Acetyltransferases
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
Choline Kinase
Histone Acetyltransferases
Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
p300-CBP Transcription Factors
A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION.
Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase
Serine O-Acetyltransferase
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A
An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa10p catalytic subunit and the Naa15p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between lower and higher eukaryotes. It has specificity for N-terminal SERINE; ALANINE; THREONINE; GLYCINE; VALINE; and CYSTINE residues and acts on nascent peptide chains after the removal of the initiator METHIONINE by METHIONYL AMINOPEPTIDASES.
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Hemicholinium 3
A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.
Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Base Sequence
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Betaine
A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
Escherichia coli O157
A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline
Transcription, Genetic
Choline Dehydrogenase
Histones
Amino Acid Sequence
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins
Plasmids
CREB-Binding Protein
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Transfection
Phosphatidylcholines
Cloning, Molecular
O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase
E1A-Associated p300 Protein
Gene Expression Regulation
Acetylcholinesterase
Transcription Factors
N-Terminal Acetyltransferases
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase B
An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa20p catalytic subunit and the Naa25p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between YEASTS and HUMAN. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either ASPARTATE; GLUTAMATE; ASPARAGINE; OR GLUTAMINE.
Acetylcholine
Spermine
A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.
Nuclear Proteins
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Binding Sites
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
Spermidine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine
Transcriptional Activation
DNA-Binding Proteins
Ethanolamine
Mutation
Cysteine Synthase
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Protein Binding
Trans-Activators
Restriction Mapping
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Lipotropic Agents
Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Chromatin
Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Deanol
Substrate Specificity
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Acyltransferases
Cells, Cultured
HeLa Cells
Liver
Genes, Reporter
United States Department of Agriculture
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
Anacardic Acids
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase
Substantia Innominata
Glucosamine 6-Phosphate N-Acetyltransferase
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.
Carnitine
Platelet Activating Factor
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Genes, Regulator
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Genes
Histone Deacetylases
Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.
Gene Expression
Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Neurons
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Phospholipids
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
Biogenic Polyamines
Choline
Enzyme Induction
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
DNA Primers
Putrescine
Creatine
Nucleosomes
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Phosphatidylethanolamines
Membrane Transport Proteins
Septum of Brain
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Cholinergic Agents
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.
Phosphate Acetyltransferase
Inositol
An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
Blotting, Northern
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Repressor Proteins
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase
Cattle
Methylation
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Blotting, Western
Ornithine Decarboxylase
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
Physostigmine
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Models, Molecular
Acetylcarnitine
Prosencephalon
Septum Pellucidum
Phosphotransferases
Protein Biosynthesis
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Genetic Vectors
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Rabbits
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
DNA, Complementary
Rats, Inbred Strains
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Nootropic Agents
Biological Transport
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase F
An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa60p catalytic subunit. It is found in higher eukayotes and displays a substrate specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either LEUCINE; LYSINE; PHENYALANINE; ISOLEUCINE; or TRYPTOPHANE.
Carrier Proteins
Mice, Transgenic
Catalysis
Chickens
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Gene Deletion
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine
Plumbaginaceae
Enzyme Inhibitors
Kanamycin Kinase
DNA, Recombinant
Thioctic Acid
Aspartic Acid
Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Thiocholine
Consensus Sequence
A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
Phenotype
TATA Box
Aminoglycosides
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Naphthylvinylpyridine
Carbon Isotopes
Oligonucleotide Probes
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
Introns
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION, broad thumbs, webbing of fingers and toes, beaked nose, short upper lip, pouting lower lip, agenesis of corpus callosum, large foramen magnum, keloid formation, pulmonary stenosis, vertebral anomalies, chest wall anomalies, sleep apnea, and megacolon. The disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and is associated with deletions of the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13.3).
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Enzyme Activation
Improvement by nefiracetam of beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. (1/969)
1. We have previously demonstrated that continuous i.c.v. infusion of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the major constituent of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, results in learning and memory deficits in rats. 2. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nefiracetam [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide, DM-9384] on A beta-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats. 3. In the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, spontaneous alternation behaviour in a Y-maze task, spatial reference and working memory in a water maze task, and retention of passive avoidance learning were significantly impaired as compared with A beta-(40-1)-infused control rats. 4. Nefiracetam, at a dose range of 1-10 mg kg(-1), improved learning and memory deficits in the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats when it was administered p.o. 1 h before the behavioural tests. 5. Nefiracetam at a dose of 3 mg kg(-1) p.o. increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats. 6. Nefiracetam increased dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex and striatum of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, but failed to affect the noradrenaline, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content. 7. These results suggest that nefiracetam may be useful for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. (+info)Establishment and characterization of human neuroblastoma cell lines. (2/969)
Three new tissue culture cell lines, CHP-100, CHP-126, and CHP-134, have been established from explant cultures of human neuroblastoma. The cell lines have been characterized with respect to morphology, chromosomes constitution, growth, neural enzyme content, and their ability to grow in nude mice. The cells grow as dense masses comprised of fibroblast-or neuroblast-like cells with small processes. The cell lines differ in their neural enzyme acitivity. The chromosomal content of the 3 cell lines is near diploid, and all are capable of forming tumors in nude mice. The morphological findings indicate that the cells in culture resemble those found in the tumor, and the enzyme activities are consistent with those of nervous tissue. This the morphological, biochemical, and tumorigenic properties confirm that the 3 cell lines are neoplastic cells of neural origin. (+info)Immunohistological studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 6-deficient mice show no abnormality of retinal cell organization and ganglion cell maturation. (3/969)
Immature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) initially show a multistratified dendritic pattern, and, during the postnatal period, these dendrites gradually monostratify into ON and OFF sublaminae. The selective agonist of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP-4), hyperpolarizes ON bipolar cells and reduces glutamate release. On the basis of L-AP-4-evoked inhibitory effects on ON-OFF segregation of developing RGCs, it has been hypothesized that glutamate-mediated synaptic activity is crucial for formation of the ON-OFF network. Gene-targeted ablation of mGluR6 specifically expressed in ON bipolar cells blocks normal ON responses but has been predicted to enhance glutamate release from ON bipolar cells. The mGluR6 knock-out mouse therefore provides a unique opportunity to investigate whether glutamate release and ON responses are important factors in the development of ON-OFF segregation. The combination of several different morphological analyses indicates that ON bipolar cells, as well as several distinct amacrine cells, in mGluR6 knock-out mice are normally distributed and correctly extend their terminals to defined retinal laminae. Importantly, both alpha and delta RGCs in adult mGluR6 knock-out mice are found monostratified into cell type-specific layers. Furthermore, no difference between wild-type and mGluR6 knock-out mice is observed in the maturation and dendritic stratification of developing RGCs. Hence, despite a deficit in normal ON responses, mGluR6 deficiency causes no abnormality in the retinal cellular organization nor in the stratifications of both ON bipolar cells and developing and mature RGCs. Based on these findings, we discuss several possible mechanisms that may underlie ON-OFF segregation of RGCs. (+info)A nerve growth factor mimetic TrkA antagonist causes withdrawal of cortical cholinergic boutons in the adult rat. (4/969)
Cholinergic neurons respond to the administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) in vivo with a prominent and selective increase of choline acetyl transferase activity. This suggests the possible involvement of endogenous NGF, acting through its receptor TrkA, in the maintenance of central nervous system cholinergic synapses in the adult rat brain. To test this hypothesis, a small peptide, C(92-96), that blocks NGF-TrkA interactions was delivered stereotactically into the rat cortex over a 2-week period, and its effect and potency were compared with those of an anti-NGF monoclonal antibody (mAb NGF30). Two presynaptic antigenic sites were studied by immunoreactivity, and the number of presynaptic sites was counted by using an image analysis system. Synaptophysin was used as a marker for overall cortical synapses, and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter was used as a marker for cortical cholinergic presynaptic sites. No significant variations in the number of synaptophysin-immunoreactive sites were observed. However, both mAb NGF30 and the TrkA antagonist C(92-96) provoked a significant decrease in the number and size of vesicular acetylcholine transporter-IR sites, with the losses being more marked in the C(92-96) treated rats. These observations support the notion that endogenously produced NGF acting through TrkA receptors is involved in the maintenance of the cholinergic phenotype in the normal, adult rat brain and supports the idea that NGF normally plays a role in the continual remodeling of neural circuits during adulthood. The development of neurotrophin mimetics with antagonistic and eventually agonist action may contribute to therapeutic strategies for central nervous system degeneration and trauma. (+info)Mapping the active site in vasoactive intestinal peptide to a core of four amino acids: neuroprotective drug design. (5/969)
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to peptide action entails the identification of a core active site. The major 28-aa neuropeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), provides neuroprotection. A lipophilic derivative with a stearyl moiety at the N-terminal and norleucine residue replacing the Met-17 was 100-fold more potent than VIP in promoting neuronal survival, acting at femtomolar-picomolar concentration. To identify the active site in VIP, over 50 related fragments containing an N-terminal stearic acid attachment and an amidated C terminus were designed, synthesized, and tested for neuroprotective properties. Stearyl-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-NH2 (derived from the C terminus of VIP and the related peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide) captured the neurotrophic effects offered by the entire 28-aa parent lipophilic derivative and protected against beta-amyloid toxicity in vitro. Furthermore, the 4-aa lipophilic peptide recognized VIP-binding sites and enhanced choline acetyltransferase activity as well as cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease-related in vivo models. Biodistribution studies following intranasal administration of radiolabeled peptide demonstrated intact peptide in the brain 30 min after administration. Thus, lipophilic peptide fragments offer bioavailability and stability, providing lead compounds for drug design against neurodegenerative diseases. (+info)Millimeter-scale positioning of a nerve-growth-factor source and biological activity in the brain. (6/969)
Toxicity prevents the systemic administration of many therapeutic proteins, and attempts at protein targeting via the circulatory system (i.e., "magic bullets") have failed in all but a few special cases. Direct administration at the target site is a logical alternative, particularly in the central nervous system, but the limits of direct administration have not been defined clearly. Nerve growth factor (NGF) enhances survival of cholinergic neurons and, therefore, has generated considerable interest for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We tested the effectiveness of local delivery by implanting small polymer pellets that slowly released NGF into the central nervous system of adult rats at controlled distances from a target site containing transplanted fetal cholinergic cells. NGF-releasing implants placed within 1-2 mm of the treatment site enhanced the biological function of cellular targets, whereas identical implants placed approximately 3 mm from the target site of treatment produced no beneficial effect. Effective NGF therapy required millimeter-scale positioning of the NGF source, and efficacy correlated with the spatial distribution of NGF concentration in the tissue; this result suggests that NGF must be delivered within several millimeters of the target to be effective in treating Alzheimer's disease. Because the human brain is divided into functional regions that are typically several centimeters in diameter and often irregular in shape, new methods for sculpting larger-scale drug fields are needed. We illustrate a concept, called pharmacotectonics, in which drug-delivery systems are arranged spatially in tissues to shape concentration fields for potent agents. (+info)The induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by the loss of LBP-p40. (7/969)
To analyze the function of the laminin-binding protein precursor p40 (LBP-p40) in higher eukaryotic cells, plasmid DNA expressing antisense or sense cDNA for p40 under the control of the LacSwitch system was introduced into HeLa cells. Stable transformants were isolated, and the expression of p40 was assayed by Western and Northern blotting. The expression level of p40 was not affected in HeLa cell transformants cultured in 10% serum-supplemented media with the induction of antisense (AS)-p40 with 5 mM IPTG. However, both the protein and message for endogenous p40 in serum-depleted media with 5 mM IPTG were reduced to about 30 - 10% of the expression level in serum-free media without 5 mM IPTG. Colony formation was inhibited with the suppression of p40. AS-p40 clones died in 7 days when cultured in serum-depleted media with 5 mM IPTG, while clones without 5 mM IPTG AS-p40 clones never died, even in serum-depleted media. Additionally, sense (S)-p40 clones and control CAT clones survived more than 2 weeks in serum-free media with 5 mM IPTG. DNA fragmentation assay revealed that cell death induced by the reduction of AS-p40 resulted from apoptosis. Both the inhibition of cell growth and apoptotic cell death were partially rescued by the transfer of the p40 cDNA expression vector to AS-p40 clones. Moreover, the introduction of a synthetic hammerhead ribozyme for LBP-p40 using a fusigenic viral liposome suppressed the message for LBP-p40 even in the presence of 10% serum, and it also induced apoptosis. (+info)Egr-1 inhibits apoptosis during the UV response: correlation of cell survival with Egr-1 phosphorylation. (8/969)
UV irradiation of normal or immortalized cells induces a rapid increase in the expression of several transcription factors and is thought to serve a protective function. The human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080 clone H4, expresses almost undetectable levels of Egr-1 and does not respond to UV-C irradiation by the induction of Egr-1. The H4 cells are hypersensitive to UV which induces apoptosis and reduces clonogenicity. The introduction of exogenous Egr-1 into H4 (H4E9 and H4E4 cell-lines) confers protection from UV damage as measured by a number of assays. In both NIH3T3 (with inducible Egr-1) and H4E9 (constitutive Egr-1) cells, UV irradiation gave enhanced transactivation of Egr-1 reporters that correlated with phosphorylated Egr-1. Studies using inhibitors indicated that protein kinase-C and tyrosine kinases are involved in the anti-apoptotic effects of Egr-1 after UV damage. This is the first description of a biological effect of phosphorylated Egr-1. (+info)
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Coordinate expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter and choline acetyltransferase in sympathetic superior cervical...
Effect of estradiol and soy phytoestrogens on choline acetyl transferase and nerve growth factor mrnas in the frontal cortex...
Woolf, N.J. (1996) The critical role of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in morphological change and memory encoding A...
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Selective induction of c-Jun and NGF in reactive astrocytes after cholinergic degenerations in rat basal forebrain<...
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NGF-Cholinergic Dependency in Brain Aging, MCI and Alzheimers Disease | BenthamScience
Silver, Ann - 07 The Acetylcholine System: Mapping the Enzymes, Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) and Acetylcholinesterase (AchE...
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Choline acetyltransferase
Structure of choline acetyltransferase binding sites Crystal structure of choline ion bound in choline acetyltransferase. Side ... In humans, the choline acetyltransferase enzyme is encoded by the CHAT gene. Choline acetyltransferase was first described by ... Choline+Acetyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (Articles with ... Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the ...
Transferase
Choline acetyltransferase (also known as ChAT or CAT) is an important enzyme which produces the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ... Strauss WL, Kemper RR, Jayakar P, Kong CF, Hersh LB, Hilt DC, Rabin M (Feb 1991). "Human choline acetyltransferase gene maps to ... "Choline O-Acetyltransferase". GeneCards: The Human Gene Compendium. Weizmann Institute of Science. Retrieved 5 December 2013. ... Maselli RA, Chen D, Mo D, Bowe C, Fenton G, Wollmann RL (Feb 2003). "Choline acetyltransferase mutations in myasthenic syndrome ...
Reinhard F. Stocker
Python F, Stocker RF (2002) Immunoreactivity against choline acetyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid, histamine, octopamine ... Python, F; Stocker, Reinhard F. (2002-10-08). "Immunoreactivity against choline acetyltransferase, ?-aminobutyric acid, ...
Choline
... acetyltransferase inhibitors have also been developed. In 1849, Adolph Strecker was the first to isolate choline from ... Choline can also be produced by the CDP-choline route, cytosolic choline kinases (CK) phosphorylate choline with ATP to ... "Total choline" is defined as the sum of free choline and choline-containing phospholipids, without accounting for mass fraction ... Choline is often not classified as a vitamin, but as a nutrient with an amino acid-like metabolism. In most animals, choline ...
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
"Nuclear choline acetyltransferase activates transcription of a high-affinity choline transporter". The Journal of Biological ... Chireux MA, Le Van Thai A, Weber MJ (Mar 1995). "Human choline acetyltransferase gene: localization of alternative first exons ... located within the first intron of the choline acetyltransferase gene. VAChT is able to transport ACh into vesicles by relying ...
Phenylacetyl-CoA
... inhibits choline acetyltransferase acting as a neurotoxin. It competes with acetyl-CoA. PubChem. "Phenylacetyl ...
P19 cell
Differentiated cells also have choline acetyltransferase and acetyl cholinesterase activities. When treated with DMSO, cardiac ...
Cholinergic neuron
The problem with this therapy is that choline acetyltransferase is largely blocked by the blood-brain barrier. PTD-ChAT is a ... It is normal in aging for circadian rhythms to deteriorate as choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) fluctuations change in pattern ... Alzheimer's typically involves a decline in the activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, as well as a ... Cholinergic neurons have significantly reduced choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine activity, which is correlated to the ...
Naphthylvinylpyridine
Several NVP derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit choline acetyltransferase and protect ... Haubrich, DR; Goldberg, ME (1975). "Homovanillic acid concentration in the rat brain: Effect of a choline acetyltransferase ... However, NVP's method of acetylcholine (ACh) antagonism involves inhibiting the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. ... "Synthesis of a naphthylvinylpyridine derivative and its use for affinity chromatography of choline acetyltransferase". ...
Neuronal lineage marker
There are two key markers in these studies: choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT ... Retrieved 2014-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "ChAT or Choline Acetyltransferase Antibody". ... Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) is expressed in cholinergic neurons of both the CNS and PNS. In the CNS, ChAT is expressed in ... choline acetyltransferase, parvalbumin, and neurofilament protein. All of these antigens are present in specific neuronal cell ...
CEBPB
Robert I, Sutter A, Quirin-Stricker C (October 2002). "Synergistic activation of the human choline acetyltransferase gene by c- ... giving rise to substance P and neurokinin A and the choline acetyltransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of the important ...
Genital leiomyoma
Hattori T, Singh VK, McGeer EG, McGeer PL (January 1976). "Immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase ...
Tricyanoaminopropene
Paul JW, DaVanzo JP (June 1992). "1,1,3 Tricyano-2-amino-1-propene (Triap) stimulates choline acetyltransferase activity in ... It stimulates the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, resulting in increased acetylcholine production. This then ...
End-plate potential
"Enhanced acetylcholine secretion in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells transfected with rat choline-acetyltransferase ... Acetylcholine is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the neuron from choline and acetyl-CoA. Choline acyltransferase is the enzyme ...
Ann Silver
In 1961 she was awarded a PhD in physiology, concerning the transport of choline acetyltransferase in nerves. Her PhD was ... While there, Silver worked on the acetylcholine system, mapping the enzymes, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and ...
Acetylcholine
... is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl- ... Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become ... Hunt R, Taveau M (1906). "On the physiological action of certain choline derivatives and new methods for detecting choline". ... which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency, and can ...
Choline transporter-like protein 1
"Differential expression and regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 and choline acetyltransferase in neurons ... "Impaired trafficking of choline transporter-like protein-1 at plasma membrane and inhibition of choline transport in THP-1 ... Choline transporter-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC44A1 gene. Cluster of differentiation ... Traiffort E, Ruat M, O'Regan S, Meunier FM (March 2005). "Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like ...
Hemicholinium-3
... by the action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Thus, decreasing the amount of choline available to a neuron will decrease ... Hemicholinium-3 (HC3), also known as hemicholine, is a drug which blocks the reuptake of choline by the high-affinity choline ... The reuptake of choline is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of acetylcholine; hence, hemicholinium-3 decreases the ... Neurons affected by hemicholinium-3 must rely on the transport of choline from the soma (cell body), rather than relying on ...
Tubocurarine chloride
Acetylcholine is produced in the body of the neuron by choline acetyltransferase and transported down the axon to the synaptic ...
Acetyl-CoA
Choline, in combination with acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and ... This acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases. This acetylation affects cell growth, mitosis, and apoptosis. Allosteric ...
Neuromuscular junction disease
... type of congenital myasthenia gravis can affect the junction presynaptically by a mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl transferase ... This protein is an enzyme that is responsible for catalyzing the reaction that combines acetyl-coenzyime A with choline, ...
Marjorie Lees
She joined the group of David Nachmansohn, where she worked on choline acetyltransferase and identified the presence of ...
Acetylcholinesterase
... by the pre-synaptic neuron and ACh is synthesized by combining with acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase ... The hydrolysis reaction of the carboxyl ester leads to the formation of an acyl-enzyme and free choline. Then, the acyl-enzyme ... AChE is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes choline esters. It has a very high catalytic activity-each molecule of AChE degrades about ... It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters ...
Bifemelane
"Effects of bifemelane on muscarinic receptors and choline acetyltransferase in the brains of aged rats following chronic ...
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Unlike the classical preganglionic neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the Centrally-projecting Edinger- ...
Amacrine cell
These amacrine cells are usually characterised by their expression of choline acetyltransferase, or ChAT, and are known to play ...
Synaptosome
Particles containing acetylcholine and its synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase were originally isolated by Hebb and ... Hebb CO, Whittaker VP (1958). "Intracellular distributions of acetylcholine and choline acetylase". J Physiol. 142 (1): 187-96 ...
CDP-choline pathway
In pre-synaptic neurons the majority of choline will be acetylated by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to form the ... Most other cells will phosphorylate choline by the enzyme choline kinase, the first committed step of CDP-choline pathway. ... Under normal circumstances, choline kinase is not the rate-limiting step of the CDP-choline pathway. However in rapidly ... Choline kinase (CK) is a cytosolic protein that catalyzes the following reaction:: 418 choline + ATP ⇌ phosphocholine + ADP In ...
Acetyltransferase
Histone acetyltransferases including CBP histone acetyltransferase Choline acetyltransferase Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ... Serotonin N-acetyltransferase NatA Acetyltransferase NatB acetyltransferase Acyltransferase Acetylation Acetyltransferases at ... Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group. Examples include: ...
List of enzymes
EC 2.3.1 Aminolevulinic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.37 Choline acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6 Category:EC 2.3.2 Factor XIII EC 2.3. ...
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
PDOC00402 - Acyltransferases ChoActase / COT / CPT family in PROSITE Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase family[permanent dead ... "Crystal structure of carnitine acetyltransferase and implications for the catalytic mechanism and fatty acid transport". Cell. ...
HSD2 neuron
... choline acetyltransferase, nitric oxide synthase, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, neuropeptide FF, substance P, somatostatin, ...
List of EC numbers (EC 2)
... arylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6: choline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.7: carnitine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.8: ... D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.35: glutamate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.36: D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC ... amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.2: imidazole N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3: glucosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.4 ... glycine C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.30: serine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.31: homoserine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.32: ...
Neuromuscular junction
Other mutations, such as those affecting acetylcholinesterase and acetyltransferase, can also cause the expression of CMS, with ... Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter synthesized from dietary choline and acetyl-CoA (ACoA), and is involved in the stimulation ...
Coluracetam
... has been shown to reverse the loss of choline acetyltransferase production in the medial septal nucleus of rats ... Murai S, Saito H, Abe E, Masuda Y, Odashima J, Itoh T (1994). "MKC-231, a choline uptake enhancer, ameliorates working memory ... Bessho T, Takashina K, Eguchi J, Komatsu T, Saito K (July 2008). "MKC-231, a choline-uptake enhancer: (1) long-lasting ... April 1996). "Effect of the novel high affinity choline uptake enhancer 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(2,3-dimethyl-5,6,7,8- ...
List of MeSH codes (D08)
... chloramphenicol o-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.180 - choline o-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.310 - ... acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.105 - amino-acid n-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.150 - ... phosphate acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.850 - serine O-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.170 - acyl-carrier ... acetyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.029 - acyl-carrier protein s-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.060 - ...
Epigenetics
For example, acetylation of the K14 and K9 lysines of the tail of histone H3 by histone acetyltransferase enzymes (HATs) is ... Bekdash, Rola A (2018). "Choline the brain and neurodegeneration insights from epigenetics". Frontiers in Bioscience. 23 (3): ...
Amifampridine
... particularly those with defects in choline acetyltransferase, downstream kinase 7, and those where any kind of defect causes " ... Activity of these enzymes (primarily N-acetyltransferase 2) in different individuals seems to be primarily responsible for the ... The substance is deactivated by acetylation via N-acetyltransferases to the single metabolite 3-N-acetylamifampridine. ...
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Whereas the phosphate group is combined with choline in phosphatidylcholine, it is combined with the ethanolamine in ... the N-acetyltransferase and phospholipase-D. Where phosphatidylcholine is the principal phospholipid in animals, ...
Hypericum perforatum
N-acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in healthy males and females". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 57 (4): 495-499. doi:10.1111/j. ... choline, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid) Miscellaneous others (e.g. pectin, β-sitosterol, hexadecane, triacontane, kielcorin, ...
Chat
... used in autism screening Choline acetyltransferase, an enzyme that synthesises acetylcholine (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase ...
Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody (NBP1-30052): Novus Biologicals
View Goat Polyclonal anti-Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody (NBP1-30052). Validated Applications: WB, ICC/IF, IHC, IHC-Fr ... Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody Summary. Immunogen. Native choline acetyltransferase purifed from human placenta ... PTMs for Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody (NBP1-30052). Learn more about PTMs related to Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT ... Reviews for Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody (NBP1-30052) (0) There are no reviews for Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT ...
ChAT (Choline Acetyltransferase) Antibody
Choline Acetyltransferase) antibody. ChAT serves as a specific marker for cholinergic neurons in both peripheral and central ... Murine choline-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) is a 71,721 dalton protein(640 amino acids) expressed in cholinergic neurons of ... ChAT is the enzyme responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-coenzyme A and choline. ...
Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the human brain: changes in Huntington's chorea. | Journal of Neurology,...
Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the human brain: changes in Huntingtons chorea. ... Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the human brain: changes in Huntingtons chorea. ... Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the human brain: changes in Huntingtons chorea. ...
Estrogen receptor immunoreactivity within subregions of the rat forebrain: Neuronal distribution and association with perikarya...
Neuronal distribution and association with perikarya containing choline acetyltransferase. Brain Research, 849(1-2), 253-274. ... Neuronal distribution and association with perikarya containing choline acetyltransferase, Brain Research, vol. 849, no. 1-2, ... Neuronal distribution and association with perikarya containing choline acetyltransferase. Brain Research. 1999 Dec 4;849(1-2): ... Neuronal distribution and association with perikarya containing choline acetyltransferase. Elliott J. Mufson, Wei Jun Cai, Syed ...
Isolation and sub-chromosomal localization of a DNA fragment of the human choline acetyltransferase gene<...
keywords = "Choline acetyltransferase, Gene mapping, Polymerase chain reaction",. author = "Riccardo Cervini and Mariano Rocchi ... Isolation and sub-chromosomal localization of a DNA fragment of the human choline acetyltransferase gene. In: Neuroscience ... Isolation and sub-chromosomal localization of a DNA fragment of the human choline acetyltransferase gene. / Cervini, Riccardo; ... title = "Isolation and sub-chromosomal localization of a DNA fragment of the human choline acetyltransferase gene", ...
Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain identified with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase<...
Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain identified with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase. Bruce H. Wainer*, Allan I ... Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain identified with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase. / Wainer, Bruce H.; Levey ... Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain identified with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase. In: Neurochemistry ... Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain identified with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase. Neurochemistry ...
Decreased choline acetyltransferase activity in the murine spinal cord motoneurons under chronic mechanical compression<...
Choline acetyltransferase (CAT), which is known to be a specific marker of cholinergic neurons, best reflects spinal motoneuron ... Yato Y, Fujimura Y, Nakamura M, Watanabe M, Yabe Y. Decreased choline acetyltransferase activity in the murine spinal cord ... Decreased choline acetyltransferase activity in the murine spinal cord motoneurons under chronic mechanical compression. In: ... Choline acetyltransferase (CAT), which is known to be a specific marker of cholinergic neurons, best reflects spinal motoneuron ...
Choline Acetyltransferase Antibody
CHAT gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. Learn about this gene and related ... The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. This protein is located at the ends ... Choline acetyltransferase facilitates the production of a molecule called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is essential for normal ... The mutations lead to decreased production of choline acetyltransferase or the production of a protein with decreased ability ...
Dynamic regulation of SCG10 in regenerating axons after injury
Striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix contain different amounts of immunoreactive choline acetyltransferase in the human...
Chronic continuous infusion of nicotine increases the disappearance of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the...
Vision & Retina | GeneTex
neural development | Journal of Neuroscience
Staff Profile - Faculty of Medical Sciences - Newcastle University
Extensive loss of choline acetyltransferase activity is not reflected by neuronal loss in the nucleus of meynert in Alzheimers ... Synaptic proteins and choline acetyltransferase loss in visual cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies. Journal of Neuropathology ... Neurotensin immunoreactivity and choline acetyltransferase activity in the cerebral cortex in Parkinsons disease. In: Bayliss ... Loss of synaptic proteins and choline acetyltransferase in primary and secondary visual cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies. In ...
SCOPe 2.07: Domain d1q6xa2: 1q6x A:402-617
PDB Description: Crystal structure of rat choline acetyltransferase. PDB Compounds: (A:) choline O-acetyltransferase. SCOPe ... Protein Choline O-acetyltransferase [110591] (2 species). *. Species Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) [TaxId:10116] [110592] (2 ... d1q6xa2 c.43.1.3 (A:402-617) Choline O-acetyltransferase {Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) [TaxId: 10116]} ... Family c.43.1.3: Choline/Carnitine O-acyltransferase [82424] (3 proteins). Pfam PF00755; monomeric enzyme containing tandem ...
Volume 11(4) 2005 (25)
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Silymarin's Inhibition and Treatment Effects for Alzheimer's Disease
Co-transmission of acetylcholine and GABA regulates hippocampal states | Nature Communications
Frotscher, M. & Leranth, C. Cholinergic innervation of the rat hippocampus as revealed by choline acetyltransferase ... labelled either with anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody in wild-type (WT) mice or with eYFP-adeno-associated ... were reconstructed using consecutive serial 70 nm-thick sections double labelled for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; DAB) and ... of cholinergic synaptic terminals on GABAergic neurons and coexistence of immunoreactive GABA and choline acetyltransferase in ...
ChAT Rabbit anti-Guinea Pig, Mouse, Rabbit, Rat, Polyclonal, Invitrogen™
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Publications [#349289] of Leonard E. White
The activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase were assayed in submicrogram samples from layers of pigeon ... Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were concentrated in and near the inner plexiform layer, within ... White, LE; Ross, CD; Godfrey, DA (1990). Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the ...
Alzheimer Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
AcetylcholineAntibodyCholinergicProteinsNeuronsImmunohistochemicalCHATTyrosine HydroxylaseUptakeHumanDistributionActivityYellowAcetylcholinesteraseLevels of choline acetyltransferaseAmounts of cholineHuman choline acetyltransferasePorcine choline acetyltransferaseChATAcetylaseEnzymeGeneNeurons that expressedForm of cholineAlzheimer'sMetabolismMiceProteinSubstrateNeuroblastomaIncreasesNerve growthSynthesisDrosophilaDeficiencyLecithinEndogenousEstersDecreaseSupplementationMutationsReceptorMedicineInhibitorsBChE
Acetylcholine12
- Choline acetylase catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. (novusbio.com)
- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: Acetyl-CoA + choline = CoA + O-acetylcholine. (novusbio.com)
- ChAT is the enzyme responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-coenzyme A and choline. (neuromics.com)
- Choline acetyltransferase facilitates the production of a molecule called acetylcholine. (medlineplus.gov)
- The mutations lead to decreased production of choline acetyltransferase or the production of a protein with decreased ability to aid in the production of acetylcholine. (medlineplus.gov)
- Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In addition to its synthesis in the liver, choline employed in acetylcholine production is derived from dietary sources. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- These cells express many properties of motor neurons, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine synthesis, storage and release and neurofilament triplet proteins. (cedarlanelabs.com)
- Additionally, acupuncture stimulation at GV20 significantly restored the expression of choline transporter 1 (CHT1), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), BDNF and CREB mRNA in the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
- Specifically, the activity of choline acetyltransferase, critical in the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh), is depleted, together with ACh levels, as cholinergic neurons are lost and cholinergic neurotransmission increasingly declines with disease progression [5] [6]. (scirp.org)
- First, the researchers used 3D computer simulations to examine how six PPI variants based on different active substances interacted with an enzyme called choline acetyltransferase, the function of which is to synthesize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (prohealth.com)
- An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. (bvsalud.org)
Antibody3
- Western Blot: Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody [NBP1-30052] - Rat brain lysate showing specific immunolabeling of the ~70k ChAT. (novusbio.com)
- Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody [NBP1-30052] - Representative images of lumbar spinal cord sections at 130 days immunostained with Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT. (novusbio.com)
- Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody [NBP1-30052] - Rat brainstem showing specific labeling using the anti-ChAT antibody. (novusbio.com)
Cholinergic4
- Murine choline-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) is a 71,721 dalton protein(640 amino acids) expressed in cholinergic neurons of both the PNS and CNS. (neuromics.com)
- Choline acetyltransferase (CAT), which is known to be a specific marker of cholinergic neurons, best reflects spinal motoneuron function. (elsevier.com)
- A small subset of interneurons, called cholinergic interneurons (CINs), is characterized by expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). (latitudes.org)
- The present study describes the spatial distribution of cholinergic neurons throughout the brain of the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, using in situ hybridization of choline acetyltransferase mRNA. (hu-berlin.de)
Proteins2
- To analyze the nature and time course of these events, we investigated changes in cytoskeletal elements (phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament (NF) proteins) and transmitter-related enzymes (choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in MSN neurons following FF transection. (elsevier.com)
- Acupuncture stimulation at GV20 significantly alleviated memory-associated decreases in the levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), BDNF and CREB proteins in the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurons4
- Quantitation following choline acetyltransferease (ChAT) immunohistochemistry revealed a significant decrease in the number of ChAT positive neurons within the MS, HDB and SI/NB, but not VDB following ovariectomy. (elsevier.com)
- Immunohistochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) containing neurons in the human central nervous system. (mpg.de)
- Morphoquantitative analyses of myenteric and submucous neurons immunoreactive to P2X 2 and P2X 7 receptors, nitric oxide sintase (NOS), calretinin, calbindin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) of the rats distal colon submitted to undernutrition and refeeding proteic. (usp.br)
- The aim of the work was to analyze the distal colon myenteric (MN) and submucous (SN) neurons immunoreactive for P2X 2 -7 receptors, calbindin (Calb-ir), calretinin (Calr-ir), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) of the animals submitted to undernutrition and refeeding proteic. (usp.br)
Immunohistochemical1
- Immunohistochemical staining was performed with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF). (edu.au)
CHAT3
- A DNA fragment of 219 bp was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on human genomic DNA using two oligonucleotide mixtures derived from peptide sequences of human placenta choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and from partially conserved amino acid sequences of rat, porcine and Drosophila ChAT. (elsevier.com)
- The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in ChAT (Choline acetyltransferase) are associated with presynaptic defects in CMS, and mutations in ColQ and LAMB2 cause synaptic defects in CMS. (biomedcentral.com)
Tyrosine Hydroxylase1
- These neuron-like cells and their neurites retain tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyl transferase, as detected immunohistochemically. (nii.ac.jp)
Uptake2
- In these patients and in one monkey, blood-brain barrier opening was followed by 18F-Choline uptake in the putamen and midbrain regions based on positron emission tomography. (bvsalud.org)
- 28]. In various other studies, nevertheless, 17-AAG treatment triggered a decline altogether choline amounts (made up of choline, Computer and GPC) in prostate tumor xenografts [29] as well as the (R)-Oxiracetam prices of radiolabelled-choline uptake and phosphorylation in individual cancer of the colon cells which will be expected to create a decrease in mobile Computer [30]. (ebat2018.org)
Human1
- Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the human brain: changes in Huntington's chorea. (bmj.com)
Distribution1
- Estrogen Receptor Immunoreactivity in the Adult Primate Brain: Neuronal Distribution and Association with p75, trkA, and Choline Acetyltransferase. (bvsalud.org)
Activity1
- Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were concentrated in and near the inner plexiform layer, within which two peaks of activity for each enzyme were obtained. (duke.edu)
Yellow1
- Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the retinal layers of pigeon red and yellow fields. (duke.edu)
Acetylcholinesterase2
- This is mediated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to yield choline and acetate. (news-medical.net)
- Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and muscarinic receptor autoradiography demonstrated a cholinergic innervation within the superior colliculus. (elsevier.com)
Levels of choline acetyltransferase1
- Here we report the effects of partial immunolesions on the levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and NGF receptor mRNA levels in the basal forebrain of 3- and 30-month-old rats. (utmb.edu)
Amounts of choline3
- Most individuals consume adequate amounts of choline, although there is evidence that current recommendations might be insufficient for some adult men. (researchgate.net)
- Lack of sufficient amounts of choline in the diet can lead to a fatty liver condition and general liver damage. (hmdb.ca)
- Eggs are often considered "brain food" because they supply high amounts of choline. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Human choline acetyltransferase2
- Substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of human choline acetyltransferase. (proteopedia.org)
- 6. Transcriptional activation of human choline acetyltransferase by AP2- and NGF-induced factors. (nih.gov)
Porcine choline acetyltransferase1
- cDNA cloning and complete sequence of porcine choline acetyltransferase: in vitro translation of the corresponding RNA yields an active protein. (nih.gov)
ChAT12
- In Alzheimer's disease (AD), loss of cortical and hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity has been correlated with dementia severity and disease duration, and it forms the basis for current therapies. (elsevier.com)
- The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. (medlineplus.gov)
- We report the structure of human ChAT to a resolution of 2.2 A along with structures for binary complexes of ChAT with choline, CoA, and a nonhydrolyzable acetyl-CoA analogue, S-(2-oxopropyl)-CoA. (proteopedia.org)
- The ChAT-choline complex shows which features of choline are important for binding and explains how modifications of the choline trimethylammonium group can be tolerated by the enzyme. (proteopedia.org)
- We also observed that 66% of the GFP + cells were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunopositive at 1.5 months. (zfin.org)
- The conditioned medium of BIM cells enhanced choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in septal neurons and survival of ciliary ganglion neurons. (elsevier.com)
- The compounds were assayed for their ability to stimulate choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in embryonic rat spinal cord cultures. (montclair.edu)
- Courtagen found a mutation in the CHAT gene (choline O-acetyltransferase). (painwithpurpose.com)
- These neurons express the 75-kDa low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), both proteins are specifically expressed by neonatal and embryonic motor neurons in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
- Double immunostaining experiments revealed that only the large-sized CR+ neurons expressed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). (ulaval.ca)
- For instance, the ventral part of MHb (MHbV) contains cholinergic neurons that are choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive. (en-journal.org)
- Therefore, the present investigation analyzed the three-dimensional spatial organization of 14,000 cholinergic neurons that expressed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in these subcortical nuclei of the mouse forebrain. (nii.ac.jp)
Acetylase1
- The concentrations of free amino acids and the activities of transmitter-related enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), choline acetylase (ChAC) and GABA-transaminase (GABA-t) were measured in cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei from the mouse mutant Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) at various times before and after Purkinje cell loss. (semanticscholar.org)
Enzyme7
- choline acetyltransferase) can be translated into active enzyme. (nih.gov)
- A detailed model of the ternary Michaelis complex fully supports the direct transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to choline through a mechanism similar to that seen in the serine hydrolases for the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate. (proteopedia.org)
- pseudocholinesterase enzyme is involved in the breakdown of choline ester drugs. (nih.gov)
- The hydrolysis reaction proceeds by nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon, acylating the enzyme and liberating choline. (weizmann.ac.il)
- Only 0.9% of the neurons demonstrating nerve growth factor receptor in the basal nuclear complex lacked the cholinergic synthetic enzyme, and a similarly small percentage of cholinergic cells, 7.1%, were choline acetyltransferase-positive but nerve growth factor receptor-negative. (princeton.edu)
- Immunohistochemical staining of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase identified cell bodies of cholinergic neurons, and c-Fos immunolabeling identified active cells. (brocku.ca)
- An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. (bvsalud.org)
Gene1
- Toward the visualization of the development of the vertebrate ENS, we report our creation of a new transgenic line, Tg(chata:GGFF2) which has a 1.5-kb upstream region of the zebrafish choline acetyltransferase a (chata) gene followed by modified green fluorescent protein (gfp). (zfin.org)
Neurons that expressed1
- In the submucosal plexus, CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in neurons that expressed calbindin, substance P, choline acetyltransferase, or neuropeptide Y. Application of CRF evoked slowly activating depolarizing responses associated with elevated excitability in both myenteric and submucosal neurons. (unboundmedicine.com)
Form of choline3
- Neurons and fibers were labeled with a novel mouse anti-human peripheral form of choline acetyltransferase antibody. (nih.gov)
- Intrinsic cholinergic neurons and fibers were labeled with a novel mouse anti-human peripheral form of choline acetyltransferase (pChAT) antibody as green color. (nih.gov)
- This highly bioavailable form of choline quickly enters your brain. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Alzheimer's5
- The degree of reduction of choline acetyltransferase activity in cerebral cholinergic neurons is significantly correlated with the severity of dementia or cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
- Therefore, Alzheimer's disease may be slowed by supplementation of exogenous choline acetyltransferase. (nih.gov)
- The recombination TAT-choline acetyltransferase fusion protein injected intravenously improves the memory and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease model mice induced by amyloid-beta peptide. (nih.gov)
- Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy are all characterized by loss of neurons in the basal forebrain cholinergic system and by associated reductions in cortical presynaptic cholinergic markers, such as choline acetyltransferase. (nih.gov)
- IN Alzheimer's disease the brain has a variety of neurotransmitter deficits, and the most striking and consistent change is a marked decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase, a marker for cholinergic neurons. (elsevier.com)
Metabolism4
- The diet-derived choline is taken up by cholinergic neurons via choline uptake transporter (ChT) where is combines with acetyl molecules produced from the metabolism of glucose. (news-medical.net)
- Also reviewed are the mechanisms by which exercise might affect blood choline levels, and the links between methyl metabolism and the availability of free choline are highlighted. (researchgate.net)
- The data from our study indicate a sex difference in apoptosis and differences in hippocampal morphology and choline metabolism as a result of dietary folic acid deficiency. (biorxiv.org)
- Choline is needed by your body for liver function, normal brain function and development , nerve function, muscle movement, cellular energy and metabolism. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Mice1
- Choline Acetyl-Transferase expressing neurons in adult mice forebrains, visualized by immunolabeling of the tdTomato reporter protein using the iDISCO method. (stanford.edu)
Protein2
- Each reaction contained the following components in a final volume of 0.05 ml, except where noted: 50 mM _ potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 200 mI NaCl, 1 mM EDTA (potassium salt), 2.6 mM _ choline iodide, 0.5% Triton X-100 (Packard), 2.2 mM [#C]lacetyl CoA (10 Ci/mol), 0.1 mM neostigmine methylsulfate, and 0-0.5 mg of homogenate protein. (nih.gov)
- Duplicate or triplicate homogenates were prepared and each was assayed for choline acetvltransferase activity at 4 con- centrations of protein. (nih.gov)
Substrate3
- Endurance exercise might stress several of these pathways, increasing the demand for choline as a metabolic substrate. (researchgate.net)
- for choline as a metabolic substrate. (researchgate.net)
- This last term has led to confusion, and in this thesis the term cholinesterases will refer to all choline ester hydrolysing enzymes, irrespective of their substrate specificity. (weizmann.ac.il)
Neuroblastoma1
- The poorly differentiated and slow growing cells secrete different neuroblastoma specific peptides and synthesise choline acetyltransferase. (hsanmartino.it)
Increases1
- After taking the concentration of choline in the blood plasma increases significantly. (pillbuys.com)
Nerve growth3
- Sequential immunohistochemical demonstration of nerve growth factor receptor and choline acetyltransferase on the same tissue section in the rat revealed that approximately 92% of all cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain possessed that receptor. (princeton.edu)
- Affiliation of nerve growth factor receptor with structural entities morphologically indistinguishable from those demonstrating choline acetyltransferase on separate but corresponding tissue sections was also observed in the telencephalic fiber tracts and terminal fields of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, including cholinergic puncta in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. (princeton.edu)
- Nerve growth factor receptor was not found in association with choline acetyltransferase-positive somata of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, however, nor were fibers immunoreactive for nerve growth factor receptor observed originating from those cell bodies. (princeton.edu)
Synthesis1
- It is the availabilities of both acetyl-CoA and choline that determine ACh synthesis. (news-medical.net)
Drosophila3
- We also report the sequence of a full length Drosophila choline acetyltransferase cDNA and demonstrate that RNA produced by this clone is translated into active choline acetyltransferase but at a significantly reduced efficiency when compared to the partial cDNA clone. (nih.gov)
- These results indicate that translational control may be an important regulatory step in production of Drosophila choline acetyltransferase. (nih.gov)
- Cloning of Drosophila choline acetyltransferase cDNA. (nih.gov)
Deficiency1
- Choline deficiency also leads to elevated serum levels of alanine amino transferase and is associated with increased incidence of liver cancer. (hmdb.ca)
Lecithin4
- insufficiency can be combatted by taking a choline supplement, usually in the form of lecithin. (news-medical.net)
- Choline is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. (hmdb.ca)
- Most choline is found in phospholipids, namely phosphatidylcholine or lecithin. (hmdb.ca)
- Alpha GPC (L-Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a choline source derived from soy or sunflower lecithin. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Endogenous1
- Expression of light-activated channelrhodopsin 2 in these neurons is governed by Cre expression under the endogenous choline acetyltransferase promoter, and we describe a method to decrease variability in channelrhodopsin expression in future experiments. (elsevier.com)
Esters2
Decrease2
- ficient to significantly decrease circulating choline stores. (researchgate.net)
- The pathology behind AD is the progress of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, accumulation of amyloid plaque, loss of cholinergic neurons, and decrease in choline acetyltransferase. (bvsalud.org)
Supplementation1
- Moreover, oral choline supplementation might only increase endurance performance in activities that reduce circulating choline levels below normal. (researchgate.net)
Mutations1
- Choline acetyltransferase mutations cause myasthenic syndrome associated with episodic apnea in humans. (proteopedia.org)
Receptor1
- CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity was coexpressed with calbindin, choline acetyltransferase, and substance P in the myenteric plexus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Medicine1
- Choline was recognized as an " essential " nutrient by the US Institute of Medicine in 1998. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Inhibitors1
- Krell, RD & Goldberg, AM 1973, ' The in vivo effects of irreversible inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) ', Federation Proceedings , vol. 32, no. 3 (I). (elsevier.com)
BChE1
- 1993). Certain human individuals have a mutant BChE which lacks the ability to hydrolyse succinyl choline. (weizmann.ac.il)