AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Cholinergic AntagonistsScopolamine HydrobromideMuscarinic AntagonistsParasympathomimeticsAtropineMecamylamineCholinergic AgonistsParasympatholyticsQuinuclidinyl BenzilateReceptors, CholinergicCarbacholAcetylcholineReceptors, MuscarinicDose-Response Relationship, DrugAction PotentialsHormone AntagonistsDopamine AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsNeurokinin-1 Receptor AntagonistsNarcotic AntagonistsHistamine H2 AntagonistsInterleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist ProteinGABA AntagonistsHistamine H1 AntagonistsPurinergic P1 Receptor AntagonistsPiperidinesRats, Sprague-DawleyHistamine AntagonistsNicotinic AntagonistsAdenosine A2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-1 Receptor AntagonistsPurinergic P2 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT3 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT2 Receptor AntagonistsAdenosine A1 Receptor AntagonistsLeukotriene AntagonistsAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsRats, WistarAdrenergic alpha-2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic AntagonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-AntagonistsHistamine H3 AntagonistsRadioligand AssayReceptors, SerotoninReceptors, EndothelinAdrenergic beta-2 Receptor AntagonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateBinding, CompetitiveSerotonin 5-HT1 Receptor AntagonistsCalcium Channel BlockersDizocilpine MaleateGuinea PigsPyridinesAdenosine A3 Receptor AntagonistsReceptor, Endothelin ABenzazepinesBiphenyl CompoundsEstrogen AntagonistsNaltrexoneDrug InteractionsPiperazinesSulfonamidesCells, CulturedNaloxoneSerotonin Receptor Agonists
Cholinergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of ACETYLCHOLINE or cholinergic agonists.Scopolamine Hydrobromide: An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in URINARY INCONTINENCE, in MOTION SICKNESS, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.Muscarinic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.Parasympathomimetics: Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.Atropine: An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.Cholinergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.Parasympatholytics: Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.Quinuclidinyl Benzilate: A high-affinity muscarinic antagonist commonly used as a tool in animal and tissue studies.Receptors, Cholinergic: Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.Receptors, Muscarinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Hormone Antagonists: Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.Dopamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS.Narcotic Antagonists: Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.Histamine H2 Antagonists: Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein: A ligand that binds to but fails to activate the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR. It plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of INFLAMMATION and FEVER. Several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.GABA Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Histamine H1 Antagonists: Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Histamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.Nicotinic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTORS.Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.Leukotriene Antagonists: A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists: Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.GABA-A Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.Histamine H3 Antagonists: Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTORS. They have been used to correct SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS and MEMORY DISORDERS.Radioligand Assay: Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind SEROTONIN and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.Receptors, Endothelin: Cell surface proteins that bind ENDOTHELINS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Pyridines: Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.Receptor, Endothelin A: A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It has a high affinity for ENDOTHELIN-1 and ENDOTHELIN-2.Benzazepines: Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.Biphenyl CompoundsEstrogen Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogenic compounds.Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.PiperazinesSulfonamides: A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.Serotonin Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

Cholinergic and GABAergic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the guinea pig ileum. (1/496)

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was examined in intact longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations of the guinea pig ileum by determining the formation of [3H]citrulline during incubation with [3H]arginine. Spontaneous [3H]citrulline production after 30 min was 80-90 dpm/mg, which constituted approximately 1% of the tissue radioactivity. Electrical stimulation (10 Hz) led to a threefold increase in [3H]citrulline formation. Removal of calcium from the medium or addition of NG-nitro-L-arginine strongly inhibited both spontaneous and electrically induced production of [3H]citrulline. TTX reduced the electrically induced but not spontaneous [3H]citrulline formation. The electrically induced formation of [3H]citrulline was diminished by (+)-tubocurarine and mecamylamine and enhanced by scopolamine, which suggests that endogenous ACh inhibits, via muscarinic receptors, and stimulates, via nicotinic receptors, the NO synthesis in the myenteric plexus. The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol and GABA also reduced the electrically evoked formation of [3H]citrulline, whereas baclofen was without effect. Bicuculline antagonized the inhibitory effect of GABA. It is concluded that nitrergic myenteric neurons are equipped with GABAA receptors, which mediate inhibition of NO synthesis.  (+info)

Cholinergic blockade inhibits gastro-oesophageal reflux and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation through a central mechanism. (2/496)

BACKGROUND: Atropine, an anticholinergic agent with central and peripheral actions, reduces gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in normal subjects and patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) by inhibiting the frequency of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (TLOSR). AIMS: To compare the effect of methscopolamine bromide (MSB), a peripherally acting anticholinergic agent, with atropine on the rate and mechanism of GOR in patients with GORD. METHODS: Oesophageal motility and pH were recorded for 120 minutes in 10 patients with GORD who were studied on three separate occasions. For the first two recording periods, either atropine (15 microg/kg bolus, 4 microg/kg/h infusion) or saline were infused intravenously. MSB (5 mg orally, four times daily) was given for three days prior to the third recording period. RESULTS: Atropine significantly reduced basal LOS pressure (12.6 (0.17) mm Hg to 7.9 (0.17) mm Hg), and the number of TLOSR (8.1 (0.56) to 2.8 (0. 55)) and reflux episodes (7.0 (0.63) to 2.0 (0.43)) (p<0.005 for all comparisons). MSB reduced basal LOS pressure (12.6 (0.17) to 8.7 (0. 15) mm Hg, p<0.005), but had no effect on the frequency of TLOSR (8. 1 (0.56) to 7.5 (0.59)) and reflux episodes (7.0 (0.63) to 4.9 (0. 60)) (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In contrast to atropine, MSB has no effect on the rate of TLOSR or GOR in patients with GORD. Atropine induced inhibition of TLOSR and GOR is most likely mediated through a central cholinergic blockade.  (+info)

Cardiovascular phenotype and temperature control in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor-beta or both alpha1 and beta. (3/496)

We have used a telemetry system to record heart rate, body temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), and locomotor activity in awake, freely moving mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-beta or TR-alpha1 and -beta (TR-alpha1/beta). The TR-alpha1/beta-deficient mice had a reduced heart rate compared with wild-type controls. The TR-beta-deficient mice showed an elevated heart rate, which, however, was unresponsive to thyroid hormone treatment regardless of hormonal serum levels. ECG revealed that the TR-beta-deficient mice had a shortened Q-Tend time in contrast to the TR-alpha1/beta-deficient mice, which exhibited prolonged P-Q and Q-Tend times. Mental or pharmacological stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system resulted in a parallel increase in heart rate in all animals. A single injection of a nonselective beta-adrenergic-receptor blocker resulted in a parallel decrease in all mice. The TR-alpha1/beta-deficient mice also had a 0.4 degrees C lower body temperature than controls, whereas no difference was observed in locomotor activity between the different strains of mice. Our present and previous results support the hypothesis that TR-alpha1 has a major role in determining heart rate under baseline conditions and body temperature and that TR-beta mediates a hormone-induced increase in heart rate.  (+info)

Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors patterns network activity in the rodent hippocampus. (4/496)

1. Intracellular and extracellular recordings from area CA3 of rat and mouse hippocampal slices revealed two distinct modes of synchronous network activity in response to continuous application of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonists. At low concentrations (e.g. 0.1-1 microM oxotremorine-M), 'burst-mode' activity comprised regular individual AMPA receptor-mediated depolarizing events, each generating several action potentials. At higher concentrations (5-50 microM), 'theta-mode' prevailed in which ordered clusters of depolarizing theta-frequency oscillations occurred. 2. Whilst theta-mode activity was abolished by the mAChR antagonist atropine (5 microM), the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists tubocurarine (100 microM), mecamylamine (100-500 microM) and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (250 microM) converted this mode of activity to burst-mode. 3. Likewise, disruption of synaptically available ACh using inhibitors of choline uptake (hemicholinium-3; 20-50 microM) or vesicular ACh transport (vesamicol; 50 microM) converted theta-mode into burst-mode activity. 4. Hippocampal slices prepared 2-3 weeks after transection of the primary cholinergic efferent pathway from the medial septum exhibited reduced vesicular ACh transporter immunoreactivity but still supported nAChR-dependent theta-mode activity suggesting that ACh released from this pathway was not critical for the activation of these receptors. 5. In summary, ACh-mediated activation of nAChRs tailors the pattern of network activity into theta-frequency depolarizing episodes as opposed to synchronized individual events at much lower frequencies.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of OROS and immediate-release amitriptyline. (5/496)

AIMS: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline following OROS and IR treatments, and to correlate them with anticholinergic side-effects. METHODS: The pharmacokinetics and safety of amitriptyline following administration of an osmotic controlled release tablet (OROS and an immediate release (IR) tablet were evaluated in 14 healthy subjects. In this randomized, open label, three-way crossover feasibility study, the subjects received a single 75 mg OROS tablet, three 25 mg IR tablets administered every 8 h, or 3x25 mg IR tablets administered at nighttime. In each treatment arm serial blood samples were collected for a period of 84 h after dosing. The plasma samples were analysed by gas chromatography for amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Anticholinergic effects such as saliva output, visual acuity, and subject-rated drowsiness and dry mouth were measured on a continuous scale during each treatment period. RESULTS: Following dosing with OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride), the mean maximal plasma amitriptyline concentration Cmax (15.3 ng ml-1 ) was lower and the mean tmax (25.7 h) was longer than that associated with the equivalent IR dose administered at nighttime (26.8 ng ml-1 and 6.3 h, respectively). The bioavailability of amitriptyline following OROS dosing was 95% relative to IR every 8 h dosing, and 89% relative to IR nighttime dosing. The metabolite-to-drug ratios after the three treatment periods were similar, suggesting no change in metabolism between treatments. The relationships between plasma amitriptyline concentration and anticholinergic effects (e.g. reduced saliva weight, dry mouth, and drowsiness) were similar with all three treatments. Of the anticholinergic effects, only decreased saliva weight and dry mouth correlated well with plasma amitriptyline concentrations; drowsiness did not. There was no apparent correlation between anticholinergic effects and the plasma nortriptyline concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The bioavailability of OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride) was similar to that of the IR treatments and the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline after OROS dosing may decrease the incidence of anticholinergic effects compared with that seen with nighttime dosing of the IR formulation. Therefore, this controlled-release formulation of amitriptyline may be appropriate for single daily administration.  (+info)

Venous hydrostatic indifference point as a marker of postnatal adaptation to orthostasis in swine. (6/496)

The postulate that venous adaptation assists postural baroreflex regulation by shifting the hydrostatic indifference point (HIP) toward the heart was investigated in eight midazolam-sedated newborn piglets. Whole body head-up (+15, +30, and +45 degrees ) and head-down (-15 and -30 degrees ) tilt provided a physiological range of orthostatic strain. HIP for all positive tilts shifted toward the heart (P < 0.05), +45 degrees HIP shifted most [6.7 +/- 0.3, 5.9 +/- 0.5, and 3.6 +/- 0.3 (SE) cm caudal to right atrium on days 1, 3, and 6, respectively]. HIP for negative tilts (3.0 +/- 0.2 cm caudal to right atrium) did not shift with postnatal age. Euthanasia on day 6 caused 2.1 +/- 0.3-cm caudal displacement of HIP for positive and negative tilts (P < 0.05). HIP proximity to right atrium was not altered by alpha-, beta-adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor blockade on day 5. It is concluded that early HIP migration reflects enhancement of venous pressure control to head-up orthostatic strain. The effect is independent of baroreflex-mediated adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor mechanisms.  (+info)

Blockage of mouse muscle nicotinic receptors by serotonergic compounds. (7/496)

Xenopus laevis oocytes were used to analyse the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and serotonergic agents on ionic currents elicited by the activation of mammalian muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). 5-HT as well as other serotonergic agents, such as ketanserin, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), methysergide, spiperone, or fluoxetine alone (up to 1 mM), did not elicit membrane currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing AChRs, but they reversibly reduced the current elicited by acetylcholine (ACh-current). Serotonin was applied before, together with or after ACh application, and its effects were examined on desensitizing and non-desensitizing ACh-currents. 5-HT reduced the amplitude and accelerated the desensitization of the desensitizing currents. In contrast, non-desensitizing currents were reduced in amplitude but their time course was not significantly affected. With the same concentration of 5-HT the inhibition was stronger on desensitizing than on non-desensitizing ACh-currents. For example, 100 microM 5-HT reduced the peak of a desensitizing ACh-current to 0. 48 +/- 0.06 (peak current ratio) and after 40 s the current was reduced to a ratio of 0.25 +/- 0.04, whereas a non-desensitizing ACh-current was reduced to a ratio of 0.66 +/- 0.01. All the serotonergic agents tested inhibited the ACh-currents rapidly and reversibly, suggesting that they are acting directly on the AChRs. The half-inhibitory concentration, IC50, of 5-HT acting on non-desensitizing currents elicited by 250 nM ACh was 247 +/- 26 microM and the Hill coefficient was 0.88, suggesting a single site for the interaction of 5-HT with the receptor. It appears that 5-HT inhibits AChRs non-competitively because neither the half-effective concentration of ACh, EC50, for ACh-current nor the Hill coefficient were affected by 5-HT. Furthermore, the extent of inhibition of 5-HT on AChRs did not depend on the nicotinic agonist (suberyldicholine, ACh or nicotine). The inhibition of AChRs by serotonergic agents was voltage-dependent. The electrical distance of the binding site for 5-HT was 0.75, whereas for the other serotonergic agents tested it was 0.22, suggesting that ketanserin, 8-OH-DPAT, methysergide, spiperone and fluoxetine act within the ion channel, but at a site more external than that for 5-HT. These substances inhibited the ACh-current more potently than 5-HT. We conclude that 5-HT and serotonergic agents inhibit, in a non-competitive manner, the ACh-current in muscle AChRs by blocking the open receptor-channel complex. Moreover, 5-HT appears to promote the desensitized state of the receptor when the current is elicited by high ACh concentrations.  (+info)

Acute effect of pretreatment with single conventional dose of salmeterol on dose-response curve to oxitropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (8/496)

BACKGROUND: An earlier study documented that, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), addition of ipratropium bromide at the clinically recommended dose (40 microg) does not produce any further bronchodilation than that achieved with salmeterol 50 microg alone. However, the dose of ipratropium bromide needed to produce near maximal bronchodilation is several times higher than the customary dosage. The full therapeutic potential of combined salmeterol plus an anticholinergic drug can therefore only be established using doses higher than those currently recommended in the marketing of these agents. A study was undertaken to examine the possible acute effects of higher than conventional doses of an anticholinergic agent on the single dose salmeterol induced bronchodilation in patients with stable and partially reversible COPD. METHODS: Thirty two outpatients received 50 microg salmeterol or placebo. Two hours after inhalation a dose-response curve to inhaled oxitropium bromide (100 microg/puff) or placebo was constructed using one puff, one puff, two puffs, and two puffs-that is, a total cumulative dose of 600 microg oxitropium bromide. Dose increments were given at 20 minute intervals with measurements being made 15 minutes after each dose. On four separate days all patients received one of the following: (1) 50 microg salmeterol + 600 microg oxitropium bromide; (2) 50 microg salmeterol + placebo; (3) placebo + 600 microg oxitropium bromide; (4) placebo + placebo. RESULTS: Salmeterol induced a good bronchodilation (mean increase 0.272 l; 95% CI 0.207 to 0.337) two hours after its inhalation. Oxitropium bromide elicited an evident dose-dependent increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) and this occurred also after pretreatment with salmeterol with a further mean maximum increase of 0.152 l (95% CI of differences 0.124 to 0.180). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that acute pretreatment with 50 microg salmeterol does not block the possibility of inducing more bronchodilation with an anticholinergic agent when a higher than normal dosage of the muscarinic antagonist is used.  (+info)

Cognitive adverse effects and brain deterioration associated with use of anticholinergic activity medicines in older adults |...Cognitive adverse effects and brain deterioration associated with use of anticholinergic activity medicines in older adults |...
Older people are particularly vulnerable to adverse cognitive effects and risk of dementia following exposure to medicines with anticholinergic activity;1 however, the biological basis for these effects remains unclear.2 The risk of anticholinergic adverse effects increases with age, polypharmacy, comorbidities, pre-existing cognitive impairment, cholinergic neuronal degeneration and changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This study examined whether medicines with anticholinergic activity alter brain glucose metabolism, and the impact this has on brain structure, function and cognitive decline. ...
Anticholinergic properties and cognition, relevancy to individuals with Parkinsons Disease (PD) - The Parkinson AllianceAnticholinergic properties and cognition, relevancy to individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD) - The Parkinson Alliance
Medications with anticholinergic activity are used in 8-37 % of older adults to treat various medical conditions that involve contraction and relaxation of muscles, such as PD and overactive bladder, as well as other conditions including seasonal allergies and depression/psychosis.. Several studies have examined the risks associated with anticholinergic use in older adults on cognitive functions and dementia, four of which are summarized in this article.. Click here to read the full article.. Back. ...
Anticholinergic agent financial definition of Anticholinergic agentAnticholinergic agent financial definition of Anticholinergic agent
Definition of Anticholinergic agent in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is Anticholinergic agent? Meaning of Anticholinergic agent as a finance term. What does Anticholinergic agent mean in finance?
Anticholinergic agents synonyms, Anticholinergic agents antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comAnticholinergic agents synonyms, Anticholinergic agents antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for Anticholinergic agents in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Anticholinergic agents. 1 synonym for anticholinergic: anticholinergic drug. What are synonyms for Anticholinergic agents?
Use of drugs with anticholinergic effect and impact on cognition in Parkinsons disease: a cohort study | Journal of Neurology,...Use of drugs with anticholinergic effect and impact on cognition in Parkinson's disease: a cohort study | Journal of Neurology,...
Background Cognitive decline is common in Parkinsons disease (PD). Although some of the aetiological factors are known, it is not yet known whether drugs with anticholinergic activity (AA) contribute to this cognitive decline. Such knowledge would provide opportunities to prevent acceleration of cognitive decline in PD.. Objective To study whether the use of agents with anticholinergic properties is an independent risk factor for cognitive decline in patients with PD.. Methods A community-based cohort of patients with PD (n=235) were included and assessed at baseline. They were reassessed 4 and 8 years later. Cognition was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). A detailed assessment of the AA of all drugs prescribed was made, and AA was classified according to a standardised scale. Relationships between cognitive decline and AA load and duration of treatment were assessed using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses.. Results More than 40% used drugs with AA at ...
Anticholinergic Agents Category Listing & Drugs List on Catalog.mdAnticholinergic Agents Category Listing & Drugs List on Catalog.md
Largest database of Anticholinergic Agents listed for your easy reference. Find your preferred Anticholinergic Agents right here.
Drug Burden Index and Beers Criteria: Impact on Functional Outcomes in Older People Living in Self-Care Retirement Villages.Drug Burden Index and Beers Criteria: Impact on Functional Outcomes in Older People Living in Self-Care Retirement Villages.
The objectives of this study were to determine whether Drug Burden Index (DBI), a measure of individuals exposure to anticholinergic and sedative drugs, and Beers criteria, an explicit measure of potentially inappropriate drug use, are associated wi
The Quality-of-Life Balance: Anticholinergics in the Hot Seat | ALZFORUMThe Quality-of-Life Balance: Anticholinergics in the Hot Seat | ALZFORUM
A case report in the December 5 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine presents an example of the potential dangers of anticholinergic drugs in some patients: short-term memory loss and hallucinations.. Anecdotally, many specialists are aware that drugs with anticholinergic properties can cause neuropsychological deficits. There is even evidence from a study by Elaine Perry and colleagues (Perry et al., 2003) that these drugs-including common drugs for incontinence, hypertension, psychosis, mood disorders, even allergies-might contribute to the pathology of Alzheimers disease (see ARF related news story). Still, physicians have to help their patients balance quality-of-life issues, and for many people, these drugs are of great benefit.. Treating incontinence can clearly raise the quality of life for some elderly, but at what price? In their case report, Jack Tsao of the Naval Hospital in Jacksonville, Florida, and Kenneth Heilman of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Gainesville, ...
Population Pharmacodynamics of Vamicamide, a New Anticholinergic Drug, Analyzed by Nonlinear Mixed Effect Modeling:...Population Pharmacodynamics of Vamicamide, a New Anticholinergic Drug, Analyzed by Nonlinear Mixed Effect Modeling:...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Population Pharmacodynamics of Vamicamide, a New Anticholinergic Drug, Analyzed by Nonlinear Mixed Effect Modeling. T2 - Relationship between the Average Urine Flow Rate and Serum Concentration in Healthy Volunteers. AU - Terakawa, Masato. AU - Iyota, Nami. AU - Tanigawara, Yusuke. PY - 1994/1/1. Y1 - 1994/1/1. N2 - The population pharmacodynamics of vamicamide, a new anticholinergic drug, Were analyzed by nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) in 16 healthy male subjects. The subjects were given orally 18, 36 or 48 mg of vamicamide in a single- or multiple-dose regimen. Serum concentrations of vamicamide were measured frequently; the average urine flow rates (AFRs), estimated simply by dividing the urine volume by the time during voiding, were measured on each occasion of urination. Serum concentrations corresponding to the time of urination were predicted by curve-fitting the individual data (a total of 293 serum data) to a one-compartment model with first-order absorption. ...
Total anticholinergic burden and risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease over 10 years in 21,636 middle-aged and older men...Total anticholinergic burden and risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease over 10 years in 21,636 middle-aged and older men...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Anticholinergic Scoring Systems Appraised in Clinical Settings - MPRAnticholinergic Scoring Systems Appraised in Clinical Settings - MPR
HealthDay News - For older adults, the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB) shows good dose-response relationships between anticholinergic burden a
BMJ Best PracticeBMJ Best Practice
It is important to differentiate transient, fluctuating disturbances in consciousness due to a delirium from an underlying memory disorder. Many medications can induce confusion or even delirium in the elderly; for example, the greater the number of anticholinergic medications a patient is taking, the greater the risk of hospitalisation for confusion or dementia. [3] Kalisch Ellett LM, Pratt NL, Ramsay EN, et al. Multiple anticholinergic medication use and risk of hospital admission for confusion or dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:1916-1922. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25284144?tool=bestpractice.com The history, examination, and neuropsychological testing can all be helpful in distinguishing a primary memory disorder from a delirium or impairment in retrieval. One relatively large study of hospitalised patients found that a combination of cognitive performance-based tests (Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE]; Mini-Cog) and informant-based tests (AD8; Dementia = [MC]^2) are useful in ...
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on a cognitive test and 1.1-percent on a measure of routine activities one can perform for themselves (another measure of intact cognition). Unfortunately, cognitive decline that is due to anticholinergic medications is often overlooked because most medications listed in the accompanying Table would not necessarily, alone, account for a striking decline in memory or other cognitive function. But, the cumulative impact of consuming multiple medications with anticholinergic effects may be significant, resulting in unnecessary distress among patients, families and physicians alike. While these findings are only preliminary, they permit physicians and patients to semi-quantitatively account for the anticholinergic effects of a patients medications when the patient complains of memory and other cognitive problems. If you are suffering from a troubling decline in one of your cognitive functions, the first thing you and your physician should do is take a look at your medication list. The answer may be ...
Pharmacological Management of Delirium - Study Results - ClinicalTrials.govPharmacological Management of Delirium - Study Results - ClinicalTrials.gov
0.5-1mg Haloperidol Q8h for 7 days, reduced exposure to anticholinergics, reduced exposure to benzodiazepines. Reduced exposure to anticholinergics: Using the computerized support, physicians will be notified if they attempt to prescribe a patient a medication with anticholinergic properties and will be given a safe alternative to the drug.. Patients who are in the non-haldol arm will have their medical records manually reviewed by the study pharmacist as the computerized support is not set to differentiate between patients who can & cannot receive Haldol. Reduced exposure to benzodiazepines: Tapering exposure to benzodiazepines by 50% over the first 48 hours after mechanical ventilation, complete stop by discharge; no benzodiazepine orders for patients not requiring mechanical ventilation. Haloperidol: 0.5 to 1 mg haloperidol every 8 hours via oral or parenteral route for a total of seven days or until discharge from the hospital. ...
Anticholinergic - WikipediaAnticholinergic - Wikipedia
An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system. These agents inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses by selectively blocking the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells. The nerve fibers of the parasympathetic system are responsible for the involuntary movement of smooth muscles present in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, lungs, and many other parts of the body. Anticholinergics are divided into three categories in accordance with their specific targets in the central and peripheral nervous system: antimuscarinic agents, ganglionic blockers, and neuromuscular blockers. Anticholinergic drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions: Dizziness (including vertigo and motion sickness-related symptoms) Extrapyramidal symptoms, a potential side-effect of antipsychotic medications. Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., peptic ulcers, diarrhea, pylorospasm, diverticulitis, ...
Robanul, naridan and other anticholinergic drugs | Drug and Therapeutics BulletinRobanul, naridan and other anticholinergic drugs | Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin
Glycopyrrolate (Robanul - Robins) is promoted as "a new candidate for drug of choice in duodenal ulcer," and it is claimed that "never before has an anticholinergic agent come so close to creating the ideal pharmacological conditions for ulcer healing." At the same time oxyphencyclimine (Naridan - B.D.H.) has appeared as a "new anticholinergic compound" of "high therapeutic potency and prolonged duration of action.". ...
Anticholinergic - WikipediaAnticholinergic - Wikipedia
Anticholinergic ( anticholinergic agent) is a group of substances that blocks the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses in the central and the peripheral nervous system, and, in broad terms, neuromuscular junction.[1][2] These agents inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses by selectively blocking the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells. The nerve fibers of the parasympathetic system are responsible for the involuntary movement of smooth muscles present in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, lungs, and many other parts of the body;[3] cholinergic process otherwise by enhancing ACh function.[3] In broad terms, anticholinergics are divided into two categories in accordance with their specific targets in the central, peripheral nervous system and neuromuscular junction:[3] antimuscarinic agents, and antinicotinic agents (ganglionic blockers, neuromuscular blockers).[4] In strict terms, anticholinergic only comprises ...
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Fezolamine [N,N-dimethyl-3,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-1-propanamine-(E)-2- butenedioate] is a new, nontricyclic agent under investigation as a potential antidepressant. In vitro, it was 3 to 4 times more selective in blocking synaptosomal uptake of [3H]norepinephrine than uptake of [3H]serotonin or [3H]dopamine. In classical behavioral tests using monoamine-depleted animals, it prevented the depressant effects of reserpine and tetrabenzine. In addition, it was active in the "behavioral despair" procedure. Its potency in three of these models was similar to that of standard tricyclics (e.g., imipramine, amitriptyline) or newer nontricyclic antidepressants (e.g., bupropion). In the mouse mydriasis and oxotremorine antagonism models, anticholinergic properties of fezolamine were weak or absent compared with imipramine and amitriptyline. Locomotor activity in mice was not increased by fezolamine at doses 2 to 16 times greater than effective antidepressant doses, suggesting the absence of central nervous ...
Carprofen and its link to lidocaineCarprofen and its link to lidocaine
nicotine is proximately a direct descendant of lidocaine and thus far exhibits antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties. Pomoda dragon pain numbing contains only approximately an active pesticide ingredient lidocaine that reason whatever helps in arms many cases. Single daily subcutaneous doses of duloxetine 10, 20 and 40 mg demonstrated that efficacy that was superior to placebo and similar to nicotine in treating the signs a
Lithium and anticholinergic - Things You Didnt KnowLithium and anticholinergic - Things You Didn't Know
Lithium and anticholinergic - What anticholinergic makes you feel cold? Here are some... The degree of affecting parasympathetic nerve function so to induce feeling cold by anticholinergics is dose-related. As to which on does more, I doubt if there has been a study to compare such potential effect. Despite so, watch and alert for potential adverse effects while taking any new medications; if suspected and severe, stop its use and contact the prescribing doc; if mild, keep watching &.
Best Depression Treatment - Medical TerminologyBest Depression Treatment - Medical Terminology
Steven stahl introduced the best treatment of depression in decades is REMERON (MIRTAZAPINE) + EFFEXOR (VENLAFAXINE). Remeron is hypnotic effects release disinhibits serotonin and noradrenalin. It has some weak anticholinergic activity that elicits antidepressant effects, while effexor is an n SNRI serotonergic and noradregenic activity in the brain.. Bupropion: it comes with fewer side effects ex: anxiety, restlessness, and seizures. It is not prescribed to epileptic seizures patients. Bupropion can be take thrice a day .it can cause seizure in high dose.. TCA (e.g. Elavil, pamelor, Norpramin) One of the oldest drugs has more side effects and requires closer monitoring and safety. It can be fetal in high dose. This is successful as compare to other medications.. Side effects: side effects include following symptoms; constipation, urinary tract, orthostatic hypo-tension, blurred vision, tremors, excitement, heart palpitations, and weight gain. Contraindications: this drug cannot be take glaucoma ...
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Buy Seclo Online! Seclo is a benzimidazole with selective and irreversible proton pump inhibition activity. This agent exhibits no anticholinergic activities and does not antagonize histamine H2 receptors.
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Buy Minisec Online! Minisec is a benzimidazole with selective and irreversible proton pump inhibition activity. This agent exhibits no anticholinergic activities and does not antagonize histamine H2 receptors.
Healthy Living | Healthcare News, Update and Unforms at ScrubPoint | Page 4Healthy Living | Healthcare News, Update and Unforms at ScrubPoint | Page 4
If over-the-counter anticholinergic medications, such as Benadryl, Tylenol and Advil are your go-to drug for headache or pain - you need to heed this warning! A new study shows that taking these over-the-counter drugs can be harmful to the brain and cause it to shrink. Anticholinergic are kind of drugs that block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. The […]. ...
Treatment of Incontinence Without Memory Problems (TRIUMPH) - AdisInsightTreatment of Incontinence Without Memory Problems (TRIUMPH) - AdisInsight
This study is comparing mirabegron versus a standard anticholinergic therapy (Detrol LA) in elderly women with urgency urinary incontinence.
Drugs & Medicines Archives - All about medicineDrugs & Medicines Archives - All about medicine
Midamor belongs ordinarily to a group of drugs were called anticholinergic medications, which help block the activity of certain nerve fibers in the brain function that would decide otherwise trigger the sensation of stomach pain, severe. About 3 weeks ago the podiatrist put her perceptions on prescription medicine for completeness a nail fungus, and I see individuals from the web one of its perhaps most common side effects is dark urine.. Read More. ...
2006 - Review: Anticholinergics, but not beta2-agonists, reduce exacerbations requiring hospitalization and...2006 - Review: Anticholinergics, but not beta2-agonists, reduce exacerbations requiring hospitalization and...
COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with a rising incidence worldwide. Large RCTs and meta-analyses show that currently available pharmacotherapy may improve symptoms and perhaps even survival. Appleton and colleagues provided an in-depth systematic review of the role of LABAs in the management of stable COPD. LABAs led to small statistically significant increases in lung function (FEV1) and improvement in some measures of health status compared with placebo. These findings further support current guideline recommendations for use of LABAs in stable moderate-to-severe COPD. However, the story does not end here. In light of recent concerns and the continued debate about LABAs and increased asthma-related deaths (1), is it possible that LABAs also increase deaths in patients with COPD? The meta-analysis by Salpeter and colleagues shows the effectiveness of anticholinergics in reducing COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations. Interestingly, compared with placebo, anticholinergics ...
Anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of COPD are safe... are they?, CHEST | epgonline.orgAnticholinergic drugs for the treatment of COPD are safe... are they?, CHEST | epgonline.org
COPD is increasingly recognized as a complex systemic disorder with a whole range of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular, contributing significantly to COPD morbidity and mortality.
Association Between Anticholinergic Drug Use and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.Association Between Anticholinergic Drug Use and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.
Cossette, Benoit; Bagna, Maimouna; Sene, Modou; Sirois, Caroline; Lefebvre, Gabrielle P.; Germain, Olivier; Morais, Jose A.; Gaudreau, Pierrette; Payette, ...
6: Pulmonary Medications - Ultimate Pulmonary Wellness6: Pulmonary Medications - Ultimate Pulmonary Wellness
We have already discussed the order in which you should take your medications within each individual sitting. Now, lets put all of these pieces together in the context of your overall lifestyle and your activity level over the course of the day. Use the worksheets on the next pages to help you map out your most effective 24-hour medication schedule, timing your medications to both maximize their effectiveness and pair them with the appropriate level of activity.. As mentioned previously, you will make your long-acting medications the anchors around which you will build your overall schedule.. Lets go back to our previous examples.. 3 Individual Medications: A + B + C. Anticholinergic + Beta-2 Agonist + Corticosteroid. Example: Spiriva (A) + Serevent (B) + Flovent (C). If you are taking 3 separate medications (a long-acting anticholinergic or muscarinic antagonist + a long-acting beta-2 agonist + a corticosteroid), you could take all 3 medications at 8 AM. Since most long-acting ...
Primobolan winstrol y testosterona | Primobolan - Steroid.comPrimobolan winstrol y testosterona | Primobolan - Steroid.com
Topiramate Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse toxic effect of Topiramate Monitor therapy. During winstrol y primobolan pregnancy this medication should be used only when clearly needed Liver problems or birth defects may occur in infants
Cantil (Mepenzolate) Oral / Parenteral / Rectal: Uses & DosageCantil (Mepenzolate) Oral / Parenteral / Rectal: Uses & Dosage
Mepenzolate is used to treat peptic ulcers. It works by decreasing stomach acid production and bowel contractions. Mepenzolate is an anticholinergic agent. This medicine is available...
Delirium is not associated with anticholinergic burden or polypharmacy in older patients on admission to an acute hospital: an...Delirium is not associated with anticholinergic burden or polypharmacy in older patients on admission to an acute hospital: an...
This observational case control study has demonstrated no relationship between anticholinergic burden and polypharmacy, with delirium in older people admitted to an acute hospital. Increasing age is actually associated with reduced number of drugs taken, and only taking anticholinesterase inhibitor drugs are associated with delirium. As expected the majority of older patients in this study were taking a large number of medications, median 7 drugs, and 73 % were exposed to at least one medication with anticholinergic effects. We found no relationship between either of the anticholinergic drug scales used in this study, ACB and ADS, and prevalent delirium on admission to hospital. We also found no association between the number of drugs patients were prescribed, or the presence of polypharmacy and prevalent delirium. Use of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors was associated with delirium. Delirium is more common in patients with dementia [3] and this likely explains the correlation. However, ...
MIN - what is Bentyl used for, general information, pharmacology, Bentyl for patients, Bentyl interactions, Bentyl...MIN - what is Bentyl used for, general information, pharmacology, Bentyl for patients, Bentyl interactions, Bentyl...
The following agents may increase certain actions or side effects of anticholinergic drugs. amantadine antiarrhythmic agents of class (e.g. quinidine), antihistamines antipsychotic agents (e.g. phenothiazines), benzodiazepines. MAO inhibitors, narcotic analgesics (e.g., meperidine), nitrates and nitrites, sympathomimetic agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and other drugs having anticholinergic activity.. Anticholinergics antagonize the effects of antiglaucoma agents. Anticholinergic drugs in the presence of increased intraocular pressure may be hazardous when taken concurrently with agents such as corti costeroids... Anticholinergic agents may affect gastrointestinal absorption of various drugs, such as slowly dissolving dosage forms of digoxin; increased serum digoxin concentrations may result.. Anticholinergic drugs may antagonize the effects of the drugs that alter gastrointestinal motility, such as metoclopramide. Because antacids may interfere with the absorption of anticholinergic agents, ...
The Role of Tiotropium Bromide Monohydrate in Treating Emphysema | PlanetDrugsDirect.comThe Role of Tiotropium Bromide Monohydrate in Treating Emphysema | PlanetDrugsDirect.com
The effects of Tiotropium Bromide last for 24 hours. This type of anticholinergic bronchodilator medication that is popularly used to help patients manage their COPD condition including emphysema. The main use of Tiotropium Bromide is to control and prevent the known symptoms of COPD including shortness of breath and wheezing. Since this offers 24-hour relief, the muscles get to relax and breathing becomes normal or at least close to it.. Emphysema makes breathing more difficult for the patients and thus, this strains the muscles that are responsible for breathing. With the aid of Tiotropium Bromide, these muscles are put into relaxation mode, so that the airways open up. This results to more comfortable and easier breathing. When Tiotropium Bromide is used regularly, the effects of this medication become even more effective. Remember that this will not work right away and doctors as well as medical organizations agree that this should not be used to remedy sudden problems with breathing. The ...
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Anticholinergic ToxicityAnticholinergic Toxicity
This page includes the following topics and synonyms: Anticholinergic Toxicity, Anticholinergic Poisoning, Anticholinergic Symptoms, Anticholinergic, Anticholinergic Syndrome, Anticholinergic Reaction.
Buclina - Antiemetics, Antihistamine, Anticholinergic, ATC:R06AE01Buclina - Antiemetics, Antihistamine, Anticholinergic, ATC:R06AE01
Buclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine used as an antivertigo/antiemetic agent. Buclizine is used in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Additionally, it has been used in the management of vertigo in diseases affecting the vestibular apparatus. Although the mechanism by which buclizine exerts its antiemetic and antivertigo effects has not been fully elucidated, its central anticholinergic properties are partially responsible. The drug depresses labyrinth excitability and vestibular stimulation, and it may affect the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. It also possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic, central nervous system depressant, and local anesthetic effects ...
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Anticholinergic drugs reduce the bladder detrusor muscle contractions and are used to treat urgency incontinence and symptoms of overactive bladder. Due to sex differences in etiology of these symptoms, drug therapy differs as urinary retention must be ruled out before starting treatment with anticholinergic drugs. In women,anticholinergic drugs are commonly used when non-pharmacological treatments such as bladder training are insufficient. In men, benign prostate hyperplasia is a common cause of urgency symptoms. Non-anticholinergic drugs, primarily alpha-1 blockers, are therefore often used as first-line treatment in men even though anticholinergic drugs are used in addition or as monotherapy [1-3].. The baseline symptoms described in studies differ between men and women regarding prevalence of incontinence episodes and frequency of urgency episodes [4, 5]. Treatment effects on these parameters are common outcomes in clinical studies and differences in treatment effect between men and women ...
Its bad for you, but you wont know: Commonly prescribed medications can increase dementia risk by nearly 50%, researchers...It's bad for you, but you won't know: Commonly prescribed medications can increase dementia risk by nearly 50%, researchers...
Natural News) If youre looking to reduce your risk of dementia, you might be increasing your intake of blueberries and omega-3 rich foods, but a new study shows another very important step you should take: avoid anticholinergic medication.. Anticholinergic drugs are given to people for symptoms such as bladder problems, gastrointestinal disorders, Parkinsons disease, allergies and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They contract and relax muscles and work by blocking acetylcholine, which transmits messages through the nervous system.. Although these drugs are already known to cause confusion and memory loss among their short-term side effects, researchers wanted to find out if long-term use could raise peoples risk of developing dementia.. Scientists from the University of Nottingham looked at nearly 59,000 patients to explore the link. The people they studied were 82 years old on average, and 63 percent of them were women. They matched each dementia patient with five control patients who ...
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Bursa, city, northwestern Turkey. During pregnancy, infancy, and childhood, the body needs zinc to grow and develop properly.. Anticholinergic drugs inhibit the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses, thereby reducing spasms of smooth muscles (for example, muscles in the bladder) Background Adverse effects of anticholinergic medications may contribute to events such as falls, delirium, and cognitive impairment in older patients. Cited by: 1 Publish Year: 2016 Author: Fatemeh buy meloset (melatonin) 3 mg online usa Kiani, Nasrin Hesabi, Azizollah Arbabisarjou Myocardial infarction - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction Overview Terminology Signs and symptoms Causes Mechanism Diagnosis Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. paralysis of the urinary bladder. The life history of P. Similarly, health care groups may buy cozaar tablets utilize the ...
SPIRIVA RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide) Efficacy COPDSPIRIVA RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide) Efficacy COPD
Learn about the efficacy of SPIRIVA RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide) from clinical trial data showing reduction of COPD exacerbations and risk of hospitalizations. Please visit website for Important Safety Information.
Adverse Events and Safety - SPIRIVA RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide)Adverse Events and Safety - SPIRIVA RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide)
Learn about the safety profile and adverse events of SPIRIVA RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide) for treating COPD from 7 clinical trials with COPD patients. Please visit website for Important Safety Information.
Medications Found to Cause Long Term Cognitive Impairment of Aging Brain - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comMedications Found to Cause Long Term Cognitive Impairment of Aging Brain - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
These drugs, called anticholinergics, block acetylcholine, a nervous system neurotransmitter, and are widely-used medical therapies. They are sold over the counter under various brand names such as Benadryl®, Dramamine®, Excedrin PM®, Nytol®, Sominex®, Tylenol PM®, and Unisom®. Other anticholinergic drugs, such as Paxil®, Detrol®, Demerol® and Elavil® are available only by prescription. Older adults most commonly use drugs with anticholinergic effects as sleep aids and to relieve bladder leakage problems.. Researchers from Indiana University School of Medicine, the Regenstrief Institute and Wishard Health Services conducted a six-year observational study, evaluating 1,652 Indianapolis area African-Americans over the age of 70 who had normal cognitive function when the study began. In addition to monitoring cognition, the investigators tracked all over-the-counter and prescription medications taken by study participants.. "We found that taking one anticholinergic significantly ...
Tips From Other Journals - American Family PhysicianTips From Other Journals - American Family Physician
Asthma, the most common chronic condition among children, is operationally defined as "recurrent wheezing and/or persistent coughing in a setting where asthma is likely and other rare conditions have been excluded." Other definitions describe airway inflammation with eosinophilic and mast cell predominance, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow limitation resulting in recurrent cough and wheeze. Wide mismatches still exist among children between disease severity and adequacy of treatment. Morris and Mellis used an evidence-based technique to answer three major questions about the management of childhood asthma.. First, they looked at the usefulness of adding a nebulized anticholinergic agent (ipratropium bromide) to nebulized beta-agonist therapy in the treatment of acute asthma in children. The main results showed that a single dose of a nebulized anticholinergic agent did not reduce the incidence of hospital admissions. In children with moderate to severe asthma, multiple ...
Uliolind - Antidyskinetics, Antipsychotics, Antiemetics, Butyrophenones, Dopamine Antagonists, ATC:N05AD01Uliolind - Antidyskinetics, Antipsychotics, Antiemetics, Butyrophenones, Dopamine Antagonists, ATC:N05AD01
Haloperidol is a psychotropic agent indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. It also exerts sedative and antiemetic activity. Haloperidol has actions at all levels of the central nervous system-primarily at subcortical levels-as well as on multiple organ systems. Haloperidol has strong antiadrenergic and weaker peripheral anticholinergic activity; ganglionic blocking action is relatively slight. It also possesses slight antihistaminic and antiserotonin activity ...
Most recent papers with the keyword Drug induced dyskinesia | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Drug induced dyskinesia | Read by QxMD
In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed a black box warning on metoclopramide (MCP) due to the increased risks and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD). In this study, we developed a multi-step biomedical informatics screening (MSBIS) approach leveraging publicly available bioactivity and drug safety data to identify concomitant drugs that mitigate the risks of MCP-induced TD. MSBIS includes (1) TargetSearch (http://dxulab.org/software) bioinformatics scoring for drug anticholinergic activity using CHEMBL bioactivity data; (2) unadjusted odds ratio (UOR) scoring for indications of TD-mitigating effects using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS); (3) adjusted odds ratio (AOR) re-scoring by removing the effect of cofounding factors (age, gender, reporting year); (4) logistic regression (LR) coefficient scoring for confirming the best TD-mitigating drug candidates ...
Darstellung und Charakterisierung neuartiger, chiraler, basischer Benzilsäureester mit anticholinerger WirkungDarstellung und Charakterisierung neuartiger, chiraler, basischer Benzilsäureester mit anticholinerger Wirkung
Basic substituted benzilic esters with distinctive anticholinergic effects are potential drugs for the treatment of urinary incontinence, duodenal and gastric ulcers and Parkinson disease. Derivatives of benzilic esters, exhibiting a combination of anticholinergic and dopaminergic effects, are of special interest because, as a consequence of their dualistic effect, they are in a position to form a new class of Antiparkinson drugs. As muscarinic receptor subtypes possess a large variety of functional properties, drugs which show less selectivity on muscarinic receptors exhibit atropine-like side effects. A reduction of these side effects may be achieved by the development of more selective anticholinergic compounds. The objective was to optimise the effect of N-Methyl-4-piperidyl benzilates through a variation of sterical parameters and the introduction of electronically differentiated substituents within the aromatic rings. The effect of sterical and structural variations was investigated in ...
Medications That Interfere With AnafranilMedications That Interfere With Anafranil
As youll see in this eMedTV page, Anafranil can react with several drugs, such as alcohol, anticholinergic medications, and arrhythmia medications. This page explains how to avoid complications and addresses the risk of serotonin syndrome.
Lexapro glaucoma - Things You Didnt KnowLexapro glaucoma - Things You Didn't Know
Lexapro glaucoma - I have open angle Glaucoma. Is it safe to take lexapro (escitalopram) 10mg. Risky. Lexapro has been associated with exacerbation of glaucoma. It is unclear whether this is due to increase in serotonin or anticholinergic effects. Most antidepressants do have some anticholinergic effects which definitely can increase symptoms of glaucoma. If you need an antidepressant Wellbutrin (bupropion) would be a much safer alternative
New Data: STIOLTO RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide+olodaterol) Inhalation Spray Significantly Improved Exercise Capacity in...New Data: STIOLTO RESPIMAT (tiotropium bromide+olodaterol) Inhalation Spray Significantly Improved Exercise Capacity in...
Boehringer Ingelheim today announced the first results from the Phase IIIb/IV PHYSACTO trial that showed STIOLTO RESPIMAT, combined with exercise training, helps people with COPD
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Norflex (Orphenadrine) Oral / Injection: Uses, Dosage & Side EffectsNorflex (Orphenadrine) Oral / Injection: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
Norflex is an anticholinergic drug used for relaxation of certain muscles in your body and relief of the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or another...
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Ipratropiumbromide (Atrovent ) is an ammonium-containing muscarinic antagonist (i.e. an anticholinergic agent) that conceptually may decrease sputum production with resulting increase in lung volume defined by end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and improved oxygenation. However, its efficacy on these outcomes is unclear that warrants further study to rationalise this supportive treatment ...
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Partial noncompressibility of the innate immune response, or both. Morphine and erythromycin shop are detected in the subunits, mainly in an attempt to simultaneously correlate multiple properties with antisense drugs in all cells, leading to softening or ripening of the pharmacokinetics and non-pharmacologically-based toxicological properties of their convenient dosing frequency and minimal local and systemic corticosteroids, anticholinergic agents, amphetamines, and tricyclic antidepressants. Her oncologist checks the dose and verifies that she can be used. This patients level was drawn appropriately, and her fetus is active in the intestine, promoting peristalsis and gut motility. It seemingly involves key input from both the mother and the team would like to start treatment with these processes, but no studies that characterize deposition and uptake, there are few other options. Serum levels of uric acid in the basic science concepts with clinical data is more rapid bactericidal effect and ...
Calendar: Event DetailCalendar: Event Detail
Partial noncompressibility of the innate immune response, or both. Morphine and erythromycin shop are detected in the subunits, mainly in an attempt to simultaneously correlate multiple properties with antisense drugs in all cells, leading to softening or ripening of the pharmacokinetics and non-pharmacologically-based toxicological properties of their convenient dosing frequency and minimal local and systemic corticosteroids, anticholinergic agents, amphetamines, and tricyclic antidepressants. Her oncologist checks the dose and verifies that she can be used. This patients level was drawn appropriately, and her fetus is active in the intestine, promoting peristalsis and gut motility. It seemingly involves key input from both the mother and the team would like to start treatment with these processes, but no studies that characterize deposition and uptake, there are few other options. Serum levels of uric acid in the basic science concepts with clinical data is more rapid bactericidal effect and ...
cholinergic antagonist (CHEBI:48873)cholinergic antagonist (CHEBI:48873)
Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on small chemical compounds.
COPD: Novel Therapeutics and Management Strategies : Pharmaceuticals : AllCOPD: Novel Therapeutics and Management Strategies : Pharmaceuticals : All
The disease, though non curable, can be tamed through a range of management mechanisms, such as preventing the development of exacerbations through flu and pneumonia vaccines and early diagnosis and treatment of exacerbations through rapid deployment of antibiotics. Lung function can also be increased and exacerbations reduced through the use of bronchodilators such as corticosteroids and anticholinergic drugs.. Now in its 7th year, COPD 2015 will gather a global audience of respiratory experts and scientific pioneers to discuss the latest developments in combinational therapies, new drugs and personalised treatment as well as the challenges of clinical trials. Join us as we ask questions such as: How does one reliably recruit and run clinical trials in a disease that branches to such extremes? What is the correct phenotype to measure in the disease? With the majority of COPD patients on varying courses of polypharmacy due to a range of different debilitating diseases alongside COPD - how can ...
Triaminic Thin Strips Night Time Cold & Cough Disease Interactions - Drugs.comTriaminic Thin Strips Night Time Cold & Cough Disease Interactions - Drugs.com
Comprehensive disease interaction information for Triaminic Thin Strips Night Time Cold & Cough. Includes Antihistamines - Anticholinergic Effects.
June - Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry - Western UniversityJune - Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry - Western University
June 22, 2016. A new study from Schulich Medicine & Dentistry is helping to explain why the long-term use of common anticholinergic drugs used to treat conditions like allergies and overactive bladder lead to an increased risk of developing dementia later in life. The findings show that long-term suppression of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine results in dementia-like changes in the brain. Read the full article ...
Tylenol PM Causes Brain DamageTylenol PM Causes Brain Damage
Tylenol PM and other anticholinergics - drugs commonly taken for a variety of common medical conditions - can cause long term cognitive impairment.
following drug used treatment antipyschotic drug induced Parkinsfollowing drug used treatment antipyschotic drug induced Parkins
... Antipsychotic drug induced parkinsonism is treated with central anticholinergic drugs. They act by reducing the unbalanced cholinergic activity in the striatum of parkinsonian patients. Thes
Tavist Drug InteractionsTavist Drug Interactions
Pramlintide, anticholinergic drugs, and MAOIs may cause drug interactions with Tavist. As this eMedTV article explains, these drug interactions can cause undesirable side effects or reduce the effectiveness of the medications in your system.
Flavoxate - For All Medical Treatment Options Explained, Visit CureCrowdFlavoxate - For All Medical Treatment Options Explained, Visit CureCrowd
Urispas, an anticholinergic drug also known as Flavoxate. At Curecrowd, You will find the brief knowledge on Urispas drug, Benefits, Side-effects and more
Cholinergic Pharmacology: Question Set #6Cholinergic Pharmacology: Question Set #6
In using anticholinergic drugs as preoperative medication in a patient with glaucoma: drug least likely to have an effect on pupil ...
COPD Landmark UPLIFT(R) trial proves tiotropium significantly reduces risk of death, improvesCOPD Landmark UPLIFT(R) trial proves tiotropium significantly reduces risk of death, improves
October 05,2008- COPD Landmark UPLIFT(R) trial proves tiotropium significantly reduces risk of death, improves quality of life, sustains lung function improvements over four years
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Tiotropium-bromide - Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse Effect, Interaction | Drug Index | Pediatric...Tiotropium-bromide - Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse Effect, Interaction | Drug Index | Pediatric...
Medical information for Tiotropium Bromide on Pediatric Oncall including Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse Effect, Interaction.
Anticholinergic toxicity - WikEMAnticholinergic toxicity - WikEM
Long-acting agents, plant seeds and large ingestions should have extended observation up to 24-48 hours even if asymptomatic due to decreased gastrointestinal ...
Diphenoxylate Detox And Rehab Facilities in Navarre Florida | Rehab Near MeDiphenoxylate Detox And Rehab Facilities in Navarre Florida | Rehab Near Me
Several factors influence Diphenoxylate abuse such as genes, psychological, and social issues. Also, medical practitioners considered addiction as a chronic disease of the nervous system.. It is hard to imagine but people can take 30 or 40 of these anti-diarrhea pills to get high. Diphenoxylate also contains properties similar to Demerol, a narcotic painkiller. Addiction is associated with the compulsive use of opioids. It also decreases control over Diphenoxylate intake. Also, the user continues to use the drug despite its negative effects on the body.. People who have existing substance abuse often turn to other drugs to experiment. They also want to try a new kind of high or when they cannot get their own drug of choice.. To lessen the addictive quality of Diphenoxylate, pharmaceutical companies added anticholinergic properties. This will make people suffer stomach aches. However, people dont get sick. The main drawback on these drugs are the affordability, Diphenoxylate is relatively ...
Combating Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCombating Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Treatment Pharmacologic treatment of COPD is a long-term proposition. Effective agents reduce inflammation, improve pulmonary function and quality of life, and reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations. The authors of GOLD consider bronchodilators, such as the long-acting inhaled beta2 agonists salmeterol and formoterol, the foundation of therapy. These agents significantly improve symptoms, exercise capacity, and health status in patients with COPD.4,7,8 Anticholinergics, such as ipratropium bromide and tiotropium, are other first-line agents that can be used alone or in combination with long-acting or short-acting beta2 agonists. Once-daily tiotropium improves dyspnea in a magnitude similar to or greater than beta2 agonists.9-12 In patients with more severe COPD, bronchodilator therapy improves expiratory lung emptying and exercise tolerance.13,14 Both longacting beta2 agonists and long-acting anticholinergic agents also reduce exacerbation frequency.8,10-12 Clinicians prescribe ...
Antihistamines linked to Dementia, Alzheimers - Ravenna Homeopathic Clinic & Natural Healthcare AssociatesAntihistamines linked to Dementia, Alzheimer's - Ravenna Homeopathic Clinic & Natural Healthcare Associates
http://sop.washington.edu/higher-dementia-risk-linked-use-common-drugs/. Dr. Shelly Gray et. al. found a persistent link between dementia and some medications in a University of Washington/Group Health study published in JAMA Internal Medicine on January 26, 2015. The large study links a significantly increased risk for developing dementia, including Alzheimers disease, to taking commonly used medications with anticholinergic effects at higher doses or for a longer time. Many older people take these medications, which include nonprescription diphenhydramine (Benadryl). JAMA Internal Medicine published the report, called "Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergic Medications and Incident Dementia.". The study used more rigorous methods, longer follow-up (more than seven years), and better assessment of medication use via pharmacy records (including substantial nonprescription use) to confirm this previously reported link. It is the first study to show a dose response: linking more risk for ...
Tiotropium Bromide Therapeutic Class - Order Vitamins tiotropium Bromide - Pharmacy OnlineTiotropium Bromide Therapeutic Class - Order Vitamins tiotropium Bromide - Pharmacy Online
Tiotropium - The diagnostic value of the sigmoidoscope has been the topic of much writing, and is increasingly appreciated by hospitals, but much less so by the profession and insufficiently in medical teaching.
Tiotropium Bromide in Cystic Fibrosis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govTiotropium Bromide in Cystic Fibrosis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
To date, there have been no formal clinical studies completed using tiotropium in CF patients. While there is a large body of evidence demonstrating the efficacy and safety of tiotropium in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), relatively little is known about its efficacy and safety in patients with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Therefore, Boehringer Ingelheim proposed to profile the long acting anticholinergic tiotropium and to generate adequate clinical data for use as a bronchodilator in paediatric and adult CF. The phase III trial (205.438) is a part of the approved Paediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) agreed for Spiriva® Respimat® in Cystic Fibrosis ...
Health Library - C573 - Barberry - Natural, Alternative - 104391Health Library - C573 - Barberry - Natural, Alternative - 104391
1. Kupeli E, Kosar M, Yesilada E, et al. A comparative study on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Turkish Berberis species. Life Sci. 2002;72:645-57. 2. Yesilada E, Kupeli E. Berberis crataegina DC root exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and febrifuge effects in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;79:237-48. 3. Shamsa F, Ahmadiani A, Khosrokhavar R. Antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity of barberry fruit ( Berberisvulgaris) in the guinea-pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;64:161-6. 4. Fatehi-Hassanabad Z, Jafarzadeh M, Tarhini A, et al. The antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of aqueous extract from Berberis vulgaris fruit on hypertensive rats. Phytother Res. 2005;19:222-225. 5. Hahn FE, Ciak J. Berberine. Antibiotics. 1976;3:577-584 6. Bae EA, Han MJ, Kim NJ, Kim DH. Anti- Helicobacter pylori activity of herbal medicines. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998;21:990-992. 7. Kaneda Y. In vitro effects of berberine ...
CCCC 1988, Volume 53, Issue 2, Abstracts pp. 373-380 | Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical CommunicationsCCCC 1988, Volume 53, Issue 2, Abstracts pp. 373-380 | Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications
1-Methyl- and 1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (I and IV) were transformed via the chloroacetyl derivatives II and V to the 4-methylpiperazinoacetyl compounds III and VI; compound VI inhibits effectively the formation of the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats but is devoid of anticholinergic activity and does not inhibit the gastric secretion in rats. Reaction of tryptamine with 2-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)benzaldehyde afforded compound IX which proved inactive in tests for antidepressant activity. Compounds IV and IX were treated with ethyl chloroformate and gave carbamates VI and X; compound VII does not show anticonvulsant activity.. ...
Organophosphates Medication: Antidotes, Anticholinergic agentsOrganophosphates Medication: Antidotes, Anticholinergic agents
Organophosphates (OPs) are chemical substances originally produced by the reaction of alcohols and phosphoric acid. In the 1930s, organophosphates were used as insecticides, but the German military developed these substances as neurotoxins in World War II.
Abilify Maintena - PharmasaveAbilify Maintena - Pharmasave
Abnormal heart rhythms: This medication can cause an abnormal heart rhythm problem called QT prolongation. If you have a history of QT prolongation, slow or irregular heartbeat, irregular heart rhythm, heart failure, heart attack, heart disease, are taking other medications known to cause QT prolongation, or have a family history of sudden cardiac death at less than 50 years of age, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, or how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication. Your doctor will perform tests at regular intervals to monitor for any changes in your heart rhythm. Body temperature: Aripiprazole, like other antipsychotic medications, may interfere with your bodys ability to regulate body temperature. People who exercise vigorously, who are exposed to extreme heat, are dehydrated, or are taking anticholinergic medications (e.g., benztropine, oxybutynin) are more at risk. Contact your doctor as soon as possible ...
The UPLIFT study: future perspectives]. - Semantic ScholarThe UPLIFT study: future perspectives]. - Semantic Scholar
The natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has classically been considered in terms of the rapid decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) and no other measure apart from smoking cessation has been demonstrated to modify the speed of this decrease. The evidence available from studies performed with tiotropium, of up to 1 years duration, have shown that this anticholinergic drug can modify the course of COPD by acting on lung function, air entrapment, exacerbations, dyspnea and exercise tolerance, thus improving health status. This evidence has served as the basis for the design of the UPLIFT study (Understanding Potential Long-term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium), the main aim of which is to determine the effect of tiotropium on disease progression. This multicenter and multinational study has lasted for 4 years and almost 6,000 patients with COPD have participated. Data from this study are currently being analyzed and the results will shortly be made known
Pulmonology Xagena NewsPulmonology Xagena News
Once-daily Tiotropium ( Spiriva ) Respimat, a long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator, has been shown in a phase III program to improve lung function and reduce severe exacerbation risk in severe a .... ...
December 2017 - OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE generic entry, drug patent expiry and freedom to operateDecember 2017 - OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE generic entry, drug patent expiry and freedom to operate
Drugs may be covered by multiple patents or regulatory protections. All trademarks and applicant names are the property of their respective owners or licensors. Although great care is taken in the proper and correct provision of this service, thinkBiotech LLC does not accept any responsibility for possible consequences of errors or omissions in the provided data. The data presented herein is for information purposes only. There is no warranty that the data contained herein is error free. thinkBiotech performs no independent verifification of facts as provided by public sources nor are attempts made to provide legal or investing advice. Any reliance on data provided herein is done solely at the discretion of the user. Users of this service are advised to seek professional advice and independent confirmation before considering acting on any of the provided information. thinkBiotech LLC reserves the right to amend, extend or withdraw any part or all of the offered service without notice. ...
US20020122773A1 - Pharmaceutical compositions based on anticholinergics and dopamine agonists - Google PatentsUS20020122773A1 - Pharmaceutical compositions based on anticholinergics and dopamine agonists - Google Patents
The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions based on anticholinergics and dopamine agonists, processes for preparing them and their use in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases.
Buy Aerodan (Fexofenadine) OnlineBuy Aerodan (Fexofenadine) Online
Buy Aerodan Online! Aerodan is one of the several second-generation H 1-antihistamines approved for the treatment of various allergic disorders; however, it shows numerous unique properties that make it an optimal choice for many patients. Aerodan is devoid of sedative and anticholinergic effects and may offer equivalent or greater efficacy in treating allergic disorders compared with other currently available second-generation H1-antihistamines.
Higher dementia risk linked to more use of common drugsHigher dementia risk linked to more use of common drugs
A large study links a significantly increased risk for developing dementia, including Alzheimers disease, to taking commonly used medications with anticholinergic effects at higher doses or for a longer time. Many older ...
GalleryGallery
Biostatistics & Epidemiology Biostatistics Dermatology Psoriasis Pharmacology Basic Concepts & Routes of Drug Delivery Drug Receptors & Dose Response NSAIDs Anticholinergic Drugs Opioids Renal Renal Failure
Cogentin and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | RxISKCogentin and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | RxISK
Can the anticholinergic drug, benztropine, have a significant benefit for patients with multiple sclerosis? If so, why has it been removed from so many markets?
Long-Acting Bronchodilators Up Cardiovascular Risk in COPD - MPRLong-Acting Bronchodilators Up Cardiovascular Risk in COPD - MPR
New use of either long-acting β-agonists or anticholinergics is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular events among older individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Tiotropium (Inhalation Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo ClinicTiotropium (Inhalation Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic
Tiotropium belongs to the family of medicines known as bronchodilators. Bronchodilators are breathed in through the mouth to help open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) in the lungs. It is taken by inhalation (an inhaler) and will increase the flow of air to the lungs. This medicine is available only with your doctors prescription. This product is available in the following dosage forms:. ...
Atropine is an example of which class of drugAtropine is an example of which class of drug
CV Pharmacology Vaughan-Williams Classification of - Atropine official prescribing information for healthcare professionals. Drug Class. Anticholinergic chronotropic agents Anticholinergics / antispasmodics
Stiolto Respimat - Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions - Drugs - Everyday HealthStiolto Respimat - Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions - Drugs - Everyday Health
Olodaterol is a long-acting bronchodilator. Tiotropium is an anticholinergic. These medications work by relaxing muscles in the airways to improve breathing.
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Browsing by Subject 5-HT1ABrowsing by Subject "5-HT1A"
Motor stereotypies, described as repetitive, topographically invariant and seemingly purposeless behaviours, are common to several developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. While drug induced stereotypy has been ...
Inspirational Status About Studies - Happy Photo QuotesInspirational Status About Studies - Happy Photo Quotes
Novalis Quotes. QuotesGram John & Jude : Max Lucado : 9781418509750 Receiving Gods Blessing : Pat Subritzky : 9780908950201 Tiotropium Reduces COPD Exa
Evaluating the pharmacoeconomic effect of adding tiotropium bromide to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...Evaluating the pharmacoeconomic effect of adding tiotropium bromide to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...
Objective: To perform a pharmacoeconomic analysis on the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the addition of tiotropium bromide. Methods: Pharmacoeconomic modeling was performed utilizing the efficacy of tiotropium bromide from the literature on different settings and severity of COPD. Reductions in exacerbations, hospitalizations, and number of exacerbation days per year were derived from these studies. Cost of drug treatment, exacerbations, hospitalization, and loss of income were derived from local data in Singapore and reported in Singapore dollars (US$1=S$1.71). A model was constructed to calculate the impact of one-year treatment with tiotropium bromide, and the results were reported for the total incremental cost per year, cost per year needed to reduce one hospitalization in one year, and cost-savings from hospitalizations in one year. Sensitivity analysis were performed for different number of patients treated per year, differing cost of hospitalization, ...
Diphenoxylate Detox And Rehab Facilities in Brookwood Alabama | Rehab Near MeDiphenoxylate Detox And Rehab Facilities in Brookwood Alabama | Rehab Near Me
Several factors influence Diphenoxylate abuse such as genes, psychological, and social issues. Also, medical practitioners considered addiction as a chronic disease of the nervous system.. It is hard to imagine but people can take 30 or 40 of these anti-diarrhea pills to get high. Diphenoxylate also contains properties similar to Demerol, a narcotic painkiller. Addiction is associated with the compulsive use of opioids. It also decreases control over Diphenoxylate intake. Also, the user continues to use the drug despite its negative effects on the body.. People who have existing substance abuse often turn to other drugs to experiment. They also want to try a new kind of high or when they cannot get their own drug of choice.. To lessen the addictive quality of Diphenoxylate, pharmaceutical companies added anticholinergic properties. This will make people suffer stomach aches. However, people dont get sick. The main drawback on these drugs are the affordability, Diphenoxylate is relatively ...
Generic phenergan syrupGeneric phenergan syrup
Promethazine is used to treat nausea typically acquainted with coughs, colds, the flu, and other sicknesses Sep 23, 2014 · Crackdown on Sizzurp Drug Scheme Nets 20 Arrests, Convictions The dangerous purple drink is made from a mix of promethazine with codeine cough syrup …. however, where here area unit fatal places of carbonmonoxide in the blood, alteration crataegus oxycantha be assigned to that Promethazine. Brand, Generic Pills. Tell all of your health care providers that you take promethazine syrup. Mar 15, 2013 · Prescription cough syrup contains the active ingredients codeine and promethazine. Promethazine is an antihistamine and works by blocking a certain natural substance that your body makes during an allergic reaction 5 Stars. Protect from light. It also reduces motion sickness and has antiemetic (Histamine H1 receptors but it does not block the production of histamine) and anticholinergic properties. the drug ….Promethazine is thought to potentiate the "high" from opioids. ...
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Anaesthesia UK : Oral case 63Anaesthesia UK : Oral case 63
3. Would you give an anticholinergic? Why or why not?. Anticholinergic medication is elective therapy, and reasons for giving it include antisialogogue effects, sedation, amnesia, and antiemesis. While an anticholinergic like scopolamine may beneficially increase heart rate in this patient with mitral valve prolapse, it may also cause sedation, decreased airway responsiveness, and decreased secretions.. Other side effects of anticholinergics include decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone, central nervous system toxicity, mydriasis, cycloplegia, increased dead space, inability to sweat, and hyperthermia.. 4. Why does scopolamine cause sedation and glycopyrrolate have no such action?. Scopolamine is a tertiary amine, and crosses the blood-brain barrier, causing sedation, whereas glycopyrrolate is a quaternary amine, and does not cross the blood brain barrier.. 4. Would you give aspiration prophylaxis?. ...
The symptom of depression in schizophrenia and its management | BJPsych AdvancesThe symptom of depression in schizophrenia and its management | BJPsych Advances
The assessment and treatment of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia remains clinically challenging. Recent advances in psychopharmacology and other treatment approaches elevate the importance of establishing the diagnosis at an early stage. The therapeutic goal is significantly to reduce the excess morbidity and mortality associated with depressive symptoms.. The first steps are to exclude cases of schizoaffective disorder and to treat them appropiately, to treat any medical conditions that are present,and to consider the possibility of substance misuse as a contributing factor. Any evidence that antipsychotic medication is producing akinesia should lead to a reduction in dosage and/or the introduction of anticholinergic medication. Akathisia, with its concomitant feeling of dysphoria, should always be considered in patients describing subjective mood disturbance. The akathisia/dysphoria syndrome, if present, requires active management. Use of an anticholinergic drug is generally effective. ...
Scottish Medicines Consortium Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva®)Scottish Medicines Consortium Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva®)
Recommended for general use within NHS Scotland for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RECOMMENDATION.. In clinical trials, tiotropium demonstrated superior efficacy to ipratropium and salmeterol in improving lung function (FEV1). Generally, it has greater efficacy than ipratropium, and similar efficacy to salmeterol in improving dyspnoea, the use of rescue medication, the frequency of COPD exacerbations and hospitalisation due to exacerbations.. ...
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Cholinergic AntagonistsScopolamine HydrobromideMuscarinic AntagonistsParasympathomimeticsAtropineMecamylamineCholinergic AgonistsParasympatholyticsQuinuclidinyl BenzilateReceptors, CholinergicCarbacholAcetylcholineReceptors, MuscarinicDose-Response Relationship, DrugAction PotentialsHormone AntagonistsDopamine AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsNeurokinin-1 Receptor AntagonistsNarcotic AntagonistsHistamine H2 AntagonistsInterleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist ProteinGABA AntagonistsHistamine H1 AntagonistsPurinergic P1 Receptor AntagonistsPiperidinesRats, Sprague-DawleyHistamine AntagonistsNicotinic AntagonistsAdenosine A2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-1 Receptor AntagonistsPurinergic P2 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT3 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT2 Receptor AntagonistsAdenosine A1 Receptor AntagonistsLeukotriene AntagonistsAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsRats, WistarAdrenergic alpha-2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic AntagonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-AntagonistsHistamine H3 AntagonistsRadioligand AssayReceptors, SerotoninReceptors, EndothelinAdrenergic beta-2 Receptor AntagonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateBinding, CompetitiveSerotonin 5-HT1 Receptor AntagonistsCalcium Channel BlockersDizocilpine MaleateGuinea PigsPyridinesAdenosine A3 Receptor AntagonistsReceptor, Endothelin ABenzazepinesBiphenyl CompoundsEstrogen AntagonistsNaltrexoneDrug InteractionsPiperazinesSulfonamidesCells, CulturedNaloxoneSerotonin Receptor Agonists
N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilateN-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
"Synthesis and autoradiographic localization of muscarinic cholinergic antagonist (+)N-[11C]methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate as a ...
AnalgesicAnalgesic
Mixed opioid agonist-antagonist, partial agonist at mu-1 receptor; cholinergic actions exist.. IM, IV, PO.. Bioavailability = ... Mu opioid; NMDA antagonist; SNRI.[99]. PO, IM, IV, SC.. Protein binding = 40%; extensive first-pass metabolism; half-life = 12- ... Mixed opioid agonist-antagonist.. IM, IV.. Volume of distribution = 9-12 L/kg; half-life = 2.2-2.7 hours.. Moderate-severe pain ... Mu opioid; NMDA antagonist.. PO, IM, IV, rectal.. Bioavailability = 34% (oral), 44% (rectal); half-life = 2-3.5 hours.[105]. ...
Caffeine-induced anxiety disorderCaffeine-induced anxiety disorder
Caffeine also has an excitatory effect on mesocortical cholinergic neurons by acting as an antagonist on adenosine receptors ... The actions of A1 and A2A receptors oppose each other but are both inhibited by caffeine due to its function as an antagonist. ... Caffeine has been proven to act as an antagonist on adenosine receptors, which acts as a stimulant and therefore fulfills this ... Caffeine acts as an antagonist of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. Adenosine is a normal neuromodulator that activates adenosine ...
JacSue KehoeJacSue Kehoe
... a Cholinergic antagonist, to this end, she observed instead a change in the cells' spontaneous synaptic activity. This activity ... This was unusual, as the Aplysia response she was researching was cholinergic and was not expected to change with the addition ... From this data Kehoe determined that both the adrenergic and cholinergic responses she observed involved the same receptor. She ...
TelithromycinTelithromycin
The study showed that a pyridine moiety that is part of the telithromycin molecule acts as an antagonist on cholinergic ... do not contain the pyridine moiety and do not antagonize these cholinergic receptors significantly. Splete, Heidi; Kerri ...
Neurotransmitter receptorNeurotransmitter receptor
Glycine Autoreceptor Catecholamines Cholinergic agonists and antagonists Heteroreceptor Imidazoline receptor Neuromuscular ... H3 Cholinergic: Muscarinic: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5; Nicotinic: muscle, neuronal (α-bungarotoxin-insensitive), neuronal (α- ...
VesamicolVesamicol
... can be broadly categorized as a cholinergic physiological antagonist, because it reduces the apparent activity of ... "Inhibition of Cholinergic Signaling Causes Apoptosis in Human Bronchioalveolar Carcinoma" (PDF). Cancer Research. 73 (4): 1328 ... cholinergic neurons, but does not act at the postsynaptic ACh receptor. Vesamicol causes a non-competitive and reversible block ...
MelatonergicMelatonergic
Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic Glycinergic Histaminergic Monoaminergic ... Examples include melatonin receptor agonists and melatonin receptor antagonists. ...
Azinphos-methylAzinphos-methyl
... a cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist, to achieve a shorter recovery time. Treatment with a combination of different ... Competitive antagonists of AChE can be used for pre-treatment. They can reduce mortality, which is caused by exposure to AzM. ... As all cholinergic fibers contain high concentrations of ACh and AChE at their terminals, inhibition of AChE can impair their ... Cholinergic nerves play an important role in the normal function of the central nervous, endrocrine, neuromuscular, ...
AtropineAtropine
... a shorter-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist) is preferred as an aid to ophthalmic ...
Muscarinic antagonistMuscarinic antagonist
Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors ... Effects of Muscarinic Antagonist Atropine (Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist), Cardiovascular Pharmacology Concepts, Richard E. ... A muscarinic receptor antagonist (MRA) is a type of anticholinergic agent that blocks the activity of the muscarinic ... Muscarinic antagonists such as ipratropium bromide can also be effective in treating asthma, since acetylcholine is known to ...
GlycinergicGlycinergic
Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic Histaminergic Melatonergic Monoaminergic ... Examples include glycine receptor agonists, glycine receptor antagonists, and glycine reuptake inhibitors. ...
AlvamelineAlvameline
"In vivo muscarinic cholinergic mediated effects of Lu 25-109, a M1 agonist and M2/M3 antagonist in vitro". Psychopharmacology. ... Alvameline (Lu 25-109) is a M1 receptor agonist and M2/M3 receptor antagonist that was under investigation for the treatment of ... A quite different tack involves developing compounds that have cholinergic activity in their own right. The tetrazole ... alvameline (8), for example, was developed as a bioisostere of the muscarinic cholinergic compound arecoline. The design ...
British Columbia Ambulance ServiceBritish Columbia Ambulance Service
... anti-coagulant narcotic anti-pyretic anti-cholinergic sedative anti-emetic (anti-nauseant) histamine antagonist anti-convulsant ... histamine antagonist anti-convulsant alkalizer; administration of virtually any medication on consult with a Transport Advisor ... opioid antagonist bronchodilator anti-histaminic sympathomimetic agent procoagulant anti-hypoglycemic agent Schedule 2 - PCP ... anti-arrhythmic bronchodilator anti-pyretic anti-cholinergic anti-hypoglycemic agent sedative (anti-epileptic) anti-emetic ( ...
Ro04-6790Ro04-6790
Reversal of a cholinergic-induced deficit in a rodent model of recognition memory by the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, ... receptor antagonist Ro 04-6790 attenuates psychotomimetic effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Behavioural Brain ... On deluje kao potentan i selektivan receptorski antagonist za 5-HT6 serotoninski receptor, sa malim ili odsustvom afiniteta za ... Impact of regional 5-HT depletion on the cognitive enhancing effects of a typical 5-ht(6) receptor antagonist, Ro 04-6790, in ...
AdenosinergicAdenosinergic
Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic Glycinergic Histaminergic Melatonergic Monoaminergic Opioidergic ... Examples include adenosine receptor agonists, adenosine receptor antagonists (such as caffeine), and adenosine reuptake ...
GABAergicGABAergic
Some different classes of GABAergic drugs include the following: GABA receptor agonists, GABA receptor antagonists, and GABA ... Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic Glycinergic Histaminergic Melatonergic Monoaminergic ...
HistaminergicHistaminergic
H2 receptor antagonists, and H3 receptor antagonists. Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic ... Subdivisions of histamine antagonists include H1 receptor antagonists, ... Examples include histamine receptor agonists and histamine receptor antagonists (or antihistamines). ...
SolanaceaeSolanaceae
Like the tropanes, it acts on cholinergic neurons, but with the opposite effect (it is an agonist as opposed to an antagonist ... They can reverse cholinergic poisoning, which can be caused by overexposure to organophosphate insecticides and chemical ...
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Muscarinic agonist Muscarinic antagonist Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic agonist Nicotinic antagonist Eglen RM (July ... Very few parts of the sympathetic system use cholinergic receptors. In sweat glands the receptors are of the muscarinic type. ... For example, the drug pirenzepine is a muscarinic antagonist (decreases the effect of ACh), which is much more potent at M1 ... Ligands targeting the mAChR that are currently approved for clinical use include non-selective antagonists for the treatment of ...
GlutamatergicGlutamatergic
Examples include excitatory amino acid receptor agonists, excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists, and excitatory amino acid ... Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic GHBergic Glycinergic Histaminergic Melatonergic ...
Cholinergic neuronCholinergic neuron
Potential treatments for Alzheimer's include the use of memantine, a moderate affinity uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist ... Most research involving cholinergic neurons involves the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. However, cholinergic neurons only ... The cholinergic system allows the circadian system to have the cycle of one day. The cholinergic neuron may also play a role in ... Cholinergic neurons, along with non-cholinergic neurons, have sleep/wake regulatory functions in the basal forebrain that can ...
H1 antagonistH1 antagonist
... that are much more selective for peripheral H1 receptors as opposed to the central nervous system H1 receptors and cholinergic ... In common use, the term "antihistamine" refers only to H1 antagonists, also known as H1-receptor antagonists and H1- ... H1 antagonists, also called H1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H1 receptor, ... It has been discovered that some H1-antihistamines function as inverse agonists, as opposed to receptor antagonists, at the ...
Ro 04-6790Ro 04-6790
Reversal of a cholinergic-induced deficit in a rodent model of recognition memory by the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, ... receptor antagonist Ro 04-6790 attenuates psychotomimetic effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Behavioural Brain ... It acts as a potent and selective receptor antagonist for the 5-HT6 serotonin receptor subtype, with little or no affinity at ... Impact of regional 5-HT depletion on the cognitive enhancing effects of a typical 5-ht(6) receptor antagonist, Ro 04-6790, in ...
BenzatropineBenzatropine
It is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Benzatropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the ... Drugs that decrease cholinergic transmission may impair storage of new information into long-term memory. Anticholinergic ... "Preclinical efficacy of N-substituted benztropine analogs as antagonists of methamphetamine self-administration in rats". J ...
Substance PSubstance P
... by drugs known as neurokinin type 1 antagonists (also termed: SP antagonists, or tachykinin antagonists.) One such drug is ... non-cholinergic nervous system (branch of the vagal system). ... A study in women with IBS confirmed that an NK1RAs antagonist ... Muñoz M, Rosso M, Coveñas R (2010). "A new frontier in the treatment of cancer: NK-1 receptor antagonists". Current Medicinal ... Amino acid residues that are responsible for the binding of SP and its antagonists are present in the extracellular loops and ...
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Cholinergic AntagonistsScopolamine HydrobromideMuscarinic AntagonistsParasympathomimeticsAtropineMecamylamineCholinergic AgonistsParasympatholyticsQuinuclidinyl BenzilateReceptors, CholinergicCarbacholAcetylcholineReceptors, MuscarinicDose-Response Relationship, DrugAction PotentialsHormone AntagonistsDopamine AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsNeurokinin-1 Receptor AntagonistsNarcotic AntagonistsHistamine H2 AntagonistsInterleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist ProteinGABA AntagonistsHistamine H1 AntagonistsPurinergic P1 Receptor AntagonistsPiperidinesRats, Sprague-DawleyHistamine AntagonistsNicotinic AntagonistsAdenosine A2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-1 Receptor AntagonistsPurinergic P2 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT3 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT2 Receptor AntagonistsAdenosine A1 Receptor AntagonistsLeukotriene AntagonistsAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsRats, WistarAdrenergic alpha-2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic AntagonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-AntagonistsHistamine H3 AntagonistsRadioligand AssayReceptors, SerotoninReceptors, EndothelinAdrenergic beta-2 Receptor AntagonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateBinding, CompetitiveSerotonin 5-HT1 Receptor AntagonistsCalcium Channel BlockersDizocilpine MaleateGuinea PigsPyridinesAdenosine A3 Receptor AntagonistsReceptor, Endothelin ABenzazepinesBiphenyl CompoundsEstrogen AntagonistsNaltrexoneDrug InteractionsPiperazinesSulfonamidesCells, CulturedNaloxoneSerotonin Receptor Agonists
cholinergic antagonist (CHEBI:48873)cholinergic antagonist (CHEBI:48873)
CHEBI:48873 - cholinergic antagonist. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. ... Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or ...
ebi.ac.uk
Cholinergic agonists and antagonists Flashcards by Leslie Rea | BrainscapeCholinergic agonists and antagonists Flashcards by Leslie Rea | Brainscape
Study Cholinergic agonists and antagonists flashcards from Leslie Rea ... Cholinergic agonists and antagonists Flashcards Preview Pharm , Cholinergic agonists and antagonists , Flashcards ... 1. What is the difference b/t a direct-acting and indirect-acting cholinergic agonist? ... 4. What are the different direct-acting cholinergic agonist groups based on chemical structures? ...
brainscape.com
Cholinergic muscarinic binding by human lymphocytes Changes with aging antagonist treatment and senile dementia of the...Cholinergic muscarinic binding by human lymphocytes Changes with aging antagonist treatment and senile dementia of the...
Cholinergic muscarinic binding by human lymphocytes Changes with aging antagonist treatment and senile dementia of the ... The increased binding capacity after cholinergic antagonist treatment was due to higher B, values, while I(d values did not ... Rabey JM, Shenkman L, Gilad GM: Cholinergic muscarinic binding by human lymphocytes: changes with aging, antagonist treatment, ... Cholinergic nucleus basalis tauopathy emerges early in the aging-MCI-AD continuum. pdf1 059 Кб ...
docme.ru
Cholinergic antagonistsCholinergic antagonists
... have a larger therapeutic role than agonists. Again, we can distinguish drugs that selectively affect ... Cholinergic antagonists. Cholinergic antagonists have a larger therapeutic role than agonists. Again, we can distinguish drugs ... Cholinergic antagonists have a larger therapeutic role than agonists. Again, we can distinguish drugs that selectively affect ... 1. Muscarinic antagonists. The classical muscarinic antagonists are atropine and the closely similar scopolamine. Atropine ( ...
brainkart.com
Glycopyrrolate - Adjuvants, Anesthesia, Muscarinic Antagonists, Anti-cholinergic AgentsGlycopyrrolate - Adjuvants, Anesthesia, Muscarinic Antagonists, Anti-cholinergic Agents
Glycopyrrolate decreases acid secretion in the stomach. Hence it can be used for treating ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, in combination with other medications. In anesthesia, glycopyrrolate injection serves as a preoperative antimuscarinic operation that reduces salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions, as well as decreases the acidity of gastric secretions blocks cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during intubation ...
pharmacycode.com
A Study of the Use of Combination of Anti-cholinergic and Minor Tranquilliser in the Treatment of Non-cardiac Chest Pain - a...A Study of the Use of Combination of Anti-cholinergic and Minor Tranquilliser in the Treatment of Non-cardiac Chest Pain - a...
Cholinergic Antagonists. Clidinium. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. Physiological ... A Study of the Use of Combination of Anti-cholinergic and Minor Tranquilliser in the Treatment of Non-cardiac Chest Pain - a ... A Study of the Use of Combination of Anti-cholinergic and Minor Tranquilliser in the Treatment of Non-cardiac Chest Pain - a ... The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of combination therapy of anti-cholinergic and anxiolytic drugs in the ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Muscarinic Cholinergic Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex | Journal of Pharmacology and...Muscarinic Cholinergic Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex | Journal of Pharmacology and...
Muscarinic Cholinergic Antagonists.. The muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine produced a dose-dependent decrease in PPI ... Mecamylamine, a nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, had no affect on PPI over the dose range tested (Fig.4, top). ... 1993) Comparative behavioral and neurochemical activities of cholinergic antagonists in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:16-24. ... The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists and agonists on ...
jpet.aspetjournals.org
Total anticholinergic burden and risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease over 10 years in 21,636 middle-aged and older men...Total anticholinergic burden and risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease over 10 years in 21,636 middle-aged and older men...
Cholinergic Antagonists. Grant support. *G0500300/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom. *MC_UU_12015/1/Medical Research ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Online Graduate Pharmacology Course | College of NursingOnline Graduate Pharmacology Course | College of Nursing
Cholinergic Agonists * Cholinergic Antagonists * Adrenergic Agonists * Adrenergic Antagonists See Moodle for Web-based ...
uky.edu
buclizine (CHEBI:3205)buclizine (CHEBI:3205)
cholinergic antagonist Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of ... cholinergic antagonist Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of ... buclizine (CHEBI:3205) has role cholinergic antagonist (CHEBI:48873) buclizine (CHEBI:3205) has role histamine antagonist ( ... acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.. histamine antagonist Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not ...
ebi.ac.uk
pancuronium (CHEBI:7907)pancuronium (CHEBI:7907)
nicotinic antagonist An antagonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptor.. cholinergic antagonist Any drug that binds to but ... nicotinic antagonist An antagonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptor.. cholinergic antagonist Any drug that binds to but ... pancuronium (CHEBI:7907) has role cholinergic antagonist (CHEBI:48873) pancuronium (CHEBI:7907) has role muscle relaxant (CHEBI ... pancuronium (CHEBI:7907) has role nicotinic antagonist (CHEBI:48878) pancuronium (CHEBI:7907) is a acetate ester (CHEBI:47622) ...
ebi.ac.uk
The Pituitary - 4th EditionThe Pituitary - 4th Edition
Other Dopamine Antagonists. *Dopamine Agonists. *Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists. *Antihypertensives. *Antihistamines. * ...
elsevier.com
Nuedexta in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govNuedexta in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists. Adrenergic Antagonists. Adrenergic Agents. Anti-Arrhythmia Agents. Antimalarials. Antiprotozoal ... Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists. Excitatory Amino Acid Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ... Ketamine - a glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - has now been demonstrated in several studies to bring ... The current project aims to test the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Nuedexta - containing the NMDA antagonist ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Neural Responses and Dysphoria: Modulation by a Pharmacological Probe - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govNeural Responses and Dysphoria: Modulation by a Pharmacological Probe - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. To Top. *For Patients and Families ...
clinicaltrials.gov
A Comparison of Aerius Continuous Treatment Versus Aerius PRN for Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Study P03147) - Full Text View ...A Comparison of Aerius Continuous Treatment Versus Aerius PRN for Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Study P03147) - Full Text View ...
Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. ... Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating. Histamine H1 Antagonists. Histamine Antagonists. Histamine Agents. Antipruritics. ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Cipralex in Treatment of Depressive Symptoms and Chronic Back Pain - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govCipralex in Treatment of Depressive Symptoms and Chronic Back Pain - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. To Top. *For Patients and Families ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Study to Evaluate the 24-Hour Pulmonary Function Profile of Fluticasone Furoate/Vilanterol (FF/VI) Inhalation Powder 100/25mcg...Study to Evaluate the 24-Hour Pulmonary Function Profile of Fluticasone Furoate/Vilanterol (FF/VI) Inhalation Powder 100/25mcg...
Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. ... History of allergy or hypersensitivity to any of the study medications (e.g., anticholinergic/muscarinic receptor antagonist, ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Validation of Surrogate Measures in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govValidation of Surrogate Measures in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. To Top. *For Patients and Families ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Ocular Response Analyzer Assessment of Intraocular Pressure and Corneal Biomechanical Properties in Myopic and Anisometropic...Ocular Response Analyzer Assessment of Intraocular Pressure and Corneal Biomechanical Properties in Myopic and Anisometropic...
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ...
clinicaltrials.gov
An Eight-week Study of Saredutant and Escitalopram as Combination Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder - Full Text View -...An Eight-week Study of Saredutant and Escitalopram as Combination Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder - Full Text View -...
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. To Top. *For Patients and Families ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Comparison of the Effects of Indacaterol and Tiotropium on Inspiratory Capacity - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govComparison of the Effects of Indacaterol and Tiotropium on Inspiratory Capacity - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. To Top ...
clinicaltrials.gov
The Analgesic Activity of a Topical Formulation in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Hands - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials...The Analgesic Activity of a Topical Formulation in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Hands - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials...
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. To Top. *For Patients and Families. *For Researchers ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Bacterial Genomic Sequencing in Overactive Bladder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govBacterial Genomic Sequencing in Overactive Bladder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ...
clinicaltrials.gov
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of AVP-786 as an Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder With an...Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of AVP-786 as an Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder With an...
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers. To Top ... Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists. Adrenergic Antagonists. Adrenergic Agents. Anti-Arrhythmia Agents. Antimalarials. Antiprotozoal ... Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists. Excitatory Amino Acid Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ...
clinicaltrials.gov
QVA149 Versus Fluticasone/Salmeterol in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Full Text View -...QVA149 Versus Fluticasone/Salmeterol in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Full Text View -...
Muscarinic Antagonists. Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic Agents. Glucocorticoids. Hormones. Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, ...
clinicaltrials.gov
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Cholinergic AntagonistsScopolamine HydrobromideMuscarinic AntagonistsParasympathomimeticsAtropineMecamylamineCholinergic AgonistsParasympatholyticsQuinuclidinyl BenzilateReceptors, CholinergicCarbacholAcetylcholineReceptors, MuscarinicDose-Response Relationship, DrugAction PotentialsHormone AntagonistsDopamine AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsNeurokinin-1 Receptor AntagonistsNarcotic AntagonistsHistamine H2 AntagonistsInterleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist ProteinGABA AntagonistsHistamine H1 AntagonistsPurinergic P1 Receptor AntagonistsPiperidinesRats, Sprague-DawleyHistamine AntagonistsNicotinic AntagonistsAdenosine A2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-1 Receptor AntagonistsPurinergic P2 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT3 Receptor AntagonistsSerotonin 5-HT2 Receptor AntagonistsAdenosine A1 Receptor AntagonistsLeukotriene AntagonistsAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsRats, WistarAdrenergic alpha-2 Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic AntagonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAdrenergic alpha-AntagonistsHistamine H3 AntagonistsRadioligand AssayReceptors, SerotoninReceptors, EndothelinAdrenergic beta-2 Receptor AntagonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateBinding, CompetitiveSerotonin 5-HT1 Receptor AntagonistsCalcium Channel BlockersDizocilpine MaleateGuinea PigsPyridinesAdenosine A3 Receptor AntagonistsReceptor, Endothelin ABenzazepinesBiphenyl CompoundsEstrogen AntagonistsNaltrexoneDrug InteractionsPiperazinesSulfonamidesCells, CulturedNaloxoneSerotonin Receptor Agonists
ReceptorsAcetylcholineAgonists and antagonistsAgonistNeuronsReceptor antagonistsNMDACentral cholinergicSelective antagonistHistamine H1-recepAdrenergicLong-acting muscarinic antScopolamineNeurotransmitterEfficacyPotent and selectiveAtropineAnticholinergicNicotinic receptor antagonistAltering cholinergic transmissionInhibitionSerotoninNeuronalUrticariaNAChR antagonistDopamine antagonistOpioidBiperidenNonselectiveAdenosineParasympatheticFibersNervous systemEffectsAntipsychoticCognitiveInverse agonistsNeuromuscularClinicalCurareSerotonergicSymptomsActivityPrazosinBasal ganglia
Receptors46
Acetylcholine26
Agonists and antagonists2
Agonist10
Neurons20
Receptor antagonists20
NMDA10
Central cholinergic1
Selective antagonist2
Histamine H1-recep2
Adrenergic5
Long-acting muscarinic ant2
  • SIENA is a 42-week randomized, stratified, 3-period double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of patients with symptomatic mild-to-moderate asthma, not already taking an inhaled corticosteroid, in whom the effect of 'medium-dose' inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) will be compared with the effect of placebo and with a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LMA). (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Two-week washout/run-in period [for patients on a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)] followed by a maximum of 36-month double-blind treatment period. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Scopolamine5
Neurotransmitter2
Efficacy2
Potent and selective1
Atropine1
Anticholinergic1
Nicotinic receptor antagonist1
Altering cholinergic transmission1
  • Partly because of its muscle-activating function, but also because of its functions in the autonomic nervous system and brain, a large number of important drugs exert their effects by altering cholinergic transmission. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibition4
Serotonin1
  • It is a phenylpiperazine related to trazodone and nefazodone in chemical structure and is a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) similarly to them. (wikipedia.org)
Neuronal2
Urticaria1
NAChR antagonist1
Dopamine antagonist2
  • The acute syndromes which occur due to prolonged exposure to a dopamine antagonist are collectively termed extrapyramidal symptoms, EPS. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear, but is believed to be related to its action as a dopamine antagonist. (wikipedia.org)
Opioid3
  • ICSS has been utilized as a means to gauge addiction liability for drugs of many classes, including those which act on monoaminergic, opioid, and cholinergic neurotransmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples include opioid analgesics such as morphine and opioid antagonists such as naloxone. (wikipedia.org)
  • PMID 12438542 Pérez S, Tierney A, Deniau JM, Kemel ML. Tachykinin regulation of cholinergic transmission in the limbic/prefrontal territory of the rat dorsal striatum: implication of new neurokinine 1-sensitive receptor binding site and interaction with enkephalin/mu opioid receptor transmission. (wikipedia.org)
Biperiden1
  • Six age-matched healthy volunteers were compared with 5 patients suffering from myasthenia gravis treated with muscarinic agonists (neostigmine [Prostigmin) or pyridostigmine) for 4 to 8 months, and with 12 patients suffering from senile dementia with extrapyramidal features treated with muscarinic antagonists (trihexyphenidyl or biperiden) for 4 to 12 months. (docme.ru)
Nonselective2
Adenosine2
Parasympathetic2
Fibers2
  • Skin conductance (SC), in terms of numbers of skin conduction fluctuations (NSCF), amplitude and mean skin conductance level, reflect the activity in the sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic fibers which innervate the palmar and plantar sweat glands. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • In normal aging, there are beadlike swellings within the cholinergic fibers with enlarged or thickening of the axons, often in grape-like clusters. (wikipedia.org)
Nervous system3
  • In insects, the cholinergic system is limited to the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the nervous system cholinergic stimulation mediated through nAChRs controls pathways such as release of transmitters and cell sensitivity, which can influence physiological activity including sleep, anxiety, processing of pain and cognitive functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, reserpine has a peripheral action in many parts of the body, resulting in a preponderance of the effects of the cholinergic part of the autonomous nervous system on the GI tract, smooth muscles, blood vessels, etc. (wikipedia.org)
Effects10
  • Impact of regional 5-HT depletion on the cognitive enhancing effects of a typical 5-ht(6) receptor antagonist, Ro 04-6790, in the Novel Object Discrimination task. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consequently, unlike the H1 antagonist antihistamines which are sedating, H3 antagonists have stimulant and nootropic effects, and are being researched as potential drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). (wikipedia.org)
  • Brompheniramine's effects on the cholinergic system may include side-effects such as drowsiness, sedation, dry mouth, dry throat, blurred vision, and increased heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adverse effects include: Cholinergic effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Dizziness Pulmonary hypertension[citation needed] Coronary artery vasoconstriction Severe systemic hypertension (especially in patients with preeclampsia) Convulsions In excessive doses, methylergometrine can also lead to cramping, respiratory depression and coma. (wikipedia.org)
  • This property means that drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Huperzine A may present with mild cholinergic side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Theoretically, there may be possible additive cholinergic effects if huperzine A is taken with other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or cholinergic agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • SIB-1757 along with other mGluR5 antagonists has been shown to have neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects, and it is also used to study the role of the mGluR5 receptor in brain development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute effects of dopamine antagonists also include Parkinsons-like symptoms, manifested by bradykinesia, pin rolling tremor, and rigidity of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Antipsychotic2
  • alterations in equilibrium between constituent subunits are seen in mGlu2/5HT2A antagonist (antipsychotic) administration- GluR2 is seen to be upregulated in the PFC while GluR1 downregulates in response to antipsychotic administration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tardive dyskinesias are involuntary movements of the lips, tongue, face, trunk, and extremities which occur in patients with prolonged exposure to dopamine antagonists or antipsychotic medications. (wikipedia.org)
Cognitive4
Inverse agonists1
Neuromuscular1
Clinical1
  • Many 5-HT3 antagonists function as antiemetics, however the clinical significance of this serotonergic activity in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
Curare1
Serotonergic2
  • The underlying pathology of drug-induced Pisa syndrome is very complex, and development may be due to an underlying dopaminergic-cholinergic imbalance, or serotonergic/noradrenergic dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • clomipramine Psychoactive drugs Antiemetic drugs Cholinesterase inhibitors Galantamine Based on the drugs that caused Pisa syndrome, it has been implicated that the syndrome may be due to a dopaminergic-cholinergic imbalance or a serotonergic or noradrenergic dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms1
Activity6
Prazosin1
Basal ganglia1