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Cholic AcidCholic AcidsChenodeoxycholic AcidBile Acids and SaltsDeoxycholic AcidBileCholestanolsSteroid 12-alpha-HydroxylaseLithocholic AcidGlycocholic AcidEnterohepatic CirculationCholestanesEubacteriumXanthomatosisUrsodeoxycholic AcidCholesterol 7-alpha-HydroxylaseSteroid HydroxylasesLiverCholesterolCholelithiasisTaurocholic AcidGallbladderCholestyramine ResinTaurineHydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesCholestenonesCholesterol, DietaryCholanesGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryValeratesIodipamideFecesDehydrocholic AcidSterolsCholatesNorsteroidsCholestasisCholestanetriol 26-MonooxygenaseHydroxylationMicrosomes, LiverChromatography, Thin LayerIndenesApazoneChromatography, GasPregnenesSulfobromophthaleinGriseofulvinGlycodeoxycholic AcidClostridiumBiliary FistulaTaurodeoxycholic AcidGlycochenodeoxycholic Acid3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific)KineticsCholestasis, IntrahepaticCoenzyme A LigasesCarbon RadioisotopesReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearRadioisotope Dilution TechniqueCholagogues and CholereticsMicellesTritiumSitosterolsArthrobacterHydroxymethylglutaryl CoA ReductasesMicrobodiesBile CanaliculiMesocricetusLiver DiseasesPantothenic AcidIsotope LabelingHydroxycholesterolsLipids
Cholic Acid
A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
Cholic Acids
The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
Bile Acids and Salts
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Deoxycholic Acid
A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
Bile
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Cholestanols
Cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. They are found in feces and bile. In contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed.
Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase
A liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 12-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of sterols in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP8B1gene, converts 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one to 7-alpha-12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and is required in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS from cholesterol.
Lithocholic Acid
A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
Glycocholic Acid
The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.
Enterohepatic Circulation
Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines (INTESTINAL REABSORPTION) into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.
Cholestanes
Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.
Eubacterium
A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced. The genus Eubacterium should not be confused with EUBACTERIA, one of the three domains of life.
Xanthomatosis
A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase
A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.
Steroid Hydroxylases
Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.
Liver
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Cholesterol
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
Taurocholic Acid
The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
Gallbladder
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Cholestyramine Resin
A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.
Taurine
A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.
Cholestenones
CHOLESTENES with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups.
Cholesterol, Dietary
Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.
Cholanes
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Valerates
Iodipamide
A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.
Feces
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Dehydrocholic Acid
A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.
Sterols
Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)
Cholates
Salts and esters of CHOLIC ACID.
Norsteroids
Steroids which have undergone contraction in ring size or reduction in side chains.
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase
An NAPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol.
Hydroxylation
Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Microsomes, Liver
Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Indenes
A family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical reactions and are used in the production of coumarone-indene resins.
Apazone
An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.
Chromatography, Gas
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
Pregnenes
Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES.
Sulfobromophthalein
A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.
Griseofulvin
An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.
Glycodeoxycholic Acid
A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Clostridium
A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
Taurodeoxycholic Acid
A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific)
A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).
Coenzyme A Ligases
Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.
Carbon Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.
Radioisotope Dilution Technique
Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Cholagogues and Choleretics
Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).
Micelles
Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.
Tritium
Sitosterols
A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized.
Arthrobacter
A genus of asporogenous bacteria isolated from soil that displays a distinctive rod-coccus growth cycle.
Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases
Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.
Microbodies
Electron-dense cytoplasmic particles bounded by a single membrane, such as PEROXISOMES; GLYOXYSOMES; and glycosomes.
Bile Canaliculi
Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.
Mesocricetus
A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
Pantothenic Acid
A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.
Isotope Labeling
Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.
Hydroxycholesterols
Cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position.
Lipids
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

An allosteric synthetic DNA. (1/334)

Allosteric DNA oligonucleotides are potentially useful diagnostic reagents. Here we develop a model system for the study of allosteric interactions in DNAs. A DNA that binds either Cibacron blue or cholic acid was isolated and partially characterized. Isolation was performed using a multi-stage SELEX. First, short oligos that bind either Cibacron blue or cholic acid were enriched from random oligonucleotide pools. Then, members of the two pools were fused to form longer oligos, which were then selected for theability to bind Cibacron blue columns and elute with cholic acid. One resulting isolate (A22) was studied. Dye- and cholate-binding functions can be separated on sequences from the 5'- and 3'-regions, respectively. Ligand-column affinity assays indicate that each domain binds only its respective ligand. However, the full-length A22 will bind either dye or cholate columns and elute with the other ligand, as if binding by the ligands is mutually exclusive. Furthermore, S1 nuclease protection assays show that Cibacron blue causes a structural change in A22 and that cholic acid inhibits this change. This system will be useful for elucidating mechanisms of allosteric interactions in synthetic DNAs.  (+info)

Cholic acid aids absorption, biliary secretion, and phase transitions of cholesterol in murine cholelithogenesis. (2/334)

Cholic acid is a critical component of the lithogenic diet in mice. To determine its pathogenetic roles, we fed chow or 1% cholesterol with or without 0.5% cholic acid to C57L/J male mice, which because of lith genes have 100% gallstone prevalence rates. After 1 yr on the diets, we measured bile flow, biliary lipid secretion rates, hepatic cholesterol and bile salt synthesis, and intestinal cholesterol absorption. After hepatic conjugation with taurine, cholate replaced most tauro-beta-muricholate in bile. Dietary cholic acid plus cholesterol increased bile flow and biliary lipid secretion rates and reduced cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity significantly mostly via deoxycholic acid, cholate's bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylation product but did not downregulate cholesterol biosynthesis. Intestinal cholesterol absorption doubled, and biliary cholesterol crystallized as phase boundaries shifted. Feeding mice 1% cholesterol alone produced no lithogenic or homeostatic effects. We conclude that in mice cholic acid promotes biliary cholesterol hypersecretion and cholelithogenesis by enhancing intestinal absorption, hepatic bioavailability, and phase separation of cholesterol in bile.  (+info)

Antilithiasic effect of beta-cyclodextrin in LPN hamster: comparison with cholestyramine. (3/334)

Beta-Cyclodextrin (BCD), a cyclic oligosaccharide that binds cholesterol and bile acids in vitro, has been previously shown to be an effective plasma cholesterol lowering agent in hamsters and domestic pigs. This study examined the effects of BCD as compared with cholestyramine on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the LPN hamster model model for cholesterol gallstones. The incidence of cholesterol gallstones was 65% in LPN hamsters fed the lithogenic diet, but decreased linearly with increasing amounts of BCD in the diet to be nil at a dose of 10% BCD. In gallbladder bile, cholesterol, phospholipid and chenodeoxycholate concentrations, hydrophobic and lithogenic indices were all significantly decreased by 10% BCD. Increases in bile acid synthesis (+110%), sterol 27-hydroxylase activity (+106%), and biliary cholate secretion (+140%) were also observed, whereas the biliary secretion of chenodeoxycholate decreased (-43%). The fecal output of chenodeoxycholate and cholate (plus derivatives) was increased by +147 and +64%, respectively, suggesting that BCD reduced the chenodeoxycholate intestinal absorption preferentially. Dietary cholestyramine decreased biliary bile acid concentration and secretion, but dramatically increased the fecal excretion of chenodeoxycholate and cholate plus their derivatives (+328 and +1940%, respectively). In contrast to BCD, the resin increased the lithogenic index in bile, induced black gallstones in 34% of hamsters, and stimulated markedly the activities of HMG-CoA reductase (+670%), sterol 27-hydroxylase (+310%), and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (+390%). Thus, beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) prevented cholesterol gallstone formation by decreasing specifically the reabsorption of chenodeoxycholate, stimulating its biosynthesis and favoring its fecal elimination. BCD had a milder effect on lipid metabolism than cholestyramine and does not predispose animals to black gallstones as cholestyramine does in this animal model.  (+info)

Polyspecific substrate uptake by the hepatic organic anion transporter Oatp1 in stably transfected CHO cells. (4/334)

The rat liver organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp1) has been extensively characterized mainly in the Xenopus laevis expression system as a polyspecific carrier transporting organic anions (bile salts), neutral compounds, and even organic cations. In this study, we extended this characterization using a mammalian expression system and confirm the basolateral hepatic expression of Oatp1 with a new antibody. Besides sulfobromophthalein [Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of approximately 3 microM], taurocholate (Km of approximately 32 microM), and estradiol- 17beta-glucuronide (Km of approximately 4 microM), substrates previously shown to be transported by Oatp1 in transfected HeLa cells, we determined the kinetic parameters for cholate (Km of approximately 54 microM), glycocholate (Km of approximately 54 microM), estrone-3-sulfate (Km of approximately 11 microM), CRC-220 (Km of approximately 57 microM), ouabain (Km of approximately 3,000 microM), and ochratoxin A (Km of approximately 29 microM) in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In addition, three new substrates, taurochenodeoxycholate (Km of approximately 7 microM), tauroursodeoxycholate (Km of approximately 13 microM), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (Km of approximately 5 microM), were also investigated. The results establish the polyspecific nature of Oatp1 in a mammalian expression system and definitely identify conjugated dihydroxy bile salts and steroid conjugates as high-affinity endogenous substrates of Oatp1.  (+info)

Biliary bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid. (5/334)

Bile acid composition in fasting duodenal bile was assessed at entry and at 2 years in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (10-12 mg/kg/d) taken as a single bedtime dose. Specimens were analyzed by a high-pressure liquid chromatography method that had been validated against gas chromatography. Percent composition in bile (mean +/- SD) for 98 patients at entry for cholic (CA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), deoxycholic (DCA), lithocholic (LCA), and ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) acids, respectively, were 57.4 +/- 18.6, 31.5 +/- 15.5, 8.0 +/- 9.3, 0.3 +/- 1.0, and 0.6 +/- 0.9. Values for CA were increased, whereas those for CDCA, DCA, LCA, and UDCA were decreased when compared with values in normal persons. Bile acid composition of the major bile acids did not change after 2 years on placebo medication. By contrast, in patients receiving UDCA for 2 years, bile became enriched with UDCA on average to 40.1%, and significant decreases were noted for CA (to 32.2%) and CDCA (to 19.5%). No change in percent composition was observed for DCA and LCA. Percent composition at entry and changes in composition after 2 years on UDCA were similar in patients with varying severity of PBC. In patients whose bile was not enriched in UDCA (entry and placebo-treated specimens), CA, CDCA, DCA, and the small amount of UDCA found in some of these specimens were conjugated to a greater extent with glycine (52%-64%) than with taurine (36%-48%). Treatment with UDCA caused the proportion of all endogenous bile acids conjugated with glycine to increase to 69% to 78%, while the proportion conjugated with taurine (22%-31%) fell (P <.05). Administered UDCA was also conjugated predominantly with glycine (87%).  (+info)

Fecal steroid excretion is increased in rats by oral administration of gymnemic acids contained in Gymnema sylvestre leaves. (6/334)

Gymnemic acids are the saponins with a triterpenoid structure contained in Gymnema sylvestre leaves and have the hypoglycemic effects. In spite of the cholesterol-binding properties of saponins, the effect of gymnemic acids on cholesterol metabolism has not been elucidated to date. We investigated the effects of gymnemic acids on fecal steroid excretion in rats. Three kinds of extracts from Gymnema sylvestre leaves, extract (GSE), acid precipitate (GSA) and column fractionate (GSF), of which the gymnemagenin (an aglycone of gymnemic acids) concentrations are 58.87, 161.6, and 363.3 mg/g respectively, were used for the experiments. These were administered to rats orally at the dose of 0.05-1.0 g/kg for 22 d. Rats were given free access to water and nonpurified diet without cholesterol, and the differences in fecal excretion of steroids and gymnemic acids were investigated. Although there were no significant effects of GSE, GSA and GSF decreased body weight gain and food intakes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). GSF (1.0 g/kg) significantly increased fecal excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), especially those of cholesterol and cholic acid (CA)-derived bile acids. The increases in fecal steroid excretion of cholesterol, total neutral steroids, total bile acids and CA-related bile acids were acute and significantly correlated with fecal gymnemagenin levels (r2 = 0.2316-0.9861, P < 0. 05). These results demonstrated for the first time that a high dose of gymnemic acids increases fecal cholesterol and CA-derived bile acid excretion. Further studies are needed to clarify the effect of gymnemic acids on cholesterol metabolism.  (+info)

Structure, evolution, and liver-specific expression of sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase P450 (CYP8B). (7/334)

The rat CYP8B cDNA encoding sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase was cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequence of the heme-binding region of CYP8B was close to those of CYP7A (cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase) and CYP7B (oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase). Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that CYP8B and the CYP7 family derive from a common ancestor. The P450s of the CYP7 and CYP8 families, except for CYP8A (prostacyclin synthase), catalyze the oxygenation of sterols from an alpha surface in the middle of the steroid skeleton. These facts suggest that CYP8B is a P450 closely linked to those of the CYP7 family. CYP8B was expressed specifically in liver. Hepatic CYP8B mRNA level and the 12alpha-hydroxylase activity were altered by cholestyramine feeding, starvation, streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and administration of clofibrate, dexamethasone or thyroxin, indicating the pretranslational regulation of CYP8B expression. The enhanced CYP8B mRNA expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was significantly decreased by insulin within 3 h of its administration. These facts demonstrate a regulatory role of insulin in CYP8B expression as a suppressor.  (+info)

Gallstone formation and gallbladder mucosal changes in mice fed a lithogenic diet. (8/334)

To investigate the pathologic change of gallbladder mucosa related to gallstone formation, 52 mice were fed a lithogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid and we evaluated the sequential morphologic changes in the gallbladder from two days to 40 weeks. Cholesterol gallstones began to appear after two weeks and all the mice had gallstones after eight weeks. At two days, the mitotic index was at its highest. The gallbladder mucosa showed progressive hyperplastic change with earlier papillary projection of the folds and later inward proliferation. At the same time of stone formation, mucous cells forming glands appeared. Their histochemical profile of mucin was different from that of normal epithelium. Numbers of mucous cells increased gradually until 24 weeks but slightly decreased afterward. These results suggest hyperplasia and metaplasia are closely related to the gallstone formation. Hyperplasia is probably reactive to irritating effect of lithogenic bile or stone. Metaplasia and cholesterol gallstone may develop simultaneously, and act synergistically.  (+info)

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Cholic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are produced naturally in the body to aid in digestion of fats and certain nutrients. People with bile acid disorders are unable to produce cholic acid normally. This can make it harder for the body to absorb nutrients important for health, growth, and body functioning. Abnormal...
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History The rodent magic size can be used to review cosmetic nerve injury commonly. practical deficit subsequent cosmetic nerve repair and transection inside a rodent magic size. Strategies Adult rats had been split into group 1 (settings) and group 2 (experimental). Group 1 pets underwent mind fixation accompanied by a cosmetic nerve damage and functional Read More. ...
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Cholic (definition) by Webster 1913 - Everything2.comCholic (definition) by Webster 1913 - Everything2.com
Cholic (?), Cho*linic (?), a. [Gr. , from bile.] Physiology|Physiol. Chemistry|Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bi...
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View drug interactions between cholic acid and deoxycholic acid. These medicines may also interact with certain foods or diseases.
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Cholic acid, also known as 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance.Salts of cholic acid are called cholates.Cholic acid, along with chenodeoxycholic acid, is one of the two major bile acids produced by the liver, where it is synthesized from cholesterol.. Get Price ...
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DiVA - Search resultDiVA - Search result
27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OH) is a strong suppressor of cholesterol synthesis and a weak activator of LXR in vitro. The regulatory importance of 27OH in vivo is controversial. Here we utilized male mice with increased levels of 27OH either due to increased production (CYP27A1 transgenic mice) or reduced metabolism (Cyp7b1-/- mice). We also used mice lacking 27OH due to a knockout of Cyp27a1. The latter mice were treated with cholic acid to compensate for reduced bile acid synthesis. The effects of the different levels of 27OH on Srebp- and other LXR-regulated genes in the liver were investigated. In the liver of CYP27tg mice we found a modest increase of the mRNA levels corresponding to the LXR target genes Cyp7b1 and Abca1. A number of other LXR-regulated genes were not affected. The effect on Abca1 mRNA was not seen in the liver of Cyp7b1-/- mice. There were little or no effects on cholesterol synthesis. In the liver of the Cyp27-/- mice treated with 0.025% cholic acid there was no significant ...
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?searchType=ORGANISATION&language=en&onlyFullText=false&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22organisationId%22%3A%22751%22%7D%5D%5D
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Chemicals. [2,4-3H]cholic acid (24.5 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Amersham Biosciences (Piscataway, NJ). Folic acid, cholic acid (sodium salt), pyrimethamine, etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and probenecid were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). MK571 was obtained from Merck Frosst Canada (Kirkland, PQ, Canada), prostaglandin A1 from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI), calcein AM from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR), and G-418 from Calbiochem-Novabiochem (San Diego, CA).. Tissue Culture. A clonal subline (C11) of CHO AA8 cells was subjected to stepwise selection with increasing concentrations of pyrimethamine, resulting in the establishment of PyrR100 cells as described previously (Assaraf and Slotky, 1993). Parental CHO AA8 cells and their PyrR100 subline were maintained as monolayer cultures at 37°C in RPMI-1640 medium containing 5% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 2.3 μM folic acid, supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 100 μg/ml penicillin/streptomycin, and 1 mM ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/64/2/220
Cholic ProductsCholic Products
Listing your company & products in Poulvet.com Vetproducts Directory allows buyers to find your information through our directory pages which appear in the top positions when a search is conducted in Google, Yahoo!, MSN etc ...
http://www.poulvet.com/vetproducts/indication_products.php?prefix=S&did=56
Question: How Can I Tell If Im Losing Fat? - dena downloadQuestion: How Can I Tell If Im Losing Fat? - dena download
If you wear rings and they become tight and leave an imprint in your fingers when you take them off then you also likely retaining fluid. Any kind of puffiness in your skin is a good indication of water weight. The bottom line is that it takes 3500 calories to gain or lose 1 pound of body fat ...
https://denadownload.com/qa/question-how-can-i-tell-if-im-losing-fat.html
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Abstract Recent studies indicate an important role for nuclear receptors in regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, fibrosis and inflammation. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. FXR is highly expressed in the liver, intestine, adrenal gland and kidney. The primary bile acids are the highest affinity endogenous ligands for FXR. The effects of FXR agonists in diabetic kidney disease, the main cause of end stage renal disease, however have not been determined. To identify the effect of FXR activation in modulation of diabetic nephropathy, we have treated 1) C57BL/6J mice on low fat diet or high fat diet with FXR agonists (GW4064 or cholic acid) for one week; 2) C57BLKS/J-db/db mice and their lean mates with GW4064 for one week; and 3) C57BL/6J-db/db mice and their lean mates with cholic acid for 12 weeks. We found that FXR agonists modulate renal SREBP-1 expression and lipid metabolism, as well as renal expression of profibrotic growth factors, ...
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2007/08/07/db06-1642
Hydrogen bonding asymmetric star-shape derivative of bile acid leads to supramolecular fibrillar aggregates that wrap into...Hydrogen bonding asymmetric star-shape derivative of bile acid leads to supramolecular fibrillar aggregates that wrap into...
We report that star-shaped molecules with cholic acid cores asymmetrically grafted by low molecular weight polymers with hydrogen bonding end-groups undergo aggregation to nanofibers, which subsequently wrap into micrometer spherical aggregates with low density cores. Therein the facially amphiphilic cholic acid (CA) is functionalized by four flexible allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) side chains, which are terminated with hydrogen bonding 2-ureido-4[1H]pyrimidinone (UPy) end-groups as connected by hexyl spacers, denoted as CA(AGE6-C6H12-UPy)4. This wedge-shaped molecule is expected to allow the formation of a rich variety of solvent-dependent structures due to the complex interplay of interactions, enabled by its polar/nonpolar surface-active structure, the hydrophobicity of the CA in aqueous medium, and the possibility to control hydrogen bonding between UPy molecules by solvent selection. In DMSO, the surfactant-like CA(AGE6-C6H12-UPy)4 self-assembles into nanometer scale micelles, as expected due ...
https://research.aalto.fi/fi/publications/hydrogen-bonding-asymmetric-starshape-derivative-of-bile-acid-leads-to-supramolecular-fibrillar-aggregates-that-wrap-into-micrometer-spheres
chenodeoxycholic | Acid Reflux Disease Remedychenodeoxycholic | Acid Reflux Disease Remedy
Bile acid in the stomach plays a key role in the digestion of food in the small intestine. Two chief bile acids produced in the body include chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid. These acids assist in the creation of micelles, which aids in breaking down dietary fat, and is integral for the digestion of fat in the small intestine. Bile acid is a fluid secreted by the hepatocytes that flows into the canaliculi. From the canaliculi, it reaches the bile ducts, and is then transferred to the gall bladder where it is concentrated with time and the addition of other bodily fluids. Bile acids are derived from the cholesterol inside of the hepatocytem, and are made up of hydrophilic or polar faces and lipid or hydrophobic faces. Cholesterol gets converted into chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids, which are two forms of bile acid. These are combined with amino acids and released into the canaliculi. This combined nature of bile acids enables them to perform two of the most important functions in the ...
http://blog.refluxremedy.com/tag/chenodeoxycholic/
Deoxycholic Acid - Sodium Deoxycholate Summary | CureHunter MobileDeoxycholic Acid - Sodium Deoxycholate Summary | CureHunter Mobile
Description: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent ...
http://www.curehunter.com/m/keywordSummaryD003840.do
CBST 2010 Internship - CBST WebsiteCBST 2010 Internship - CBST Website
The designing, synthesizing and screening of one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) combinatorial chemistry libraries against a single target ligand has been well developed. Recently, novel cholesterol/peptide hybrid combinatorial One-Bead-One-Compound (OBOC) combinatorial libraries have been developed and synthesized with self folding capabilities. The library design strategy was based on a similar pentamer and hexamer self-folding branched tricylic libraries previously developed. The cholic acid on the side chain of the carboxyl lysine is believed to interact with fixed hydrophobic amino acids at the amino-termini (position 5) of the twin branched L-amino acid arms and self-fold into a tricyclic molecule. The newly synthesized library has arginine (R) and Lysine (K) down-proportioned to 10 % for each position to decrease the probability of positive charge nonspecific binding. Thirty L-, D-, and unnatural amino acids were used in each position as building blocks. Hydrophobicity was fixed at position 5 ...
http://www.cbst.ucdavis.edu/educa/undergraduate/summer-internship-for-undergraduate-students/cbst-2011-internship
Comus: A Mask - John Milton - Google BooksComus: A Mask - John Milton - Google Books
Mac. Now. pray, ladies, take your places. Here, fellow [Pays the harper.\ Bid the drawer bring us more wine. [Exit harper.] If any of the ladies chuse gin, I hope they will be so free to call for it.. Jen. You look as if you meant me. Wine is strong enough for me. Indeed, sir, I never drink strong waters but when I have the cholic.. Mac. Just the excuse of the fine ladies! why, a lady of quality is never without the cholic. I hope, Mrs. Coaxer, you have had good success of late in your visits among the mercers. 192. Coax. We have so many interlopers; yet with industry one may still have a little picking. I carried a silver-flowered lutestring and a piece of black pade. soy to Mr. Peachums lock but last week.. Fix. Theres Molly Brazen hath the ogle of a rattle-snake: she riveted a linen-drapers eye so fast upon her, that he was nicked of three pieces of cambric before he could look off. 200. Braz. Oh, dear Madam! But sure nothing can. come up to your handling of laces; and then you have such a ...
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T04JAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA4-PA51&vq=pleasure&dq=editions:OXFORD600077009&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1
Cyclosporin A blocks bile acid synthesis in cultured hepatocytes by specific inhibition of chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis |...Cyclosporin A blocks bile acid synthesis in cultured hepatocytes by specific inhibition of chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis |...
Bile acid synthesis, determined by conversion of [4-14C]cholesterol into bile acids in rat and human hepatocytes and by measurement of mass production of bile acids in rat hepatocytes, was dose-dependently decreased by cyclosporin A, with 52% (rat) and 45% (human) inhibition of 10 microM. The decreased bile acid production in rat hepatocytes was due only to a fall in the synthesis of beta-muricholic and chenodeoxycholic acids (-64% at 10 microM-cyclosporin A), with no change in the formation of cholic acid. In isolated rat liver mitochondria, 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol was potently inhibited by the drug (concn. giving half-maximal inhibition = 4 microM). These results suggest that cyclosporin A blocks the alternative pathway in bile acid synthesis, which leads preferentially to the formation of chenodeoxycholic acid. ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/275/2/501
The Gastric Bypass Pill | April 19, 2010 Issue - Vol. 88 Issue 16 | Chemical & Engineering NewsThe Gastric Bypass Pill | April 19, 2010 Issue - Vol. 88 Issue 16 | Chemical & Engineering News
While screening bile acid derivatives to find a suitable TGR5 agonist, Pellicciari and his colleagues discovered the importance of two alkyl moieties on the steroid scaffold. They also noted that the bile acid cholic acid can reverse diabetes in obese mice at extremely high doses. By incorporating the pair of slight alkyl modifications into cholic acids side chain and b ring, they developed a potent drug candidate, INT-777, which is entering clinical trials as a treatment for diabetes. It was developed in collaboration with Johan Auwerx and his team at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 7958).. ...
https://cen.acs.org/articles/88/i16/Gastric-Bypass-Pill.html
Altered Bile Acid Metabolism during Treatment with Phenobarbitone | Clinical Science | Portland PressAltered Bile Acid Metabolism during Treatment with Phenobarbitone | Clinical Science | Portland Press
1. The effects of phenobarbitone on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism have been examined in healthy humans.. 2. In three of four subjects the faecal excretion of bile acids was increased by phenobarbitone. This was associated with an increased pool size and turnover of cholic acid. Cholesterol excretion was not clearly affected. The fourth subject who did not respond was also exceptional in not showing an increase in the plasma clearance of antipyrine.. 3. The three responsive subjects also developed significant increases in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. These findings were associated with an early rise in very-low-density lipoprotein and a fall in plasma cholesterol specific radioactivity in one patient, changes compatible with increased cholesterol synthesis. ...
https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/45/2/257/69768/Altered-Bile-Acid-Metabolism-during-Treatment-with?redirectedFrom=fulltext
教員情報 - 小室 晃彦 | 新潟薬科大学教員情報 - 小室 晃彦 | 新潟薬科大学
A study of the structural requirements of cholic acid derivatives as liver X receptor (LXR) ligands was performed. A model of cholenamide derivative 1 complexed with LXR showed that the C24 carbonyl oxygen forms a hydrogen bond with His435 located close to Trp457. The N,N-dimethyl group is located in a hydrophobic pocket. Based on these data, we designed compounds with high affinity for LXRs. Cholenamide derivatives 1-11 were synthesized from 3β-acetyl-Δ5-cholenic acid 20, and lactams 12-19 were synthesized from alcohol 25. Tertiary amides 3 and 4 showed higher activity in reporter assays, and compounds with hydrophobic residues exhibited the highest activity of all derivatives. The stereochemistry at C23 was found to be an important determinant of EC50 and gene transactivation, as each isomer exhibited different activity ...
https://gyouseki.nupals.ac.jp/nuphp/KgApp?detlId=22&detlUid=ymidyygdggy&detlSeq=15
Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c<...Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c. AU - Watanabe, Mitsuhiro. AU - Houten, Sander M.. AU - Wang, Li. AU - Moschetta, Antonio. AU - Mangelsdorf, David J.. AU - Heyman, Richard A.. AU - Moore, David D.. AU - Auwerx, Johan. PY - 2004/1/1. Y1 - 2004/1/1. N2 - We explored the effects of bile acids on triglyceride (TG) homeostasis using a combination of molecular, cellular, and animal models. Cholic acid (CA) prevents hepatic TG accumulation, VLDL secretion, and elevated serum TG in mouse models of hypertriglyceridemia. At the molecular level, CA decreases hepatic expression of SREBP-1c and its lipogenic target genes. Through the use of mouse mutants for the short heterodimer partner (SHP) and liver X receptor (LXR) α and β, we demonstrate the critical dependence of the reduction of SREBP-1c expression by either natural or synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists on both SHP and LXRα and LXRβ. These results suggest that ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/bile-acids-lower-triglyceride-levels-via-a-pathway-involving-fxr--2
Hematopoietically expressed homeobox is a target gene of farnesoid X receptor in chenodeoxycholic acid-induced liver...Hematopoietically expressed homeobox is a target gene of farnesoid X receptor in chenodeoxycholic acid-induced liver...
Xing, X., Burgermeister, E., Geisler, F., Einwächter, H., Fan, L., Hiber, M., Rauser, S., Walch, A., Röcken, C., Ebeling, M., Wright, M. B., Schmid, R. M. and Ebert, M. P.A. (2009), Hematopoietically expressed homeobox is a target gene of farnesoid X receptor in chenodeoxycholic acid-induced liver hypertrophy. Hepatology, 49: 979-988. doi: 10.1002/hep.22712 ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22712/suppinfo
US5238917A - High-absorbable transvaginal preparation containing biologically active polypeptide - Google PatentsUS5238917A - High-absorbable transvaginal preparation containing biologically active polypeptide - Google Patents
A high-absorbable transvaginal preparation having excellent absorbability of the active ingredient, which comprises a biologically active polypeptide and an absorption promoter comprising a polyoxyethylenealkylphenyl ether and one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an N-acylamino acid, cholic acids, pectic acid, taurine, saccharin, glycyrrhizic acid, aspartame, or a salt thereof.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US5238917
DEOXYCHOLIC ACID (2,2,4,4-D4, 98%) - Creative ProteomicsDEOXYCHOLIC ACID (2,2,4,4-D4, 98%) - Creative Proteomics
Creative-Proteomics offer cas 83-44-3 DEOXYCHOLIC ACID (2,2,4,4-D4, 98%). We are specialized in manufacturing Stabel Isotope Labeled Analytical Standard products.
https://www.creative-proteomics.com/product/detail-cpil103309_34330.htm
Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Deletion and Duplication Panel | Genetic Testing Lab | DNA Analysis | DDC Clinic LaboratoryBile Acid Synthesis Defect Deletion and Duplication Panel | Genetic Testing Lab | DNA Analysis | DDC Clinic Laboratory
Bile acid synthesis defects may manifest in the neonatal period or later. This panel is specifically designed to cover the genes which lead to neonatal or infantile onset of symptoms. The Jaundice NGS Panel is an option for those cases which present with jaundice and an unclear cause.
https://www.ddccliniclab.org/test/detail/bile-acid-synthesis-defect-deletion-and-duplication-panel
Lipid Metabolism sub-cluster 72Lipid Metabolism sub-cluster 72
Using deoxycholic acid as starting materials, a series of 12a-aza-C-homo-12-one 7-deoxycholic acid derivatives were synthesized The antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds against some carcinoma cell lines was investigated. The results showed that some 12-oxy-12a-aza-C-homo-7-deoxycholic acid derivatives displayed distinct cytotoxicity to HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and Tu 686 (laryngocarcinoma) tumor ...
http://www.biomedsearch.com/cluster/14/Lipid-Metabolism/sub-72.html
Woman gets answers, life back after digestive issues - Mayo Clinic Health SystemWoman gets answers, life back after digestive issues - Mayo Clinic Health System
Read about Lynda Rassbachs journey to diagnoses of bile acid absorption and ulcerative colitis, and how answers and treatments she got restored her freedom.
https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/patient-stories/woman-gets-answers-life-back-after-distressing-digestive-issues
Influence of Deoxycholic Acid on Biliary Lipids in Man | Clinical Science | Portland PressInfluence of Deoxycholic Acid on Biliary Lipids in Man | Clinical Science | Portland Press
1. The duodenal bile acid composition was analysed in 24 control subjects and 107 patients with various types of hyperlipoproteinaemia. A highly significant negative correlation was observed between the proportions of deoxycholic acid and cholic acid as well as between deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Patients with gall-bladder disease had an increased proportion of deoxycholic acid in their bile.. 2. Eight control subjects were studied before and during the ingestion of 1·9 mmol (0·75 g) of deoxycholic acid daily. In these subjects a rise in the proportion of deoxycholic acid was also accompanied by a fall in the proportion of both cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in duodenal bile.. 3. The biliary lipid composition and cholesterol saturation was determined before and during the administration of 1·9 mmol (0·75 g) of chenodeoxycholic acid (n = 12) or deoxycholic acid (n = 8) daily for 3-4 weeks. The cholesterol saturation was decreased during the chenodeoxycholic acid ...
https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/53/3/249/72236/Influence-of-Deoxycholic-Acid-on-Biliary-Lipids-in
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA (HMDB0006292)Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA (HMDB0006292)
Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA is bile acid Coenzyme A ester. In humans, bile acids conjugated with glycine and taurine are the major solutes in bile, and unconjugated bile acids are almost nondetectable in normal bile. Conjugated bile acids are less toxic and are more efficient promoters of intestinal absorption of dietary lipid than unconjugated bile acids. The synthesis of bile acid and amino acid conjugates in human liver is the result of two independent enzymatic reactions with a bile acid coenzyme A thioester intermediate formation of bile acid-CoA esters, considered the rate-limiting step in bile acid amidation and catalyzed by an ATP-dependent microsomal enzyme, bile acid-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.7). In the second reaction, the thioester bond is cleaved, and an amide bond is formed between the bile acid and the amino acids glycine or taurine. The bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.65) catalyzes this reaction in the cytosol prior to secretion into bile. In human liver the ...
http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0006292
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA (HMDB0006292)Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA (HMDB0006292)
Chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA is bile acid Coenzyme A ester. In humans, bile acids conjugated with glycine and taurine are the major solutes in bile, and unconjugated bile acids are almost nondetectable in normal bile. Conjugated bile acids are less toxic and are more efficient promoters of intestinal absorption of dietary lipid than unconjugated bile acids. The synthesis of bile acid and amino acid conjugates in human liver is the result of two independent enzymatic reactions with a bile acid coenzyme A thioester intermediate formation of bile acid-CoA esters, considered the rate-limiting step in bile acid amidation and catalyzed by an ATP-dependent microsomal enzyme, bile acid-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.7). In the second reaction, the thioester bond is cleaved, and an amide bond is formed between the bile acid and the amino acids glycine or taurine. The bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.65) catalyzes this reaction in the cytosol prior to secretion into bile. In human liver the ...
https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0006292
Study of Bile Acids in Patients With Peroxisomal Disorders - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govStudy of Bile Acids in Patients With Peroxisomal Disorders - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
PROTOCOL OUTLINE: Patients receive oral cholic acid and oral chenodeoxycholic acid on day 1. On day 4, patients receive oral cholic and ursodeoxycholic acids. Patients are assessed at 3 and 6 months for liver function response, neurologic status, and nutritional status.. Patients receive treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxic effects are observed.. Completion date provided represents the completion date of the grant per OOPD records ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004442?recr=Open&cond=%22Adrenoleukodystrophy%22&rank=6
Phospholipids and bile acids as diffusional carriers of Na+ across nonpolar media - Accatino - 1988 - Hepatology - Wiley Online...Phospholipids and bile acids as diffusional carriers of Na+ across nonpolar media - Accatino - 1988 - Hepatology - Wiley Online...
Phospholipids and bile acids, by virtue of their amphiphilic properties, can interact in nonpolar media forming inverted structures (micelles) which presumably have an hydrophilic core and might act as diffusional carriers (ionophores) of electrolytes across low dielectric constant media or lipid membranes.. The Na+ ionophoretic capability of various purified phospholipids and the modulating effects of bile acids and phospatidylcholine was examined by: (a) measurement of 22Na+ partition into the organic phase (chloroform) of a two-phase system and (b) direct measurement of the translocation of 22Na+ across a bulk chloroform phase separating two aqueous phases in a Pressman cell. All phospholipids tested, except for phosphatidylcholine, showed ionophoretic capability for Na+ at micromolar concentrations. Cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine were the most efficient Na+ carriers, comparable with monensin, an established Na+ ionophore. In contrast, cholic acid as well as other bile acids ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.1840080432/abstract
Abstract 392: Loss of SHP Protects LDLRKO from Diet-induced Hypercholesterolemia | CirculationAbstract 392: Loss of SHP Protects LDLRKO from Diet-induced Hypercholesterolemia | Circulation
CYP7A1 encodes the rate limiting enzyme for the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. Several studies have demonstrated that elevated expression of CYP7A1 confers protection from hypercholesterolemia. CYP7A1 expression is regulated by two nuclear receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer (SHP). Here we demonstrate that although FXR−/ − and SHP−/ − mice have similarly elevated levels of CYP7A1, FXR−/ − mice have elevated serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and serum markers of hepatic inflammation whereas the SHP−/ − mice do not. This suggestion of a beneficial lipid effect of the loss of SHP was confirmed in a cholesterol/cholic acid diet model, in which SHP−/ − mice were strongly protected form diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hepatic inflammation. To examine the effects of the loss of SHP in a model relevant to human dyslipidemia, we generated LDLR−/ −SHP−/ − mice. The LDLR−/ −SHP−/ − mice were highly resistant to Western ...
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/Suppl_16/II_62.4
OpenEmory | Search ResultsOpenEmory | Search Results
The classical functions of bile acids include acting as detergents to facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gut. In addition, bile acids also act as signaling molecules to regulate glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. The signaling potential of bile acids in compartments such as the systemic circulation is regulated in part by an efficient enterohepatic circulation that functions to conserve and channel the pool of bile acids within the intestinal and hepatobiliary compartments. Changes in hepatobiliary and intestinal bile acid transport can alter the composition, size, and distribution of the bile acid pool. These alterations in turn can have significant effects on bile acid signaling and their downstream metabolic targets. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the inter-relationship between the enterohepatic cycling of bile acids and the metabolic consequences of signaling via bile acid-activated receptors, such as ...
https://open.library.emory.edu/publications/search/?keywords=acid&keywords=activ&keywords=regulatori&keywords=glucagon&keywords=solut&journal=Acta+Pharmaceutica+Sinica+B&subject=Health+Sciences%2C+General&keywords=box
OpenEmory | Search ResultsOpenEmory | Search Results
The classical functions of bile acids include acting as detergents to facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gut. In addition, bile acids also act as signaling molecules to regulate glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. The signaling potential of bile acids in compartments such as the systemic circulation is regulated in part by an efficient enterohepatic circulation that functions to conserve and channel the pool of bile acids within the intestinal and hepatobiliary compartments. Changes in hepatobiliary and intestinal bile acid transport can alter the composition, size, and distribution of the bile acid pool. These alterations in turn can have significant effects on bile acid signaling and their downstream metabolic targets. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the inter-relationship between the enterohepatic cycling of bile acids and the metabolic consequences of signaling via bile acid-activated receptors, such as ...
https://open.library.emory.edu/publications/search/?keywords=acid&keywords=activ&keywords=regulatori&keywords=glucagon&keywords=gproteincoupl&keywords=fibroblast&journal=Acta+Pharmaceutica+Sinica+B&subject=Health+Sciences%2C+General&subject=Health+Sciences%2C+Nutrition&keywords=cholesterol
Bile Acid Profile Test | VCGSBile Acid Profile Test | VCGS
A metabolic disorder results when an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of our food is defective which results in compounds, also known as metabolites, accumulating in blood or urine. Incorrect metabolism means your body might have too much or too little of a metabolite which can have detrimental impacts on normal growth and development.. For cholestasis of pregnancy patients: qualitative urine bile acids is not the first-line test for the diagnosis/monitoring of cholestasis of pregnancy. Serum total bile acids should be performed in preference. VCGS does not perform serum total bile acids testing.. ...
https://www.vcgs.org.au/order/tests/574
Effects of the duration of hyperlipidemia on cerebral lipids, vessels and neurons in rats | Lipids in Health and Disease | Full...Effects of the duration of hyperlipidemia on cerebral lipids, vessels and neurons in rats | Lipids in Health and Disease | Full...
It is widely accepted that hyperlipidemia may lead to atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia has been identified as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke [14]. Extensive epidemiologic and experimental studies have supported the conception that hyperlipidemia may cause nervous system-related diseases [15, 16]. We evaluated the hyperlipidemia model with reference to the Deepa modeling method (normal rat chow supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid and 0.5% thiouracil, also called the CCT diet) [9]. In rats that were fed the CCT diet for 1 week, the levels of serum TC, TG and LDL-C increased by 2.40, 1.29 and 1.75 times,(P , 0.05), respectively, and the levels of serum HDL-C decreased by 0.26 times (P , 0.05). Factorial analysis shows that the severity of hyperlipidemia was aggravated with the extension of the CCT diet.. Brain tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells, and this tissue is a significant integration center for body movements, sensations ...
https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12944-016-0401-6
Glycocholic Acid Summary Report | CureHunterGlycocholic Acid Summary Report | CureHunter
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.
http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD006000-Glycocholic-Acid.do
Valproic acid dosage regimen / Revista pronto españa 2015Valproic acid dosage regimen / Revista pronto españa 2015
Health Benefits and Bioactive Components of the. at a dosage comparable to the amount. 2003; Kuti, 2004). In addition, taurine, a cell-protective β-amino acid.Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses Erik De Clercq. sialic-acid receptors used by both human and avian. at a once-weekly dosing regimen. Antimicrob.Producon of Oseltamivir anviral drug. Producon of caffeoylquinic acids for HIV treatment. Technology Licensing. Shikimic acid is an important starng.Brazilian journal of pharmaceutical sciences; Development of mesalazine pellets coated with methacrylic. is the standard drug for the treatment of inflammatory.Keywords: Chapter 9a, Clinical Microbiology and Virology. Aseptic technique Collection of specimens for microbiologic testing in a way that eliminates contamination.NEW ZEALAND PHARMACEUTICALS LTD Product List Cholic Acid Pharmaceutical intermediate: raw material for the production of.. every 2 weeks at recommended dosage. dont trim the grass or plants 1 to 2 days after ...
http://modeway.tk/huhyf/valproic-acid-dosage-regimen-2718.php
Kybella - Deoxycholic Acid - The UCLA Division of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryKybella - Deoxycholic Acid - The UCLA Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Kybella (deoxycholic acid) is the first and only FDA-approved injectable treatment to improve the appearance of moderate to severe fat beneath the chin.
https://www.uclahealth.org/plasticsurgery/kybella
deoxycholic acid Tagdeoxycholic acid Tag
Get rid of your double chin or saggy neck - wouldnt that be wonderful? Well today we share some exciting new options for those of you who really want to do something about your chin or neck but dont know what is available. Our neck & chin area has traditionally been difficult to improve, with…. Read More ...
http://www.barrylyckamd.com/tag/deoxycholic-acid/
KEGG ENZYME: 6.2.1.28KEGG ENZYME: 6.2.1.28
Subcellular localization of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy- and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme A ligase(s) in rat liver ...
http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?ec:6.2.1.28
KEGG REACTION: R07204KEGG REACTION: R07204
3alpha,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestane + [Reduced NADPH---hemoprotein reductase] + Oxygen ,=, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestane + [Oxidized NADPH---hemoprotein reductase] + ...
https://www.kegg.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn:R07204
Diazyme Receives FDA 510(K) Approval for Enzymatic Total Bile Acids Assay Kit | General AtomicsDiazyme Receives FDA 510(K) Approval for Enzymatic Total Bile Acids Assay Kit | General Atomics
Dec 22, 2005. SAN DIEGO, CA - Dec 22, 2005 - Diazyme Laboratories, a company that applies its proprietary enzyme technologies to develop low cost and high quality diagnostic products for clinical and research uses, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Diazyme 510(K) clearance to market its Enzymatic Total Bile Acids (TBA) Assay Kit for the quantitative determination of total bile acids in human blood samples.. Total bile acids is a well known bio-marker for diagnosis of liver diseases. Serum total bile acids are elevated in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver sclerosis, and liver cancer. Total bile acids levels are found to be the most sensitive indicator for monitoring the effectiveness of interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients. Moreover, total bile acids tests are also widely used to screen pregnant women for the condition of obstetric cholestasis, a disease that is caused by elevated total bile acids in the bloodstream ...
http://www.ga.com/diazyme-receives-fda-510k-approval-for-enzymatic-total-bile-acids-assay-kit
Anhui Chem-Bright Bioengineering Co.,Ltd /СompaniesAnhui Chem-Bright Bioengineering Co.,Ltd /Сompanies
Anhui Chem-Bright Bioengineering Co.,Ltd is a modernized enterprise specialized in research & development, manufacturing and selling of Active Pharmaceutical Intermediates and feed additive.. Our main products are cholesterol, bilirubin,cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, pig bile powder, ox bile powder,sodium cholate,Deoxycholic acid,Sodium Deoxycholate,Dehydrocholic acid,Sodium Dehydrocholate,Chondronitin Sulfate.. Our factory covers an area of over 36,000 square meter, included standard workshop, warehouse, research center, laboratory, office building, and other devices, with a total investment of more than CNY 75 million.We had established 10-thousand-grade Purification Room, and introduced advanced equipments both for research and production from home and abroad. Our production management is strictly conducted by the requirement of GMP of China,ISO9001-2008, and all of our products could meet the requirements of international standards.In 2013, products including ...
https://kitairu.net/companies/111990.html
SLC27A5 - Bile acyl-CoA synthetase - Homo sapiens (Human) - SLC27A5 gene & proteinSLC27A5 - Bile acyl-CoA synthetase - Homo sapiens (Human) - SLC27A5 gene & protein
Acyl-CoA synthetase involved in bile acid metabolism. Proposed to catalyze the first step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi by activating them to their CoA thioesters. Seems to activate secondary bile acids entering the liver from the enterohepatic circulation. In vitro, also activates 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate (THCA), the C27 precursor of cholic acid deriving from the de novo synthesis from cholesterol.
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9Y2P5
Intestinal bile acid receptors are key regulators of glucose homeostasis - CNKI学术搜索Intestinal bile acid receptors are key regulators of glucose homeostasis - CNKI学术搜索
In addition to their well-known function as dietary lipid detergents, bile acids have emerged as important signalling molecules that regulate energy homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted that disrupted bile acid metabolism is associated with metabolism disorders such as dyslipidaemia, intestinal chronic inflammatory diseases and obesity. In particular, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications in bile acid metabolism. Bile acids bind and modulate the activity of transmembrane and nuclear receptors (NR). Among these receptors, the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) and the NR farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are implicated in the regulation of bile acid, lipid, glucose and energy homeostasis. The role of these receptors in the intestine... in energy metabolism regulation has been recently highlighted. More precisely, recent studies have shown that FXR is important for glucose homeostasis in particular in metabolic disorders such as T2D and ...
http://d.scholar.cnki.net/detail/SCUD_U/SCUD4818CC68868271C3F1D73D5A7D92AFB3
Developmental pattern of 3-oxo-Δ4 bile acids in neonatal bile acid metabolism | ADC Fetal & Neonatal EditionDevelopmental pattern of 3-oxo-Δ4 bile acids in neonatal bile acid metabolism | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
The serum concentration of TBA in healthy neonates significantly exceeds that in children over 1 year of age, a condition called physiological cholestasis.9 The urinary TBA:creatinine ratio was raised in the first week after birth, then decreased gradually. The high concentration of TBA in urine may be attributable to either an enhanced stimulation of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids or an impaired hepatic clearance or excretion.10The highest value for TBA in meconium was in neonates. This value is greatly influenced by events or conditions during pregnancy, such as the presence of biliary bile in the fetal duodenum or the ingestion of amniotic fluid by the fetus.10 11 Ketonic bile acids are usually considered to result from the bacterial oxidation of primary bile acids.12 In this study we detected ketonic bile acids early in life. The intestine may be colonised by bacterial flora during the first week.13 A high concentration of 3-oxo Δ4 bile acids in serum or urine has been ...
https://fn.bmj.com/content/77/1/F52
Farnesoid X receptor - WikipediaFarnesoid X receptor - Wikipedia
FXR is expressed at high levels in the liver and intestine. Chenodeoxycholic acid and other bile acids are natural ligands for FXR. Similar to other nuclear receptors, when activated, FXR translocates to the cell nucleus, forms a dimer (in this case a heterodimer with RXR) and binds to hormone response elements on DNA, which up- or down-regulates the expression of certain genes.[6] One of the primary functions of FXR activation is the suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis from cholesterol. FXR does not directly bind to the CYP7A1 promoter. Rather, FXR induces expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP), which then functions to inhibit transcription of the CYP7A1 gene. In this way, a negative feedback pathway is established in which synthesis of bile acids is inhibited when cellular levels are already high. FXR has also been found to be important in regulation of hepatic triglyceride levels.[7] Studies have also shown the FXR to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor
Frontiers | Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System | NeuroscienceFrontiers | Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System | Neuroscience
Bile acids are best known as detergents involved in the digestion of lipids. In addition, new data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of influencing metabolic processes via receptors such as FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). These effects of bile acids are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, but can affect different tissues throughout the organism. It is still unclear whether these effects also involve signaling of bile acids to the central nervous system (CNS). Bile acid signaling to the CNS encompasses both direct and indirect pathways. Bile acids can act directly in the brain via central FXR and TGR5 signaling. In addition, there are two indirect pathways that involve intermediate agents released upon interaction with bile acids receptors in the gut. Activation of intestinal FXR and TGR5 receptors can result in the release of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), both
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00617/full?utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Neuroscience&id=293038
Influence of Gallogen and Diethanolamine Upon Induced Hypercholesterolemia in the Rat | Circulation ResearchInfluence of Gallogen and Diethanolamine Upon Induced Hypercholesterolemia in the Rat | Circulation Research
The diethanolamine salt of the mono (α,p-dimethylbenzyl) ester of d-camphoric acid (Gallogen) augmented diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipemia in the rat, while depressing liver cholesterol and total lipid concentrations. Diethanolamine had virtually identical effects. Gallogen, given orally to rats with biliary fistulas had a slight hydrocholeretic effect, but did not influence biliary excretion of cholesterol, cholic acid, or chenodeoxycholic acid.. ...
http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/6/3/271
One, Two, Three . . . and Theyre Out! FDA Issues Third Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher, Triggering One-Year...One, Two, Three . . . and Theyre Out! FDA Issues Third Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher, Triggering One-Year...
By Alexander J. Varond & Josephine M. Torrente -. On March 17, 2015 FDA approved Cholbam (cholic acid) for pediatric and adult patients with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects, and for patients with peroxisomal disorders. In approving Cholbam, FDA also issued the third rare pediatric disease priority review voucher (Pediatric Voucher), triggering the Pediatric Voucher programs 1-year sunset clause in Section 529(b)(5) of the FD&C Act. Recall that a Pediatric Voucher is a voucher issued to the sponsor of a rare pediatric disease product application that entitles the holder of such voucher to priority review (instead of a longer standard review) of a single NDA or BLA after the date of approval of the rare pediatric disease product application. A qualifying rare pediatric disease product application is an NDA or BLA for a drug or biologic intended to prevent or treat a rare pediatric disease. Such drug or biologic may not contain any active ingredient (including any ...
https://www.fdalawblog.net/2015/03/one-two-three-and-theyre-out-fda-issues-third-rare-pediatric-disease-priority-review-voucher-trigger/
Acting Locally | Science SignalingActing Locally | Science Signaling
The limited success of life-style modifications like diet and exercise in controlling weight is apparent in the ever-expanding epidemic of obesity. An alternative approach might be to manipulate metabolic rate. For instance, thyroid hormone increases basal metabolism and stimulates weight loss; however, excess thyroid hormone can lead to dangerous systemic effects, such as atrial fibrillation and bone loss (see Baxter and Webb). Watanabe et al. found that supplementing a high-fat diet (HF) with the bile acid cholic acid (CA) limited weight gain in C57BL/6J mice. Indeed, obese mice fed HF supplemented with CA lost weight and adipose mass. Mice fed HF supplemented with CA showed increased oxygen consumption and CO2 production relative to mice fed chow or HF without CA, indicating increased energy expenditure. Expression of the gene that encodes the adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent thyroid hormone activating enzyme type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2, which converts thyroxine into ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2006/320/tw41.abstract
Variation in susceptibility to atherosclerosis among inbred strains o by B Paigen, A Morrow et al.Variation in susceptibility to atherosclerosis among inbred strains o by B Paigen, A Morrow et al.
Ten inbred strains of mice were fed an atherogenic diet containing 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid and 15% fat. The strains were examined for plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels and for formation of lipid-containing lesions in the aortic wall. The strains differed considerably in the frequency of lesion formation after 14 weeks on the atherogenic diet with a range of 0-1.8 lesions/mouse. The order of susceptibility to lesion formation from the least susceptible to the most susceptible was BALB/cJ, C3H/J, A/J, SWR/J, NZB/J, less than 129/J, AKR/J, DBA/2J, less than C57L/J less than C57BL/6J. Total plasma cholesterol after 5 weeks on the diet varied from 131 mg/dl to 328 mg/dl among strains; however, there was little correlation between total cholesterol levels and susceptibility to lesion formation (r = 0.29). Plasma triglycerides after 5 weeks on the diet varied less than cholesterol with a range of 137-220 mg/dl. An analysis of the genetic differences among inbred strains of mice
https://mouseion.jax.org/stfb1980_1989/722/
hepatic caeca in cockroachhepatic caeca in cockroach
Crop C. Hepatic caeca D. Rectum. Crop C. Hepatic caeca D. Rectum 22. Hepatic caeca produce digestive enzymes. esophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca, in-testine, and liver ranged from 0.443 to 0.974 (Fig. Hepatic ceaca secrete digestive juice. The partly digested food is stored in_____in cockroach? What is their function? Hunger contractions are _____ contractions A. Antiperistalsis B. Peristalsis C. Voluntary D. None of these 23. Short Answer Type Questions. Hepatic caeca or gastric caeca is a ring of 6-8 blind tubules that are present at the junction of foregut and midgut. It is also an important site for β-oxidation of fatty acids and degradation of cholesterol to form cholic acid of bile. The hepatic caeca which are also known as gastric caeca is a 6-8 narrow and hollow ring-like blind tubules which are present in the junction of the foregut and midgut. The main organs of excretion and osmoregulation in insects are the Malpighian tubules acting in concert with the rectum and/or ileum (Fig. Fill ...
http://dmediagroup.co/kj4k7g/hepatic-caeca-in-cockroach-729c11
Introduction of Aromatic Ring-Containing Substituents in Cyclic Nucleotides Is Associated with Inhibition of Toxin Uptake by...Introduction of Aromatic Ring-Containing Substituents in Cyclic Nucleotides Is Associated with Inhibition of Toxin Uptake by...
Analogs of the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP have been extensively used to mimic or modulate cellular events mediated by protein kinase A (PKA), Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), or protein kinase G (PKG). We report here that some of the most commonly used cyclic nucleotide analogs inhibit transmembrane transport mediated by the liver specific organic anion transporter peptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, unrelated to actions on Epac, PKA or PKG. Several cAMP analogs, particularly with 8-pCPT-substitution, inhibited nodularin (Nod) induced primary rat hepatocyte apoptosis. Inhibition was not mediated by PKA or Epac, since increased endogenous cAMP, and some strong PKA- or Epacactivating analogs failed to protect cells against Nod induced apoptosis. The cAMP analogs inhibiting Nod induced hepatocyte apoptosis also reduced accumulation of radiolabeled Nod or cholic acid in primary rat hepatocytes. They also inhibited Nod induced apoptosis in HEK293 cells with enforced expression of ...
https://chemaxon.com/publication/introduction-of-aromatic-ring-containing-substituents-in-cyclic-nucleotides-is-associated-with-inhibition-of-toxin-uptake-by-the-hepatocyte-transporters-oatp-1b1-and-1b3
Congenital bile acid synthesis defect, type 1 | Rare Diseases | RareGuruCongenital bile acid synthesis defect, type 1 | Rare Diseases | RareGuru
Information on Congenital bile acid synthesis defect, type 1, which may include symptoms, causes, inheritance, treatments, orphan drugs, associated orgs, and other relevant data.
https://rareguru.com/library/disease/1479/congenital-bile-acid-synthesis-defect-type-1
Bile Acids (Total) assay - Randox Online StoreBile Acids (Total) assay - Randox Online Store
Bile acids are water-soluble and, when ionized, amphipathic end products of cholesterol metabolism formed in the liver.? In their molecular form, they are weak acids, however, after the biosynthesis process, the bile acid molecules are conjugated with glycine and taurine, converting them into strong amino acids before being excreted from the hepatocyte.. The fundamental role of bile acids is to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. ...
https://store.randox.com/product/bi7982/?add-to-cart=2135
Cholate synthetase definition | Drugs.comCholate synthetase definition | Drugs.com
Definition of cholate synthetase. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and definitions.
https://www.drugs.com/dict/cholate-synthetase.html
Cholic acid - Medicines ManagementCholic acid - Medicines Management
TLS status is not indicative that a product is on the local formulary and if it should be prescribed. Please use the "Read More" function or refer to the formularies. ...
https://medicinesmanagement.doncasterccg.nhs.uk/tls/cholic-acid/
Cholic Acid (Cholbam) | Daviss Drug GuideCholic Acid (Cholbam) | Davis's Drug Guide
Find information on Cholic Acid (Cholbam) in Daviss Drug Guide including dosage, side effects, interactions, nursing ... cholic acid is a topic covered in the Daviss Drug Guide. To view the entire topic, please log in or purchase a subscription. ... "Cholic Acid." Daviss Drug Guide, 16th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2020. Anesthesia Central, anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia ... Davis-Drug-Guide/110190/all/cholic_acid. Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Cholic acid. Daviss Drug Guide. F.A. Davis ...
https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/110190/all/cholic_acid
3,4-(13)C(2)]-CHOLIC-ACID - SpectraBase3,4-(13)C(2)]-CHOLIC-ACID - SpectraBase
3,4-(13)C(2)]-CHOLIC-ACID Compound with free spectra: 1 NMR ... 1H-Cyclopent[cd]indole-5-carboxylic acid, decahydro-7-hydroxy-1 ... 3,4-(13)C(2)]-CHENODEOXYCHOLIC-ACID. [3,4-(13)C(2)]-DEOXYCHOLIC-ACID. (+)-BRACHYPHYLLONE;(R)-(+)-9-HYDROXY-3-(4-HYDROXY-4- ...
https://spectrabase.com/compound/7tLBYCxVRWa
Avhandlingar.se: FATTY ACID METABOLISMAvhandlingar.se: FATTY ACID METABOLISM
Avhandlingar om FATTY ACID METABOLISM. Sök bland 101266 avhandlingar från svenska högskolor och universitet på Avhandlingar.se. ... in the absence of cholic acid. LÄS MER ... bile acids; fatty acids; CYP4A; CYP8B; genome; porcine; ... Linoleic acid; Intralipid; Interconversion; Gastrointestinal tract; Plasma free fatty acids; Fasting; Dietary fatty acids; ... which are involved in bile acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. Hyocholic acid is considered to fulfil the requirements ...
https://www.avhandlingar.se/om/Fatty+acid+metabolism/
Pediatric GI Research - NASPGHAN - GoryebPediatric GI Research - NASPGHAN - Goryeb
The patient was started on treatment with cholic acid (CA). After one year on therapy, she gained weight and grew, her liver ... In "High Index of Suspicion for Bile Acid Synthesis Defect in an Atypical Presentation of Liver Disease," Schuckalo presents a ... "High Index of Suspicion for Bile Acid Synthesis Defect in an Atypical Presentation of Liver Disease." ...
https://www.atlantichealth.org/about-us/stay-connected/news/press-releases/2019/naspghan-research.html
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 | DrugBank OnlineG-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 | DrugBank Online
Chenodeoxycholic acid. approved. unknown. Details. DB02659. Cholic Acid. approved. unknown. Details. DB03619. Deoxycholic acid ... G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1. Details. Name. G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1. Kind. protein. Organism. Humans ... G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1. Q8TDU6. Details. Drug Relations. Drug Relations. DrugBank ID. Name. Drug group. ...
https://go.drugbank.com/bio_entities/BE0005788
APIs,APIs Suppliers,APIs ManufacturersAPIs,APIs Suppliers,APIs Manufacturers
cholic acid Cas:81-25-4. Min.Order:1 Kilogram. FOB Price: $270.0 ... For Tianeptine sodium /free acid /sulfate , our USA warehouse ... Tianeptine Sodium/ Tianeptine acid/Tianeptine sulfate CAS 30123-17-2 for Anti-Depressant with Safe Delivery from USA warehouse ...
https://m.lookchem.com/type/APIs_cid2
Bile Acids, Fractionated | MLabsBile Acids, Fractionated | MLabs
Cholic Acid: , or = 5.0 nmol/mL; Chenodoxycholic Acid: , or = 6.0 nmol/mL; Deoxycholic Acid: , or = 6.0 nmol/mL; ... Ursodeoxycholic Acid: , or = 2.0 nmol/mL; Total Bile Acids: , or = 19.0 nmol/mL. ... Bile acids are elevated in individuals with liver dysfunction, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and intrahepatic cholestasis of ...
https://mlabs.umich.edu/tests/bile-acids-fractionated
Ceramidases - PDGFR has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of this diseaseCeramidases - PDGFR has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease
... cholic acid; CD, Crohns Disease; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DCA, deoxycholic acid; DMOG, ... Outcomes Intracellular HIF-1 was destabilised in the current presence of bile acids in every cell lines examined. Bile acids ... 2. This qualified prospects to microbiome modulation of specific bile acid information (CDCA and DCA). 3. Both bile acids ... dimethyloxaloglycine; LX7101 DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EHC, enterohepatic circulation ...
https://gelechioidea.info/category/ceramidases/
GB-3 Digestive Aid 90 Tablets | Endo-met SupplementsGB-3 Digestive Aid 90 Tablets | Endo-met Supplements
Cholic Acid (from ox bile) *Pancreatin (4 XUSP) [porcine]. Other ingredients: Microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium ... GB-3 is a formula containing bile acids and synergistic factors. GB-3 acts to enhance biliary output, assisting removal of ... magnesium vegetable stearate, vegetable stearic acid, silicon dioxide, film coating (hypromellose, glycerin, hydroxypropyl ...
https://wellnessshoppingonline.com/supplements/endo-met-gb-3-90-tablets/
GB-3 (180) | Nutritional Balancing LifestyleGB-3 (180) | Nutritional Balancing Lifestyle
Cholic Acid (from ox bile) 112 mg †. Pancreatin (4 XUSP) [porcine] 160 mg † ... Other Ingredients: Microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium vegetable stearate, vegetable stearic acid, ...
https://nutritionalbalancinglifestyle.com/product/gb-3-180/
SearchSearch
Cholic acid derivatives (1)Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) (1)Quantitative structure-retention relationship ... Retention and Activity of Cholic Acid Derived Cis-Trans Isomeric Bis-Steroidal Tetraoxanes. Journal of Separation Science 2011 ...
https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2839/discover?filtertype=dateIssued&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=2011
Harlan tekladHarlan teklad
Sodium cholate or cholic acid aid cholesterol and fat absorption and reduce cholesterol disposal via bile acid synthesis. ... Sodium cholate or cholic acid aid cholesterol and fat absorption and reduce cholesterol disposal via bile acid synthesis. ... Sodium cholate or cholic acid aid cholesterol and fat absorption and reduce cholesterol disposal via bile acid synthesis. ... and add a bile salt such as sodium cholate or cholic acid. Contact us for more information, modifications, or possible control ...
http://www.jinpanmed.cn/archives/category/harlan-teklad
fat | Todays Top Health Tipsfat | Today's Top Health Tips
Cholesterol is needed synthesis vitamin D, cholic acid, and several hormones.. Q: What is a food high in omega-3 fatty acid and ... A: A food high in omega 3 fatty acid is walnuts (1/4 cup) 2.72g and a food high in omega 6 fatty acid is (again) walnuts (1/4 ... cup) 11.4g. Another one is sunflower seeds (1/4 cup) 10.5g of Omega 6 fatty acid. ... a food high in omega-6 fatty acid.. ...
https://todaystophealthtips.com/tag/fat/
Medicines | European Medicines AgencyMedicines | European Medicines Agency
Ox bile concentrate, liquid - Paninkret chem.-pharm. Werk GmbHOx bile concentrate, liquid - Paninkret chem.-pharm. Werk GmbH
Our Ox Bile from the natural bovine bile is characterized by at least 45% cholic acid content. For example, cholic acid is ...
https://www.paninkret.com/en/products/ox-bile-concentrate/
bodily fluids | Acid Reflux Disease Remedybodily fluids | Acid Reflux Disease Remedy
Two chief bile acids produced in the body include chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid. These acids assist in the creation of ... Tags: Acid Reflux, bile acid, bodily fluids, canaliculi, chenodeoxycholic, cholic acid, gall bladder, hepatocytem, hepatocytes ... Cholesterol gets converted into chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids, which are two forms of bile acid. These are combined with ... 10 Acid Reflux Facts You Should Know. Fact #1. Acid Reflux begins as a burning pain behind the breastbone, and it then usually ...
https://blog.refluxremedy.com/tag/bodily-fluids/
İTÜ AKADEMİİTÜ AKADEMİ
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyurethanes made from cholic acid and L-lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester ... Consequences of Simple Acid-Pretreatments on Geopolymerization and Thermal Stability of Red Mud-Based Geopolymers ... Consequences of Simple Acid-Pretreatments on Geopolymerization and Thermal Stability of Red Mud-Based Geopolymers ... Altınkök Özgün Makale Biodegradable polymersPolymer synthesisPolyurethaneThermal propertiesStep-growth polymerizationBILE-ACIDS ...
https://akademi.itu.edu.tr/search-results?st=Thermal%20stability
closet | Synonyms, antonyms, and rhymes | Big Huge Thesauruscloset | Synonyms, antonyms, and rhymes | Big Huge Thesaurus
cholic acid. *chuck-wills-widow. *class act. *class cestoda. *class equisetatae. *classicist ...
https://words.bighugelabs.com/closet
checklist | Synonyms, antonyms, and rhymes | Big Huge Thesauruschecklist | Synonyms, antonyms, and rhymes | Big Huge Thesaurus
cholic acid. *chuck-wills-widow. *class act. *class cestoda. *class equisetatae. *classicist ...
https://words.bighugelabs.com/checklist
饮食养生：胆固醇高吃什么好-圣贤养饮食养生：胆固醇高吃什么好-圣贤养
The liver uses cholesterol to synthesize cholic acid, which is discharged into the gastrointestinal tract with bile to ... And fatty acids can lower blood pressure, triglycerides and prevent stroke.. 4、牛奶牛奶含有丰富的乳清酸和钙质,它既能抑制胆固醇沉积于动脉血管壁,又能抑制人体内胆固醇合成的活性 ... 4. Milk and milk are rich in whey acid and calcium, which can not only inhibit the deposition of cholesterol in the arterial ... After that, some of the bile acid
http://yaojiushenjiu.com/ysys/27833.html
Symptoms of CTX - CTX Awareness | Leadiant Biosciences, Ltd.Symptoms of CTX - CTX Awareness | Leadiant Biosciences, Ltd.
... and cholic acid (CA).7. Mutations in the CYP27A1 gene cause the sterol 27-hydroxylase enzyme to malfunction and interfere with ... The sterol 27-hydroxylase enzyme works in the liver to break down cholesterol to form the primary bile acids chenodeoxycholic ... the formation of primary bile acids. The disruption of these metabolic pathways also leads to the formation and accumulation of ...
https://ctxawareness.com/symptoms/
Fasting lowers blood pressure by reshaping the gut microbiotaFasting lowers blood pressure by reshaping the gut microbiota
"Supporting this finding, we found that supplementing animals with cholic acid, a primary bile acid, also significantly reduced ... Among the changes we observed, alterations in products of bile acid metabolism stood out as potential mediators of blood ... The team discovered that the SHRSP hypertensive animals that were fed normally had lower bile acids in circulation than ... On the other hand, SHRSP animals that followed an intermittent feeding schedule had more bile acids in the circulation. ...
https://organicslant.com/fasting-lowers-blood-pressure-by-reshaping-the-gut-microbiota/
2:02 pm2:02 pm
... a cholic acid capsule to treat pediatric and adult patients with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects, ... Its marketed products include Chenodal, a synthetic oral form of chenodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of radiolucent stones ...
http://www.maygle.com/retrophin-rtrx-sets-new-12-month-high-and-low-at-29-77.html
Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase-deficient mice are protected from high-fat/high-cholesterol diet-induced metabolic disorders. ·...Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase-deficient mice are protected from high-fat/high-cholesterol diet-induced metabolic disorders. ·...
... resulting in a more hydrophilic bile acid composition with reduced cholic acid (CA). Surprisingly, Cyp7a1(-/-) mice have ... bile acids and salt/metabolism, *cholesterol/diet, *Lipids, *Liver, 2016, Animal, Animals, Bile Acids and Salts/genetics/ ... bile acids and salt/metabolism; *cholesterol/diet; *lipids; *liver; Animal; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts/genetics/metabolism; ... Our current study points to a critical role of bile acid composition, rather than bile acid pool size, in regulation of glucose ...
https://neomed.omeka.net/items/show/4877
Aloe Matte Moisture Cream 50ml | Zen Skincare and Waxing StudioAloe Matte Moisture Cream 50ml | Zen Skincare and Waxing Studio
Cholic Acid (D), Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Allantoin, Phenyl t-Butylnitrone (Spin Trap), Cananga Odorata ( ...
https://zenskincarestudio.com/product/aloe-matte-moisture-cream-50ml/
以FXR为核心的胆汁酸代谢机制研以FXR为核心的胆汁酸代谢机制研
两种主要胆汁酸--胆酸(cholic acid, CA)和鹅脱氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid, CDCA)在肝脏中由胆固醇经两种途径合成。经典(或中性)途径是胆汁酸合成的主要途径，由肝细胞滑面内质网上的胆固醇7α-羟化酶( ... deoxycholic acid, DCA)和石胆酸(lithocholic acid, LCA)。次级胆汁酸或由被动吸收进入门静脉或随粪便排出体外
https://m.hanspub.org/journal/paper/27282
7-Ketolithocholic Methyl Ester For Obeticholic CAS 10538-59-7 from China7-Ketolithocholic Methyl Ester For Obeticholic CAS 10538-59-7 from China
Because CYP7A1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for biosynthesis of cholic acid, it can inhibit cholic acid synthesis and is useful ... Obeticholic acid (Obeticholic Acid), also known as 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid, is a new derivative of chenodeoxycholic acid ... Synonym: (E)-3α-hydroxy-6-ethylidene-7-keto-5β-cholan-24-oic acid;Obeticholic Acid-G; ... Obeticholic Acid intermediate 7-ketolithocholic Methyl ester CAS number is 10538-59-7, also known as Obeticholic acid ...
http://www.avolsenchem.com/sale-7-ketolithocholic-methyl-ester-for-obeticholic-cas-10538-59-7-53698878.html
PTS2PTS2
Cholic acid. CRAT Carnitine acetyltransferase. CROT Carnitine O octanoyltransferase. D bifunctional protein deficiency MFP2 ... Phytanic acid. Pristanic acid. PTS1. PTS2. Racemase deficiency. Refsum s disease. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. SCP2. ... Biochemistry and genetics of inherited disorders of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism.. [20558530] J Lipid Res 51(10): 2863-95 ... Fatty acids (oxidation). HACL1 2 Hydroxyacyl CoA lyase 1. HAO2 Hydroxyacid oxidase 2 long chain. HSD17B4. HSDL2 Hydroxysteroid ...
https://www.kidney.de/bdom/PTS2.php
ChenodeoxycholicCholbamCholesterolEffects of cholic acidMetabolismTaurocholicSaltsDerivativesLiverAcetic acidSynthesisCapsulesGlobal Cholic AcidCHOLATEPrimary bile acidsConjugates of cholicConjugateFattyGlycineSteroidEnterohepatic circulationCholestasisAmino acidSodiumAtypical bile acidsMass spectrometryPolymersAbsorptionPhospholipidsLithocholicCitricMoleculeCarboxylic acidsUrsodeoxycholic acidDesoxycholic AcidExposed to bile acidsDisordersCapsuleFatsSoluble in waterBiliarySerumInsoluble2020Secondary bile acidsMolecularMajor bile acidsGlycocholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic19
  • Cholic acid, along with chenodeoxycholic acid, is one of the two major bile acids produced by the liver, where it is synthesized from cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is why chenodeoxycholic acid, and not cholic acid, can be used to treat gallstones (because decreasing bile acid synthesis would supersaturate the stones even more). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are the most important human bile acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chenodeoxycholic acid treatment of gallstones. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two main bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, are both made from cholesterol in the liver and pass into the bile in combination with amino acids, as bile salts. (lexico.com)
  • Bile acids, primarily cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, result from cholesterol metabolism in the liver and are involved in emulsification and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. (lexico.com)
  • Full structure of the RamR dimer with two molecules of cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid. (eurekalert.org)
  • Both cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. (eurekalert.org)
  • We then used surface plasmon resonance analysis to show that RamR binds directly to the primary bile acids cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. (eurekalert.org)
  • The incidence of gall bladder disease in the United and chenodeoxycholic acid, are synthesized from States exceeds 20 million cases annually. (yudu.com)
  • From cholic acide by five steps obtained chenodeoxycholic acide. (bvsalud.org)
  • This assay uses LC/MS-MS to quantify the free acid, glycine-conjugate and taurine-conjugate forms of cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid. (labcorp.com)
  • The liver synthesizes cholesterol into two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. (labcorp.com)
  • A fraction of chenodeoxycholic acid is also transformed into the tertiary bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid. (labcorp.com)
  • The hepatic BA synthesizing pathways lead to formation of the primary chenodeoxycholic (CDCA) and cholic (CA) acids which are, in part, conjugated with taurine and glycine to form amidated acids [1]. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid ) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid ) are the major bile salts. (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] The salts of their 7-alpha-dehydroxylated derivatives, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid , are also found, with derivatives of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids accounting for over 90% of human biliary bile acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cells , which synthesize primary bile acids ( cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in humans) via cytochrome P450 -mediated oxidation of cholesterol in a multi-step process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cholic acid is converted into deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into lithocholic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Cholbam13
  • Cholic acid, sold under the brand name Cholbam, is approved for use in the United States and is indicated as a treatment for children and adults with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects, and for peroxisomal disorders (such as Zellweger syndrome). (wikipedia.org)
  • PubChem] Cholic acid, formulated as Cholbam capsules, is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for children and adults with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects, and for peroxisomal disorders (such as Zellweger syndrome). (drugbank.ca)
  • Cholic acid will be marketed as Cholbam by Asklepion Pharmaceuticals, the FDA said in its statement. (freethesaurus.com)
  • CHOLBAM ® (cholic acid) capsules, for oral use [prescribing information]. (cholbam.com)
  • The safety and effectiveness of CHOLBAM ® on extrahepatic manifestations of bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects or peroxisomal disorder including Zellweger spectrum disorders have not been established. (cholbam.com)
  • Monitor liver function and discontinue CHOLBAM ® (cholic acid) in patients who develop worsening of liver function while on treatment. (cholbam.com)
  • Bile Acid Resins and Aluminum-Based Antacids: Take CHOLBAM ® at least 1 hour before or 4 to 6 hours (or at as great an interval as possible) after a bile acid binding resin or aluminum-based antacids. (cholbam.com)
  • On March 17th, 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Cholbam (cholic acid) capsules, the first FDA approved treatment for pediatric and adult patients with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects, and for patients with peroxisomal disorders (including Zellweger spectrum disorders). (globalgenes.org)
  • The efficacy of Cholbam for the treatment of patients with bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects was assessed in an uncontrolled trial involving 50 patients treated over an 18 year period. (globalgenes.org)
  • Cholbam did not affect other manifestations of bile acid disorders due to single enzyme defects or peroxisomal disorders such as neurologic symptoms. (globalgenes.org)
  • CHOLBAM is a treatment for infants, children and adults who have a rare condition called bile acid synthesis disorders. (fda.gov)
  • CHOLBAM was studied for the treatment of bile acid synthesis disorders due to what are called single enzyme defects (SEDs). (fda.gov)
  • In the trials that supported the FDA approval of CHOLBAM, 64% of patients with rare bile acid synthesis disorders had improvement in body weight as a measure of growth as well as improvements in liver tests that are expected to be related to less liver damage. (fda.gov)
Cholesterol21
  • Cholic acid downregulates cholesterol-7-α-hydroxylase (rate-limiting step in bile acid synthesis), and cholesterol does the opposite. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cholesterol is converted into dozens of primary and secondary bile acids through pathways subject to negative feedback regulation mediated by the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and other effectors. (nih.gov)
  • Feedback regulation of the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is lost in Cyp8b1(-/-) mice, causing expansion of the bile acid pool and alterations in cholesterol metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • The nucleus of the bile acids is closely related to cholesterol, from which they are formed in the liver, and this conversion depends on their relative concentrations. (inchem.org)
  • atherosclerosis must be induced by feeding a diet containing 15% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, and 0.5% cholic acid. (lexico.com)
  • As much as 80% of the cholesterol may be converted into cholic acid which is conjugated with other substances to form bile salts which facilitate digestion and absorption of fats. (lexico.com)
  • In our study, as well as in previously feeding experiments with rats [24] was observed that cholesterol, fat component and cholic acid addition to normal diet increase plasma cholesterol concentration, i. (freethesaurus.com)
  • These two molecules are named cholic acid and 24,25-EC, and are bile acid and a derivate of cholesterol, respectively. (freethesaurus.com)
  • Since the discovery that high cholesterol diet, with or without cholic acid , was per se atherogenic in mice, attention has focused on models based on dietary supplementation with purified cholesterol. (freethesaurus.com)
  • The acute antiprotozoal effect of hederagenin derivatives was more pronounced than that of cholesterol and cholic acid derivatives. (frontiersin.org)
  • Modifications in the structure of hederagenin, cholesterol, and cholic acid derivatives resulted in compounds with different biological activities in terms of acute effect and stability, although those which were highly toxic to protozoa were not always the most stable over time. (frontiersin.org)
  • Individuals with these rare disorders lack the enzymes needed to synthesize cholic acid, a primary bile acid normally produced in the liver from cholesterol. (globalgenes.org)
  • While bile acids (BAs) have long been known to be essential in dietary lipid absorption and cholesterol catabolism, in recent years an important role for BAs as signalling molecules has emerged. (nih.gov)
  • N Engl J Med 291:689-692, 1974), BILE acids are formed in the liver from cholesterol, stored and concentrated in the gallbladder, and secreted into the intestine after the ingestion of a meal. (elsevier.com)
  • 1 In addition, bile acids are required for cholesterol absorption, fat-soluble vitamin absorption, and to provide resistance to overgrowth of intestinal bacteria. (labcorp.com)
  • Bile acids are formed in the liver from cholesterol, stored and concentrated in the gallbladder, and excreted into the intestines in response to food. (labcorp.com)
  • Bile acids (BAs) exert an essential role in the control of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis and constitute the major endogenous component of the human bile [1]. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Bile acids comprise about 80% of the organic compounds in bile (others are phospholipids and cholesterol ). (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme is down-regulated by cholic acid, up-regulated by cholesterol and is inhibited by the actions of the ileal hormone FGF15/19 . (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthesis of bile acids is a major route of cholesterol metabolism in most species other than humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The body produces about 800 mg of cholesterol per day and about half of that is used for bile acid synthesis producing 400-600 mg daily. (wikipedia.org)
Effects of cholic acid2
  • This is to track the outcome of the pregnancy and to evaluate any effects of cholic acid on the baby. (uofmhealth.org)
  • What are the possible side effects of cholic acid? (uofmhealth.org)
Metabolism8
  • This amount is unlikely to affect the normal equilibrium of bile acid metabolism. (inchem.org)
  • A Phase III, open label, single arm, nonrandomized, non-comparative, compassionate treatment study of cholic acid in the treatment of defects of bile acid metabolism. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Investigation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Disease in Patients With Inborn Errors of Bile Acid Metabolism. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. (springer.com)
  • Inborn Errors of Bile Acid Metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism are rare causes of neonatal cholestasis and liver disease in older children and adults. (nih.gov)
  • It was found that altered bile acid, amino acid, and energy metabolism might be at least partly responsible for OA-induced hepatotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Bile acid metabolism, as the most important pathway, was verified by using UHPLC-TSQ-MS, indicating that conjugated bile acids were the main contributors to OA-induced liver toxicity. (frontiersin.org)
Taurocholic6
  • Derivatives are made from cholyl-CoA, which exchanges its CoA with either glycine, or taurine, yielding glycocholic and taurocholic acid, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most noteworthy were two general phenotypes displayed by nearly every strain tested: (i) they were more susceptible (up to 256-fold in some cases) to the deconjugated bile acid cholic acid than to the conjugate taurocholic or taurodeoxycholic acid, and (ii) they became susceptible to aminoglycosides when assayed on agar medium containing 0.5% fractionated bovine bile (ox gall). (asm.org)
  • The effect was dramatic, particularly with cholic acid, increasing up to 18-fold, whereas only modest increases, 3- and 5-fold, could be achieved with taurocholic acid and ox gall, respectively. (asm.org)
  • Since L. plantarum , particularly strain WCFS1, is known to encode bile salt hydrolase (deconjugation) activity, our data indicate that mainly cholic acid, but not taurocholic acid, effectively permeabilizes the membrane to aminoglycosides. (asm.org)
  • These derivatives are made from cholyl-CoA, which exchanges its CoA with either glycine, or taurine, yielding glycocholic and taurocholic acid respectively. (radiantinsights.com)
  • Any of the complex acids that occur as salts in bile, e.g., cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. (tabers.com)
Salts15
  • Salts of cholic acid are called cholates. (wikipedia.org)
  • C 24 H 40 O 4 Description White, crystalline powder Uses As foam stabilizer Biological Data Biochemical aspects These bile acids and their salts are found as natural constituents of the bile. (inchem.org)
  • In normal individuals, additional administration of moderate quantities of bile acids or salts by mouth has no demonstrable effect, since there are enough bile salts present in the intestinal lumen to carry out all the absorptive functions. (inchem.org)
  • Acute toxicity Animal Route LD 50 References (mg/kg body-weight) CHOLIC ACID Rabbit i.v. 50 (Na salt) Gillert, 1926 DESOXYCHOLIC ACID Rabbit i.v. 15 (Na salt) Gillert, 1926 In general, bile acids and salts have only a minor toxic potential when given by mouth. (inchem.org)
  • Toxic effects that may be attributable to accumulation of bile acids or salts are also seen in obstructive jaundice, since they disappear if cholestyramine, which adsorbs bile acids in the intestinal lumen and prevents their reabsorption, is administered (van Itallie et al. (inchem.org)
  • Evaluation Because of their bitter taste, bile acids and their salts tend to be limited in use. (inchem.org)
  • It is a steroidal fatty acid and its salts are present in bile. (lexico.com)
  • All acids react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). (thefreedictionary.com)
  • These rules are demonstrated by the acids and salts: hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ), sodium sulfite (Na 2 SO 3 ). (thefreedictionary.com)
  • acids form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • [1] Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts . (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 600 mg of bile salts are synthesized daily to replace bile acids lost in the feces, although, as described below, much larger amounts are secreted, reabsorbed in the gut and recycled. (wikipedia.org)
  • These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts . (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, the concentration of bile acids/salts in the small intestine is high enough to form micelles and solubilize lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Which aa's do bile acids conjugate with to form bile salts? (brainscape.com)
Derivatives3
  • Six cholic acid derivatives (1-6) were isolated from broth cultures of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UWI-W23, an isolate from the Trinidad Pitch Lake. (ovid.com)
  • Of the two major bile acids, cholate derivatives represent approximately eighty percent of all bile acids. (radiantinsights.com)
  • This category contains pictures of bile acids and their derivatives. (wikimedia.org)
Liver18
  • A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. (drugbank.ca)
  • Abnormal bile acids can also build up in the body and become toxic to the liver. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Monitor liver function while taking cholic acid. (rxwiki.com)
  • Primary bile acids are normally produced by the liver. (icta.fr)
  • The absence of cholic acid in these patients leads to reduced bile flow, accumulation of potentially toxic bile acid intermediates in the liver (cholestasis), and malabsorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the diet. (globalgenes.org)
  • The liver normally makes bile acids which are needed to help to digest fat and for the body to absorb Vitamins A, D, E, and K. (fda.gov)
  • Accumulation of bile acids is a major mediator of cholestatic liver injury. (osti.gov)
  • Bile acid levels increased in serum of patients with liver injury, while biliary levels decreased, implicating infarction of the biliary tracts. (osti.gov)
  • Cholestatic liver injury is due to cytoplasmic bile acid accumulation in hepatocytes. (osti.gov)
  • Cholic acid is an effective treatment of most single-enzyme defects and patients with Zellweger spectrum disorder with liver disease. (nih.gov)
  • After facilitating the absorption of dietary lipids, bile acids are themselves absorbed by the small intestine, most efficiently in the ileum, and then carried in the portal blood to the liver, where resecretion into the bile occurs. (elsevier.com)
  • Oral cholic acid (CA) replacement has been shown to be an effective therapy in children with primary bile acid synthesis defects, which are rare and severe genetic liver diseases. (blogspot.com)
  • Cholic acid is produced by the liver. (eurekalert.org)
  • Both primary and secondary acids are reabsorbed and return to the liver via the portal circulation. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Back in the liver, LCA and CDCA sustain additional biotransformation into 6[alpha]-hydroxylated hyodeoxycholic (HDCA) and hyocholic acids (HCA), respectively [1]. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Diverse bile acids are synthesized in the liver . (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to secreting any of the bile acids (primary or secondary, see below), liver cells conjugate them with either glycine or taurine , to form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids . (wikipedia.org)
  • About 95% of bile acids are reabsorbed by active transport in the ileum and recycled back to the liver for further secretion into the biliary system and gallbladder. (wikipedia.org)
Acetic acid13
  • Cholic acid, also known as 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1g cholic acid dissolved in about 300ml ethanol or acetone, 7ml glacial acetic acid. (chemicalbook.com)
  • Plus glacial acetic acid about 10ml, then it should be brown. (chemicalbook.com)
  • cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance. (radiantinsights.com)
  • Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. (tabers.com)
  • All detergent acetic acid glacial wholesalers & detergent acetic acid glacial manufacturers come from members. (infospaceinc.com)
  • We doesn't provide detergent acetic acid glacial products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully. (infospaceinc.com)
  • Glacial Acetic Acid 99% and 99.5% Property: It's clear liquid, free from suspended matter and with pungent odor. (infospaceinc.com)
  • Glacial acetic acid in industry grade GLACIAL ACETIC ACID FOR DETERGENT INDUSTRY Quick Details Classification: Carboxylic Acid Place. (infospaceinc.com)
  • Acetic Acid Glacial Property Value Units Test Method Appearance Clear Visual Color(APHA),Pt-Co 10 Max ASTM E302 Acetic Acid 99.15 Min WT% ASTM Formic Acid 0.05 Max WT% AWTM D3546 Acetaldhyde 0.05 Max. (infospaceinc.com)
  • Glacial Acetic Acid is used to enhance flavor and maintain stability of active ingredients in food and beverage in detergent industry, as a kind of safe detergent it can aloe be used. (infospaceinc.com)
  • month 2.Reasonable price 3.ISO 9001:2000 4.Shipment within 2 weeks 5.Purity:99.5%min Detail information glacial acetic acid Classification:Carboxylic Acid CAS No.: 64-19-7 EINECS No: 200-580-7 UNNO. (infospaceinc.com)
  • Glacial Acetic Acid Molecular formula: CH3COOH HS code: 29152111009（）/2915211900（） Specification Glacial Acetic Acid Tech Grade Appearance Colorless transparent liquid Purity 99.0%min 99.5%min Acetaldehyde 0.05% max 0.05% max Formic acid 0.003. (infospaceinc.com)
Synthesis11
  • It is indicated for the treatment of inborn errors in primary bile-acid synthesis due to 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase deficiency or Δ4-3-oxosteroid-5β-reductase deficiency in infants, children and adolescents aged one month to 18 years and adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cholic acid is used to treat Bile Acid Synthesis Disorders . (drugs.com)
  • Disruption of the sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase gene (Cyp8b1) in mice prevents the synthesis of cholate, a primary bile acid, and its metabolites. (nih.gov)
  • The results implicate cholate as an important negative regulator of bile acid synthesis and provide preliminary evidence for ligand-specific gene activation by a nuclear receptor. (nih.gov)
  • Kolehmainen, E. Synthesis of Both Ionic Species of Ammonium Dithiocarbamate Derived Cholic Acid Moieties. (mdpi.com)
  • GCC's report, Global Cholic Acid (CAS 81-25-4) Market - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2016-2021, has been prepared based on the synthesis, analysis, and interpretation of information about the global Cholic Acid (CAS 81-25-4) market collected from specialized sources. (radiantinsights.com)
  • Cholic acid is a prescription medication used to treat rare bile acid synthesis disorders due to single enzyme defects and for patients with peroxisomal disorders (including Zellweger spectrum disorders). (rxwiki.com)
  • However, effective treatments for some of these inborn errors in primary bile acid synthesis exist. (icta.fr)
  • Prior to today's approval, patients with these rare bile acid synthesis disorders had no approved treatment options. (globalgenes.org)
  • C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (tabers.com)
  • Patients with ZWS have a decreased number of hepatic peroxisomes, impaired plasmalogen synthesis (especially in RBCs) and increased levels of VLCFA, bile acids, pipecolic, and phytanic acids. (medscape.com)
Capsules1
  • Do not chew, divide, or break cholic acid capsules. (rxwiki.com)
Global Cholic Acid2
  • The Global Cholic Acid Industry Report gives an elaborate information about the market size, share and analyzes the complete value chain the report also covers the market dynamics enriching business strategists with quality data about the Cholic Acid market. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Global Cholic Acid market size will increase to Million US$ by 2025, from Million US$ in 2017, at a CAGR of during the forecast period. (decisiondatabases.com)
CHOLATE1
  • Cholate (1) also showed activity against MRSA (MICs=125μg/mL) and glycocholic acid (6) against S. cerevisiae (MICs=15.6μg/mL). (ovid.com)
Primary bile acids3
  • Other species may synthesize different bile acids as their predominant primary bile acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • formed in the colon as bacterial metabolites of the Gall bladder disease has an intimate relationship primary bile acids. (yudu.com)
  • The primary bile acids are converted by intestinal bacteria to the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. (labcorp.com)
Conjugates of cholic2
  • The effect of three liquid meals on the serum level of conjugates of cholic acid was determined by radioimmunoassay. (elsevier.com)
  • In five patients with cholecystectomy, conjugates of cholic acid increased to lower maxima after the first meal, and then remained elevated throughout the day, returning to base line 14 hours after the evening meal. (elsevier.com)
Conjugate3
  • Cholic acid and deoxycholic acid were determined spectrophotometrically at 320 and 385 nm, respectively, after heating in 2:1 sulfuric acid/conjugate. (freethesaurus.com)
  • A conjugate of taurine and cholic acid, C 26 H 45 NO 7 S, whose sodium salt is a component of bile. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. (wikipedia.org)
Fatty7
  • These conjugates, obtained by combination of suitable synthetic and natural polymers, peptides, fatty acids and cholic acids, produce by bottom-up processes nanosystems with functional and structural properties that can be tuned to obtain materials responsive to pH, temperature and ionic strength. (uniroma1.it)
  • carboxylic acid any organic compound containing the carboxy group (-COOH), including amino and fatty acids. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The FXR-alpha-mediated SHP induction also underlies the downregulation of the hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride biosynthesis and very-low-density lipoprotein production mediated by sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein 1c. (nih.gov)
  • C 18 H 30 O 2 , an omega-3 fatty acid derived from plants, esp. (tabers.com)
  • C 20 H 32 O 2 , an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. (tabers.com)
  • in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases. (tabers.com)
  • N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Stimulate Bile Acid Detoxification in Human Cell Models. (thefreelibrary.com)
Glycine2
  • Recent studies indicate bile acid composition between humans and rodents is dramatically different, as humans have a higher percent of glycine conjugated bile acids and increased chenodeoxycholate content, which increases the hydrophobicity index of bile acids. (osti.gov)
  • Their glycine and taurine groups are removed to give the secondary bile acids , deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid . (wikipedia.org)
Steroid3
  • 3) As organic acids with steroid structure, cholic acid can emulsify fat, promote its digestion. (chemicalbook.com)
  • Cholic acid-derived 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes were synthesized in order to explore the influence of steroid carrier on its antimalarial and antiproliferative activity in vitro. (ac.rs)
  • Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates . (wikipedia.org)
Enterohepatic circulation1
  • All four of these bile acids recycled, in a process known as enterohepatic circulation . (wikipedia.org)
Cholestasis4
  • Individual bile acid levels were determined in serum and bile by UPLC/QTOFMS in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis with, or without, concurrent increases in serum transaminases. (osti.gov)
  • Bile acids may be measured to investigate obstructive cholestasis in pregnancy. (labcorp.com)
  • For example, in the intestine, cholestasis causes an upregulation of the ileal intestinal bile acid binding protein (I-BABP) transporter resulting in an increased absorption of conjugated BAs by enterocytes [10]. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Objectives To test whether ursodeoxycholic acid reduces pruritus in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, whether early term delivery does not increase the incidence of caesarean section, and the feasibility of recruiting women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy to trials of these interventions. (bmj.com)
Amino acid3
  • C 4 H 7 NO 4 , a nonessential amino acid. (tabers.com)
  • To further stabilize the particles, the researchers added the amino acid cysteine (creating CNPs), which prevents them from prematurely releasing their therapeutic payload when exposed to blood proteins and other barriers. (eurekalert.org)
  • It always involves more than one amino acid and includes all residues involved in nucleotide-binding. (uniprot.org)
Sodium7
  • When the reaction was carried out in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide, only the bile acid derivative of sodium dithiocarbamate was formed. (mdpi.com)
  • Each 1ml of 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide corresponds to 40.86 mg of cholic acid (C24 H40O5). (chemicalbook.com)
  • Hyaluronic acid preparation is mainly a biological macromolecular substance extracted and refined from cockscomb and human umbilical cord, which appears as sodium hyaluronate sa. (himfr.com)
  • 1, Cosmetic grade Hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate ) power 5000-----300W molecular weight 2, Food grade Hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate ) power 5000-----300W molecular weight 3, Pharma gra. (himfr.com)
  • Hyaluronic acid , hyaluronic acid powder, sodium hyaluronate , CAS: 9067-32-7, food grade , cosmetic grade , eye drop grade , injection grade I am the professional manufacturer of hyaluronic . (himfr.com)
  • Plays a critical role in the sodium-dependent reabsorption of bile acids from the lumen of the small intestine. (uniprot.org)
  • Cellulose, silica, stearic acid (vegetable source), magnesium stearate (vegetable source) croscarmellose sodium and pharmaceutical glaze. (iherb.com)
Atypical bile acids1
  • 5]-cholenoic acids in patients undergoing cholic acid therapy, in whom reductions in the concentrations of atypical bile acids represent one of the main biochemical endpoints for efficacy. (freethesaurus.com)
Mass spectrometry1
  • The diagnosis should be considered in the context of hyperbilirubinemia with normal serum bile acids and made by urinary liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry or DNA testing. (nih.gov)
Polymers2
  • C 3 H 4 O 2 , a colorless corrosive acid used in making acrylic polymers and resins. (tabers.com)
  • In passive acidification, it has been proposed that cell walls contain acidic polymers composed of residues such as galacturonic acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and phosphoric acid. (wikipedia.org)
Absorption2
  • the level depends in part on intestinal absorption of these bile acids, which depends in turn on gallbladder contraction and efficient ileal absorption. (elsevier.com)
  • [9] Bile acid-containing micelles aid lipases to digest lipids and bring them near the intestinal brush border membrane, which results in fat absorption. (wikipedia.org)
Phospholipids3
  • Sreekanth V, Medatwal N, Pal S, Kumar S, Sengupta S, Bajaj A. Molecular Self-Assembly of Bile Acid-Phospholipids Controls the Delivery of Doxorubicin and Mice Survivability. (harvard.edu)
  • Sreekanth V, Bajaj A. Number of free hydroxyl groups on bile acid phospholipids determines the fluidity and hydration of model membranes. (harvard.edu)
  • Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. (tabers.com)
Lithocholic1
  • A significant proportion of CDCA and CA can be deconjugated and converted in the respective secondary lithocholic (LCA) and deoxycholic (DCA) acids by resident bacteria from the large intestine [1]. (thefreelibrary.com)
Citric1
  • It is a building block or proteins, participates in the citric acid and urea cycles, and is a neurotransmitter. (tabers.com)
Molecule3
  • The reaction of 3-aminopropylamide of cholic acid with CS 2 produced a bile acid derivative of dithiocarbamic acid which further formed an ammonium salt with another molecule of 3-aminopropylamide of cholic acid. (mdpi.com)
  • Dr Wang said: "The first molecule we found, cholic acid , influences the production and survival of neurons in what is known as the red nucleus, important for incoming signals from other parts of the brain. (freethesaurus.com)
  • ABBR: AHA Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. (tabers.com)
Carboxylic acids1
  • Esters are prepared by the condensation reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols. (bartleby.com)
Ursodeoxycholic acid6
  • 56 women were randomised to ursodeoxycholic acid, 55 to placebo, 30 to early term delivery, and 32 to expectant management. (bmj.com)
  • Main outcome measures The primary outcome for ursodeoxycholic acid was maternal itch (arithmetic mean of measures (100 mm visual analogue scale) of worst itch in past 24 hours) and for the timing of delivery was caesarean section. (bmj.com)
  • Results Ursodeoxycholic acid reduced itching by −16 mm (95% confidence interval −27 mm to −6 mm), less than the 30 mm difference prespecified by clinicians and women as clinically meaningful. (bmj.com)
  • 32% (14/44) of women randomised to ursodeoxycholic acid experienced a reduction in worst itching by at least 30 mm compared with 16% (6/37) randomised to placebo. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Ursodeoxycholic acid significantly reduces pruritus, but the size of the benefit may be too small for most doctors to recommend it, or for most women to want to take it. (bmj.com)
  • A trial to test whether ursodeoxycholic acid reduces adverse perinatal outcomes would have to be large, but is feasible. (bmj.com)
Desoxycholic Acid1
Exposed to bile acids2
  • In uptake studies at pH 6.5, [G- 3 H]gentamicin accumulation increased over control levels when cells of this strain were exposed to bile acids or reserpine but not when they were exposed to carbonyl cyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone. (asm.org)
  • These data suggest human hepatocytes are more resistant to human-relevant bile acids than rodent hepatocytes, and die through necrosis when exposed to bile acids. (osti.gov)
Disorders2
  • People with bile acid disorders are unable to produce cholic acid normally. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Cholic acid is used in people with bile acid disorders. (uofmhealth.org)
Capsule5
  • Do not crush or chew a cholic acid capsule. (uofmhealth.org)
  • To make swallowing easier, you may open the cholic acid capsule and sprinkle the medicine into a spoonful of soft food. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Cholic acid comes in different capsule sizes. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Cholic acid doses are based on weight and you may need to use two different capsule sizes to make up your entire dose. (uofmhealth.org)
  • Cholic acid comes in capsule form and is usually taken once or twice daily with food. (rxwiki.com)
Fats4
  • Bile acids are produced naturally in the body to aid in digestion of fats and certain nutrients. (uofmhealth.org)
  • the duodenal mucosa in response to the ingestion of According to a large study of the Danish popula- fats and amino acids. (yudu.com)
  • Bile acids facilitate digestion of dietary fats and oils . (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated (A-) form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats. (wikipedia.org)
Soluble in water1
Biliary1
  • This was recapitulated by treatment with biliary bile acid concentrations, but not serum concentrations. (osti.gov)
Serum3
  • The efficiency of the hepatic clearance from portal blood maintains serum bile acid concentrations at low levels. (elsevier.com)
  • Diurnal serum levels of primary conjugated bile acids. (elsevier.com)
  • Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Diurnal serum levels of primary conjugated bile acids. (elsevier.com)
Insoluble1
  • The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, [4] and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. (wikipedia.org)
20201
  • 2020. https://www.drugguide.com/ddo/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/110190/all/cholic_acid. (drugguide.com)
Secondary bile acids1
  • Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon . (wikipedia.org)
Molecular1
  • Molecular weight 408.58 Definition Cholic acid after drying contains not less than 98 per cent. (inchem.org)
Major bile acids1
  • These two major bile acids are roughly equal in concentration in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Glycocholic acid1
  • glycodeoxycholic acid (5) and glycocholic acid (6). (ovid.com)

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