Acetyltransferases
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
Choline Kinase
Histone Acetyltransferases
Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
p300-CBP Transcription Factors
A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION.
Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase
Serine O-Acetyltransferase
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A
An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa10p catalytic subunit and the Naa15p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between lower and higher eukaryotes. It has specificity for N-terminal SERINE; ALANINE; THREONINE; GLYCINE; VALINE; and CYSTINE residues and acts on nascent peptide chains after the removal of the initiator METHIONINE by METHIONYL AMINOPEPTIDASES.
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Hemicholinium 3
A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.
Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Base Sequence
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Betaine
A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
Escherichia coli O157
A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline
Transcription, Genetic
Choline Dehydrogenase
Histones
Amino Acid Sequence
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins
Plasmids
CREB-Binding Protein
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Transfection
Phosphatidylcholines
Cloning, Molecular
O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase
E1A-Associated p300 Protein
Gene Expression Regulation
Acetylcholinesterase
Transcription Factors
N-Terminal Acetyltransferases
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase B
An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa20p catalytic subunit and the Naa25p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between YEASTS and HUMAN. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either ASPARTATE; GLUTAMATE; ASPARAGINE; OR GLUTAMINE.
Acetylcholine
Spermine
A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.
Nuclear Proteins
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Binding Sites
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
Spermidine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine
Transcriptional Activation
DNA-Binding Proteins
Ethanolamine
Mutation
Cysteine Synthase
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Protein Binding
Trans-Activators
Restriction Mapping
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Lipotropic Agents
Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Chromatin
Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Deanol
Substrate Specificity
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Acyltransferases
Cells, Cultured
HeLa Cells
Liver
Genes, Reporter
Chloramphenicol Resistance
Anacardic Acids
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase
Substantia Innominata
Glucosamine 6-Phosphate N-Acetyltransferase
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.
Carnitine
Platelet Activating Factor
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Genes, Regulator
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Genes
Histone Deacetylases
Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.
Gene Expression
Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Neurons
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Phospholipids
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
Biogenic Polyamines
Choline
Enzyme Induction
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
DNA Primers
Putrescine
Creatine
Nucleosomes
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Phosphatidylethanolamines
Membrane Transport Proteins
Septum of Brain
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Cholinergic Agents
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.
Phosphate Acetyltransferase
Inositol
An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
Blotting, Northern
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Repressor Proteins
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase
Cattle
Methylation
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Blotting, Western
Ornithine Decarboxylase
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
Physostigmine
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Models, Molecular
Acetylcarnitine
Prosencephalon
Septum Pellucidum
Phosphotransferases
Protein Biosynthesis
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Genetic Vectors
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Rabbits
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
DNA, Complementary
Rats, Inbred Strains
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Nootropic Agents
Biological Transport
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase F
An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa60p catalytic subunit. It is found in higher eukayotes and displays a substrate specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either LEUCINE; LYSINE; PHENYALANINE; ISOLEUCINE; or TRYPTOPHANE.
Carrier Proteins
Mice, Transgenic
Catalysis
Chickens
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Gene Deletion
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine
Plumbaginaceae
Enzyme Inhibitors
Kanamycin Kinase
DNA, Recombinant
Thioctic Acid
Aspartic Acid
Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Thiocholine
Consensus Sequence
A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
Phenotype
TATA Box
Adenovirus E1A Proteins
Aminoglycosides
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Naphthylvinylpyridine
Carbon Isotopes
Oligonucleotide Probes
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
Introns
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION, broad thumbs, webbing of fingers and toes, beaked nose, short upper lip, pouting lower lip, agenesis of corpus callosum, large foramen magnum, keloid formation, pulmonary stenosis, vertebral anomalies, chest wall anomalies, sleep apnea, and megacolon. The disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and is associated with deletions of the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13.3).
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Improvement by nefiracetam of beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. (1/969)
1. We have previously demonstrated that continuous i.c.v. infusion of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the major constituent of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, results in learning and memory deficits in rats. 2. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nefiracetam [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide, DM-9384] on A beta-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats. 3. In the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, spontaneous alternation behaviour in a Y-maze task, spatial reference and working memory in a water maze task, and retention of passive avoidance learning were significantly impaired as compared with A beta-(40-1)-infused control rats. 4. Nefiracetam, at a dose range of 1-10 mg kg(-1), improved learning and memory deficits in the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats when it was administered p.o. 1 h before the behavioural tests. 5. Nefiracetam at a dose of 3 mg kg(-1) p.o. increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats. 6. Nefiracetam increased dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex and striatum of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, but failed to affect the noradrenaline, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content. 7. These results suggest that nefiracetam may be useful for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. (+info)Establishment and characterization of human neuroblastoma cell lines. (2/969)
Three new tissue culture cell lines, CHP-100, CHP-126, and CHP-134, have been established from explant cultures of human neuroblastoma. The cell lines have been characterized with respect to morphology, chromosomes constitution, growth, neural enzyme content, and their ability to grow in nude mice. The cells grow as dense masses comprised of fibroblast-or neuroblast-like cells with small processes. The cell lines differ in their neural enzyme acitivity. The chromosomal content of the 3 cell lines is near diploid, and all are capable of forming tumors in nude mice. The morphological findings indicate that the cells in culture resemble those found in the tumor, and the enzyme activities are consistent with those of nervous tissue. This the morphological, biochemical, and tumorigenic properties confirm that the 3 cell lines are neoplastic cells of neural origin. (+info)Immunohistological studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 6-deficient mice show no abnormality of retinal cell organization and ganglion cell maturation. (3/969)
Immature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) initially show a multistratified dendritic pattern, and, during the postnatal period, these dendrites gradually monostratify into ON and OFF sublaminae. The selective agonist of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP-4), hyperpolarizes ON bipolar cells and reduces glutamate release. On the basis of L-AP-4-evoked inhibitory effects on ON-OFF segregation of developing RGCs, it has been hypothesized that glutamate-mediated synaptic activity is crucial for formation of the ON-OFF network. Gene-targeted ablation of mGluR6 specifically expressed in ON bipolar cells blocks normal ON responses but has been predicted to enhance glutamate release from ON bipolar cells. The mGluR6 knock-out mouse therefore provides a unique opportunity to investigate whether glutamate release and ON responses are important factors in the development of ON-OFF segregation. The combination of several different morphological analyses indicates that ON bipolar cells, as well as several distinct amacrine cells, in mGluR6 knock-out mice are normally distributed and correctly extend their terminals to defined retinal laminae. Importantly, both alpha and delta RGCs in adult mGluR6 knock-out mice are found monostratified into cell type-specific layers. Furthermore, no difference between wild-type and mGluR6 knock-out mice is observed in the maturation and dendritic stratification of developing RGCs. Hence, despite a deficit in normal ON responses, mGluR6 deficiency causes no abnormality in the retinal cellular organization nor in the stratifications of both ON bipolar cells and developing and mature RGCs. Based on these findings, we discuss several possible mechanisms that may underlie ON-OFF segregation of RGCs. (+info)A nerve growth factor mimetic TrkA antagonist causes withdrawal of cortical cholinergic boutons in the adult rat. (4/969)
Cholinergic neurons respond to the administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) in vivo with a prominent and selective increase of choline acetyl transferase activity. This suggests the possible involvement of endogenous NGF, acting through its receptor TrkA, in the maintenance of central nervous system cholinergic synapses in the adult rat brain. To test this hypothesis, a small peptide, C(92-96), that blocks NGF-TrkA interactions was delivered stereotactically into the rat cortex over a 2-week period, and its effect and potency were compared with those of an anti-NGF monoclonal antibody (mAb NGF30). Two presynaptic antigenic sites were studied by immunoreactivity, and the number of presynaptic sites was counted by using an image analysis system. Synaptophysin was used as a marker for overall cortical synapses, and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter was used as a marker for cortical cholinergic presynaptic sites. No significant variations in the number of synaptophysin-immunoreactive sites were observed. However, both mAb NGF30 and the TrkA antagonist C(92-96) provoked a significant decrease in the number and size of vesicular acetylcholine transporter-IR sites, with the losses being more marked in the C(92-96) treated rats. These observations support the notion that endogenously produced NGF acting through TrkA receptors is involved in the maintenance of the cholinergic phenotype in the normal, adult rat brain and supports the idea that NGF normally plays a role in the continual remodeling of neural circuits during adulthood. The development of neurotrophin mimetics with antagonistic and eventually agonist action may contribute to therapeutic strategies for central nervous system degeneration and trauma. (+info)Mapping the active site in vasoactive intestinal peptide to a core of four amino acids: neuroprotective drug design. (5/969)
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to peptide action entails the identification of a core active site. The major 28-aa neuropeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), provides neuroprotection. A lipophilic derivative with a stearyl moiety at the N-terminal and norleucine residue replacing the Met-17 was 100-fold more potent than VIP in promoting neuronal survival, acting at femtomolar-picomolar concentration. To identify the active site in VIP, over 50 related fragments containing an N-terminal stearic acid attachment and an amidated C terminus were designed, synthesized, and tested for neuroprotective properties. Stearyl-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-NH2 (derived from the C terminus of VIP and the related peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide) captured the neurotrophic effects offered by the entire 28-aa parent lipophilic derivative and protected against beta-amyloid toxicity in vitro. Furthermore, the 4-aa lipophilic peptide recognized VIP-binding sites and enhanced choline acetyltransferase activity as well as cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease-related in vivo models. Biodistribution studies following intranasal administration of radiolabeled peptide demonstrated intact peptide in the brain 30 min after administration. Thus, lipophilic peptide fragments offer bioavailability and stability, providing lead compounds for drug design against neurodegenerative diseases. (+info)Millimeter-scale positioning of a nerve-growth-factor source and biological activity in the brain. (6/969)
Toxicity prevents the systemic administration of many therapeutic proteins, and attempts at protein targeting via the circulatory system (i.e., "magic bullets") have failed in all but a few special cases. Direct administration at the target site is a logical alternative, particularly in the central nervous system, but the limits of direct administration have not been defined clearly. Nerve growth factor (NGF) enhances survival of cholinergic neurons and, therefore, has generated considerable interest for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We tested the effectiveness of local delivery by implanting small polymer pellets that slowly released NGF into the central nervous system of adult rats at controlled distances from a target site containing transplanted fetal cholinergic cells. NGF-releasing implants placed within 1-2 mm of the treatment site enhanced the biological function of cellular targets, whereas identical implants placed approximately 3 mm from the target site of treatment produced no beneficial effect. Effective NGF therapy required millimeter-scale positioning of the NGF source, and efficacy correlated with the spatial distribution of NGF concentration in the tissue; this result suggests that NGF must be delivered within several millimeters of the target to be effective in treating Alzheimer's disease. Because the human brain is divided into functional regions that are typically several centimeters in diameter and often irregular in shape, new methods for sculpting larger-scale drug fields are needed. We illustrate a concept, called pharmacotectonics, in which drug-delivery systems are arranged spatially in tissues to shape concentration fields for potent agents. (+info)The induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by the loss of LBP-p40. (7/969)
To analyze the function of the laminin-binding protein precursor p40 (LBP-p40) in higher eukaryotic cells, plasmid DNA expressing antisense or sense cDNA for p40 under the control of the LacSwitch system was introduced into HeLa cells. Stable transformants were isolated, and the expression of p40 was assayed by Western and Northern blotting. The expression level of p40 was not affected in HeLa cell transformants cultured in 10% serum-supplemented media with the induction of antisense (AS)-p40 with 5 mM IPTG. However, both the protein and message for endogenous p40 in serum-depleted media with 5 mM IPTG were reduced to about 30 - 10% of the expression level in serum-free media without 5 mM IPTG. Colony formation was inhibited with the suppression of p40. AS-p40 clones died in 7 days when cultured in serum-depleted media with 5 mM IPTG, while clones without 5 mM IPTG AS-p40 clones never died, even in serum-depleted media. Additionally, sense (S)-p40 clones and control CAT clones survived more than 2 weeks in serum-free media with 5 mM IPTG. DNA fragmentation assay revealed that cell death induced by the reduction of AS-p40 resulted from apoptosis. Both the inhibition of cell growth and apoptotic cell death were partially rescued by the transfer of the p40 cDNA expression vector to AS-p40 clones. Moreover, the introduction of a synthetic hammerhead ribozyme for LBP-p40 using a fusigenic viral liposome suppressed the message for LBP-p40 even in the presence of 10% serum, and it also induced apoptosis. (+info)Egr-1 inhibits apoptosis during the UV response: correlation of cell survival with Egr-1 phosphorylation. (8/969)
UV irradiation of normal or immortalized cells induces a rapid increase in the expression of several transcription factors and is thought to serve a protective function. The human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080 clone H4, expresses almost undetectable levels of Egr-1 and does not respond to UV-C irradiation by the induction of Egr-1. The H4 cells are hypersensitive to UV which induces apoptosis and reduces clonogenicity. The introduction of exogenous Egr-1 into H4 (H4E9 and H4E4 cell-lines) confers protection from UV damage as measured by a number of assays. In both NIH3T3 (with inducible Egr-1) and H4E9 (constitutive Egr-1) cells, UV irradiation gave enhanced transactivation of Egr-1 reporters that correlated with phosphorylated Egr-1. Studies using inhibitors indicated that protein kinase-C and tyrosine kinases are involved in the anti-apoptotic effects of Egr-1 after UV damage. This is the first description of a biological effect of phosphorylated Egr-1. (+info)
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AID 51967 - Compound was tested in vitro for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (maximal ChAT stimulation) in embryonic...
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Choline benefits! Choline Supplements! Choline Diet!
Transferase
Choline acetyltransferase (also known as ChAT or CAT) is an important enzyme which produces the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ... Strauss WL, Kemper RR, Jayakar P, Kong CF, Hersh LB, Hilt DC, Rabin M (Feb 1991). "Human choline acetyltransferase gene maps to ... "Choline O-Acetyltransferase". GeneCards: The Human Gene Compendium. Weizmann Institute of Science. Retrieved 5 December 2013. ... Maselli RA, Chen D, Mo D, Bowe C, Fenton G, Wollmann RL (Feb 2003). "Choline acetyltransferase mutations in myasthenic syndrome ...
Reinhard F. Stocker
Python F, Stocker RF (2002) Immunoreactivity against choline acetyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid, histamine, octopamine ... Python, F; Stocker, Reinhard F. (2002-10-08). "Immunoreactivity against choline acetyltransferase, ?-aminobutyric acid, ...
Glutamate decarboxylase
choline→Acetylcholine. anabolism:. *Choline acetyltransferase. catabolism:. *Cholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase, ...
Tyrosine hydroxylase
choline→Acetylcholine. anabolism:. *Choline acetyltransferase. catabolism:. *Cholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase, ...
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
"Nuclear choline acetyltransferase activates transcription of a high-affinity choline transporter". The Journal of Biological ... Chireux MA, Le Van Thai A, Weber MJ (Mar 1995). "Human choline acetyltransferase gene: localization of alternative first exons ... located within the first intron of the choline acetyltransferase gene. VAChT is able to transport ACh into vesicles by relying ...
P19 cell
Differentiated cells also have choline acetyltransferase and acetyl cholinesterase activities. When treated with DMSO, cardiac ...
Cholinergic neuron
The problem with this therapy is that choline acetyltransferase is largely blocked by the blood-brain barrier. PTD-ChAT is a ... It is normal in aging for circadian rhythms to deteriorate as choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) fluctuations change in pattern ... Alzheimer's typically involves a decline in the activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, as well as a ... Cholinergic neurons have significantly reduced choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine activity, which is correlated to the ...
Naphthylvinylpyridine
Several NVP derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit choline acetyltransferase and protect ... Haubrich, DR; Goldberg, ME (1975). "Homovanillic acid concentration in the rat brain: Effect of a choline acetyltransferase ... However, NVP's method of acetylcholine (ACh) antagonism involves inhibiting the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. ... "Synthesis of a naphthylvinylpyridine derivative and its use for affinity chromatography of choline acetyltransferase". ...
Neuronal lineage marker
There are two key markers in these studies: choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT ... Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) is expressed in cholinergic neurons of both the CNS and PNS. In the CNS, ChAT is expressed in ... "ChAT or Choline Acetyltransferase Antibody". neuromics.com. Retrieved 2014-04-19. Tian, C.; Liu, Q.; Ma, K.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Q ... choline acetyltransferase, parvalbumin, and neurofilament protein. All of these antigens are present in specific neuronal cell ...
Acetylcholine
... is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl- ... Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become ... which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency, and can ... Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. Because of the presence of a highly polar, ...
CEBPB
Robert I, Sutter A, Quirin-Stricker C (October 2002). "Synergistic activation of the human choline acetyltransferase gene by c- ... giving rise to substance P and neurokinin A and the choline acetyltransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of the important ...
Tricyanoaminopropene
Paul JW, DaVanzo JP (June 1992). "1,1,3 Tricyano-2-amino-1-propene (Triap) stimulates choline acetyltransferase activity in ... It stimulates the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, resulting in increased acetylcholine production. This then ...
Ann Silver
In 1961 she was awarded a PhD in physiology, concerning the transport of choline acetyltransferase in nerves. Her PhD was ... While there, Silver worked on the acetylcholine system, mapping the enzymes, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and ...
Acetylcholine
... is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl- ... Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become ... Hunt R, Taveau M (1906). "On the physiological action of certain choline derivatives and new methods for detecting choline". ... which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency, and can ...
Hemicholinium-3
... by the action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Thus, decreasing the amount of choline available to a neuron will decrease ... Hemicholinium-3 (HC3), also known as hemicholine, is a drug which blocks the reuptake of choline by the high-affinity choline ... The reuptake of choline is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of acetylcholine; hence, hemicholinium-3 decreases the ... Neurons affected by hemicholinium-3 must rely on the transport of choline from the soma (cell body), rather than relying on ...
Tubocurarine chloride
Acetylcholine is produced in the body of the neuron by choline acetyltransferase and transported down the axon to the synaptic ...
Acetyl-CoA
Choline, in combination with acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and ... This acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases. This acetylation affects cell growth, mitosis, and apoptosis. Allosteric ...
Neuromuscular junction disease
... type of congenital myasthenia gravis can affect the junction presynaptically by a mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl transferase ... This protein is an enzyme that is responsible for catalyzing the reaction that combines acetyl-coenzyime A with choline, ...
Acetylcholinesterase
... by the pre-synaptic neuron and ACh is synthesized by combining with acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase ... The hydrolysis reaction of the carboxyl ester leads to the formation of an acyl-enzyme and free choline. Then, the acyl-enzyme ... AChE is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes choline esters. It has a very high catalytic activity-each molecule of AChE degrades about ... It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as ...
Bifemelane
"Effects of bifemelane on muscarinic receptors and choline acetyltransferase in the brains of aged rats following chronic ...
Amacrine cell
These amacrine cells are usually characterised by their expression of choline acetyltransferase, or ChAT, and are known to play ...
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
... that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus contain various neuropeptides ...
List of enzymes
EC 2.3.1 Aminolevulinic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.37 Choline acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6 Category:EC 2.3.2 Factor XIII EC 2.3. ...
HSD2 neuron
... choline acetyltransferase, nitric oxide synthase, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, neuropeptide FF, substance P, somatostatin, ...
List of EC numbers (EC 2)
... arylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6: choline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.7: carnitine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.8: ... D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.35: glutamate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.36: D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC ... amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.2: imidazole N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3: glucosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.4 ... glycine C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.30: serine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.31: homoserine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.32: ...
Coluracetam
... has been shown to reverse the loss of choline acetyltransferase production in the medial septal nucleus of rats ... Murai S, Saito H, Abe E, Masuda Y, Odashima J, Itoh T (1994). "MKC-231, a choline uptake enhancer, ameliorates working memory ... Bessho T, Takashina K, Eguchi J, Komatsu T, Saito K (July 2008). "MKC-231, a choline-uptake enhancer: (1) long-lasting ... April 1996). "Effect of the novel high affinity choline uptake enhancer 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(2,3-dimethyl-5,6,7,8- ...
Amifampridine
... particularly those with defects in choline acetyltransferase, downstream kinase 7, and those where any kind of defect causes " ... Activity of these enzymes (primarily N-acetyltransferase 2) in different individuals seems to be primarily responsible for the ... The substance is deactivated by acetylation via N-acetyltransferases to the single metabolite 3-N-acetylamifampridine. ...
Chat
Chile Choline acetyltransferase; an enzyme that synthesises acetylcholine (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase, an enzyme Chat ( ...
Post-traumatic amnesia
... but more recent evidence implicates increased activity levels of choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the ...
SLC44A1
"Differential expression and regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 and choline acetyltransferase in neurons ... Choline transporter-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC44A1 gene.[5][6][7] ... "Impaired trafficking of choline transporter-like protein-1 at plasma membrane and inhibition of choline transport in THP-1 ... choline transmembrane transporter activity. Cellular component. • extracellular exosome. • nucleoplasm. • mitochondrion. • ...
HADHB
acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase. *N-Acetylglutamate synthase. *Choline acetyltransferase. * ...
Ficheru:Acetylcholine.svg
Choline acetyltransferase. *Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. *Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. *History of psychiatry. * ...
Histone acetyltransferase
acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase. *N-Acetylglutamate synthase. *Choline acetyltransferase. * ... Acetyltransferase. References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g h i Lee KK, Workman JL (April 2007). "Histone acetyltransferase complexes ... Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring ... Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs)[edit]. HATs can be grouped into several different families based on sequence homology ...
Acetyl-CoA
Choline, in combination with acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and ... This acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases. This acetylation affects cell growth, mitosis, and apoptosis.[18] ...
Paraxanthine
... paraxanthine is broken down into 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil through N-acetyl-transferase 2, which is then ...
Theophylline
Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor. Hidden categories: *Webarchive template other archives. *Webarchive template wayback links ...
ඇසිටයිල්කෝලීන් - විකිපීඩියා, නිදහස් විශ්වකෝෂය
choline, acetyl-CoA. Biosynthesis. choline acetyltransferase. Metabolism. acetylcholinesterase. Identifiers. IUPAC name. *2- ...
Melatonin
It has been proposed that histidine residue His122 of serotonin N-acetyl transferase is the catalytic residue that deprotonates ... Hickman AB, Klein DC, Dyda F (1999). "Melatonin biosynthesis: the structure of serotonin N-acetyltransferase at 2.5 A ... but is also converted into N-acetylserotonin by serotonin N-acetyltransferase with acetyl-CoA.[54] Hydroxyindole O- ... the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). On exposure to (day)light, noradrenergic stimulation stops and the protein is ...
List of enzymes
Choline acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6. *Category:EC 2.3.2 *Factor XIII EC 2.3.2.13 ...
Methamphetamine
... such as a reduction in N-acetylaspartate and creatine levels and elevated levels of choline and myoinositol.[22] ... the phosphorylation of which induces its association with the histone acetyltransferase, CREB binding protein (CBP) to ... Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the ...
Diglyceride acyltransferase
acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase. *N-Acetylglutamate synthase. *Choline acetyltransferase. * ...
بازدارنده آنزیم - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Choline acetyltransferase inhibitors. 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium • 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium • 3-Chloro-4- ...
Fatty acid synthase
acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase. *N-Acetylglutamate synthase. *Choline acetyltransferase. * ... acyl-carrier-protein S-acetyltransferase activity]. • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds. • [acyl-carrier-protein S- ... malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT), and dehydrase (DH)), are separated by a core region of 600 residues from four C-terminal ...
Choline transporter-like protein 1
"Differential expression and regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 and choline acetyltransferase in neurons ... "Impaired trafficking of choline transporter-like protein-1 at plasma membrane and inhibition of choline transport in THP-1 ... Choline transporter-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC44A1 gene. Cluster of differentiation ... Traiffort E, Ruat M, O'Regan S, Meunier FM (March 2005). "Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like ...
Choline acetyltransferase
Structure of choline acetyltransferase binding sites Crystal structure of choline ion bound in choline acetyltransferase. Side ... In humans, the choline acetyltransferase enzyme is encoded by the CHAT gene. Choline acetyltransferase was first described by ... Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the ... Oda Y (2000). "Choline acetyltransferase: the structure, distribution and pathologic changes in the central nervous system". ...
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
PDOC00402 - Acyltransferases ChoActase / COT / CPT family in PROSITE Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase family[permanent dead ... "Crystal structure of carnitine acetyltransferase and implications for the catalytic mechanism and fatty acid transport". Cell. ...
Choline acetyltransferase - Wikipedia
Structure of choline acetyltransferase binding sites Crystal structure of choline ion bound in choline acetyltransferase. Side ... In humans, the choline acetyltransferase enzyme is encoded by the CHAT gene. Choline acetyltransferase was first described by ... Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the ... Oda Y (2000). "Choline acetyltransferase: the structure, distribution and pathologic changes in the central nervous system". ...
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Choline O-acetyltransferase - Q03059 (CLAT MOUSE)
Choline Acetyltransferase peptide (736-748) (ab45678) | Abcam
Buy our Choline Acetyltransferase peptide (736-748). Ab45678 is a blocking peptide for ab27484 and has been validated in BL. ... Choline Acetyltransferase peptide (736-748). See all Choline Acetyltransferase proteins and peptides. ... Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. ...
Choline Acetyltransferase peptide (736-748) (ab45678) References
Roles of neurotransmitter in synapse formation: development of neuromuscular junctions lacking choline acetyltransferase. -...
Aberrant Patterning of Neuromuscular Synapses in Choline Acetyltransferase-Deficient Mice | Journal of Neuroscience
2000) Choline acetyltransferase knockout mice have defects in neuromuscular development. Soc Neurosci Abstr 26:411.8. ... Aberrant Patterning of Neuromuscular Synapses in Choline Acetyltransferase-Deficient Mice. Eugene P. Brandon, Weichun Lin, ... Aberrant Patterning of Neuromuscular Synapses in Choline Acetyltransferase-Deficient Mice. Eugene P. Brandon, Weichun Lin, ... 2001) Choline acetyltransferase mutations cause myasthenic syndrome associated with episodic apnea in humans. Proc Natl Acad ...
WikiGenes - CHAT - choline O-acetyltransferase
... and octanoyltransferases and by choline acetyltransferase [10].. *The distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChoAcTase)- ... Assignment of the choline acetyltransferase gene to porcine chromosome 14q25-27 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Murakami ... Nerve growth factor-mediated induction of choline acetyltransferase in PC12 cells: evaluation of the site of action of nerve ... Retroviral-mediated gene transfer of the porcine choline acetyltransferase: a model to study the synthesis and secretion of ...
Choline Acetyltransferase: Regional Distribution In the Abdominal Ganglion of Aplysla | Science
Choline acetyltransferase mutations cause myasthenic syndrome associated with episodic apnea in humans. | Sigma-Aldrich
Differential effects of insulin on choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in neuron-rich striatal...
Graft-induced Recovery of Inhibitory Avoidance Conditioning in Striatal Lesioned Rats is Related to Choline Acetyltransferase...
Choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase activities, as well as dopamine content, were measured in the grafted ... Graft-induced Recovery of Inhibitory Avoidance Conditioning in Striatal Lesioned Rats is Related to Choline Acetyltransferase ... Striatal grafts showed levels of choline acetyltransferase activity similar to the control group. Moreover, a positive ... correlation was found between the choline acetyltransferase activity and the behavioral recovery. In contrast, both glutamate ...
CiNii Articles -
Choline Acetyltransferase Activity : Application for the Intercostal Nerve Transfer in Brachial...
The kinetic properties of human placental choline acetyltransferase | Biochemical Journal
ChAT (Choline Acetyltransferase) Antibody
Choline Acetyltransferase) antibody. ChAT serves as a specific marker for cholinergic neurons in both peripheral and central ... Murine choline-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) is a 71,721 dalton protein(640 amino acids) expressed in cholinergic neurons of ... ChAT is the enzyme responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-coenzyme A and choline. ...
Frontiers | Soluble Aβ42 Acts as Allosteric Activator of the Core Cholinergic Enzyme Choline Acetyltransferase | Frontiers in...
Aβ42 allosterically enhances the catalytic rate of the core-cholinergic enzyme choline acetyltransferases (ChAT), responsible ... Aβ42 allosterically enhances the catalytic rate of the core-cholinergic enzyme choline acetyltransferases (ChAT), responsible ... homeostasis either by allosteric activation of ACh-degrading cholinesterases or by inhibiting the high-affinity choline uptake ... homeostasis either by allosteric activation of ACh-degrading cholinesterases or by inhibiting the high-affinity choline uptake ...
Choline O-Acetyltransferase | Profiles RNS
"Choline O-Acetyltransferase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Choline O-Acetyltransferase" was a major or minor ... "Choline O-Acetyltransferase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Choline O-Acetyltransferase" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Choline O-Acetyltransferase". ...
Synaptic Soluble and Membrane-Bound Choline Acetyltransferase as a Marker of Cholinergic Function In Vitro and In Vivo |...
Co-localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gamma-aminobutyric acid and choline acetyltransferase in neocortical...
AID 51965 - Compound was tested in vitro for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (maximal ChAT stimulation) in embryonic...
Get PDF - Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in small diameter neurones of the rat dorsal root ganglion
Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in small diameter neurones of the rat dorsal root ganglion ... Acetylcholine synthesis by choline acetyltransferase of a peripheral type as demonstrated in adult rat dorsal root ganglion. ... Regulation of choline acetyltransferase activity by protein kinase c in dissociated mouse spinal cord dorsal root ganglion ... Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurones in a prevertebral sympathetic ganglion, the inferior mesenteric ganglion. ...
Increased activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in actively epileptic human cerebral cortex
We measured the activities of the cholinergic marker synthetic and catabolic enzymes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and ... Increased activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in actively epileptic human cerebral cortex Epilepsy ... We measured the activities of the cholinergic marker synthetic and catabolic enzymes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and ...
Novel ligands of Choline Acetyltransferase designed by in silico molecular docking, hologram QSAR and lead optimization |...
Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT), transcript variant S as transfection-ready DNA -...
Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT), transcript variant S as transfection-ready DNA - ... home , products , origene , myc-ddk-tagged orf clone of homo sapiens choline o-acetyltransferase (chat), transcript variant s ... Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT), transcript variant S as transfection-ready DNA - ... Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT), transcript variant S as transfection-ready DNA ...
ChAT (Choline Acetyltransferase) - Antibodies Incorporated
Our goat polyclonal Choline Acetyltransferase total protein antibody is affinity purified. It is excellent for use in WB and ... Choline acetyltransferase is a neuronal enzyme which catalyzes the reaction between Acetyl CoA and choline resulting in the ... Our goat polyclonal Choline Acetyltransferase total protein antibody is affinity purified. It is excellent for use in WB and ... 1999). Decreased choline acetyltransferase activity in particular has been shown in Schizophrenic subjects (Karson et al 1993 ...
choline O-acetyltransferase | Acetylcholine turnover | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
choline O-acetyltransferase - Acetylcholine turnover. Detailed annotation on the structure, function, physiology, pharmacology ... Acetylcholine turnover: choline O-acetyltransferase. Last modified on 18/09/2015. Accessed on 19/02/2018. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to ... GtoImmuPdb view: OFF : Currently no data for choline O-acetyltransferase in GtoImmuPdb ... choline O-acetyltransferase Mouse. -. 641. 14 B. Chat choline acetyltransferase Rat. -. 640. 16p16. Chat choline O- ...
ChAT elisa kit | Mouse Choline acetyltransferase ELISA Kit-AAC37590.1
Mouse Choline acetyltransferase ELISA Kit-AAC37590.1 (MBS724080) product datasheet at MyBioSource, ELISA Kits ... choline O-acetyltransferase; choline acetylase; acetyl CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase UniProt Protein Name Choline O- ... ChAT elisa kit :: Mouse Choline acetyltransferase ELISA Kit. Catalog #. MBS724080 .mycenter { display: block; margin-left: auto ... Molecular Function: choline O-acetyltransferase activity. Biological Process: synaptic transmission; rhythmic behavior; ...
CHAT elisa kit | Plant Choline Acetyltransferase (CHAT) ELISA Kit-AAC37590.1
Plant Choline Acetyltransferase (CHAT) ELISA Kit-AAC37590.1 (MBS9371997) product datasheet at MyBioSource, ELISA Kits ... Molecular Function: choline O-acetyltransferase activity. Biological Process: neurotransmitter secretion; phosphatidylcholine ... Kit for analyzing the presence of the Choline Acetyltransferase (CHAT) ELISA Kit target analytes in biological samples. The ... CHAT: an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic ...
Regional heterogeneity of choline acetyltransferase activity in primate neocortex<...
"Regional heterogeneity of choline acetyltransferase activity in primate neocortex",. abstract = "Choline acetyltransferase ... Regional heterogeneity of choline acetyltransferase activity in primate neocortex. Brain Research. 1984 Nov 26;322(2):361-364. ... Regional heterogeneity of choline acetyltransferase activity in primate neocortex. John Lehmann, Robert G. Struble, Piero G. ... N2 - Choline acetyltransferase activity in precentral and temporal regions of primate neocortex is 2.5-fold higher than in ...
Choline o-acetyltransferase | Article about Choline o-acetyltransferase by The Free Dictionary
... to choline in the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl coenzyme A and choline Explanation of Choline o-acetyltransferase ... Find out information about Choline o-acetyltransferase. An enzyme that transfers the acetyl group ... redirected from Choline o-acetyltransferase). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal. choline acetyltransferase. ... Choline o-acetyltransferase , Article about Choline o-acetyltransferase by The Free Dictionary https://encyclopedia2. ...
Nerve growth factor-mediated induction of choline acetyltransferase in PC12 cells: evaluation of the site of action of nerve...
Nerve growth factor-mediated induction of choline acetyltransferase in PC12 cells: evaluation of the site of action of nerve ... Choline O-Acetyltransferase/*metabolism Cytoplasm/ultrastructure Lysosomes/metabolism/*ultrastructure Neoplasms, Experimental/ ... Nerve growth factor-mediated induction of choline acetyltransferase in PC12 cells: evaluation of the site of action of nerve ... and might be responsible for the induction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in PC12 cells. Second, we investigated whether a ...
AcetylaseChATAcetylcholinesteraseAcetylcholine-syntheNeuronsAntibodyImmunohistochemistryLocalizationMetabolismInduction of choline acetyltransferaseEnzyme choline acetyltransferaseAbstractHigh-affinity choline transporterNerveGlutamic acid decarboxCarnitineEnzymesVitroNeuronalNeurite OutgrowthBiosynthesisProteinSynthesis of acetylcholineMutationsTransporterNeurotransmitterFormation of acetylcholineSyntheticHumansAcetateTyrosineActivity in ratHUMANAcetyl-groupInhibitorMeSHMice
Acetylase1
- The enzyme is called choline acetylase. (wikipedia.org)
ChAT36
- Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (wikipedia.org)
- ChAT catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from the coenzyme acetyl-CoA to choline, yielding acetylcholine (ACh). (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, the choline acetyltransferase enzyme is encoded by the CHAT gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Choline is bound in the active site of ChAT by non-covalent interactions between the positively charged amine of choline and the hydroxyl group of Tyr552, in addition to a hydrogen bond between choline's hydroxyl group and a histidine residue, His324. (wikipedia.org)
- The choline substrate fits into a pocket in the interior of ChAT, while acetyl-CoA fits into a pocket on the surface of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Side chain residues of His324A and Tyr552A shown.PDB: 2FY3 Stereoscopic depiction of choline and acetyl-CoA in ChAT active site. (wikipedia.org)
- Stereoscopic depiction of choline and acetyl-CoA bound in ChAT active site - alternate angle. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study we examined the developmental roles of acetylcholine (ACh) by establishing and analyzing mice lacking choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the biosynthetic enzyme for ACh. (jneurosci.org)
- We studied the effects of insulin, nerve growth factor (NGF), and tetrodotoxin (TTX) on cellular metabolism and the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in neuron-rich cultures prepared from embryonic day 15 rat striatum. (nih.gov)
- ChAT is the enzyme responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-coenzyme A and choline. (neuromics.com)
- In the current study, we report that Aβ peptides, in particular Aβ42, allosterically enhances the catalytic rate of the core-cholinergic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), responsible for biosynthesis of ACh. (frontiersin.org)
- ChAT is the main enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the key neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from choline and acetyl-CoA (ACoA). (frontiersin.org)
- By application of the sensitive mirror technique, the co-localization of VIP with the classical inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), was investigated in neocortical neurons. (nih.gov)
- In the rat choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-like immunoreactivity (ChAT-LI) was demonstrated in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), in the superficial spinal cord and in the subepithelial layer of the ureter using immunohistochemical techniques. (eurekamag.com)
- We measured the activities of the cholinergic marker synthetic and catabolic enzymes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in surgical specimens obtained from 38 patients immediately following anterior temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy. (nih.gov)
- MBS724080 is a ready-to-use microwell, strip plate Quantitative Competitive ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) Kit for analyzing the presence of the Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) ELISA Kit target analytes in biological samples. (mybiosource.com)
- The present experiments were designed, first, to evaluate whether a very small but functionally important portion of the internalized NGF might reach the free cytoplasm (and subsequently the nuclear chromatin) and might be responsible for the induction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in PC12 cells. (uni-regensburg.de)
- A combined immunohistochemical and histochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) was carried out, respectively, to determine the localization of the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and nitric oxide (NO) in the submucous neurons of guinea-pig colon. (nus.edu.sg)
- The long range goal of this project is to develop an understanding of the regulation of the cholinergic gene locus and its gene products, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). (grantome.com)
- The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and transported into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). (elsevier.com)
- Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody [NBP1-30052] - Rat brainstem showing specific labeling using the anti-ChAT antibody. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
- Western Blot: Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Antibody [NBP1-30052] - Rat brain lysate showing specific immunolabeling of the ~70k ChAT. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
- In order to investigate which types of blood cell are the source of ACh in human blood, expression of mRNA for choline acetyltransferase (CHAT, EC 2.3.1.6), which catalyzes ACh synthesis, was analyzed using human leukemic cell lines as models of lymphocytes and the reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. (elsevier.com)
- The protein kinase inhibitor K-252a increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in rat embryonic spinal cord cultures in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 of approximately 100 nM) with maximal stimulatory activity at 300 nM resulting in as much as a fourfold increase. (scienceexchange.com)
- The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. (medlineplus.gov)
- In the current study, associations between choline acetyltransferase gene (ChAT) rs1917810 and rs7094248 polymorphisms and WS dependence were examined. (tobaccoinduceddiseases.org)
- Choline acetyltransferase is an enzyme encoded by the ChAT gene and is responsible for synthesis of acetyl choline 22 . (tobaccoinduceddiseases.org)
- CHAT , the gene encoding choline acetyltransferase, was sequenced as described ( 14 ). (pnas.org)
- We have measured in Ts65Dn mice the catalytic activity of the cholinergic marker, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), as well as the activity of the acetylcholine degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), in the hippocampus and in cortical targets of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. (core.ac.uk)
- Consistent deficits in the cholinergic system are evident in the brains of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, including reductions in the activities of acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), increased butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, and a selective loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). (hud.ac.uk)
- We selected five tag SNPs (rs100824791, rs12264845, rs1880676, rs3793790 and rs3793798) of choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) from the Han Chinese population Hapmap database. (cdc.gov)
- We employed a double injury model (axotomy along with hypoxia) to determine how nerve injury and hypoxic insult would affect the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the hypoglossal nucleus (HN) and nucleus ambiguus (NA). (elsevier.com)
- We report here the effects of oral micronized estradiol and soy phytoestrogens on uterine weight, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNAs in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of ovariectomized young and retired breeder rats. (rtihs.org)
- Transcripts of the choline of acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene reveal a number of different splice variants including ChAT of a peripheral type (pChAT). (elsevier.com)
- We have isolated recombinant lambda (A) phages which contain a part of the rat choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene. (cshl.edu)
- After the final treatment, brain tissues were isolated for the immunohistochemical analysis of glial markers and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), as well as for the western blot analysis of proinflammatory cytokines, toll-like receptor (TLR)-related pathway, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). (thefreelibrary.com)
Acetylcholinesterase6
- Neurotransmitter synthesis by neuroblastoma clones (neuroblast differentiation-cell culture-choline acetyltransferase-acetylcholinesterase-tyrosine hydroxylase-axons-dendrites). (elsevier.com)
- Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the retinal layers of pigeon red and yellow fields. (duke.edu)
- The activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase were assayed in submicrogram samples from layers of pigeon retina. (duke.edu)
- Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were concentrated in and near the inner plexiform layer, within which two peaks of activity for each enzyme were obtained. (duke.edu)
- This membrane anchors molecules of acetylcholinesterase, or AChE for short, an enzyme that converts ACh to acetate and choline. (rarediseases.org)
- In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. (genome.jp)
Acetylcholine-synthe1
- Recent reports have brought back the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase in the mainstream research in dementia and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. (chemaxon.com)
Neurons2
- Murine choline-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) is a 71,721 dalton protein(640 amino acids) expressed in cholinergic neurons of both the PNS and CNS. (neuromics.com)
- Gould, E , Farris, TW & Butcher, LL 1989, ' Basal forebrain neurons undergo somatal and dendritic remodeling during postnatal development: a single-section Golgi and choline acetyltransferase analysis ', Developmental Brain Research , vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 297-302. (princeton.edu)
Antibody2
- Our goat polyclonal Choline Acetyltransferase total protein antibody is affinity purified. (antibodiesinc.com)
- GENTAUR suppliers human normal cells, cell lines, RNA extracts and lots of antibodies and ELISA kits to Human proteins as well as GOAT ANTI HUMAN CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, Product Type Polyclonal Antibody, Specificity CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, Target Species Human, Host Goat, Format Serum, Isotypes Polyclonal IgG, Applic. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Immunohistochemistry1
- Peripheral choline acetyltransferase in rat skin demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. (illumina.com)
Localization2
Metabolism1
- Rapid metabolism of PAF relative to its synthesis may account for this disparity because we have recently shown that in stromal cells there is a significant build-up of lyso-PAF suggesting that lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase might be a limiting factor. (uthscsa.edu)
Induction of choline acetyltransferase1
- Trans-synaptic induction of choline acetyltransferase in the preganglionic neuron of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. (semanticscholar.org)
Enzyme choline acetyltransferase1
- Here, we describe the formation of neuromuscular synapses at which neurotransmission is completely and specifically blocked by mutation of the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase. (nih.gov)
Abstract3
- abstract = "Choline acetyltransferase activity in precentral and temporal regions of primate neocortex is 2.5-fold higher than in occipital cortex. (elsevier.com)
- Department o f Psychiatry The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Co lumbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 November 10, 1978 Date ' ABSTRACT Choline acetyltransferase (ChAc), the enzyme responsible f o r the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh), has been extensively p u r i f i e d from chicken brains. (ubc.ca)
- abstract = "In an attempt to determine whether or not morphologic changes occur in the cholinergic basal forebrain during postnatal development, Golgi-impregnated and choline acetyltransferase-positive cells were examined in adult and postnatal day (P) 10, 14, 18, and 27 rats. (princeton.edu)
High-affinity choline transporter2
- Furthermore, the 18.0 mg/kg dose of CPF was associated with (brain region-dependent) decreases in nerve growth factor receptors and cholinergic proteins including the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, the high-affinity choline transporter, and the α 7 -nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (aspetjournals.org)
- The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT). (genome.jp)
Nerve2
- Choline is found in acetylcholine, which is necessary for nerve impulse propagation, and in phospholipids. (thefreedictionary.com)
- From choline, animals can synthesize acetylcholine, which is one of the most important transmitters of nerve impulses. (thefreedictionary.com)
Glutamic acid decarbox1
- Differential effects of insulin on choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in neuron-rich striatal cultures. (nih.gov)
Carnitine2
Enzymes2
- We have therefore examined the activities of lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and the CDP-cholinephosphotransferase enzymes. (uthscsa.edu)
- By use of primary human tendon cell cultures, we identified cells expressing vimentin, tenomodulin and scleraxis and found that these cells also contained enzymes related to ACh synthesis and release (choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter). (biomedsearch.com)
Vitro1
- Choline acetyltransferase activity in guinea-pig heart in vitro. (semanticscholar.org)
Neuronal3
- Choline acetyltransferase is a neuronal enzyme which catalyzes the reaction between Acetyl CoA and choline resulting in the formation of acetylcholine. (antibodiesinc.com)
- Choline acetyltransferase activity in heart: evidence for neuronal and not myocardial origin. (semanticscholar.org)
- Rubinsztein, David C. / Candidate gene association studies of genes involved in neuronal cholinergic transmission in Alzheimer's disease suggests choline acetyltransferase as a candidate deserving further study . (hud.ac.uk)
Neurite Outgrowth1
- around 40,000 had the abilities to induce the neurite outgrowth and to enhance the choline acetyltransferase activity in addition to the ability to promote the adhesion of PC12 cells. (biomedsearch.com)
Biosynthesis1
- Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of acetylcholine according to the chemical equation: Acetyl-CoA + Choline in equilibrium Acetylcholine + CoA. (semanticscholar.org)
Protein3
- Immunogen: Recombinant protein encompassing a sequence within the N-terminus region of human Choline Acetyltransferase. (idhinhibitor.com)
- The mutations lead to decreased production of choline acetyltransferase or the production of a protein with decreased ability to aid in the production of acetylcholine. (medlineplus.gov)
- In the current work, we report a self-assembled triple anion helicate (host 2) featuring a cavity resembling that of the choline-binding protein ChoX, as revealed by crystal and density functional theory (DFT)-optimized structures, which binds choline in a unique dual-site-binding mode. (osti.gov)
Synthesis of acetylcholine3
- Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. (rcsb.org)
- An enzyme that transfers the acetyl group to choline in the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl coenzyme A and choline. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Choline acetyltransferase (ChAc), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh), has been extensively purified from chicken brains. (ubc.ca)
Mutations1
- Choline acetyltransferase mutations cause myasthenic syndrome associated with episodic apnea in humans. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Transporter2
- Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that Aβ peptides are involved in the regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) homeostasis either by allosteric activation of ACh-degrading cholinesterases or by inhibiting the high-affinity choline uptake transporter. (frontiersin.org)
- Deguchi, T. / Coordinate expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter and choline acetyltransferase in sympathetic superior cervical neurones . (elsevier.com)
Neurotransmitter1
- Roles of neurotransmitter in synapse formation: development of neuromuscular junctions lacking choline acetyltransferase. (nih.gov)
Formation of acetylcholine1
- An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. (umassmed.edu)
Synthetic1
- Synthetic peptide within Human Choline Acetyltransferase aa 700 to the C-terminus. (abcam.co.jp)
Humans2
- There is no direct evidence of disease in humans due to choline deficiency, although there have been suggestions that some of the liver, kidney, or pancreas pathology seen in various nutritional deficiency states may be related to choline insufficiency. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Humans eat 50-600 mg of choline per day, but only excrete 2-4 mg. (thefreedictionary.com)
Acetate1
- Nachmanson & Machado, 1943 The acetyl transferase mode of action was unknown at the time of this discovery, however Nachmansohn hypothesized the possibility of acetylphosphate or phosphorylcholine exchanging the phosphate (from ATP) for choline or acetate ion. (wikipedia.org)
Tyrosine1
- Tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase activities in ischemic canine heart. (semanticscholar.org)
Activity in rat3
- Choline acetyltransferase activity in rat heart after transplantation. (semanticscholar.org)
- article{Lund1978CholineAA, title={Choline acetyltransferase activity in rat heart after transplantation. (semanticscholar.org)
- K-252a and staurosporine promote choline acetyltransferase activity in rat spinal cord cultures. (scienceexchange.com)
HUMAN2
- Thus, conventional tests are of no value in studying choline requirements, and no knowledge of human choline requirements exists. (thefreedictionary.com)
- and (iii) choline acetyltransferase, nicotinic receptors and cholinesterases are expressed in cultured human lung cells, as demonstrated by RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-PCR). (portlandpress.com)
Acetyl-group1
- The 3D crystal structure shows the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA abuts the choline binding pocket - minimizing the distance between acetyl-group donor and receiver. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibitor1
- Acetylseco hemicholinium-3, a new choline acetyltransferase inhibitor useful in neuropharmacological studies. (semanticscholar.org)
MeSH1
- Choline O-Acetyltransferase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
Mice1
- Choline acetyltransferase activity at different ages in brain of Ts65Dn mice, an animal model for Down's syndrome and related neurodegenerative diseases. (core.ac.uk)