors or synapses that use acetylcholine. (climapower.pe)
M 2 -mAChRs were necessary for control of cocaine seeking, and these receptors altered LHb neuron activity in several ways. (jneurosci.org)
Neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological approaches to postictal antinociception-related prosencephalic neurons: the role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (dH) in the organization of postictal analgesia. (ox.ac.uk)
Since these processes also depend on the activation of glutamatergic receptors, cholinergic terminals may exert their effects via direct modulation of excitatory neurotransmission. (nyu.edu)
Sensory neurons have specialized receptors to convert diverse stimuli from the environment (such as light, touch, and pressure) into electric signals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
We have previously shown that some neurons in nP, TS, and tectum express muscarinic receptors. (hu-berlin.de)
Instead, anticholinergics balance out the disinhibiting effects of D 2 antagonism on nigrostriatal neurons by blocking muscarinic M 1 receptors on those neurons and adjacent interneurons. (clinicaloptions.com)
Long-term exposure of nigrostriatal neurons to D 2 antagonism causes upregulation of supersensitive dopamine D- 2 receptors. (clinicaloptions.com)
Muscarinic M4 Receptors on Cholinergic and Dopamine D1 Receptor-Expressing Neurons Have Opposing Functionality for Positive Reinforcement and Influence Impulsivity. (nih.gov)
Some alternative explanations for the cholinergic atrophy included loss of TrkA receptors in NbM neurons and the cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease brains, [ 47 , 48 ] and thus a possible inability of cholinergic neurons to respond to the assumed normal trophic offer. (medscape.com)
Cholinergic neuron in skin releases ACh stimulates Muscarinic receptors on sweat glands to produce sweating and in skeletal muscle blood vessels causes vasodilation. (marbrerieboucon.fr)

we have gained a profound understanding of cholinergic signaling at the levels of synapses, neural circuits, and animal behaviors. (climapower.pe)
3. Cholinergic synapses are a place,in which the contact of two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell receiving a signal occurs. (climapower.pe)
and (3) these processes may be concurrent with cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic synapses at postsynaptic sites. (nyu.edu)
synapses (or connections between neurons). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
N-cadherin transsynaptically regulates short-term plasticity at glutamatergic synapses in embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. (mpg.de)
Choline acetylase catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. (novusbio.com)
Opposite to most CNS systems, cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and their synapses are exquisitely dependent on the NGF trophic support, aspects early highlighted by Hefti and others [ 35-37 ] and revisited in numerous reviews. (medscape.com)
Further studies have shown that the density of the NbM cortical cholinergic synapses is fully dependent on the 'day-to-day' support from endogenous mature NGF. (medscape.com)
This results in an increased acetylcholine concentrations at cholinergic synapses. (pharmaapis.com)

2015;4:e08352), we reported that Dlx5/6-Cre mediated forebrain deletion of the DYT1 dystonia protein torsinA (Dlx-CKO) causes abnormal twisting and selective degeneration of dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChI) (Pappas et al. (elsevier.com)
Also known as relay neurons, interneurons provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as well as between each other. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

These observations provide ultrastructural evidence for direct, cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons within the mammalian neocortex. (nyu.edu)

The major source of cholinergic input to the inferior colliculus is the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), part of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum known for projections to the thalamus and roles in arousal and the sleep-wake cycle. (omeka.net)
In addition, we found that the octavolateral efferent (OE) nucleus is the likely source of cholinergic fibers innervating the ELL. (hu-berlin.de)

On both sides, cholinergic axons were present throughout the inferior colliculus, distributing boutons to the central nucleus, lateral cortex, and dorsal cortex. (omeka.net)
ChAT-CKO mice phenocopy the Dlx-CKO phenotype of selective dorsal striatal ChI loss and identify an essential requirement for torsinA in brainstem and spinal cholinergic neurons. (elsevier.com)
Sensory neurons have axons that run from the toes to the dorsal column, over 1.5 meters in adults. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: I. Survival, neurite outgrowth and choline acetyltransferase activity in monolayer cultures from chick embryo ciliary ganglia. (nih.gov)
The present study describes the spatial distribution of cholinergic neurons throughout the brain of the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, using in situ hybridization of choline acetyltransferase mRNA. (hu-berlin.de)

Moreover, the effects are likely to be mediated by direct cholinergic actions on both excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the inferior colliculus. (omeka.net)
Although M 2 R activation inhibited excitatory and inhibitory inputs to LHb neurons, the effect on excitation was greater, suggesting a shift in excitatory-inhibitory balance toward net inhibition. (jneurosci.org)
Activation of VTA inhibitory inputs to LHb neurons, via channelrhodopsin-2 expression, evoked IPSCs that were inhibited by M 2 Rs. (jneurosci.org)
Tissue and cell-type enrichment analyses show that schizophrenia associations are significantly enriched in human brain tissues and several types of neurons, including cerebellum neurons, telencephalon inhibitory, and excitatory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)

Several observations suggest that this neural specificity results from markedly lower levels of torsinB in neurons compared with non-neuronal cells. (elifesciences.org)
Using both in vitro and ex vivo neuronal tracing methods, we identified two new cholinergic connections leading to novel hypotheses on their functional significance. (hu-berlin.de)

The main populations of cholinergic neurons are located in the basal forebrain: the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nBM) and medial septum. (frontiersin.org)
The survival of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is dependent on the classical nerve growth factor (NGF) ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
We showed that decreasing cholinergic tone in M4 mAChR potentiates basal corticostriatal transmission via a PKA-dependent mechanism in D1 MSNs. (climapower.pe)
Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain project heavily to the main olfactory bulb, the first processing station in the olfactory pathway. (nature.com)
Here, we identify a specific basal forebrain cholinergic projection that innervates select neurons concentrated in the internal plexiform layer of the main olfactory bulb. (nature.com)
Cholinergic neurons within basal forebrain (BF) nuclei project to many different brain regions where they have an important role in learning and memory, attention, and cognition. (nature.com)
Cholinergic Projections to the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Inhibit Dopamine Modulation of Basal Ganglia through the M(4) Muscarinic Receptor. (nih.gov)
The concept of an NGF-dependency in the maintenance of the basal forebrain cholinergic system brought about the speculation that in Alzheimer's disease there should be a compromise of this crucial neurotrophic support. (medscape.com)
The search for such causality between a loss of NGF with the atrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons did not materialize. (medscape.com)
[ 43-46 ] Alzheimer's disease displaying normal NGF synthesis along with plentiful NGF precursor molecules would presuppose a healthy trophic scenario for the phenotypic maintenance of the NGF-dependent cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. (medscape.com)

An anterograde loss of NbM cholinergic projections in Alzheimer's disease [ 30 ] would be analogous to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, a concept supported by the finding of a progressive tauopathy in NbM neurons. (medscape.com)
Parkinson's disease (PD) might be a mutual neurodegenerative disease considered by a movement disorder containing rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, and second-leading reason of dementia and is categorized by an advanced loss of dopaminergic neurons within the neural structure alongside the occurrence of intraneuronal α-synuclein-positive enclosures. (stmjournals.in)

Just the severity of the loss of cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) has been found to correlate with the severity of cognitive impairment. (pharmaapis.com)

A cholinergic neuron is a nerve cell which mainly uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to send its messages. (climapower.pe)
It is a neurotransmitter that communicates signals between neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (climapower.pe)
Underscoring this controversy and the lack of clarity on the functional role of cholinergic projections is the potential for more complex neurotransmitter signaling. (nature.com)
Interleukin (IL)-1 causes airway inflammation, enhances airway smooth muscle responsiveness, and alters neurotransmitter expression in sensory, sympathetic, and myenteric neurons. (cdc.gov)
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE . (bvsalud.org)

Section XI - Involvement of Cholinergic Neurons in Sleep Mechanisms, Learning an d Memory 46. (climapower.pe)
The cholinergic effects are varied and, for the most part, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. (omeka.net)
Here, we investigate mAChR subtypes mediating the effects of endogenous acetylcholine in this model of impulsive drug seeking and define cellular mechanisms in which mAChRs alter LHb neuron activity. (jneurosci.org)
In summary, we show that a cholinergic signal to LHb and activation of M 2 Rs are critical to enable inhibition of responding for cocaine, and we define cellular mechanisms through which this may occur. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we measured cocaine seeking while blocking different mAChRs and examined mechanisms of mAChR effects on LHb neurons. (jneurosci.org)
These findings suggest that the dH exerts a critical role in the organization of postictal analgesia and that muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor-mediated mechanisms in the dH are involved in the elaboration of antinociceptive processes induced by generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (ox.ac.uk)
Investigating the effect of mGluR5 on the differentiation of rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into neurons as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms showed that it caused rat NPCs to differentiate into cholinergic neurons by activating ERKs, suggesting that mGLUR5 may play a significant role in the mechanism and treatment of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. (semanticscholar.org)
There are several lines of evidence indicating that cholinergic mechanisms are responsible for the cognitive deficit associated with ADHD. (neurofit.com)

Human embryonic stem cells could provide a valuable source or replacement neurons to ameliorate the effects of neural disorders such as Parkinson's disease, but the majority of such cells do not differentiate into specific neuron subtypes when grafted into the adult central nervous system. (the-scientist.com)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports the survival of a specific set of neurons in the vertebrate nervous system. (cell.com)
Drawing of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal , the Spanish anatomist who first recognized the neuron's role as the primary functional unit of the nervous system. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells ) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information from both internal and external environments. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Although the neuron is considered a discrete unit, the output of the nervous system is produced by the connectivity of neurons (that is, the strength and configuration of the connections between neurons). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Neurons represent one component of a nervous system, which can be remarkably complex in higher organisms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
A sensory neuron transmits impulses from a receptor, such as those in the eye or ear, to a more central location in the nervous system, such as the spinal cord or brain. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Motor neurons transmit impulses from a central area of the nervous system to an effector, such as a muscle . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
There is great heterogeneity across the nervous system and across species in the size, shape, and function of neurons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
By contrast, in the nervous system of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, males have 383 neurons, while hermaphrodites have a mere 302 neurons (Hobert 2005). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Neurotransmitters send messages from one neuron to another in your nervous system. (wikihow.com)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain that is characterized by deterioration of memory and cognitive function due to cholinergic nervous system dysfunction [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Compared to the somatic nervous system, which of the following describes the neuron arrangement from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effector in the autonomic nervous system? (easynotecards.com)
A full understanding of nervous system function requires recording from large populations of neurons during naturalistic behaviors. (cdc.gov)

All sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic and also all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic. (climapower.pe)
This shows one of our original recordings of the M-current in a frog sympathetic neuron, made using a dual electro-voltage clamp. (hstalks.com)
The bHLH transcription factor hand2 is essential for noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons. (mpg.de)
Sympathetic preganglionic axons originate from neurons in the _______________ of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)
Which of the following is true about the nerve fibers of sympathetic motor neurons? (easynotecards.com)

Priming fetal human embryonic stem cells aids differentiation into cholinergic neurons. (the-scientist.com)

Using in vitro electrophysiology, we find that LHb neurons are depolarized or hyperpolarized by the cholinergic agonists oxotremorine-M (Oxo-M) and carbachol (CCh), and that mAChRs inhibit synaptic GABA and glutamatergic inputs to these cells similarly in male and female rats. (jneurosci.org)
Despite these strong though conflicted effects of cholinergic signaling on M/TC activity, MCs strikingly exhibit no postsynaptic response to brief optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic projections in vitro 10 and show only an ~ 0.5 mV hyperpolarization with a 15 s-long stimulation 4 . (nature.com)
Tracheal smooth muscle contractility in vitro and substance P (SP) expression in tracheal neurons were assessed. (cdc.gov)

Using Cre-dependent viral vectors we confirm these in situ hybridization data, and demonstrate projection patterns of cholinergic and glutamatergic populations. (eneuro.org)
These results demonstrate that most mesopontine cholinergic neurons may transiently express VGLUT2, but that a large majority of PBG neurons retain VGLUT2 expression throughout adulthood, and support a growing body of literature indicating that distinct cholinergic populations have differing potential for GABA or glutamate co-release. (eneuro.org)
These findings are the first to demonstrate a cell autonomous requirement for torsinA in specific populations of cholinergic neurons, strengthening the connection between torsinA, cholinergic dysfunction and dystonia pathophysiology. (elsevier.com)

In each inferior colliculus (IC) subdivision, the cholinergic PPT axons appear to contact both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. (omeka.net)
Further support for GABA co-transmission is provided by showing the colocalization of cholinergic and GABAergic markers within HDB neurons as well as their axonal projections to the IPL. (nature.com)

The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease centres on the progressive loss of limbic and neocortical cholinergic innervation. (climapower.pe)
SP-containing neurons in longitudinal trunk, SP innervation of superficial muscular plexus neurons, and SP nerve fiber density in tracheal smooth muscle all increased after treatment with IL-1. (cdc.gov)

Alzheimer's disease is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, characterized by beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, and cell death of cholinergic neurons, resulting in loss of memory. (frontiersin.org)
An alternative rationale for the atrophy of the NGF-dependent cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease emerged with the discovery of an NGF metabolic pathway and its compromise in Alzheimer's disease, as discussed next. (medscape.com)
A considerable deficiency of cholinergic neurons is a consistent finding in Alzheimer's disease. (who.int)
Therefore, many therapeutic strategies to augment cerebral concentration of acetylcholine such as cholinergic precursors, cholinergic receptor agonists, cholinesterase inhibitors and acetylcholine release modulators have been evaluated in Alzheimer's disease. (who.int)
Certainly Alzheimer's disease involves a substantial loss of the elements of the cholinergic system and it is generally accepted that the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are related to this cholinergic deficit, particularly in the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain. (pharmaapis.com)

Following the deposit of viral vector in one PPT, cholinergic axons studded with boutons were present bilaterally in the inferior colliculus, with the greater density of axons and boutons ipsilateral to the injection site. (omeka.net)
Some of the axo-spinous junctions juxtaposed to cholinergic axons also exhibited glutamate immunoreactivity presynaptically. (nyu.edu)

Using selective viral-tract tracing techniques in a ChAT-Cre Long Evans rat, the present study characterizes the distribution and targets of cholinergic projections from PPT to the inferior colliculus. (omeka.net)
These findings suggest cholinergic projections from the PPT have a widespread influence over the IC, likely affecting many aspects of midbrain auditory processing. (omeka.net)
Targeting channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression to this subset of BF neurons, we show that their projections are highly enriched in the IPL, where they selectively innervate deep short-axon cells (dSACs). (nature.com)

Cholinergic dysfunction is strongly implicated in dystonia pathophysiology. (elsevier.com)
β-amyloid i.c.v injection induces learning deficits and a dysfunction of the cholinergic system. (neurofit.com)

The longest axon of a human motor neuron can be over a meter long, reaching from the base of the spine to the toes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The new team results from the fusion of 2 teams and our objective is to capitalize on the complementary expertise to investigate key pathophysiological processes that lead to motor neuron (MN) degeneration and neuromuscular disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Congenital Myasthenia Syndromes. (sppin.fr)

Is an ortholog of human CHRNA1 (cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 1 subunit). (wormbase.org)
and CHRNA6 (cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 6 subunit). (wormbase.org)

These findings suggest that many central cholinergic subpopulations can cotransmit other classical neurotransmitters besides ACh. (eneuro.org)
In fact, Alzheimer Disease is thought to occur in part due to degeneration of central cholinergic fibers. (climapower.pe)

In November 11 advanced online Nature Neuroscience , Ping Wu and colleagues at the University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas, USA, show that a novel priming procedure for fetal human neural stem cells (hNSCs) can transform them into cholinergic neurons in adult rat CNS ( Nature Neuroscience, DOI:10.1038/nn974, November 11, 2002). (the-scientist.com)
treated primary fetal human neural stem cells (hNSCs) with tropic factors or other chemicals important in the development of cholinergic neurons. (the-scientist.com)
The pattern of mGluR5 expression by neural stem/progenitor cells, neuroblasts and neurons provides important anatomical evidence for the role of mR5 in the regulation of human hippocampal development. (semanticscholar.org)

As NGF is a target-derived neurotrophic factor, it is endocytosed by the cholinergic nerve fibers and retrogradely transported to the somata in the nBM/septum where an NGF-dependent transcriptional program is activated ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Our team assembles a unique spectrum of expertise allowing us to investigate all the components of the motor units (inputs to MNs arising from spinal and supraspinal circuits, properties of motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, and muscle fibers). (sppin.fr)

Pathological Networks Involving Dysmorphic Neurons in Type II Focal Cortical Dysplasia. (neurotree.org)

However, they do not address the underlying cause of the degeneration of cholinergic neurons , which continues during the disease. (medscape.com)

In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain , spinal cord , and peripheral nerves . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
These included cholinergic cell groups typically identified in other vertebrate brains, for example, motor neurons. (hu-berlin.de)

Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. (ebi.ac.uk)
and launch of new Alzheimer`s drugs including anti-amyloid proteins, cholinergic and nicotine receptor agonists, neuro protective drugs, vaccines and GABA receptor modulators. (financialbuzz.com)

Endogenous signaling molecules secreted by neurons that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. (bvsalud.org)

We show that VGAT colocalization is uniformly very low, suggesting minimal potential for GABA co-release from mesopontine cholinergic cells. (eneuro.org)
VGLUT2 may be transiently expressed widely in these cells during development, and its expression persists in PBG cholinergic neurons of the adult. (eneuro.org)
These latter cells were large (20-30 μm in maximum soma extent) and were morphologically similar to ChAT-positive neurons in, for example, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and substantia innominata. (princeton.edu)
Although the origins of ChAT-LI in the nigral neuropil are unknown, possible sources include the processes of intranigral ChAT-containing cells, as well as extranigral cholinergic neurons. (princeton.edu)
It is suggested that the ChAT-positive cells in the SN may be ectopically located neurons of the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic system. (princeton.edu)
The objective of this study was to determine whether the ultrastructural relationships between cholinergic terminals, glutamate-immunoreactive neurons, and other unlabeled cells support this idea. (nyu.edu)
Aoki, C & Kabak, S 1992, ' Cholinergic terminals in the cat visual cortex: Ultrastructural basis for interaction with glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and other cells ', Visual neuroscience , vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 177-191. (nyu.edu)
The basic function of a neuron is to communicate information, which it does via chemical or electric impulses across a synapse (the junction between cells). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The complex coordination exhibited by neurons in its interaction with other bodily cells and systems reveals the remarkable harmony in living organisms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
other neurons stimulate other types of cells, such as glands . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon may-and usually will-undergo extensive branching, enabling communication with many target cells. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The system of neurons and specialized cells that send and receive acetylcholine-the "cholinergic system"-runs throughout your entire body. (wikihow.com)
GI motility changes with food and is regulated by smooth muscle, extrinsic and intrinsic neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), and several hormones [ 10 , 11 ]. (medsci.org)
Distinct groups of cholinergic cells were observed in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and hindbrain. (hu-berlin.de)
In the brain, nAChR proteins are widely distributed and play an important role in chemical signaling between nerve cells (neurons). (medlineplus.gov)

Interleukin-1ß-induced airway hyperresponsiveness enhances substance P in intrinsic neurons of ferret airway. (cdc.gov)
This study examines the role of intrinsic airway neurons in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) induced by IL-1. (cdc.gov)
The IL-1-induced AHR was maintained in tracheal segments cultured for 24 h, a procedure that depletes SP from sensory nerves while maintaining viability of intrinsic airway neurons. (cdc.gov)
These results show that IL-1-enhanced cholinergic airway smooth muscle contractile responses are mediated by the actions of SP released from intrinsic airway neurons. (cdc.gov)
Trade-off between dendritic democracy and independence in neurons with intrinsic subthreshold membrane potential oscillatio. (ens.fr)

Indeed, the decline of cholinergic neurons directly correlates with a decrease in cognitive and intellectual functions ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
These findings suggest that acupuncture stimulation at GV20 might be useful in various neurodegenerative diseases to improve cognitive functioning via stimulating cholinergic enzyme activities and regulating BDNF and CREB expression in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
Decreased cholinergic function in the brain, as primarily observed in patients with AD, can result in a decline in memory and cognitive function [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

2 The net effect is like applying dopamine to nigrostriatal neurons without directly manipulating dopamine. (clinicaloptions.com)
Parkinsonism occurs when the nigrostriatal neuron is deprived of an adequate dopamine signal, but TD represents the opposite situation. (clinicaloptions.com)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Methyl-CpG binding-protein 2 function in cholinergic neurons mediates cardiac arrhythmogenesis Jose A. Herrera1,2, Christopher S. Ward2, Xander H.T. The first neuron (preganglionic), which originates in the spinal cord, will synapse with the second neuron (postganglionic) in a ganglion. (climapower.pe)

We also observed neurons in the habenula, pallium, and midbrain with response properties specific to environmental features. (cdc.gov)

It was first seen in frog neurons, but is present in many mammalian and human peripheral and central neurons, and in the nerve fibres. (hstalks.com)
Nevertheless, new drugs used to treat AD patients are limited due to their short half-lives and excessive side effects caused by peripheral cholinergic system activation and hepatotoxicity, the most frequent and critical side-effect of these drugs [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

2015). A central question raised by that work is whether the ChI loss is cell autonomous or requires torsinA loss from neurons synaptically connected to ChIs. (elsevier.com)

Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) mediate the synaptic uptake of glutamate from the cytosol into synaptic vesicles and are considered unambiguous neurochemical markers of glutamate neurons. (eneuro.org)
However, many neurons not classically thought of as glutamatergic also express a VGLUT and co-release glutamate. (eneuro.org)
Our data imply a possible developmentally dynamic role for VGLUT2 in mesopontine cholinergic neurons, as well as a role for glutamate/acetylcholine co-release in visuomotor control driven by PBG. (eneuro.org)
they release both ACh and glutamate at a single synapse, producing post-synaptic cholinergic and glutamatergic responses of similar amplitudes (Li et al. (climapower.pe)
Dual labeling showed that a third of the synaptic targets for cholinergic terminals contained detectable levels of glutamate immunoreactivity. (nyu.edu)

Dynamical Approaches to understanding cholinergic control of nicotine action pathways in the dopaminergic reward circuits. (ens.fr)

Here, we show that a similar population of VGLUT3 + cholinergic neurons is also present in the HDB of adult mice. (nature.com)

Using a genetic fate-mapping strategy we found that most cholinergic neurons in the mouse mesopontine tegmentum express VGLUT2 at some point during development, including the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and parabigeminal nucleus (PBG), but not the oculomotor nucleus. (eneuro.org)
Circadian activity rhythms and phase-shifting of cultured neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. (mpg.de)

The reasons for the damage of the cholinergic neurons are not clear, but the nerve growth factor (NGF) is the most potent trophic factor to support the survival of these neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases survival and differentiated functions of rat septal cholinergic neurons in culture. (cell.com)

Communication between neurons depends on neurotransmitters, which are released from one neuron and taken up by neighboring neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
The resulting increase in ion flow across the cell membrane alters the release of neurotransmitters, which changes signaling between neurons. (medlineplus.gov)

However, so far, it is still unclear if the cell death of cholinergic neurons is a primary event in AD or is caused by the dramatic deposition of Aβ plaques or tau NFTs in the cortex and hippocampus. (frontiersin.org)
The NGF is synthesized in the target area of cholinergic neurons: the cortex and hippocampus. (frontiersin.org)
We also investigated the effects of acupuncture stimulation at GV20 on the cholinergic system as well as the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy88

Organisms15

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs87

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology9

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations3

Health Care1

Compensatory responses to age-related decline in odor quality acuity: cholinergic neuromodulation and olfactory enrichment. (1/184)

Neuroinflammation not associated with cholinergic degeneration in aged-impaired brain. (2/184)

GPR30 is positioned to mediate estrogen effects on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cognitive performance. (3/184)

Functional connectivity and cholinergic modulation in auditory cortex. (4/184)

Gender differences in neurotrophin and glutamate receptor expression in cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. (5/184)

The cholinergic system in rat testis is of non-neuronal origin. (6/184)

Projections from the rat pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei to the anterior thalamus and ventral tegmental area arise from largely separate populations of neurons. (7/184)

Overexpression of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors enhances neuronal differentiation of fetal human neural progenitor cells in various ways. (8/184)

Cholinergic Neurons

Neurons

Cholinergic Fibers

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Prosencephalon

Septum Pellucidum

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Substantia Innominata

Septum of Brain

Neurons, Afferent

Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins

Motor Neurons

Basal Nucleus of Meynert

Diagonal Band of Broca

Acetylcholine

Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1

Cholinergic Agents

Acetylcholinesterase

Tegmentum Mesencephali

Nerve Growth Factors

Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor

Septal Nuclei

Hippocampus

Action Potentials

Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus

Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Hemicholinium 3

Synaptic Transmission

Immunohistochemistry

Receptor, trkA

Nerve Tissue Proteins

GABAergic Neurons

Electrophysiology

Pons

Electric Stimulation

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Cerebral Cortex

Brain

Choline

Axons

Cells, Cultured

Synapses

Dopaminergic Neurons

Nerve Degeneration

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Cell Count

Tetrodotoxin

Dendrites

Interneurons

Rats, Wistar

Spinal Cord

Corpus Striatum

Membrane Potentials

Neural Inhibition

Nerve Growth Factor

Brain Stem

Animals, Newborn

Mesencephalon

Glutamic Acid

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Ganglia, Parasympathetic

Enteric Nervous System

Dopamine

Behavior, Animal

Neuropeptides

Ganglia, Spinal

Mice, Transgenic

Muscarinic Agonists

Receptors, Cholinergic

Aziridines

Sensory Receptor Cells

Immunotoxins

Time Factors

Calbindin 2

Glutamate Decarboxylase

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Autonomic Pathways

Myenteric Plexus

Ganglia