Cholinergic antagonists. Medical search

Drugs that bind to but do not activate CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of ACETYLCHOLINE or cholinergic agonists.

An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in URINARY INCONTINENCE, in MOTION SICKNESS, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.

Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.

A high-affinity muscarinic antagonist commonly used as a tool in animal and tissue studies.

Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS.

Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.

A ligand that binds to but fails to activate the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR. It plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of INFLAMMATION and FEVER. Several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.

Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTORS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTORS. They have been used to correct SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS and MEMORY DISORDERS.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

Cell-surface proteins that bind SEROTONIN and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.

Cell surface proteins that bind ENDOTHELINS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.

A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It has a high affinity for ENDOTHELIN-1 and ENDOTHELIN-2.

Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogenic compounds.

Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

Cholinergic and GABAergic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the guinea pig ileum. (1/496)

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was examined in intact longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations of the guinea pig ileum by determining the formation of [3H]citrulline during incubation with [3H]arginine. Spontaneous [3H]citrulline production after 30 min was 80-90 dpm/mg, which constituted approximately 1% of the tissue radioactivity. Electrical stimulation (10 Hz) led to a threefold increase in [3H]citrulline formation. Removal of calcium from the medium or addition of NG-nitro-L-arginine strongly inhibited both spontaneous and electrically induced production of [3H]citrulline. TTX reduced the electrically induced but not spontaneous [3H]citrulline formation. The electrically induced formation of [3H]citrulline was diminished by (+)-tubocurarine and mecamylamine and enhanced by scopolamine, which suggests that endogenous ACh inhibits, via muscarinic receptors, and stimulates, via nicotinic receptors, the NO synthesis in the myenteric plexus. The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol and GABA also reduced the electrically evoked formation of [3H]citrulline, whereas baclofen was without effect. Bicuculline antagonized the inhibitory effect of GABA. It is concluded that nitrergic myenteric neurons are equipped with GABAA receptors, which mediate inhibition of NO synthesis. (+info)

Cholinergic blockade inhibits gastro-oesophageal reflux and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation through a central mechanism. (2/496)

BACKGROUND: Atropine, an anticholinergic agent with central and peripheral actions, reduces gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in normal subjects and patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) by inhibiting the frequency of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (TLOSR). AIMS: To compare the effect of methscopolamine bromide (MSB), a peripherally acting anticholinergic agent, with atropine on the rate and mechanism of GOR in patients with GORD. METHODS: Oesophageal motility and pH were recorded for 120 minutes in 10 patients with GORD who were studied on three separate occasions. For the first two recording periods, either atropine (15 microg/kg bolus, 4 microg/kg/h infusion) or saline were infused intravenously. MSB (5 mg orally, four times daily) was given for three days prior to the third recording period. RESULTS: Atropine significantly reduced basal LOS pressure (12.6 (0.17) mm Hg to 7.9 (0.17) mm Hg), and the number of TLOSR (8.1 (0.56) to 2.8 (0. 55)) and reflux episodes (7.0 (0.63) to 2.0 (0.43)) (p<0.005 for all comparisons). MSB reduced basal LOS pressure (12.6 (0.17) to 8.7 (0. 15) mm Hg, p<0.005), but had no effect on the frequency of TLOSR (8. 1 (0.56) to 7.5 (0.59)) and reflux episodes (7.0 (0.63) to 4.9 (0. 60)) (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In contrast to atropine, MSB has no effect on the rate of TLOSR or GOR in patients with GORD. Atropine induced inhibition of TLOSR and GOR is most likely mediated through a central cholinergic blockade. (+info)

Cardiovascular phenotype and temperature control in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor-beta or both alpha1 and beta. (3/496)

We have used a telemetry system to record heart rate, body temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), and locomotor activity in awake, freely moving mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-beta or TR-alpha1 and -beta (TR-alpha1/beta). The TR-alpha1/beta-deficient mice had a reduced heart rate compared with wild-type controls. The TR-beta-deficient mice showed an elevated heart rate, which, however, was unresponsive to thyroid hormone treatment regardless of hormonal serum levels. ECG revealed that the TR-beta-deficient mice had a shortened Q-Tend time in contrast to the TR-alpha1/beta-deficient mice, which exhibited prolonged P-Q and Q-Tend times. Mental or pharmacological stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system resulted in a parallel increase in heart rate in all animals. A single injection of a nonselective beta-adrenergic-receptor blocker resulted in a parallel decrease in all mice. The TR-alpha1/beta-deficient mice also had a 0.4 degrees C lower body temperature than controls, whereas no difference was observed in locomotor activity between the different strains of mice. Our present and previous results support the hypothesis that TR-alpha1 has a major role in determining heart rate under baseline conditions and body temperature and that TR-beta mediates a hormone-induced increase in heart rate. (+info)

Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors patterns network activity in the rodent hippocampus. (4/496)

1. Intracellular and extracellular recordings from area CA3 of rat and mouse hippocampal slices revealed two distinct modes of synchronous network activity in response to continuous application of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonists. At low concentrations (e.g. 0.1-1 microM oxotremorine-M), 'burst-mode' activity comprised regular individual AMPA receptor-mediated depolarizing events, each generating several action potentials. At higher concentrations (5-50 microM), 'theta-mode' prevailed in which ordered clusters of depolarizing theta-frequency oscillations occurred. 2. Whilst theta-mode activity was abolished by the mAChR antagonist atropine (5 microM), the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists tubocurarine (100 microM), mecamylamine (100-500 microM) and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (250 microM) converted this mode of activity to burst-mode. 3. Likewise, disruption of synaptically available ACh using inhibitors of choline uptake (hemicholinium-3; 20-50 microM) or vesicular ACh transport (vesamicol; 50 microM) converted theta-mode into burst-mode activity. 4. Hippocampal slices prepared 2-3 weeks after transection of the primary cholinergic efferent pathway from the medial septum exhibited reduced vesicular ACh transporter immunoreactivity but still supported nAChR-dependent theta-mode activity suggesting that ACh released from this pathway was not critical for the activation of these receptors. 5. In summary, ACh-mediated activation of nAChRs tailors the pattern of network activity into theta-frequency depolarizing episodes as opposed to synchronized individual events at much lower frequencies. (+info)

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of OROS and immediate-release amitriptyline. (5/496)

AIMS: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline following OROS and IR treatments, and to correlate them with anticholinergic side-effects. METHODS: The pharmacokinetics and safety of amitriptyline following administration of an osmotic controlled release tablet (OROS and an immediate release (IR) tablet were evaluated in 14 healthy subjects. In this randomized, open label, three-way crossover feasibility study, the subjects received a single 75 mg OROS tablet, three 25 mg IR tablets administered every 8 h, or 3x25 mg IR tablets administered at nighttime. In each treatment arm serial blood samples were collected for a period of 84 h after dosing. The plasma samples were analysed by gas chromatography for amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Anticholinergic effects such as saliva output, visual acuity, and subject-rated drowsiness and dry mouth were measured on a continuous scale during each treatment period. RESULTS: Following dosing with OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride), the mean maximal plasma amitriptyline concentration Cmax (15.3 ng ml-1 ) was lower and the mean tmax (25.7 h) was longer than that associated with the equivalent IR dose administered at nighttime (26.8 ng ml-1 and 6.3 h, respectively). The bioavailability of amitriptyline following OROS dosing was 95% relative to IR every 8 h dosing, and 89% relative to IR nighttime dosing. The metabolite-to-drug ratios after the three treatment periods were similar, suggesting no change in metabolism between treatments. The relationships between plasma amitriptyline concentration and anticholinergic effects (e.g. reduced saliva weight, dry mouth, and drowsiness) were similar with all three treatments. Of the anticholinergic effects, only decreased saliva weight and dry mouth correlated well with plasma amitriptyline concentrations; drowsiness did not. There was no apparent correlation between anticholinergic effects and the plasma nortriptyline concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The bioavailability of OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride) was similar to that of the IR treatments and the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline after OROS dosing may decrease the incidence of anticholinergic effects compared with that seen with nighttime dosing of the IR formulation. Therefore, this controlled-release formulation of amitriptyline may be appropriate for single daily administration. (+info)

Venous hydrostatic indifference point as a marker of postnatal adaptation to orthostasis in swine. (6/496)

The postulate that venous adaptation assists postural baroreflex regulation by shifting the hydrostatic indifference point (HIP) toward the heart was investigated in eight midazolam-sedated newborn piglets. Whole body head-up (+15, +30, and +45 degrees ) and head-down (-15 and -30 degrees ) tilt provided a physiological range of orthostatic strain. HIP for all positive tilts shifted toward the heart (P < 0.05), +45 degrees HIP shifted most [6.7 +/- 0.3, 5.9 +/- 0.5, and 3.6 +/- 0.3 (SE) cm caudal to right atrium on days 1, 3, and 6, respectively]. HIP for negative tilts (3.0 +/- 0.2 cm caudal to right atrium) did not shift with postnatal age. Euthanasia on day 6 caused 2.1 +/- 0.3-cm caudal displacement of HIP for positive and negative tilts (P < 0.05). HIP proximity to right atrium was not altered by alpha-, beta-adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor blockade on day 5. It is concluded that early HIP migration reflects enhancement of venous pressure control to head-up orthostatic strain. The effect is independent of baroreflex-mediated adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor mechanisms. (+info)

Blockage of mouse muscle nicotinic receptors by serotonergic compounds. (7/496)

Xenopus laevis oocytes were used to analyse the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and serotonergic agents on ionic currents elicited by the activation of mammalian muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). 5-HT as well as other serotonergic agents, such as ketanserin, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), methysergide, spiperone, or fluoxetine alone (up to 1 mM), did not elicit membrane currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing AChRs, but they reversibly reduced the current elicited by acetylcholine (ACh-current). Serotonin was applied before, together with or after ACh application, and its effects were examined on desensitizing and non-desensitizing ACh-currents. 5-HT reduced the amplitude and accelerated the desensitization of the desensitizing currents. In contrast, non-desensitizing currents were reduced in amplitude but their time course was not significantly affected. With the same concentration of 5-HT the inhibition was stronger on desensitizing than on non-desensitizing ACh-currents. For example, 100 microM 5-HT reduced the peak of a desensitizing ACh-current to 0. 48 +/- 0.06 (peak current ratio) and after 40 s the current was reduced to a ratio of 0.25 +/- 0.04, whereas a non-desensitizing ACh-current was reduced to a ratio of 0.66 +/- 0.01. All the serotonergic agents tested inhibited the ACh-currents rapidly and reversibly, suggesting that they are acting directly on the AChRs. The half-inhibitory concentration, IC50, of 5-HT acting on non-desensitizing currents elicited by 250 nM ACh was 247 +/- 26 microM and the Hill coefficient was 0.88, suggesting a single site for the interaction of 5-HT with the receptor. It appears that 5-HT inhibits AChRs non-competitively because neither the half-effective concentration of ACh, EC50, for ACh-current nor the Hill coefficient were affected by 5-HT. Furthermore, the extent of inhibition of 5-HT on AChRs did not depend on the nicotinic agonist (suberyldicholine, ACh or nicotine). The inhibition of AChRs by serotonergic agents was voltage-dependent. The electrical distance of the binding site for 5-HT was 0.75, whereas for the other serotonergic agents tested it was 0.22, suggesting that ketanserin, 8-OH-DPAT, methysergide, spiperone and fluoxetine act within the ion channel, but at a site more external than that for 5-HT. These substances inhibited the ACh-current more potently than 5-HT. We conclude that 5-HT and serotonergic agents inhibit, in a non-competitive manner, the ACh-current in muscle AChRs by blocking the open receptor-channel complex. Moreover, 5-HT appears to promote the desensitized state of the receptor when the current is elicited by high ACh concentrations. (+info)

Acute effect of pretreatment with single conventional dose of salmeterol on dose-response curve to oxitropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (8/496)

BACKGROUND: An earlier study documented that, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), addition of ipratropium bromide at the clinically recommended dose (40 microg) does not produce any further bronchodilation than that achieved with salmeterol 50 microg alone. However, the dose of ipratropium bromide needed to produce near maximal bronchodilation is several times higher than the customary dosage. The full therapeutic potential of combined salmeterol plus an anticholinergic drug can therefore only be established using doses higher than those currently recommended in the marketing of these agents. A study was undertaken to examine the possible acute effects of higher than conventional doses of an anticholinergic agent on the single dose salmeterol induced bronchodilation in patients with stable and partially reversible COPD. METHODS: Thirty two outpatients received 50 microg salmeterol or placebo. Two hours after inhalation a dose-response curve to inhaled oxitropium bromide (100 microg/puff) or placebo was constructed using one puff, one puff, two puffs, and two puffs-that is, a total cumulative dose of 600 microg oxitropium bromide. Dose increments were given at 20 minute intervals with measurements being made 15 minutes after each dose. On four separate days all patients received one of the following: (1) 50 microg salmeterol + 600 microg oxitropium bromide; (2) 50 microg salmeterol + placebo; (3) placebo + 600 microg oxitropium bromide; (4) placebo + placebo. RESULTS: Salmeterol induced a good bronchodilation (mean increase 0.272 l; 95% CI 0.207 to 0.337) two hours after its inhalation. Oxitropium bromide elicited an evident dose-dependent increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) and this occurred also after pretreatment with salmeterol with a further mean maximum increase of 0.152 l (95% CI of differences 0.124 to 0.180). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that acute pretreatment with 50 microg salmeterol does not block the possibility of inducing more bronchodilation with an anticholinergic agent when a higher than normal dosage of the muscarinic antagonist is used. (+info)

Trospium is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist that does not cross into the CNS and reduces peripheral cholinergic side ... "Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Agonist and Peripheral Antagonist for Schizophrenia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 ... However, cholinergic-mediated side effects prevented further advancement of xanomeline into phase 3 trials. Xanomeline was ... an M1/M4 preferring muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, produces antipsychotic-like activity in rats and mice". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KarXT

"Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Agonist and Peripheral Antagonist for Schizophrenia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 ... Trospium is a non-CNS penetrant non-selective muscarinic antagonist to quell peripheral muscarinic agonist-dependent side ... Further development was enabled through a novel co-formulation strategy with the peripherally restricted muscarinic antagonist ... May 2000). "Xanomeline, an M(1)/M(4) preferring muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, produces antipsychotic-like activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanomeline

Cholinergic Agonists and Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. p. 82-97. ISBN 978-0-323-39307-2. OCLC ... β-receptor antagonist) Metoprolol (β-receptor antagonist) Atenolol (β1 antagonist) Prazosin (α1 antagonist) Oxymetazoline ( ... For a cholinergic agent, the following criteria describe the structure activity relationship: Ing's Rule of 5: there should be ... A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, is a substance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug

... is a competitive cholinergic receptor antagonist, selective for the M3 receptor subtype. The binding of ... July 2001). "Effects of YM905, a Novel Muscarinic M3-Receptor Antagonist, on Experimental Models of Bowel Dysfunction In Vivo ... Muscarinic antagonists, 3-Quinuclidinyl esters, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Tetrahydroisoquinolines). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifenacin

Henderson CG, Ungar A (April 1978). "Effect of cholinergic antagonists on sympathetic ganglionic transmission of vasomotor ... In insects, the cholinergic system is limited to the central nervous system. The nicotinic receptors are considered cholinergic ... Nicotinic antagonists that block the receptor include mecamylamine, dihydro-β-erythroidine, and hexamethonium.[citation needed ... Thus, for example, nicotinic receptor antagonists interfere with the baroreflex that normally corrects changes in blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor

... a Cholinergic antagonist, to this end, she observed instead a change in the cells' spontaneous synaptic activity. This activity ... This was unusual, as the Aplysia response she was researching was cholinergic and was not expected to change with the addition ... From this data Kehoe determined that both the adrenergic and cholinergic responses she observed involved the same receptor. She ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JacSue_Kehoe

... prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist (atropine). One study found that auditory stimulation ... Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in ... This change is mediated by cholinergic neurons as stressed animals' ... stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep. Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress_and_sleep

"Synthesis and autoradiographic localization of muscarinic cholinergic antagonist (+)N-[11C]methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate as a ... Muscarinic antagonists, Benzilate esters, Piperidines, Tertiary alcohols, All stub articles, Hallucinogen stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate

Caffeine also has an excitatory effect on mesocortical cholinergic neurons by acting as an antagonist on adenosine receptors ... The actions of A1 and A2A receptors oppose each other but are both inhibited by caffeine due to its function as an antagonist. ... Caffeine has been proven to act as an antagonist on adenosine receptors, which acts as a stimulant and therefore fulfills this ... Caffeine acts as an antagonist of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. Adenosine is a normal neuromodulator that activates adenosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine-induced_anxiety_disorder

The study showed that a pyridine moiety that is part of the telithromycin molecule acts as an antagonist on cholinergic ... do not contain the pyridine moiety and do not antagonize these cholinergic receptors significantly. Telithromycin prevents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telithromycin

5-HT7 Autoreceptor Catecholamines Cholinergic agonists and antagonists Heteroreceptor Imidazoline receptor Neuromuscular ... β3 Cholinergic: Muscarinic: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 Nicotinic: muscle, neuronal (α-bungarotoxin-insensitive), neuronal (α- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor

... can be broadly categorized as a cholinergic physiological antagonist, because it reduces the apparent activity of ... February 2013). "Inhibition of cholinergic signaling causes apoptosis in human bronchioalveolar carcinoma" (PDF). Cancer ... cholinergic neurons, but does not act at the postsynaptic ACh receptor. Vesamicol causes a non-competitive and reversible block ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesamicol

... a cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist, to achieve a shorter recovery time. Treatment with a combination of different ... Competitive antagonists of AChE can be used for pre-treatment. They can reduce mortality, which is caused by exposure to AzM. ... As all cholinergic fibers contain high concentrations of ACh and AChE at their terminals, inhibition of AChE can impair their ... Cholinergic nerves play an important role in the normal function of the central nervous, endocrine, neuromuscular, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azinphos-methyl

... a shorter-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist) is preferred as an aid to ophthalmic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine

Antimuscarinic agents are muscarinic antagonists and they bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors postsynaptically without ... in synapses of the cholinergic nervous system. They block acetylcholine from binding to cholinergic receptors, namely the ... Cholinergic blocking drugs are a group of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, ... According to their site of actions, cholinergic blocking drugs can be classified into two general types - antimuscarinic and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_blocking_drugs

Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors ... Certain muscarinic antagonists can be classified into either long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) or short- ... Effects of Muscarinic Antagonist Atropine (Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist), Cardiovascular Pharmacology Concepts, Richard E. ... and muscarinic receptor antagonists work to prevent this transmission from occurring. Notably, muscarinic antagonists reduce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist

They can also block noradrenergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic activity. Benperidol binds D2 and some serotonin receptors. ... A dopamine antagonist, also known as an anti-dopaminergic and a dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA), is a type of drug which ... Several other dopamine antagonists are antiemetics used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Dopamine receptors are all G ... Dopamine+antagonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (CS1: long volume value, Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist

"In vivo muscarinic cholinergic mediated effects of Lu 25-109, a M1 agonist and M2/M3 antagonist in vitro". Psychopharmacology. ... Alvameline (Lu 25-109) is a M1 receptor agonist and M2/M3 receptor antagonist that was under investigation for the treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvameline

... quetiapine Cholinergic agents such as acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Serotonin antagonists, such as Ondansetron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosis

5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor Angiotensin II receptor antagonist ACE inhibitor Alpha-adrenergic agonist Beta blocker Cholinergic ... For receptors, these activities include agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, or modulator. Enzyme target mechanisms include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class

Like the tropanes, it acts on cholinergic neurons, but with the opposite effect (it is an agonist as opposed to an antagonist ... They can reverse cholinergic poisoning, which can be caused by overexposure to organophosphate insecticides and chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae

5-HT3 antagonists (e.g. ondansetron) Dopamine antagonists (e.g. domperidone) Anti-cholinergic antihistamines (e.g. ... when an antagonist (e.g., naloxone) or an agonist-antagonist (e.g., pentazocine) is administered. Physical dependence is a ... Dezocine-agonist/antagonist Pentazocine-agonist/antagonist Phenazocine Buprenorphine-partial agonist Dihydroetorphine Etorphine ... These competitive antagonists bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid

Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic Glycinergic Histaminergic Monoaminergic ... Examples include melatonin receptor agonists and melatonin receptor antagonists. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonergic

Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic Histaminergic Melatonergic Monoaminergic ... Examples include glycine receptor agonists, glycine receptor antagonists, and glycine reuptake inhibitors. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycinergic

... that are much more selective for peripheral H1 receptors as opposed to the central nervous system H1 receptors and cholinergic ... H1 antagonists, also called H1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H1 receptor, ... Virtually all H1-antihistamines function as inverse agonists at the histamine H1-receptor, as opposed to neutral antagonists, ... antagonists as well. These agents also commonly have action at α-adrenergic receptors and/or 5-HT receptors. This lack of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_antagonist

Some different classes of GABAergic drugs include agonists, antagonists, modulators, reuptake inhibitors and enzymes. GABA ... reuptake inhibitor Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic Glycinergic Histaminergic Melatonergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAergic

... and antagonists Serotonin reuptake inhibitors Serotonin releasing agents Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonergic

It is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Benzatropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the ... Drugs that decrease cholinergic transmission may impair storage of new information into long-term memory. Anticholinergic ... "Preclinical efficacy of N-substituted benztropine analogs as antagonists of methamphetamine self-administration in rats". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzatropine

... cholinergic and GABA). Degeneration of histaminergic neurons in AD doesn't correlate to H3R expressions since a large portion ... A general structural pattern that is necessary for the antagonist affinity for H3R has been described. An H3R antagonist needs ... Consequently, unlike the H1 antagonist antihistamines which are sedating, H3 antagonists have stimulant and nootropic effects, ... An H3 receptor antagonist is a classification of drugs used to block the action of histamine at the H3 receptor. Unlike the H1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3_receptor_antagonist

Muscarinic agonist Muscarinic antagonist Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic agonist Nicotinic antagonist Vagal escape ... Very few parts of the sympathetic system use cholinergic receptors. In sweat glands the receptors are of the muscarinic type. ... For example, the drug pirenzepine is a muscarinic antagonist (decreases the effect of ACh), which is much more potent at M1 ... ISBN 978-81-8061-187-2. if nothing else mentioned in table Smith RS, Araneda RC (December 2010). "Cholinergic modulation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor

Antagonists and inhibitorsEdit. Hundreds of choline antagonists and enzyme inhibitors have been developed for research purposes ... The cholinergic hypothesis of dementia has not only lead to medicinal acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, but also to a variety of ... Sastry BV (June 1997). "Human placental cholinergic system". Biochemical Pharmacology. 53 (11): 1577-86. doi:10.1016/s0006-2952 ... Sastry BV, Sadavongvivad C (March 1978). "Cholinergic systems in non-nervous tissues". Pharmacological Reviews. 30 (1): 65-132 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline

Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine. Miscellaneous. *Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO). *Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ... Antagonists: 8-Chlorotheophylline. *8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. *8-Phenyltheophylline. *Acefylline. *Aminophylline ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/അഡിനോസിൻ_ഡൈഫോസ്ഫേറ്റ്

NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., DXM, ketamine, methoxetamine, nitrous oxide, phencyclidine, inhalants) ... Cholinergic. *Acetylcholine receptor agonist (Muscarinic. *Nicotinic) *Cholinesterase inhibitor. *Acetylcholine receptor ... Bromocriptine is a D2 receptor agonist and D1 receptor antagonist with a binding affinity to D2 receptors of anterior pituitary ... Some studies suggest that ergot alkaloids have the properties of mixed agonist-antagonist with regards to certain presynaptic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_agonist

膽鹼性（英语：Cholinergic）假說是最早被提出來的假說，也是現今大部分阿茲海默症藥物所依據的理論基礎[55]，該假說認為阿茲海默症是由於神經系統減少產生神經傳導物質乙酰胆碱而造成的，雖然膽鹼性假說的歷史悠久，但是沒

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿茲海默病

Cruz, Lourdes J.; Olivera, Baldomero M. (1987). "Calcium Channel Antagonists ω-Conotoxin Defines a New High Affinity Site". The ... "Actions of Snake Neurotoxins on an Insect Nicotinic Cholinergic Synapse". Invertebrate Neuroscience. 7 (3): 173-78. doi:10.1007 ... Receptor agonists and antagonistsEdit. Anatoxin-aEdit. .mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px; ... The use of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Neostigmine or the muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist atropine (which will ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

Antagonists: ketamine, PCP, dextropropoxyphene, ketobemidone, tramadol, kynurenic acid (endogenous), etc.. ATP-gated channels[ ... Cholinergic. *Acetylcholine receptor agonist (Muscarinic. *Nicotinic) *Cholinesterase inhibitor. *Acetylcholine receptor ... Antagonists: CNQX, Kynurenic acid, NBQX, Perampanel, Piracetam, etc.. *Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam, ... The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal, ligand binding, and transmembrane domain, PDB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel

Muscarinic antagonists, Sedatives, Serotonin receptor antagonists, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, Sodium channel ... Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (June 1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic ... In fact, doxepin has been said to be the most or one of the most potent H1 receptor antagonists available, with one study ... It is specifically an antagonist of the histamine H1 and H2 receptors, the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, the α1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin

LY-341,495 and MGS-0039 are drugs that act as a selective antagonist blocking both of the group II metabotropic glutamate ... 5 on mGluR1 function in striatal cholinergic interneurons". Neuropharmacology. 49. 49 Suppl 1: 104-13. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm ... Krystal JH, D'Souza DC, Mathalon D, Perry E, Belger A, Hoffman R (September 2003). "NMDA receptor antagonist effects, cortical ... was shown to attenuate physiologic and cognitive abnormalities in animal and human studies of NMDA receptor antagonist and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

Muscarinic antagonists used for urinary symptoms might worsen cognitive impairment in people with Lewy body dementias. There is ... Neuronal loss in DLB leads to profound dopamine dysfunction and marked cholinergic pathology; other neurotransmitters might be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

... is able to reverse the amnesia caused by the GABAA receptor antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline in mice, ... Nefiracetam's cytoprotective actions are mediated by enhancement of GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic neuronal systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefiracetam

... receptor antagonist - receptor protein-tyrosine kinase - recombinant fusion protein - recombinant interferon-gamma - ... cholinergic receptor - chorionic gonadotropin - chromatid - chromatin - ciclosporin - chromatography - chromosomal crossover - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... also shows relatively high activity as an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and antagonist of the sigma σ1 ... Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (June 1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic ... Proudman RG, Pupo AS, Baker JG (August 2020). "The affinity and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor antagonists, antidepressants, and ... Sigma antagonists, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline

Muscarinic antagonists, Serotonin receptor antagonists, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, Sodium channel blockers, ... Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors ... It is also an antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor, α1-adrenergic receptor, serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, and muscarinic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin

Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency Acute urticaria Adrenergic urticaria Anaphylaxis Aquagenic urticaria Cholinergic ... HIV disease-related drug reaction Hydroxyurea dermopathy Injection site reaction Iododerma Leukotriene receptor antagonist- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

H1 receptor antagonists, Local anesthetics, Muscarinic antagonists, 2-Pyridyl compounds, Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Sigma ... Yamamura HI, Snyder SH (May 1974). "Muscarinic cholinergic binding in rat brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... The drug is also commonly described as possessing weak anticholinergic activity by acting as an antagonist of the muscarinic ... Sanders-Bush E, Breeding M (October 1988). "Putative selective 5-HT-2 antagonists block serotonin 5-HT-1c receptors in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine

Sarter M (August 2015). "Behavioral-cognitive targets for cholinergic enhancement". Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 4: ... a radiolabeled antagonist for cerebral nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha4beta2-nAChR) with optimal positron emission ... D2R agonist and nAChR antagonist) Oxantel α3β2-Nicotinic receptor α3β4-Nicotinic receptor α6β2-Nicotinic receptor α7-Nicotinic ... deschloroepibatidine is a novel potent competitive antagonist of human neuronal alpha4beta2 nAChRs". Mol. Pharmacol. 69 (6): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-4_beta-2_nicotinic_receptor

The drug idazoxan blocks α2 autoreceptors and hence acts as an antagonist.) All adrenergic receptors are metabotropic, coupled ... Their function is enhancing, compared to the inhibiting action of the cholinergic fibres of the parasympathetic system. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_nerve_fibre

... cholinergic antagonists MeSH D27.505.519.625.120.200.500 - muscarinic antagonists MeSH D27.505.519.625.120.200.700 - nicotinic ... cholinergic antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.577.120.200.500 - muscarinic antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.577.120.200.700 - nicotinic ... and hormone antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.399.450 - hormone antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.399.450.050 - aldosterone antagonists ... adrenergic beta-antagonists MeSH D27.505.519.625.050.601 - adrenergic uptake inhibitors MeSH D27.505.519.625.120 - cholinergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

There is little information on BNC-210, but it may be a GABA antagonist based on an abstract released, though it is unclear if ... May 2020). Krystal JH (ed.). "Cholinergic Modulation of Disorder-Relevant Neural Circuits in Generalized Anxiety Disorder". ... This is somewhat counter-intuitive, as generally, GABA antagonists would produce anxiogenic effects. The only mention here is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNC-210

The acute syndromes which occur due to prolonged exposure to a dopamine antagonist are collectively termed extrapyramidal ... it has been implicated that the syndrome may be due to a dopaminergic-cholinergic imbalance or a serotonergic or noradrenergic ... Acute effects of dopamine antagonists also include Parkinsons-like symptoms, manifested by bradykinesia, pin rolling tremor, ... and development may be due to an underlying dopaminergic-cholinergic imbalance, or serotonergic/noradrenergic dysfunction. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurothotonus

Nicotinic antagonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ... July 2007). "Inhibition of the alpha9alpha10 nicotinic cholinergic receptor by neramexane, an open channel blocker of N-methyl- ... It also acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. A clinical trial found that doses of 50 mg and above safely ... Neramexane is a drug related to memantine, which acts as an NMDA antagonist and has neuroprotective effects. It is being ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neramexane

Dopamine antagonists, H1 receptor antagonists, Muscarinic antagonists, Serotonin receptor antagonists, Sigma agonists, Sodium ... Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors ... von Coburg Y, Kottke T, Weizel L, Ligneau X, Stark H (2009). "Potential utility of histamine H3 receptor antagonist ... Proudman RG, Pupo AS, Baker JG (August 2020). "The affinity and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor antagonists, antidepressants, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline

Muscarinic antagonists dilate the pupil and relax the ciliary muscle, are used in treatment of inflammatory uveitis and is ... Both are direct-acting cholinomimetics; they produce their effects by binding to and activating cholinergic receptors. Final ... Muscarinic antagonists are often called parasympatholytics because they have the same effect as agents that block ... Atropine is, like muscarine, an alkaloid but unlike muscarine is an antagonist of the muscarinic receptors. Hence, it inhibits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine

Patients taking strong dopaminergic antagonists such as those used in the treatment of psychosis are more likely than the ... "Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols produce anti-depressant like effect through monoaminergic and cholinergic functions ... Although their primary mechanisms of action are as NMDA receptor antagonists, ketamine and phencyclidine are also SNDRIs and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor

Yohimbine, an α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, has been used to decrease glucose levels to a healthy level. In clinical ... Xylazine has varying affinities for cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, α1 adrenergic, H2-histaminergic and opiate ... which are physiological antagonists to central nervous system depressants. Combining yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine in an effort ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylazine

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Cholinergic+Antagonists&type=mesh

Cholinergic Agonists. Class Summary. Cholinergic agonist activity activates the trigeminal parasympathetic pathway resulting in ... LFA-1 Antagonists. Class Summary. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) may be overexpressed in corneal and conjunctival ... Varenicline nasal spray is a water-soluble agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptor. It increases lacrimal unit production of ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1210417-108755/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-ophthalmic-lubricants-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-dry-eye-disease-keratoconjunctivitis-sicca

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-medication

Effect of centrally administered monoaminergic & cholinergic receptor antagonists on carrageenin-induced pedal edema in rats. ... Effect of centrally administered monoaminergic & cholinergic receptor antagonists on carrageenin-induced pedal edema in rats. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/61550?locale=es

Cholinergic Antagonists [‎1]‎. Cholinesterase Inhibitors [‎4]‎. Cholinesterase Reactivators [‎1]‎. Chorionic Gonadotropin [‎5]‎ ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?rpp=20&offset=1039&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=C&order=ASC

https://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/1210417-medication

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1210417-108740/what-is-the-role-of-drug-treatment-for-dry-eye-disease-keratoconjunctivitis-sicca

Receptors of cholinergic systems......Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors..... ... cholinergic agonist and antagonist classification, cholinergic agonist drugs list, cholinergic and antagonist drugs list, ... Cholinergic agonist and antagonist drugs classification List:. February 4, 2018. by dramjad Leave a Comment ... Cholinergic agonist and antagonist drugs classification list are given below.. Classification of Cholinomimentics or ...

https://medicscenter.com/cholinergic-agonists-anticholenergic-agents-classification/

... is used as a bronchodilator in the management of cholinergic-mediated bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive ...

https://pharmacycode.com/Bitrop.html

Statistics include a comparison of all drugs within the drug class of Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. ... Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist drug class usage statistics for the United States (2013 - 2020). ... Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist Established Pharmacologic Class (EPC) Comparison, United States, 2020. ClinCalc.com » ... Pharmacy » ClinCalc DrugStats » Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. Total Prescriptions in (2020). Drug Name. Total ...

https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/EPC/CholinergicMuscarinicAntagonist

Cholinergic Antagonists / therapeutic use* * Clinical Trials as Topic * Dopamine Agonists / therapeutic use* ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9359953/

Therapy for exposed patients should be guided by clinical toxicity and includes atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist. ... Although cholinergic toxicity is common after exposure to anticholinesterase pesticides, cholinergic symptoms are unexpected in ... Of these, 20 presented to EDs with signs and symptoms consistent with cholinergic toxidrome, although the specific findings for ... who had manifestations consistent with the cholinergic toxidrome, which is not characteristic of poisoning by the anticoagulant ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049561.htm

Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. To Top ... For patients taking short- or long-acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMAs or LAMAs) at the time of screening, inability or ... Unwillingness or inability to have open-label muscarinic antagonists withheld for duration of the study ... long-acting muscarinic antagonist for nebulized therapy: Safety and tolerability results of a 52-week phase 3 trial in moderate ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315558

Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00411437

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant; cholinergic receptor antagonist. Half-Life:. 2 hr (terminal phase) ... huperzine A increases and pancuronium decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use ... pancuronium and trospium chloride both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.. pancuronium, trospium ... Monitor Closely (1)atropine IV/IM and pancuronium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor. ...

http://reference.medscape.com/drug/pancuronium-343108

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KarXT

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0049561/m0049561.asp

15 Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists. 16 Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists. SECTION V: CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS ...

https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/product/9780323825825?role=student

Cholinergic Antagonists (Anticholinergics)IBA 07/2006. 1. struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate)IBA 05/2005. ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/authorSummary-Schurch,%20B.do

Cholinergic Antagonists Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) Categories for tiotropium bromide. Bronchodilator Agents ...

https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/p/generic-api/tiotropium+bromide

Cholinergic Antagonists Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classes for INCRUSE ELLIPTA. R03BB. Anticholinergics. ... Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Patent Number: See Plans and Pricing. Patent Expiration: See Plans and Pricing. ... Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Patent Number: See Plans and Pricing. Patent Expiration: See Plans and Pricing. ... Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Patent Number: See Plans and Pricing. Patent Expiration: See Plans and Pricing. ...

https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/p/tradename/INCRUSE+ELLIPTA

1991). Midlatency auditory evoked responses: differential effects of a cholinergic agonist and antagonist. Electroencephalogr ... 1990). Cholinergic neurons of the feline pontomesencephalon. Brain Res 520:43-54. ...

https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0042-1745601?id=&lang=de

124937-51-5 - OOGJQPCLVADCPB-HXUWFJFHSA-N - Tolterodine [USAN:INN:BAN] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.

https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/124937-51-5

Retention is enhanced by post-training administration of cholinergic muscarinic agonists and impaired by antagonists. The ... However, cholinergic drugs can block both the memory-enhancing and the memory-impairing effects of Epi. The findings suggest ... that memory storage can be modulated by peripheral epinephrine as well as by drugs affecting the muscarinic cholinergic system ... present experiments examined the interaction of peripheral Epi and cholinergic drugs in memory modulation. Male CFW mice (60 ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Modulation-of-memory-by-post-training-epinephrine%3A-Introini-Collison-McGaugh/165915b428b5d605d6b1901ff008ed38c0280b85

Cholinergic-like effects of the new histamine H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine. Bertaccini G, Coruzzi G. Bertaccini G, et al. ... Non-antisecretory activities of H2 antagonists. Bertaccini G, Coruzzi G. Bertaccini G, et al. Among authors: coruzzi g. Scand J ... Action of histamine and of some H2-antagonists on gastric secretion in vitro. Coruzzi G, Adami M, Bertaccini G. Coruzzi G, et ... Action of the new H2-antagonist, DA 4577, on different in vitro and in vivo preparations. Bertaccini G, Poli E, Coruzzi G. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Coruzzi+G&cauthor_id=6123238

PHARM.E2.Cholinergic Agonists and ANTagonists PHARM.E2.Cholinergic Agonists and ANTagonists Flashcard Maker: Draco M. 81 Cards ... Sample Decks: Cholinergic Agents: Muscarinic Agonists, Cholinergic Agents: Muscarinic Antagonists, neuronal Nicotinic agonists ... Sample Decks: Review of Autonomic NS-T1, Cholinergic Agonists- T1, Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Nicotinic Antagonists-T1 ... Sample Decks: Intro to PNS, Nicotinic Agonists and Antagonists, Muscarinic Agonists and Antagonists ...

https://www.brainscape.com/subjects/muscarine

Obviously, the cholinergic antagonist should cancel out any benefits of a cholinesterase inhibitor. This, again, shows ...

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychiatric-polypharmacy-good-bad-and-ugly

... and cortical arousal was blocked by cholinergic antagonists. Importantly, inhibition of these neurons switched behavioral ... and cortical arousal was blocked by cholinergic antagonists. Importantly, inhibition of these neurons switched behavioral ... and cortical arousal was blocked by cholinergic antagonists. Importantly, inhibition of these neurons switched behavioral ... and cortical arousal was blocked by cholinergic antagonists. Importantly, inhibition of these neurons switched behavioral ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-neural-switch-for-active-and-passive-fear

For example, co-transmission such as we observed here would predict that cholinergic agonists and antagonists would mediate ... VGLUT3+ cholinergic neurons in the HDB project to the IPL. To determine whether VGLUT3 is expressed by cholinergic neurons in ... Colocalization of GABAergic and cholinergic markers. To further confirm the GABAergic nature of cholinergic HDB projections to ... and GABAergic antagonist gabazine (Gbz; 10 μM), but were abolished by subsequent application of the nicotinic antagonist ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00765-4?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d719b9f1-d64f-432d-ba0f-0dc719dc38a1

... gyrus granule cells in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease neuropathology and atypical effects of the cholinergic antagonist ...

https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/helen-e-scharfman

There are two type of cholinergic receptor Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. (medicscenter.com)
Findings suggest that the induction of amnesia of passive avoidance involves central cholinergic systems, whereas the NEO, and possibly PHYSO, reversal of the SCOP induced amnesia is mediated peripherally by both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. (semanticscholar.org)
Antagonism at central cholinergic receptors decreases sensory sensitivity and decreases reliance on incoming sensory evidence during perceptual inference. (centerwatch.com)
Drugs that target receptors are classified as agonists or antagonists. (msdmanuals.com)
Antagonist drugs block the access or attachment of the body's natural agonists, usually neurotransmitters, to their receptors and thereby prevent or reduce cell responses to natural agonists. (msdmanuals.com)
Secondly, to assess the plastic responses of hippocampal cholinergic and glutamatergic transmitter systems in the hippocampus to cholinergic denervation, ligand binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA-sensitive quisqualate, kainate and muscarinic receptors was performed in rats which had received surgery to lesion the medial septum three weeks previously. (bl.uk)
Bethanechol directly stimulates cholinergic receptors present in the parasympathetic nervous system. (gpatindia.com)
Nucleus accumbens muscarinic receptors in the control of behavioral depression: antidepressant effect of local M1 antagonist in the porsolt swim test. (inhn.org)
Numerous high-resolution crystallographic structures of the acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP), a molluscan cholinergic protein, homologous to the extracellular domain of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, are available. (pasteur.fr)
Peripheral nerve endings also express a variety of inhibitory neuroreceptors such as opioid, alpha-adrenergic, cholinergic, adenosine and cannabinoid receptors, and agonists for these receptors also represent viable targets for drug development. (omeka.net)
In this study, we have developed new potent and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors with a potential therapeutic use. (cas.cz)
The aim of this study was to develop potent and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic ACh receptors. (cas.cz)
Antagonists with long-residence time at receptors are therapeutic targets for the treatment of several neurological and psychiatric human diseases. (cas.cz)
Allergamin (ALLERGAMINE)is an effective antihistamine antagonist of histamine H1 receptors, which has anticholinergic, antiemetic, antitussive and sedative properties. (horsemedicationshop.com)
Promethazine affects ligand gated ion channels such as purinergic P2 or cholinergic ACh receptors and voltage dependent ion channels such as sodium, calcium, or potassium channels. (hindawi.com)
The correlation of severity of dementia with disruption of several cortical cholinergic markers, including reduced choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) and choline uptake, reduction of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and levels and decrease of nicotinic receptors (nAChR) subtypes suggest a close link between cholinergic loss of function and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)
However, its efficacy could be mediated through its activity as an antagonist at central dopamine type 2 receptors. (nih.gov)
Haloperidol also binds to alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, but with lower affinity, and displays minimal binding to muscarinic cholinergic and histaminergic (H1) receptors. (nih.gov)
The present invention is directed to 2-pyridyloxy-3-ester-4-ether compounds which are antagonists of orexin receptors. (justia.com)
Antagonist for the postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D2 receptors in the brain and decreases the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones. (essentialsofmedicine.com)
Risperidone is a selective monoaminergic antagonist having a high affinity for serotoninergic 5-HT2 and dopaminergic D2 receptors. (kjhbazar.com)
Risperidone has no affinity for cholinergic receptors. (kjhbazar.com)
Quetiapine is an antagonist at multiple neurotransmitter receptors in the brain: serotonin 5HT1A and 5HT2 (IC50s=717 & 148nM respectively), dopamine D1 and D2 (IC50s=1268 & 329nM respectively), histamine H1 (IC50=30nM), and adrenergic a1 and a2 receptors (IC50s=94 & 271nM, respectively). (farmavita.net)
Quetiapine has no appreciable affinity at cholinergic muscarinic and benzodiazepine receptors (IC50s>5000 nM). (farmavita.net)
These results claim that AVPNs communicate three main nAChR subunits (α7 α4 and β2) that could assemble into practical homologous or heterologous pentameric receptors mediating fast and suffered nicotinic results on cholinergic outflow towards the airways. (cancerreserchuk.org)
GR 94800 is a potent and selective tachykinin NK 2 receptor antagonist (pK B values are 9.6, 6.4 and 6.0 for NK 2 , NK 1 and NK 3 receptors respectively). (tocris.com)
Colocalization of tachykinins and acetylcholine implies that it really should be probable lo improve both non cholinergic and cholinergic contractions by stimulation of 5 HT4 receptors from the guinea pig gut. (caspasepathway.com)
It has moderate affinity for histamine and alpha adrenergic receptors, and no appreciable affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (poroshpathorsc.live)
It has been generally agreed that the cholinergic effects are mediated by muscarinic M3 receptors. (gu.se)
In the sheep, the increase of submandibular secretory and vasodilator responses to electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve in the presence of muscarinic antagonists were explained by neuronal muscarinic M4 receptors. (gu.se)
specific opiate antagonist with no agonist activity, a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. (medindex.am)

Cholinergic-like effects of the new histamine H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine. (nih.gov)
Pretreatment with CP-99994, a neurokinin type 1 receptor antagonist, partially abolished the O(3)-induced reactivity to cholinergic agonists and electrical field stimulation. (cdc.gov)
Thought to fibrates, nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, which breach in and meaningful, dysphasia is excreted in ensuring synthroid coupons postcoital bleeding. (mywelshies.com)
We have also shown that this cortical cholinergic denervation leads to an increased locomotor response to the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP), suggesting that disruption of cortical cholinergic activity can lead to disturbances of glutamatergic transmission. (atsbio.com)
Methylatropine bromide (Sigma) a competitive cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist that does not enter brain was administered (4 mg/kg sc) 17 min before arecoline to block peripheral autonomic effects (7 34 Ten arterial blood samples (15-20 μl) were collected (at 0 0.25 1 1.5 2 2.8 3.2 5 10 and 19 min) to determine the radioactivity of unesterified plasma DHA. (lifescienceexec.com)
Scopolamine as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist is used for creation of memory impairment. (intjmorphol.com)
We concluded that scopolamine as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist can reduce dose-dependently the density of M1-neurons in all areas of hippocampus. (intjmorphol.com)
Promethazine hydrochloride is a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist, antihistamine, and antiemetic medication that can also have strong sedative effects. (hindawi.com)
Which has proven to be a selective M1 receptor antagonist. (mormileflorist.com)
Objective: The present study investigated whether biperiden (BIP), a muscarinic m1 receptor antagonist, is to be preferred over SCOP as a pharmacological model for cholinergic memory deficits in rats. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
An H 2 -receptor antagonist , (H 2 RA) often shortened to H 2 antagonist , is a drug used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells in the stomach , decreasing acid production by these cells. (bionity.com)
Cimetidine was the prototypical histamine H 2 -receptor antagonist from which the later members of the class were developed. (bionity.com)
now GlaxoSmithKline ) to develop a histamine receptor antagonist to suppress stomach acid secretion. (bionity.com)
The first breakthrough was N α -guanylhistamine, a partial H 2 -receptor antagonist. (bionity.com)
From this lead the receptor model was further refined and eventually led to the development of burimamide - the first H 2 -receptor antagonist. (bionity.com)
This study explored the effects of the M2 receptor antagonist Methoctramine on sustained attention. (wm.edu)
H 1 -receptor antagonist and salt of diphenhydramine, with which it shares similar properties. (medpill.info)
It is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist agent. (novahealthrecovery.com)
The project is a coformulation of the muscarinic agonist xanomeline with trospium chloride, a peripheral muscarinic receptor antagonist - the idea being that trospium cancels out xanomeline's peripheral side effects but does not hamper its effect in the brain. (evaluate.com)
This excitation was unaffected by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. (umich.edu)
Treatment of M2 -/- hippocampal slices with the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, restored STP and significantly increased LTP. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)

Ipratropium bromide, a synthetic ammonium compound structurally similar to atropine, is used as a bronchodilator in the management of cholinergic-mediated bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in the treatment of rhinorrhea associated with the common cold or with allergic or nonallergic seasonal rhinitis. (pharmacycode.com)
Each prefilled DuoDote autoinjector provides a single intramuscular dose of atropine, a cholinergic muscarinic antagonist , and pralidoxime chloride, a cholinesterase reactivator, in a self-contained unit, specifically designed for administration by emergency medical services personnel. (rxlist.com)
The snakes were equipped with an arterial catheter for measurements of blood pressure and heart rate, and autonomic tonus was determined following infusion of the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (3 mg kg -1 ) and the muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist atropine (3 mg kg -1 ). (silverchair.com)
These evoked slow depolarising synaptic responses were suppressed by the selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist atropine (5muM) suggesting that they were mediated via activation of mAChRs. (gla.ac.uk)
Pharmacological characterization of distal neural airway responses The type of innervation was addressed by pharmacological agents: The muscarinic antagonist atropine was used to show the involvement of parasympathetic cholinergic nerves. (adenosine-receptor.com)
Atropine blocked the EFS-induced bronchoconstriction in PCLS from rats, guinea pigs, sheep, marmosets and humans, indicating that these species receive cholinergic innervation in the distal parts of their lungs. (adenosine-receptor.com)
The responses, in particular the vasodilatation, consist of an atropine-sensitive acetylcholine-mediated part and an atropine-resistant part mediated via non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitters. (gu.se)

There are two type of cholinesterases, True cholinesterases which is present in cholinergic neurons, ganglia, RBCs and neuromuscular junction. (medicscenter.com)
Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain project heavily to the main olfactory bulb, the first processing station in the olfactory pathway. (nature.com)
Here, we identify a specific basal forebrain cholinergic projection that innervates select neurons concentrated in the internal plexiform layer of the main olfactory bulb. (nature.com)
Cholinergic neurons within basal forebrain (BF) nuclei project to many different brain regions where they have an important role in learning and memory, attention, and cognition. (nature.com)
Here, we show that a similar population of VGLUT3 + cholinergic neurons is also present in the HDB of adult mice. (nature.com)
Further support for GABA co-transmission is provided by showing the colocalization of cholinergic and GABAergic markers within HDB neurons as well as their axonal projections to the IPL. (nature.com)
Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. (ebi.ac.uk)
We hypothesize that this loss of cortical cholinergic input alters the activity of cortical glutamatergic neurons and in turn, their regulation of subcortical dopamine neurons. (atsbio.com)
The cholinergic system plays a significant role in learning and cognition and cholinergic neurons seem to be particularly susceptible to ethanol (EtOH) exposure. (healthyfutureforkids.com)
Inhibition of MAPK p38 (SB 203580, 10?M) and NOS (L-thiocitrulline, 10?M) counteracted the EtOH-induced drop of cholinergic neurons and Tyrphostin NGF protected cholinergic neurons contrary to the EtOH-induced impact. (healthyfutureforkids.com)
Drawback of EtOH led to a reversal of cholinergic neurons to almost controls. (healthyfutureforkids.com)
To conclude, EtOH triggered a transient drop of cholinergic neurons, perhaps regarding MAPK p38- and NOS-pathways recommending that EtOH will not induce immediate cell loss of life, but causes a transient downregulation from the cholinergic essential enzyme, perhaps reflecting a kind of EtOH-associated plasticity. (healthyfutureforkids.com)
Alzheimer's disease pathology is characterized by cognitive deficits and dementia, synaptic losses, degeneration of cholinergic neurons and the formation of amyloid plaques containing the amyloid-β peptide and of neurofibrillary tangles that are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, normally expressed in axons as microtubule-associated tau proteins. (medscape.com)
Progressive loss of memory, particularly of episodic memory, starts early in Alzheimer's disease together with neurodegeneration of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] Figure 2 illustrates the main neuronal pathways from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM) and septal nucleus supplying cholinergic synapses to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, differentiated from the diffuse cholinergic projections from the tegmental-pontine nucleus [ 9 , 10 ] and the notorious large local circuit cholinergic neurons of the caudate-putamen. (medscape.com)
Moreoever, a D2 antagonist caused an increase in evoked spike firing of striatal neurons recorded intracellularly in vivo (West and Grace 2002). (scholarpedia.org)
Here, in experiments using male and female mice, we show that cholinergic terminals are routinely located adjacent to the somas and dendrites of VIP neurons. (umich.edu)
Lastly, we found that low frequency trains of acetylcholine puffs elicited temporal summation in VIP neurons, suggesting that in vivo -like patterns of cholinergic input can reshape activity for prolonged periods. (umich.edu)

Acetylcholine is the transmitter of cholinergic system. (medicscenter.com)
The precision of sensory evidence appears to depend critically upon cholinergic signaling: acetylcholine increases auditory discrimination abilities and biases perceptual inference toward sensory data. (centerwatch.com)
Striatal GABA release has been shown to be enhanced under pathological conditions of cholinergic overstimulation, e.g. inhibition of acetylcholine esterase. (erowid.org)
This reduction of striatal GABA release may therefore contribute to the beneficial effect of both drugs in pathological situations of cholinergic overstimulation, e.g. during intoxication with acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. (erowid.org)
The following is a list of references which summarize selected studies focused on the role of acetylcholine in the pathophysiology of the affective disorders and the role of catecholaminergic /cholinergic balance in these disorders. (inhn.org)
The cholinergic system is vital for cognitive processes as well as the lacking acetylcholine (ACh) function continues to be implicated in Alzheimers disease (AD). (thetechnoant.info)
There is also some evidence, however, that imidacloprid has multiple agonist and antagonist effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels of clonal rat phaeochromocytoma cells. (pediatriconcall.com)

The mainstay of pharmacological treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) is anticholinergic therapy using muscarinic receptor antagonists (tertiary or quaternary amines). (houstonmethodist.org)
PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for "OAB" plus "muscarinic antagonists" or "anticholinergic drug. (houstonmethodist.org)
The results provide the first demonstration of combined anticholinergic and antiserotonergic effects in humans, and offer partial support to the concept of an interactive role of cholinergic and serotonergic systems in cerebral mechanisms. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
Cholinergic and antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) mechanisms and drugs -- 23. (edu.au)

1991). Midlatency auditory evoked responses: differential effects of a cholinergic agonist and antagonist. (thieme-connect.de)

Consistent with this, scopolamine, a safe and reversible antagonist at the M1 cholinergic receptor used routinely for its anti-emetic effects, can both cause spontaneous hallucinations and enhance conditioned hallucinations. (centerwatch.com)
Finally I found that attentional modulation of neuronal responses in macaque V1 was partially blocked by the application of a cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine (Experiment 4). (ncl.ac.uk)
Rationale: The nonselective muscarinic antagonist scopolamine hydrobromide (SCOP) is employed as the gold standard for inducing memory impairments in healthy humans and animals. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Klinkenberg, I & Blokland, A 2011, ' A comparison of scopolamine and biperiden as a rodent model for cholinergic cognitive impairment ', Psychopharmacology , vol. 215, no. 3, pp. 549-566. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
In the trial they evaluated the role of the cholinergic system in cognitive symptoms of depression and unexpectedly observed rapid reductions in depression severity following the administration of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine hydrobromide (4 μg/kg intravenously) compared with placebo (P=.002) In this trial, 9 patients with treatment resistant depression and anxiety received infusions and had significant responses. (novahealthrecovery.com)
Employing a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 11 healthy young adults were tested in each of four conditions: (1) placebo, (2) fenfluramine (a serotonin depleting agent), (3) scopolamine (a muscarinic antagonist), and (4) fenfluramine and scopolamine. (stanfordhealthcare.org)

A prominent feature regularly found in Advertisement patients may be the serious degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic systems [54, 55, 8]. (thetechnoant.info)
This review provides an updated view of the basal forebrain cholinergic system, its relation to cognition and its relevance for therapy of Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)

Underscoring this controversy and the lack of clarity on the functional role of cholinergic projections is the potential for more complex neurotransmitter signaling. (nature.com)
However, the role of cholinergic inputs to the CA2 area for the regulation of synaptic plasticity remains to be fully understood. (jneurosci.org)

Despite these strong though conflicted effects of cholinergic signaling on M/TC activity, MCs strikingly exhibit no postsynaptic response to brief optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic projections in vitro 10 and show only an ~ 0.5 mV hyperpolarization with a 15 s-long stimulation 4 . (nature.com)
Collectively, the results demonstrate that CA2 synaptic learning rules are regulated in a metaplastic manner, whereby modifications triggered by prior cholinergic stimulation can dictate the outcome of future plasticity events. (jneurosci.org)
Reactivity of isolated tracheal smooth muscle to cholinergic agonists was significantly increased after O(3) exposure, as were contractions to electrical field stimulation at 10 Hz. (cdc.gov)
Moreover a D2 antagonist reduced the DA-mediated and VTA-stimulation induced inhibition of spontaneous firing in PFC in 89% and 54% of cells respectively. (scholarpedia.org)
We also investigated the effects of acupuncture stimulation at GV20 on the cholinergic system as well as the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings suggest that acupuncture stimulation at GV20 might be useful in various neurodegenerative diseases to improve cognitive functioning via stimulating cholinergic enzyme activities and regulating BDNF and CREB expression in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
In the presence of ionotrophic glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists, electrical stimulation of afferent fibres within either the stratum oriens or MSN evoked an isolated slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), with mean peak amplitudes of 6.109+/-0.54mV and 8.975+/-1.123mV and peak latencies of 10.14+/-2.743s and 10.264+/-0.95s respectively, in Cal pyramidal neurones. (gla.ac.uk)
Precise mode of antiemetic action is thought to involve ability to inhibit cholinergic stimulation in vestibular and associated neural pathways. (medpill.info)
Cholinergic stimulation generally caused arterial vasodilatation, which was mainly dependent on nitric oxide. (gu.se)

Pharmacology of the novel H2 antagonist famotidine: in vitro studies. (nih.gov)
Pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system, agonists and adrenergic antagonists. (uab.cat)
Center for clinical and experimental pharmacology, university hospital center, kragujevac, serbia, fr yugoslavia calculation of the pa2 value and dissociation constants for an antagonist from the effects observed on isolated smooth muscles can be done in two ways. (firebaseapp.com)

Following is the drugs of classification of cholinergic agonists list. (medicscenter.com)
Following are the drugs antagonist list given below. (medicscenter.com)
Extensive evidence indicates that memory storage can be modulated by peripheral epinephrine as well as by drugs affecting the muscarinic cholinergic system. (semanticscholar.org)
The present experiments examined the interaction of peripheral Epi and cholinergic drugs in memory modulation. (semanticscholar.org)
DuoDote belongs to a class of drugs called Cholinergic, Toxicity Antidotes. (rxlist.com)
Little is known about the effects of drugs on cholinergic modulated GABA release in the striatum. (erowid.org)
To investigate the effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801 and the intravenous anaesthetic ketamine on cholinergic modulated depolarisation-induced GABA release, both drugs were coadministered with the M-cholinoceptor agonist pilocarpine in a superfusion model of rat striatal slices. (erowid.org)
Interestingly, this negative effect is similar to that found for another class of allosteric drugs, i.e. non competitive antagonists (NCAs). (semcs.net)
Sympathetic effects can be produced by drugs that either enhance sympathetic tone (sympathomimetics such as adrenoceptor agonists) or depress parasympathetic tone (cholinergic receptor antagonists). (pediagenosis.com)
Nevertheless, new drugs used to treat AD patients are limited due to their short half-lives and excessive side effects caused by peripheral cholinergic system activation and hepatotoxicity, the most frequent and critical side-effect of these drugs [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The neuroleptic-induced TD with those who did serotonin-dopamine antagonist hypothesis not develop it under comparatively similar maintains that drugs which have a high conditions. (who.int)

Treatment of disorders characterized by reversible airway obstruction in childhood: Are anti-cholinergic agents the answer? (elsevier.com)
Dive into the research topics of 'Treatment of disorders characterized by reversible airway obstruction in childhood: Are anti-cholinergic agents the answer? (elsevier.com)

Medications that potentiate central cholinergic function, like the AChE inhibitor physostigmine, have already been found to considerably enhance storage space of details into long-term storage and improve retrieval of details from long-term storage [11]. (thetechnoant.info)

The pa 2 is a measure of the affinity of a competitive antagonist for its receptor. (firebaseapp.com)
Burimamide, a specific competitive antagonist at the H 2 receptor 100-times more potent than N α -guanylhistamine, proved the existence of the H 2 receptor. (bionity.com)

They range from early observational studies of the depressogenic, sleep and neuroendocrine effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and cholinergic agonists in humans to more recent, highly sophisticated studies utilizing animal models in which gene knock-out techniques, imaging techniques and neurotransmitter-neuromodulator manipulations are applied to understand how cholinergic influences might affect mood. (inhn.org)
Currently, enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission via cholinesterase inhibitors represents the main available approach to treat cognitive and behavioural symptoms of the early as well as late stages of Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)
Memantine is an N -methyl- D -aspartate antagonist with a well-documented clinical effect on behavioural symptoms, which is often added to cholinesterase inhibitors to potentiate their effect and aducanumab, targeting the amyloid pathology, has recently been approved. (medscape.com)
The classical symptomatic cholinergic therapy based on cholinesterase inhibitors is judiciously discussed for its maximal efficacy and best clinical application. (medscape.com)

There are mutual interactions between glucocorticoids and the striatal cholinergic system in enhancing the consolidation of memory of inhibitory avoidance training, and this research indicates that long-term memory may be formed through interactions within the dorsal striatum of the rat. (semanticscholar.org)
Houttuynia has been shown to have inhibitory effects against cholinergic antagonists and should be considered in cases of cognitive impairment (8). (supremenutritionproducts.com)

Preclinical and scientific research demonstrated the inhibition of cholinergic supersensitivity due to nicotinic antagonists and incomplete agonists could be utilized successfully to take care of depressed individuals, especially those who find themselves poor responders to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). (mindunwindart.com)
Pirot et al (1992) showed that the GABA antagonist bicuculline blocked the iontophoretic DA and VTA-mediated inhibition of spontaneous firing in 57% and 51% of cells respectively. (scholarpedia.org)

4- Dopamine antagonists. (oh-mygut.com)
We have shown that cholinergic denervation of cortex cerebri by stereotaxic infusion of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into nucleus basalis magnocellularis in adult rats leads to an enhanced locomotor sensitivity to amphetamine, as well as, a potentiated dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. (atsbio.com)
the dopamine hypersensitivity hypothesis and the serotonin-dopamine antagonist hypothesis. (who.int)

The effects of pharmacological and pathological manipulation of hippocampal cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter receptor systems were examined using quantitative in vivo [14C]-deoxyglucose autoradiography and in vitro ligand binding autoradiography. (bl.uk)
In three series of rats, local cerebral glucose utilisation was assessed in 76 anatomically defined hippocampal, limbic and other structures following administration of three novel cholinergic or glutamatergic agents in order to assess the physiological changes in cerebral metabolism in response to pharmacological challenge. (bl.uk)
It is shown that the studied agonists and antagonists can be discriminated according to their higher affinities for structures respectively obtained in the presence of agonists or antagonists, highlighting the fact that AChBP structures retain a pharmacological footprint of the compound used in crystallography experiments. (pasteur.fr)
Conclusion: Muscarinic m1 antagonists should be considered an interesting alternative for SCOP as a pharmacological model for cholinergic mnemonic deficits in animals. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
This thesis describes electrophysiological, pharmacological and neuroanatomical approaches in rodent brain slice preparations to investigate the interaction between these cholinergic and GABAergic systems of the mammalian hippocampus. (gla.ac.uk)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Effect of centrally administered monoaminergic & cholinergic receptor antagonists on carrageenin-induced pedal edema in rats. (who.int)
We show that cholinergic receptor activation with the nonselective cholinergic agonist, carbachol (CCh), triggers a protein synthesis-dependent and NMDAR-independent long-term synaptic depression (CCh-LTD) at entorhinal cortical (EC)-CA2 and Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA2 synapses in the hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats. (jneurosci.org)
2004). Further, in non-habituated rats administration of a \(\beta\)-adrenoceptor antagonist immediately after the object recognition training blocked the corticosterone-induced memory enhancement (Roozendaal et al. (scholarpedia.org)
In current studies we are investigating memory functions using the novel object recognition task (NOR) and social interaction in adult male Lister hooded rats with cholinergic denervation of neocortex. (atsbio.com)
This is also true for tachykinergic innervation in guinea pigs that before was Neuronally Airway Control in Different Mammals to the rats, in which cholinergic responses are weaker in smaller airways, distal airways from sheep or human were quite susceptible to EFS-induced cholinergic bronchoconstriction, indicating relatively Scutellarein cost strong innervation of peripheral 7 Neuronally Airway Control in Different Mammals airways in these species. (adenosine-receptor.com)
5 , 6 These phenomena in rats are mimicked by intracerebroventricular 6-9 or intravenous 9 administration of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and are blocked by the CRH antagonist, α helical CRH 9-41 . (bmj.com)

Up to now, the mostly utilized therapeutic technique in Advertisement treatment is to improve cholinergic transmitting with AChE inhibitors [47, 53]. (thetechnoant.info)
In view of current literature, M1-selective antagonists may have therapeutic potential for striatal cholinergic dystonia, delaying epileptic seizure after organophosphate intoxication or relieving depression. (cas.cz)
It deals with the three main aspects that form the basis of the cholinergic-oriented therapy of Alzheimer's disease, its origin, its mechanism of action, its clinical effects, advantages and limits of a cholinergic therapeutic approach. (medscape.com)
Because impaired muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmission is associated with Alzheimer's disease and normal aging processes, these findings should be of considerable therapeutic relevance. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Therapeutic doses produce no untoward side effects except for mild cholinergic symptoms. (choxos.net)

The ability of a novel glutamate antagonist to prevent functional disturbances produced by subdural haematoma were also assessed, with a view to potential clinical treatment of ischaemia. (bl.uk)
There also are some clinical data on the use of topical antidepressants and glutamate receptor antagonists. (omeka.net)

Trospium is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist that does not cross into the CNS and reduces peripheral cholinergic side effects associated with xanomeline. (wikipedia.org)
However, cholinergic-mediated side effects prevented further advancement of xanomeline into phase 3 trials. (wikipedia.org)
The effects of such a cholinergic-dependent synaptic depression on subsequent LTP at EC-CA2 and SC-CA2 synapses have not been previously explored. (jneurosci.org)
We further investigated the effects of beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blockade on blood flow and heart rate during these activities. (biologists.com)
EXTERNAL: plasma half life n its significance, tetracycline adverse effects,fanconi syndrome, morphine uses and antagonists, how morphine relieves pulmonary edema, name drug having short half life but long duration of action n why it happens. (kemunited.com)
Name some effects of an alpha 2 antagonist? (freezingblue.com)
These effects were at least partly mediated by cholinergic mechanisms. (ncl.ac.uk)
As compared with several agents which influence phagocytosis, neurotropin exhibited effects similar to that of agents that blocked the adrenaline receptor and an opioid antagonist rather than tranquilizer (diazepam) and a cholinergic receptor blocker. (elsevier.com)
There are still some blanks to fill in around adverse events, particularly cholinergic side effects such as nausea and vomiting. (evaluate.com)
II In vitro cholinergic effects and muscarinic receptor expression in blood vessels of the rat. (gu.se)
The α 1 antagonist effects of these medications may lead to hypotension, and rarely, impotence or anorgasmia. (picmonic.com)

Cholinergic mechanism involved in function of mesodiencephalic activating system. (wikidata.org)
However, we believe that the type of innervation, i.e., cholinergic, adrenergic, eNANC or iNANC, is the most relevant reason for the differences between species, as for instance the repetitive reversible contraction in rat is cholinergic, whereas the steady contraction without relaxation in guinea pigs suggests an additional mechanism other than a cholinergic one in which the neurotransmitter is not metabolized. (adenosine-receptor.com)
The cholinergic system is one of the neurotransmitter systems implicated in the pathophysiologic mechanism of mood disorders. (novahealthrecovery.com)

It has a role as an antiemetic, a cholinergic antagonist, a histamine antagonist, a local anaesthetic and a central nervous system depressant. (clearsynth.com)

Cholinergic afferents originating in the medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca terminating in the hippocampal area CA2 might play an important role in the modulation of area-specific synaptic plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
Our findings demonstrate that cholinergic receptor activation induces an LTD of synaptic transmission at entorhinal cortical- and Schaffer collateral-CA2 synapses. (jneurosci.org)
This suggests that such bidirectional synaptic modifications triggered by the dynamic modulation of tonic cholinergic receptor activation may support the formation of CA2-dependent memories given the increased hippocampal cholinergic tone during active wakefulness observed in exploratory behavior. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, the use of receptor autoradiography provides insights into the processes of modification following denervation, and suggest that in the hippocampus, both cholinergic and glutamatergic systems are involved in synaptic modifications which accompany cholinergic denervation. (bl.uk)

There are preclinical data supporting the potential for development of local formulations of adenosine agonists, cannabinoid agonists, cholinergic ligands, cytokine antagonists, bradykinin antagonists, ATP antagonists, biogenic amine antagonists, neuropeptide antagonists, and agents that alter the availability of nerve growth factor. (omeka.net)

A close relationship between progressive cholinergic degeneration and cognitive impairment is supported by the clinical efficacy of pharmacotherapy specifically targeting the cholinergic system. (medscape.com)

These studies demonstrate that manipulation of cholinergic and glutamatergic transmitter systems in the CNS may result in widespread functional alterations in the brain, and suggest that cholinergic and glutamatergic systems may interact in the plastic modifications which accompany cholinergic denervation in the limbic system. (bl.uk)

The early, progressive and selective degeneration of the cholinergic system together and its close relation to cognitive deficits supports the use of cholinergic therapy for Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)

Pilocarpine , an orally active muscarinic cholinergic agonist induces REM sleep and reduces delta sleep in normal volunteers. (inhn.org)

Latest advances in Advertisement research have directed A blockade as the main new therapy straight targeting the systems underlying Advertisement [39, 16, 28], which possibly problems the cholinergic hypothesis. (thetechnoant.info)

Ventral tegmental area cholinergic mechanisms mediate behavioral responses in the forced swim test. (inhn.org)
Below are responses generated using the isolated guineapig ileum preparation to determine a pa2 value for a sample of the cholinergic antagonist homatropine. (firebaseapp.com)
The cholinergic system also is implicated in depression by evidence showing that polysomnographic responses to muscarinic receptor agonists and neuroendocrine and pupillary responses to cholinomimetics are exaggerated in depressed patients and that some muscarinic receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with an elevated incidence of depression. (novahealthrecovery.com)
Evidence for non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contractile responses in bovine and swine trachea. (supp.ai)

It is found that cholinergic NBM-cortex projections are required for BLA-mediated modulation of memory consolidation and are implicated in learning, memory storage, and plasticity. (semanticscholar.org)
Animal research suggests an important interactive role for ascending cholinergic and serotonergic systems in modulation of cerebral function. (stanfordhealthcare.org)

This increase in striatal GABA release during cholinergic overstimulation is mediated by M-cholinoceptors and is associated with clinical symptoms, e.g. the occurrence of seizures. (erowid.org)
En este trabajo se revisan los efectos de la activaci n del H 3 R en la liberaci n de histamina, acetilcolina, 5-hidroxitriptamina (5-HT, serotonina), noradrenalina, dopamina, glutamato, cido γ-aminobut rico (GABA) y los neurop ptidos sustancia P y el p ptido relacionado al gen de la calcitonina (CGRP). (medigraphic.com)

Houttuynia cordata improves cognitive deficits in cholinergic dysfunction Alzheimer's disease-like models. (supremenutritionproducts.com)
These initial results indicate that cortical cholinergic deficits, in addition to a potentiation of the locomotor response to PCP, can also lead to an enhanced sensitivity to PCP-induced cognitive impairments. (atsbio.com)

Restoring the cholinergic system has been a primary means of improving cognition in Alzheimer's disease, as four of the six approved therapies are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
The H 2 -receptor antagonists have since largely been superseded by the even more effective proton pump inhibitors , with omeprazole becoming the biggest-selling drug for many years. (bionity.com)
The H 2 antagonists are competitive inhibitors of histamine at the parietal cell H 2 receptor. (bionity.com)

[ 7 ] The dysfunction of cholinergic circuits and signalling contributes to cognitive decline associated with several neurodegenerative diseases besides Alzheimer's disease, such as Parkinson's and Lewy body disease. (medscape.com)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain that is characterized by deterioration of memory and cognitive function due to cholinergic nervous system dysfunction [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Alternatively, activation of nAChR leads to the enhanced discharge of the secreted type of APP which has a wide variety of trophic and defensive functions Harringtonin supplier [26], which effect can be reversed by cholinergic antagonists [27]. (thetechnoant.info)

A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. (nih.gov)

Of these, 20 presented to EDs with signs and symptoms consistent with cholinergic toxidrome, although the specific findings for each patient varied. (cdc.gov)
By contrast, increased cholinergic signaling ameliorates psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease. (centerwatch.com)
Risperidone, as a potent D2 antagonist, improves the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but causes less depression of motor activity. (kjhbazar.com)
Increasing cholinergic activity using physostigmine (an anticholinesterase inhibitor) provides a challenge uniquely capable of exacerbating depressive symptoms in currently depressed patients with MDD and inducing depressive symptoms in currently manic patients with Bipolar disorder. (novahealthrecovery.com)

Rivastigmine, a reversible, centrally-acting cholinesterase inhibitor, has been used study the cholinergic system and has been found to ameliorate hallucinations in some patients with schizophrenia. (centerwatch.com)
Summary: Alterations in cholinergic signaling in the brain have been implicated as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. (atsbio.com)

Atrophy of the cholinergic basal forebrain progresses against a background of age-related decrease as observed from the normal adult age into the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)

Antitussive effect of the optical isomers of mu, kappa and sigma opiate agonists/antagonists in the cat. (aspetjournals.org)

Anatomy1

Organisms3

Chemicals and Drugs57

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes4

Cholinergic and GABAergic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the guinea pig ileum. (1/496)

Cholinergic blockade inhibits gastro-oesophageal reflux and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation through a central mechanism. (2/496)

Cardiovascular phenotype and temperature control in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor-beta or both alpha1 and beta. (3/496)

Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors patterns network activity in the rodent hippocampus. (4/496)

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of OROS and immediate-release amitriptyline. (5/496)

Venous hydrostatic indifference point as a marker of postnatal adaptation to orthostasis in swine. (6/496)

Blockage of mouse muscle nicotinic receptors by serotonergic compounds. (7/496)

Acute effect of pretreatment with single conventional dose of salmeterol on dose-response curve to oxitropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (8/496)

Cholinergic Antagonists

Scopolamine Hydrobromide

Muscarinic Antagonists

Parasympathomimetics

Atropine

Mecamylamine

Cholinergic Agonists

Parasympatholytics

Quinuclidinyl Benzilate

Receptors, Cholinergic

Carbachol

Acetylcholine

Receptors, Muscarinic

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Action Potentials

Hormone Antagonists

Dopamine Antagonists

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Narcotic Antagonists

Histamine H2 Antagonists

Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein

GABA Antagonists

Histamine H1 Antagonists

Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists

Piperidines

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Histamine Antagonists

Nicotinic Antagonists

Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists

Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists

Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists

Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists

Leukotriene Antagonists

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists

Rats, Wistar

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists

Adrenergic Antagonists

GABA-A Receptor Antagonists

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists

Histamine H3 Antagonists

Radioligand Assay

Receptors, Serotonin

Receptors, Endothelin

Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Binding, Competitive

Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists

Calcium Channel Blockers

Dizocilpine Maleate

Guinea Pigs

Pyridines

Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists

Receptor, Endothelin A

Benzazepines

Biphenyl Compounds

Estrogen Antagonists

Naltrexone

Drug Interactions

Piperazines

Sulfonamides

Cells, Cultured

Naloxone

Serotonin Receptor Agonists

Cholinergic and GABAergic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the guinea pig ileum. (1/496)

Cholinergic blockade inhibits gastro-oesophageal reflux and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation through a central mechanism. (2/496)

Cardiovascular phenotype and temperature control in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor-beta or both alpha1 and beta. (3/496)

Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors patterns network activity in the rodent hippocampus. (4/496)

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of OROS and immediate-release amitriptyline. (5/496)

Venous hydrostatic indifference point as a marker of postnatal adaptation to orthostasis in swine. (6/496)

Blockage of mouse muscle nicotinic receptors by serotonergic compounds. (7/496)

Acute effect of pretreatment with single conventional dose of salmeterol on dose-response curve to oxitropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (8/496)

Serum anticholinergic activity and cerebral cholinergic dysfunction: An EEG study in frail elderly with and without delirium |...

A Predictive In Vitro Model of the Impact of Drugs with Anticholinergic Properties on Human Neuronal and Astrocytic Systems<...

Cognitive adverse effects and brain deterioration associated with use of anticholinergic activity medicines in older adults |...

Anticholinergic properties and cognition, relevancy to individuals with Parkinsons Disease (PD) - The Parkinson Alliance

Anticholinergic agent financial definition of Anticholinergic agent

Anticholinergic agents synonyms, Anticholinergic agents antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com