Cholesterol vldl. Medical search

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.

Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.

Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.

Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.

The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.

Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.

Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.

A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.

An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.

A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

A superfamily of large integral ATP-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. It is implicated in TANGIER DISEASE characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues.

Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.

A mixture of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), particularly the triglyceride-poor VLDL, with slow diffuse electrophoretic mobilities in the beta and alpha2 regions which are similar to that of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) or alpha-lipoproteins (HDL). They can be intermediate (remnant) lipoproteins in the de-lipidation process, or remnants of mutant CHYLOMICRONS and VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS which cannot be metabolized completely as seen in FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position.

Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.

A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.

A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.

A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.

A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.

Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.

Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.

Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).

A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.

A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.

A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

A 241-kDa protein synthesized only in the INTESTINES. It serves as a structural protein of CHYLOMICRONS. Its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. Apo B-48 is a shortened form of apo B-100 and lacks the LDL-receptor region.

A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. It is metabolized to CHOLESTEROL and CUCURBITACINS.

A broad category of receptor-like proteins that may play a role in transcriptional-regulation in the CELL NUCLEUS. Many of these proteins are similar in structure to known NUCLEAR RECEPTORS but appear to lack a functional ligand-binding domain, while in other cases the specific ligands have yet to be identified.

Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

Cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. 24-Dehydrocholesterol is DESMOSTEROL. The other most prevalent dehydrocholesterol is the 7-isomer. This compound is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin D3.

A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.

Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.

7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates GENES involved in CHOLESTEROL synthesis and uptake.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

An NAPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Relating to the size of solids.

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.

Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.

The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). It is characterized by near absence of ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. The massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in HEPATOMEGALY; SPLENOMEGALY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; large orange tonsils; and often sensory POLYNEUROPATHY. The disorder was first found among inhabitants of Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, MD.

An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.

An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.

Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position.

Glucose in blood.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

Oils derived from plants or plant products.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.

A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.

A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.

Cholesterol substituted in any position by a keto moiety. The 7-keto isomer inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity and inhibits cholesterol uptake in the coronary arteries and aorta in vitro.

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.

Abstaining from all food.

Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).

Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.

A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.

Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.

Organic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule.

Unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food.

A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

An anticholesteremic agent that inhibits sterol biosynthesis in animals.

Low-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 8 to 13 nm.

The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.

Fats containing one or more double bonds, as from oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of GENES involved in FATTY ACIDS metabolism and LIPOGENESIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).

FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.

A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)

A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Proteins which are present in or isolated from SOYBEANS.

A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.

A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.

CHOLESTENES with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the LIVER. Those from the liver are usually high in VITAMIN A. The oils are used as DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. They are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

Oil from ZEA MAYS or corn plant.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

The first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of STEROLS. it catalyzes the synthesis of SQUALENE from farnesyl pyrophosphate via the intermediate PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE. This enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of ISOPRENOIDS that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.

Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)

The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of gene (NPC1) encoding a protein that mediate intracellular cholesterol transport from lysosomes. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.

The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.

A ubiquitous family of proteins that transport PHOSPHOLIPIDS such as PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE between membranes. They play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A diet that contains limited amounts of fat with less than 30% of calories from all fats and less than 10% from saturated fat. Such a diet is used in control of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. (From Bondy et al, Metabolic Control and Disease, 8th ed, pp468-70; Dorland, 27th ed)

A spirostan found in DIOSCOREA and other plants. The 25S isomer is called yamogenin. Solasodine is a natural derivative formed by replacing the spiro-ring with a nitrogen, which can rearrange to SOLANINE.

The impact of an amino acid-based peritoneal dialysis fluid on plasma total homocysteine levels, lipid profile and body fat mass. (1/418)

BACKGROUND: The caloric load from glucose-based peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids contributes to hypertriglyceridaemia, adiposity and, as result of anorexia, protein malnutrition in PD patients. It has been suggested that replacement of a glucose-based by an amino acids-based PD fluid (AA-PDF) for one exchange per day might improve the nutritional status and lipid profile. Due to the uptake of methionine from the dialysate, however, exposure to AA-PDF might aggravate hyperhomocysteinaemia, a frequently occurring risk factor for atherosclerosis in uraemic patients. METHODS: We studied the impact of a once daily exchange with 1.1% AA-PDF instead of glucose-based PD fluid for 2 months on plasma methionine and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels, lipid profile, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and body fat mass of seven stable PD patients. Results are expressed as mean+/-SEM. RESULTS: Methionine levels did not increase significantly during therapy, but tHcy levels increased substantially from 60+/-12 to 84+/-19 micromol/l after 1 month (P=0.039), and to 85+/-22 micromol/l after 2 months of AA-PDF treatment. Serum triglyceride concentration decreased from 3.0+/-0.4 mmol/l at entry to 2.6+/-0.5 mmol/l (at 1 month, P=0.041 vs baseline). Serum BChE also decreased from 6.9+/-0.4 U/ml at entry to 6.3+/-0.4 U/ml after 2 months (P=0.014). Total cholesterol concentration and cholesterol fractions did not change. The reduced exposure to glucose-based PD fluid for 2 months resulted in a 0.5 kg reduction in fat mass which was due mainly to a reduction in fat mass of the trunk region (0.3 kg, P=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that methionine-containing AA-PDF induces an increase in the plasma tHcy level. This might, potentially, offset the beneficial effects of an improved serum lipid profile and reduced fat mass on the risk of cardiovascular disease in PD patients. Lowering the methionine content of the fluid, therefore, may be required to overcome this adverse effect. (+info)

Effects of alcohol and cholesterol feeding on lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol absorption in rabbits. (2/418)

Alcohol fed to rabbits in a liquid formula at 30% of calories increased plasma cholesterol by 36% in the absence of dietary cholesterol and by 40% in the presence of a 0.5% cholesterol diet. The increase was caused almost entirely by VLDL, IDL, and LDL. Cholesterol feeding decreased the fractional catabolic rate for VLDL and LDL apoprotein by 80% and 57%, respectively, and increased the production rate of VLDL and LDL apoprotein by 75% and 15%, respectively. Alcohol feeding had no effect on VLDL apoprotein production but increased LDL production rate by 55%. The efficiency of intestinal cholesterol absorption was increased by alcohol. In the presence of dietary cholesterol, percent cholesterol absorption rose from 34.4+/-2.6% to 44.9+/-2.5% and in the absence of dietary cholesterol, from 84.3+/-1.4% to 88.9+/-1.0%. Increased cholesterol absorption and increased LDL production rate may be important mechanisms for exacerbation by alcohol of hypercholesterolemia in the cholesterol-fed rabbit model. (+info)

Overexpression of human hepatic lipase and ApoE in transgenic rabbits attenuates response to dietary cholesterol and alters lipoprotein subclass distributions. (3/418)

The effect of the expression of human hepatic lipase (HL) or human apoE on plasma lipoproteins in transgenic rabbits in response to dietary cholesterol was compared with the response of nontransgenic control rabbits. Supplementation of a chow diet with 0.3% cholesterol and 3.0% soybean oil for 10 weeks resulted in markedly increased levels of plasma cholesterol and VLDL and IDL in control rabbits as expected. Expression of either HL or apoE reduced plasma cholesterol response by 75% and 60%, respectively. The HL transgenic rabbits had substantial reductions in medium and small VLDL and IDL fractions but not in larger VLDL. LDL levels were also reduced, with a shift from larger, more buoyant to smaller, denser particles. In contrast, apoE transgenic rabbits had a marked reduction in the levels of large VLDLs, with a selective accumulation of IDLs and large buoyant LDLs. Combined expression of apoE and HL led to dramatic reductions of total cholesterol (85% versus controls) and of total VLDL+IDL+LDL (87% versus controls). HDL subclasses were remodeled by the expression of either transgene and accompanied by a decrease in HDL cholesterol compared with controls. HL expression reduced all subclasses except for HDL2b and HDL2a, and expression of apoE reduced large HDL1 and HDL2b. Extreme HDL reductions (92% versus controls) were observed in the combined HL+apoE transgenic rabbits. These results demonstrate that human HL and apoE have complementary and synergistic functions in plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. (+info)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (4/418)

The binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) has been reported to be stimulated by both apoE and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In the present study we investigated the effect of the isoform and the amount of apoE per particle, as well as the role of LPL on the binding of beta-VLDL to HSPG. Therefore, we isolated beta-VLDL from transgenic mice, expressing either APOE*2(Arg158-->Cys) or APOE*3-Leiden (E2-VLDL and E3Leiden-VLDL, respectively), as well as from apoE-deficient mice containing no apoE at all (Enull-VLDL). In the absence of LPL, the binding affinity and maximal binding capacity of all beta-VLDL samples for HSPG-coated microtiter plates was very low. Addition of LPL to this cell-free system resulted in a 12- to 55-fold increase in the binding affinity and a 7- to 15-fold increase in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax). In the presence of LPL, the association constant (Ka) tended to increase in the order Enull-VLDL+info)

Lipid transfer inhibitor protein defines the participation of lipoproteins in lipid transfer reactions: CETP has no preference for cholesteryl esters in HDL versus LDL. (5/418)

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) catalyzes the net transfer of cholesteryl ester (CE) between lipoproteins in exchange for triglyceride (heteroexchange). It is generally held that CETP primarily associates with HDL and preferentially transfers lipids from this lipoprotein fraction. This is illustrated in normal plasma where HDL is the primary donor of the CE transferred to VLDL by CETP. However, in plasma deficient in lipid transfer inhibitor protein (LTIP) activity, HDL and LDL are equivalent donors of CE to VLDL (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1716-1724). Thus, we have hypothesized that the preferential transfer of CE from HDL in normal plasma is a consequence of LTIP activity and not caused by a preferential CETP-HDL interaction. We have tested this hypothesis in lipid mass transfer assays with partially purified CETP and LTIP, and isolated lipoproteins. With a physiological mixture of lipoproteins, the preference ratio (PR, ratio of CE mass transferred from a lipoprotein to VLDL versus its CE content) for HDL and LDL in the presence of CETP alone was approximately 1 (ie, no preference). Fourfold variations in the LDL/HDL ratio or in the levels of HDL in the assay did not result in significant preferential transfer from any lipoprotein. On addition of LTIP, the PR for HDL was increased up to 2-fold and that for LDL decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Under all conditions where LDL and HDL levels were varied, LTIP consistently resulted in a PR >1 for CE transfer from HDL. Short-term experiments with radiolabeled lipoproteins and either partially purified or homogenous CETP confirmed these observations and further demonstrated that CETP has a strong predilection to mediate homoexchange (bidirectional transfer of the same lipid) rather than heteroexchange (CE for TG); LTIP had no effect on the selection of CE or TG by CETP or its mechanism of action. We conclude, in contrast to current opinion, that CETP has no preference for CE in HDL versus LDL, suggesting that the previously reported stable binding of CETP to HDL does not result in selective transfer from this lipoprotein. These data suggest that LTIP is responsible for the preferential transfer of CE from HDL that occurs in plasma. CETP and LTIP cooperatively determine the extent of CETP-mediated remodeling of individual lipoprotein fractions. (+info)

Role of cholesterol ester mass in regulation of secretion of ApoB100 lipoprotein particles by hamster hepatocytes and effects of statins on that relationship. (6/418)

Our understanding of the factors that regulate the secretion of apoB100 lipoproteins remains incomplete with considerable debate as to the role, if any, for cholesterol ester in this process. This study examines this issue in primary cultures of hamster hepatocytes, a species in which both cholesterol and apoB100 metabolism are very similar to man. Addition of oleate to medium increased the mass of triglyceride and cholesterol ester within the hepatocyte and also increased the secretion of triglycerides, cholesterol ester, and apoB100 into the medium. Next, the responses of hamster hepatocytes to addition of either an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (lovastatin) or an acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor (58-035) to the medium, with or without added oleate, were determined. Effects of either agent were only evident in the oleate-supplemented medium in which cholesterol ester mass had been increased above basal. If oleate was not added to the medium, neither agent reduced apoB100 secretion; equally important, over the 24-hour incubation, neither agent, at the concentration used, produced any detectable change in intracellular cholesterol ester mass. However, in contrast to the estimates of mass, which were unchanged, under the same conditions radioisotopic estimates of cholesterol ester synthesis were markedly reduced. Any conclusion as to the relation of cholesterol ester mass to apoB100 secretion would therefore depend on which of the 2 methods was used. Overall, the data indicate a close correlation between the mass of cholesterol ester within the hepatocyte and apoB100 secretion from it and they go far to explain previous apparently contradictory data as to this relation. More importantly, though, taken with other available data, they indicate that the primary response of the liver to increased delivery of lipid is increased secretion rather than decreased uptake. These results point, therefore, to a hierarchy of hepatic responses to increased flux of fatty acids and increased synthesis of cholesterol that in turn suggests a more dynamic model of cholesterol homeostasis in the liver than has been appreciated in the past. (+info)

Dietary pectin lowers sphingomyelin concentration in VLDL and raises hepatic sphingomyelinase activity in rats. (7/418)

There is evidence that cholesterol and sphingomyelin metabolism are interrelated, and thus the hypothesis tested was that dietary pectin, because it can alter hepatic cholesterol metabolism, would also alter hepatic sphingomyelin metabolism. For that purpose, 4-wk-old female Wistar rats were fed a diet without or with pectin (20 g/100 g) up to 21 d. In accordance with previous work, pectin consumption caused a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in hepatic (65%), whole plasma (37%), and VLDL (80%) cholesterol levels. Pectin also significantly reduced VLDL sphingomyelin concentrations (57%), but raised the amount of sphingomyelin in the high density lipoproteins (HDL)-2 fractions (58%), so that the level of sphingomyelin in whole plasma remained unaffected. Pectin did not affect the sphingomyelin concentration in the liver. Pectin consumption did not affect the hepatic sphingomyelin synthesizing enzymes, serine palmitoyltransferase, phosphatidylcholine:ceramide phosphocholine transferase, or phosphatidylethanolamine:ceramide phosphoethanolamine transferase. In contrast, dietary pectin activated both lysosomal (28%) and plasma membrane (26%) sphingomyelinase and thus may have enhanced sphingomyelin degradation. An attempt was made to describe the effects of dietary pectin on sphingomyelin metabolism in terms of altered fluxes through liver and plasma, with whole liver and whole plasma concentrations of sphingomyelin remaining unaffected. (+info)

The lipoprotein profile of women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. (8/418)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipoprotein profile in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and to establish whether effective dopamine agonist therapy might have a beneficial effect. Blood samples were collected from women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and from controls matched for age, body mass index and smoking. Follow-up blood samples were collected from women on dopamine agonist therapy as treatment for their hyperprolactinaemia. Plasma cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum oestradiol and prolactin were measured. No statistically significant differences were found in the lipoprotein profile of the patient (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. During treatment with the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine (n = 9), significant reduction in total cholesterol [4.87 (3.98-5.87) versus 5.60 (4.55-6.61) mmol/l, P = 0.024] and LDL cholesterol [3.22 (2.01-4.23) versus 3.72 (2.59-4.93) mmol/l, P = 0.033] was noted. We conclude that beneficial alterations in the lipoprotein profile may occur in response to effective dopamine agonist therapy, presumably as a consequence of return of ovarian function and alleviation of oestrogen deficiency. Women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea should be encouraged to take effective therapy to improve their lipoprotein profile and potentially reduce their cardiovascular risk. (+info)

... together these actions decrease serum VLDL levels and increase HDL-cholesterol; the mechanism behind HDL elevation is currently ... Gemfibrozil also inhibits the synthesis and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule for VLDL. ... VLDL) effect; it can inhibit lipolysis and decrease subsequent hepatic fatty acid uptake as well as inhibit hepatic secretion ... VLDL) levels Modest reduction of low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels Moderate increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemfibrozil

Both VLDL and LDL are important in cholesterol transport and its metabolism. Not only was this degree of silencing observed ... ApoB is a protein involved with the assembly and secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein(VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein( ... The SNALPs ranged from 71 - 84 nm in size and were composed of synthetic cholesterol, phospholipid DSPC, PEG lipid PEGC-DMA, ... The SNALPs (around 81 nm in size here) were formulated by spontaneous vesiculation from a mixture of cholesterol, dipalmitoyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_nucleic_acid_lipid_particle

The apoprotein is secreted by a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP)-dependent mechanism, probably as a VLDL- ... Members of this family promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells. They are present in various lipoprotein complexes, ... including HDL, LDL and VLDL. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184831 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_O

"National Reference System for Cholesterol - Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network - HDL Cholesterol Certification ... Chylomicrons VLDL-C particles IDL-C particles LDL-C particles HDL-C particle Lipoprotein (a) [LP(a)] Men tend to have ... Cholesterol: The name cholesterol originates from the Greek chole (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for ... The remainder of the serum cholesterol after subtracting the HDL is the non-HDL cholesterol. The concentration of these other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein

... dose-related relationship between cholesterol intake and LDL cholesterol. Cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter ( ... In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost. Levels of fasting triglycerides were taken as an ... Average total cholesterol in the United Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/L, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 ... Eating dietary cholesterol causes a small but significant rise in serum cholesterol, the magnitude of which can be predicted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia

It also synthesizes cholesterol from acetate and further synthesizes bile salts. The liver is the sole site of bile salts ... Hepatocytes also synthesize apoproteins with which they then assemble and export lipoproteins (VLDL, HDL). The liver is also ... These cells are involved in: Protein synthesis Protein storage Transformation of carbohydrates Synthesis of cholesterol, bile ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte

... A-IV (apoA4) is present in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and HDL. It is thought to act ... Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in the transport and uptake of cholesterol by way of its high affinity ... Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fat and cholesterol) to form lipoproteins. They ... Chang TY, Yamauchi Y, Hasan MT, Chang C (December 2017). "Cellular cholesterol homeostasis and Alzheimer's disease". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein

This is largely a result of lower levels of VLDL lipids in the PEMT-deficient mice. Furthermore, the decreased lipid (PC) ... PEMT deficiency prevents atherosclerosis in mice fed high-fat, high-cholesterol diets. ... PEMT activity also dictates normal very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion by the liver. PEMT is also a significant ... VLDL) secretion. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is also known as lipid methyl transferase, LMTase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase

... inhibitors are thought to lower LDL and VLDL cholesterol by a dual control mechanism. Studies in which ... Four rings in total (A through D) are formed, producing the cholesterol backbone. Though the idea of a concerted formation of ... While cholesterol synthesis is mostly associated with eukaryotes, few prokaryotes have been found to express lanosterol ... Lanosterol is a key four-ringed intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. In humans, lanosterol synthase is encoded by the LSS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol_synthase

The hydrolyzed VLDL particles are now called VLDL remnants or intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). VLDL remnants can ... The external shell also contains phospholipids and cholesterol. All cells use and rely on fats and cholesterol as building ... Once loaded with apolipoproteins C-II and E, the nascent VLDL particle is considered mature. VLDL particles circulate and ... They also produce the bile from cholesterol. The intestines are responsible for absorbing cholesterol. They transfer it over ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein

It increases lipoprotein lipase activity to promote the conversion of VLDL to LDL, and hence reduce the level of VLDL. It can ... Clofibrate (trade name Atromid-S) is a lipid-lowering agent used for controlling the high cholesterol and triacylglyceride ... "WHO cooperative trial on primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease with clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: final ... clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol observed excess mortality in the clofibrate-treated group despite successful cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofibrate

Another diagnostic test that is often reviewed is LDL cholesterol. Low density lipoproteins are made up of cholesterol, TG, ... This causes high amounts of LDL and VLDL molecules to form. A unique sign of primary dyslipidemias is that patients will often ... Another blood level collected to assess dyslipidemia is HDL-C. HDL cholesterol is made up of very little lipids and a high ... Due to the positive effects of HDL-C, it is named "good cholesterol" since it helps prevent plaque formation. Other functions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslipidemia

... which normally transfers cholesterol from HDL cholesterol to very low density or low density lipoproteins (VLDL or LDL). ... Some types of HDL are great at plucking cholesterol from LDL and artery walls while other types are indifferent to cholesterol ... cholesterol). According to Harvard Heart Letter: "HDL cholesterol is turning out to be a much more complex substance than we ... Dietary cholesterol needs be esterified in order to be absorbed from the gut. The enzyme, cholesterylester transfer protein ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcetrapib

It is due to cholesterol-rich VLDL (β-VLDL). Its prevalence has been estimated to be approximately 1 in 10,000. It is ... HDL cholesterol carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver and then removes the cholesterol from the ... LDL cholesterol is produced naturally by the body, but eating a diet high in saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol can ... Initially, most VLDL is converted into LDL until this mechanism is saturated, after which VLDL levels elevate. Both conditions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia

Consequently, VLDL cholesterol production in the liver is reduced, which leads indirectly to a reduction in LDL and increase in ... It reduces triglyceride levels and increases HDL cholesterol. It may have less marked adverse effects than niacin, although it ... HDL cholesterol. Acipimox is completely absorbed from the gut. It is not bound to blood plasma proteins and not metabolized. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipimox

Neurons require cholesterol to function. Cholesterol is imported into the neuron by apolipoprotein E (apoE) via LRP1 receptors ... In the liver LRP1 is important for the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins (Chylomicron remnants, VLDL) and other ... LRP1 has a cholesterol-independent role in atherosclerosis by modulating the activity and cellular localization of the PDGFR-β ... "Cell cholesterol modulates metalloproteinase-dependent shedding of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRP1

... in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron, VLDL and LDL ... This may be due to their low cholesterol levels. Caucasian and Japanese carriers of two E4 alleles have between 10 and 30 times ... APOE transports lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol into the lymph system and then into the blood. It is synthesized ... Ye J (August 2007). "Reliance of host cholesterol metabolic pathways for the life cycle of hepatitis C virus". PLOS Pathogens. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E

As a result, synthesis of fatty acids, TG and VLDL is reduced, whilst that of lipoprotein lipase, which catabolises TG, is ... In addition, production of Apo A1 and ATP binding cassette A1 is up-regulated, leading to increased reverse cholesterol ... They are used for a range of metabolic disorders, mainly hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and are therefore ... Fibrates decrease the synthesis of bile acid by down-regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrate

VLDL is assembled in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. VLDL is converted in the bloodstream to ... nascent VLDL becomes a mature VLDL. Once in circulation, VLDL will come in contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the ... VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density ... VLDL now meets back up with HDL where apoC-II is transferred back to HDL (but keeps apoE). HDL also transfers cholesteryl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low-density_lipoprotein

IDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to ... The triglycerides in VLDL are removed in capillaries by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, and the VLDL returns to the circulation ... Their size is, in general, 25 to 35 nm in diameter, and they contain primarily a range of triglycerides and cholesterol esters ... In general, IDL, somewhat similar to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), transports a variety of triglyceride fats and cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-density_lipoprotein

... , furthermore, reduces the serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol, and increased HDL-cholesterol and ... Botryosphaeran exhibits hypocholesterolaemic activity lowering total cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol ... The cholesterol-lowering effect (hypocholesterolaemia) of β-glucans derived from oat and barley (β-(1→3)(1→4)-linked D-glucans ... In experiments with elderly male knockout LDLr-/-mice (LDLreceptor-deficient mice that show elevated plasma cholesterol levels ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryosphaeran

... which normally transfers cholesterol from HDL cholesterol to very low density or low density lipoproteins (VLDL or LDL). ... Drugs in this class substantially increase HDL ("good cholesterol"), lower LDL ("bad cholesterol"), and enhance reverse ... Carmen Drahl (February 2012). "The Cholesterol Bet". Chemical & Engineering News. 90 (8): 13-20. Filippatos, TD; Kei, A; Elisaf ... "Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition by TA-8995 in patients with mild dyslipidaemia (TULIP): A randomised, double- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETP_inhibitor

... disorders are associated with an increase in the concentrations of plasma lipids in the blood such as LDL cholesterol, VLDL, ... Harris JR (2009). Cholesterol binding and cholesterol transport proteins: structure and function in health and disease. ... Other types of lipids: Cholesterols: Cholesterols are the main precursors for different hormones in our body such as ... Cholesterol can be made from acetyl-CoA through a multiple-step pathway known as isoprenoid pathway. Cholesterols are essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_metabolism

Moreover, sortilin has been implicated in LDL-cholesterol metabolism, VLDL secretion, and PCSK9 secretion, and thus plays a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortilin_1

Synthesis of receptors in the cell is regulated by the level of free intracellular cholesterol; if it is in excess for the ... The receptor also recognizes the apoE protein found in chylomicron remnants and VLDL remnants (IDL). In humans, the LDL ... The rapid recycling of LDL receptors provides an efficient mechanism for delivery of cholesterol to cells. It was also reported ... When compared with non-carriers, LDLR mutation carriers had higher plasma LDL cholesterol, whereas APOA5 mutation carriers had ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

... and metabolism of other cholesterol-containing particles, such as VLDL and IDL. About 1 in 100 to 200 people have mutations in ... Total cholesterol levels of 350-550 mg/dL are typical of heterozygous FH while total cholesterol levels of 650-1000 mg/dL are ... High cholesterol levels normally do not cause any symptoms. Yellow deposits of cholesterol-rich fat may be seen in various ... LDL cholesterol normally circulates in the body for 2.5 days, and subsequently the apolipoprotein B portion of LDL cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia

... except that the VLDL remnant is known as an intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), which is capable of scavenging cholesterol ... VLDL). These VLDL droplets are handled in exactly the same manner as chylomicrons, ... Thus NADPH is also required for the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA; while NADH is generated during glycolysis.) The ... However, this acetyl CoA needs to be transported into cytosol where the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol occurs. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism

The ingestion of cholesterol should be less than 300 mg/day, which will require a switch to foods that are low in saturated ... usually with concomitantly elevated VLDL, is indicative of nephrotic syndrome.[citation needed] A kidney biopsy may also be ... Other efforts include managing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and infection risk. A low salt diet and limiting ... There is also an increase in the liver synthesis of cholesterol. Thrombophilia, or hypercoagulability, is a greater ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome

Initially, most VLDL is converted into LDL until this mechanism is saturated, after which VLDL levels elevate. Both conditions ... A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol increases blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Other disorders, such as ... The elevated triglyceride levels (>5 mmol/l) are generally due to an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a class ... Combined hyperlipidemia (or -aemia) is a commonly occurring form of hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_hyperlipidemia

The cholesterol esters are then stored as cytoplasmic lipid droplets inside the cell. The enzyme is implicated in cholesterol ... VLDL). Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not ... This gene is a member of a small family of Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases. The gene encodes a membrane-bound enzyme ... Katsuren K; Fukuyama S; Takata K; Ohta T (2003). "Effects of a new single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Acyl-CoA:cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAT2

2010). "No interaction between alcohol consumption and HDL-related genes on HDL cholesterol levels". Atherosclerosis. 211 (2): ... 2006). "Consistent effects of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in ... high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans". Nat. Genet. 40 (2): 189-97. doi:10.1038/ng.75. PMC 2682493 . ... VLDL. *delivery of C and CE: IDL. *LDL. *lb LDL. *sd LDL ... in micronesians and whites associated with LDL-cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_C4

VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), retinoic acid bound to albumin, water soluble β-glucuronides of retinol and retinoic ... cholesterol test. *liver function test. *blood test for vitamin A. Relevance of blood testsEdit. Retinol concentrations are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A

Types of cholesterol[change , change source]. Not all cholesterol is bad. There are different kinds of cholesterol in the blood ... High triglycerides (TG) are found in people with high VLDL. Why is atherosclerosis bad?[change , change source]. When ... Cholesterol is usually in the walls of cells. It is only in animals. Plants do not synthesize cholesterol. So the cholesterol ... Cholesterol[change , change source]. Cholesterol is a molecule in cells. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia

The basis of this is that Total cholesterol is defined as the sum of HDL, LDL, and VLDL. Ordinarily just the total, HDL, and ... This measures total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol and triglycerides. It is recommended to have ... Uffe Ravnskov (2000). The Cholesterol Myths : Exposing the Fallacy that Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Cause Heart Disease. New ... Cholesterol testing[සංස්කරණය]. It is recommended by the American Heart Association to test cholesterol every 5 years for people ...

https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/කොලෙස්ටරෝල්

... and metabolism of other cholesterol-containing particles, such as VLDL and IDL. ... Total cholesterol levels of 350-550 mg/dL are typical of heterozygous FH while total cholesterol levels of 650-1000 mg/dL are ... High cholesterol levels normally do not cause any symptoms. Yellow deposits of cholesterol-rich fat may be seen in various ... LDL cholesterol normally circulates in the body for 2.5 days, and subsequently the apolipoprotein B portion of LDL cholesterol ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia

Kalaany, NY; Mangelsdorf, DJ (2006). "LXRS and FXR: the yin and yang of cholesterol and fat metabolism". Annual Review of ... The glycogen is stored in the liver, but the triglycerides are secreted into the blood as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) ... Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Vitamin D is derived from cholesterol by the ring-splitting action of light.". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ... and then stored in those fat cells together with the VLDL-derived triglycerides that were made in the liver. Muscle cells also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

Cholesterol. Main article: Cholesterol. The fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of ... After a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again ... For this reason, LDL is referred to as "bad cholesterol".. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles transport cholesterol back ... The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/چربی_خون?match=en

Mahley RW (Apr 1988). "Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology". Science 240 (4852 ... VLDL e LDL.[1] Máis recentemete, estudouse o seu papel en varios procesos biolóxicos non directamente relacionados co ... Mahley RW (Apr 1988). "Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology". Science 240 (4852 ... "A PPAR gamma-LXR-ABCA1 pathway in macrophages is involved in cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis". Molecular Cell 7 (1): 161- ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoproteína_E

Over the dose range of 10 to 80 mg/day total cholesterol was reduced by 27.0% to 37.9%, LDL cholesterol by 37.1% to 51.7% and ... which is the rate-limiting step in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of the enzyme decreases de novo cholesterol ... "Controlling Cholesterol with Statins". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 6 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.. ... Lipitor, the cholesterol-lowering medication, has become the bestselling pharmaceutical in history. Here's how Pfizer did it". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atorvastatin

VLDL) and triglycerides, high plasma unesterified cholesterol in HDL particles, and low cholesterol ester in HDL particles but ... Cholesterol effluxes from cells as free cholesterol and is transported in HDL as esterified cholesterol. LCAT is the enzyme ... VLDL) and triglycerides, high plasma unesterified cholesterol, and low plasma cholesterol ester Plasma LCAT activity: decreased ... Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters in lipoproteins. Symptoms of the familial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin_cholesterol_acyltransferase_deficiency

The following table gives the fatty acid, vitamin E and cholesterol composition of some common dietary fats.[29][30] ... They are taken in through the intestine in chylomicrons, but also exist in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density ... The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-chain_fatty_acid

Bach D, Wachtel E (March 2003). "Phospholipid/cholesterol model membranes: formation of cholesterol crystallites". Biochimica ... At the top are cholesterol[1] and oleic acid.[2] The middle structure is a triglyceride composed of oleoyl, stearoyl, and ... "Fats and Cholesterol: Out with the Bad, In with the Good - What Should You Eat? - The Nutrition Source". Harvard School of ... Sterol lipids, such as cholesterol and its derivatives, are an important component of membrane lipids,[43] along with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid

The following table gives the fatty acid, vitamin E and cholesterol composition of some common dietary fats.[22][23] ... They are taken in through the intestine in chylomicrons, but also exist in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density ... The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron. ... and cholesterol esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and they are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acids

When hepatic cholesterol levels are decreased it causes an increased uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and ... Sustained elevations of cholesterol in the blood increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Mevastatin acts to lowers hepatic ... the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. ... which is a pharmaceutical used in the lowering of cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevastatin

When the liver can no longer produce cholesterol, levels of cholesterol in the blood will fall. Cholesterol synthesis appears ... The LDL receptor is transported to the liver cell membrane and binds to passing LDL and VLDL particles (colloquially, "bad ... National Cholesterol Education Program (2001). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel ... Inhibiting cholesterol synthesis[edit]. By inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, statins block the pathway for synthesizing cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin

VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), retinoic acid bound to albumin, water soluble β-glucuronides of retinol and retinoic ... bone X-rays blood calcium test cholesterol test liver function test blood test for vitamin A Assessing vitamin A status in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A

cholesterol efflux. • very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. • negative regulation of cholesterol transport. • ... reverse cholesterol transport. • negative regulation of catalytic activity. • response to drug. • lipoprotein transport. • ... cholesterol homeostasis. • positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. • triglyceride-rich ... Lab tests will show elevated blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and chylomicrons[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOC2

Uffe Ravnskov (২০০০)। The Cholesterol Myths : Exposing the Fallacy that Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Cause Heart Disease। New ... যকৃত VLDL অণু উত্পাদন করে যার মধ্যে বেশি মাত্রায় ট্রাইয়াগ্লিসেরল এবং কলেস্টেরল থাকে যা বাইল আসিডের সংশ্লেষের জন্য যকৃতের ... "High blood cholesterol: what you need to know"। National cholesterol education program। ২০১৩-০৪-০১ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা ... Daniel Steinberg (২০০৭)। The Cholesterol Wars: The Cholesterol Skeptics vs the Preponderance of Evidence। Boston: Academic ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/কোলেস্টেরল

"Safety (MSDS) data for cholesterol". Retrieved 2007-10-20.. *↑ Emma Leah (2009). "Cholesterol". Lipidomics Gateway. doi:10.1038 ... ಬೆಲೆಯ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದ, VLDL ಎಂಬುದು ಟ್ರೈಗ್ಲಿಸರೈಡ್ ನ ಐದನೆ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗ ಎಂದು ಅಂದಾಜಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು LDL ನ್ನು ಫ್ರೈಡ್ ವಾಲ್ಡ್ ಸೂತ್ರ ( ಅಥವಾ ... Uffe Ravnskov (2000). The Cholesterol Myths : Exposing the Fallacy that Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Cause Heart Disease. New ... Daniel Steinberg (2007). The Cholesterol Wars: The Cholesterol Skeptics vs the Preponderance of Evidence. Boston: Academic ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಕೊಲೆಸ್ಟರಾಲ್‌

"National Reference System for Cholesterol - Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network - HDL Cholesterol Certification ... Esta proteína intercambia triglicéridos das VLDL por ésteres do colesterol das HDL. Como resultado, as VLDLs acaban ... "Cholesterol Levels". American Heart Association. Consultado o 14 November 2009.. *↑ "What Do My Cholesterol Levels Mean?" (PDF) ... "LDL and HDL Cholesterol: What's Bad and What's Good?". American Heart Association. 2 July 2009. Consultado o 8 October 2009.. ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoproteína_de_alta_densidade

VLDL), இடைநிலையடர்த்தி கொழுமியப்புரதம் (IDL), குறையடர்த்தி கொழுமியப்புரதம் (LDL) மற்றும் உயரடர்த்தி கொழுமியப்புரதம் (HDL). ... LDL and HDL Cholesterol: What's Bad and What's Good? "https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=குறையடர்த்தி_கொழுமியப்புரதம்& ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/குறையடர்த்தி_கொழுமியப்புரதம்

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors, NPC1L1. *Ezetimibe. *SCH-48461. Bile acid sequestrants/resins (LDL). *Colesevelam ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advicor

... நோயாளிகளில் ட்ரைகிளிசரைடுகள் அளவு சராசரியாக 45 சதவீதமும் VLDL கொழுப்பு அளவு 50 சதவீதத்துக்கும் அதிகமாகவும் குறைந்தது. VLDL ஒரு ... Okuyama H (2001). "High n−6 to n−3 ratio of dietary fatty acids rather than serum cholesterol as a major risk factor for ... Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I dietary pattern on ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/ஒமேகா-3_கொழுப்பு_அமிலம்

VLDL) Cholesterol:HDL ratio The lipid profile tests are of 7 types: Total lipids Serum total cholesterol serum HDL cholesterol ... someone's total cholesterol may be high, but this may be due to very high HDL ("good cholesterol") cholesterol levels,-which ... VLDL may be defined as the total cholesterol that is neither HDL nor LDL. Then Friedewald's equation mentioned above yields: ... The individual components that make up total cholesterol reading-LDL, HDL, and VLDL-are also important in measuring risk.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_profile

"Study of Evacetrapib (LY2484595) in Participants With High Cholesterol (ACCENTUATE)". Kolata, Gina (3 April 2016). "Dashing ... VLDL) or low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and exchanges them for cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and ... "Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol ... and selective inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein that elevates HDL cholesterol without inducing aldosterone or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacetrapib

... increased synthesis of new bile acids by the liver from cholesterol, decreased liver cholesterol, increased LDL receptor ... constipation sometimes increase in VLDL[citation needed] and triglyceride synthesis Colestipol can bind to a number of drugs ... Colestipol (trade names Colestid, Cholestabyl) is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower blood cholesterol, specifically low- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colestipol

... cholesterol is a bad cholesterol. Both can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. Learn how you can lower your VLDL ... What is VLDL cholesterol?. VLDL stands for very-low-density lipoprotein. Your liver makes VLDL and releases it into your ... The VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides, another type of fat, to your tissues. VLDL is similar to LDL cholesterol, but ... How can I lower my VLDL level?. Since VLDL and triglycerides are linked, you can lower VLDL level by lowering your triglyceride ...

https://medlineplus.gov/vldlcholesterol.html

VLDL-C) test is used, when a VLDL test is ordered, and what the results of a VLDL test might mean ... Describes how the Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ( ... MayoClinic.com: VLDL cholesterol: Is it harmful? * MedlinePlus ... An elevated level of VLDL cholesterol (greater than 30 mg/dL or greater than 0.77 mmol/L), like elevated LDL cholesterol, is ... Because of the relationship between VLDL and triglycerides, you can lower your VLDL cholesterol level by taking steps to lower ...

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/vldl-cholesterol

VLDL cholesterol is a type of blood fat. Its considered one of the "bad" forms of cholesterol, along with LDL cholesterol and ... VLDL Cholesterol. Does this test have other names?. Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol test ... People who are obese also have higher levels of VLDL cholesterol. Why do I need this test?. You may need this test if you are ... This is because high levels cholesterol can clog your arteries and lead to a heart attack. Sixty percent of a VLDL particle is ...

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=vldl_cholesterol

HDL and LDL/VLDL Cholesterol Assay Kit (ab65390). Simple colorimetric or fluorometric quantification in a variety of biological ... Measurement of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL/VLDL from serum samples. Total Cholesterol (blue), HDL (green), and LDL/VLDL (cream ... Cholesterol esterase hydrolizes cholesteryl ester into free cholesterol, therefore, cholesterol ester and free cholesterol can ... Cholesterol Assay Kit - HDL and LDL/VLDL. See all HDL LDL/VLDL kits. ...

http://www.abcam.com/cholesterol-assay-kit-hdl-and-ldlvldl-ab65390.html?productwalltab=abreviews

... triglyceride and is packaged with apoproteins and cholesterols to be exported into the blood stream. VLDL is later degraded ... VLDL = triglycerides (mg/dL) / 5. VLDL = triglycerides (mmol/L) / 2.2. VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol ... VLDL is later degraded into LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein). Note that this formula is valid only when triglycerides are <=400 mg ... VLDL is later degraded into LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein). Note that this formula is valid only when triglycerides are <=400 mg ...

https://www.easycalculation.com/medical/vldl-cholesterol.php

How Do I Know if I Have High VLDL Cholesterol Levels?. At this time, there is no direct method of measuring VLDL cholesterol ... Cholesterol Breakthrough Protocol , Cholesterol Levels , Cholesterol: Diet to Follow , Why Testing Cholesterol Levels Isnt ... Who Suffers High VLDL Cholesterol Levels?. High VLDL levels appear to be more common in men than women, but nobody seems to be ... "VLDL cholesterol and VLDL apolipoprotein B values were found to be distributed with positive skew in both sexes but were higher ...

https://www.ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org/vldl-cholesterol

Effect of Cyclosporine on HMG-CoA Reductase, Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase, LDL Receptor, HDL Receptor, VLDL Receptor, and ... Effect of Cyclosporine on HMG-CoA Reductase, Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase, LDL Receptor, HDL Receptor, VLDL Receptor, and ... Effect of Cyclosporine on HMG-CoA Reductase, Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase, LDL Receptor, HDL Receptor, VLDL Receptor, and ... Effect of Cyclosporine on HMG-CoA Reductase, Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase, LDL Receptor, HDL Receptor, VLDL Receptor, and ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/294/2/778

High Cholesterol Board Index. Board Index > High Cholesterol , 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ... Associated Tags: bloodwork, cholesterol, cholesterol drugs, college, diet, hdl, high cholesterol, ldl, nutrition, triglycerides ... VLDL 29 and cholesterol at 239.6 do I need to worry . can u advices me on what to do .. ... (4 replies) ... To get your TC you have to add your LDL plus your HDL and also your VLDL. To get your VLDL you take the Trig. number and divide ...

http://index.healthboards.com/cholesterol/cholesterol-vldl-3/1/

Total cholesterol = 155. Triglycerides = 92. HDL Cholesterol = 37. LDL Cholesterol = 100. VLDL Cholesterol = 18. Kindly tell is ... VLDL CHOLESTEROL CALCULATED 21.6 mg/dl. NON-HDL CHOLESTEROL CALCULATED 175.85 mg/dl. 25-OH VITAMIN D (TOTAL) C.L.I.A 8.38ng/ml ... Cholesterol levels - LDL, HDL, Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, VLDL, Ratio. September 3, 2018. October 28, 2012. by Dr. Anil ... 37 thoughts on "Cholesterol levels - LDL, HDL, Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, VLDL, Ratio". *. Dr. Anil Singhal, MD (Homeo). ...

https://anilsinghal.com/blog/cholesterol-levels-ldl-hdl-triglyceride-total-cholesterol-vldl-ratio/

... cholesterol, low HDL, obese, low vitamin D. Diet?. Ask a Doctor about diagnosis, treatment and medication for Coronary heart ... HDL which is good cholesterol and should be high is low while other forms of cholesterol which are bad are high. Do you suffer ... HDL which is good cholesterol and should be high is low while other forms of cholesterol which are bad are high. Do you suffer ... i have high VLDL, Calculated it is 64 but it is normal 7-32; high Triglycerides it is 319 but it is normal 150; low HDL as % of ...

https://www.healthcaremagic.com/questions/High-VLDL-triglycerides-cholesterol-low-HDL-obese-low-vitamin-D-Diet/283714

The Doctors Laboratory website uses cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies.To find out more information, please visit our Cookie Policy page.. ...

https://www.tdlpathology.com/specialties/biochemistry/biochemistry-tests/vldl-cholesterol/

The article reviews the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as VLDL, IDL and chylomicrons, and their association with ... How To Reduce VLDL. Measurements VLDL or VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) are seldom performed in clinical practice. However, it is ... VLDL is produced by the liver. It carries both cholesterol and TGs. The ratio of the mass of TG to that of cholesterol in VLDL ... VLDL is the leading carrier of TG within the circulation.. VLDL is produced by the liver. It carries both cholesterol and ...

https://www.docsopinion.com/2017/01/30/vldl-triglyceride-remnant-cholesterol/

VLDL and Uric acid, prescribed medication. How serious is the problem?. Ask a Doctor about diagnosis, treatment and medication ... Tested for cholesterol, high in Triglycerides, VLDL and Uric acid, prescribed medication. How serious is the problem?. ... Normal VLDL cholesterol level is between 2 and 30 mg/dL which means you are above normal and are at increased risk of ... Normal VLDL cholesterol level is between 2 and 30 mg/dL which means you are above normal and are at increased risk of ...

https://www.healthcaremagic.com/questions/Tested-for-cholesterol-high-in-Triglycerides-VLDL-and-Uric-acid-prescribed-medication-How-serious-is-the-problem/371886

Especially in the Young, Cholesterol Is No Friend to the Heart * Even Small Improvements in Cholesterol, Blood Pressure Help ... Cholesterol Drugs Might Help Curb High-Risk Prostate Cancers * Cluster of Unhealthy Risk Factors Could Raise Odds of ... Sugary Sodas Wreak Havoc With Cholesterol Levels, Harming the Heart * Think Vaping Is Heathier for Your Heart Than Smoking? ... AHA News: Inherited High Cholesterol May Be Common in People With Heart Disease ...

https://library.southcoast.org/RelatedItems/RelatedDocuments.pg?d=&TypeId=167&ContentId=vldl_cholesterol&Category=News

For instance, the LDL cholesterol number for "bad" cholesterol in the conventional tests is just a calculated estimate, not a ... HDL cholesterol, HDL2, HDL3, heart attack, LDL cholesterol, Michael Ozner, omega 3 fatty acids, omega-3, pomegranate, ... The VAP Cholesterol Test. A newer procedure called the VAP™ Blood Test. (for Vertical Auto Profile) helps improve the ability ... atherosclerosis, Atherotech, cardiovascular disease, cholesterol, citrus pectin, cocoa, CoQ10, diabetes, garlic, GliSODin, ...

http://angiemedia.com/tag/vldl-cholesterol/

... learn about the different kinds of cholesterol, what different factors affect cholesterol, and when to see a doctor. ... VLDL cholesterol. VLDL represents the fats that are carried in the blood from food we eat plus excess calories that are ... HDL cholesterol. HDL is considered "good" cholesterol and helps move bad cholesterol out of the blood stream, which helps to ... What is serum cholesterol? Serum cholesterol is a measurement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316190.php

Vldl Cholesterol Direct. Vldl Cholesterol Direct. High cholesterol is one of the most common reason for cardiovascular disease ... Vldl Cholesterol Direct. Vldl Cholesterol Direct. Diets that are reduced in hydrogenated fat and cholesterol, high in fiber, ... Blood pressure enhances the danger of creating cholesterol-related conditions, so it should be controlled also. Vldl ... Low cholesterol is a necessary part of a healthy way of living. By making just a few lifestyle adjustments, you can lower your ...

https://mycoolcustom.com/vldl-cholesterol-direct/

Vldl Cholesterol Define. Vldl Cholesterol Define. Cholesterol is just one of one of the most typical active ingredients of ... Vldl Cholesterol Define. Vldl Cholesterol Define. If your doctor makes a recommendation for treatment, he may recommend a ... While it can lower LDL cholesterol degrees, it will increase HDL cholesterol, which is the great cholesterol. ... Consequently, it is typically referred to as "the silent awesome." Vldl Cholesterol Define ...

https://mycoolcustom.com/vldl-cholesterol-define/

VLDL) cholesterol is produced in the liver and released into the bloodstream to supply body tissues with a type of fat ( ... Like LDL Cholesterol & triglycerides, its considered a "bad" cholesterol. This is because high levels of VLDL cholesterol can ... People who are overweight also have higher levels of VLDL cholesterol.. 60% percent of a VLDL particle is a triglyceride - This ... Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is produced in the liver and released into the bloodstream to supply body ...

https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/what-is-vldl-cholesterol

Your body needs a little bit of cholesterol to work properly. But too much cholesterol can clog your arteries and lead to heart ... Cholesterol is a soft, wax-like substance found in all parts of the body. ... VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides. VLDL is considered a type of bad cholesterol, because it helps cholesterol ... Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL cholesterol) Lipoproteins are made of fat and protein. They carry cholesterol, triglycerides ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000386.htm

Foods high in cholesterol include fatty meats, milk products, egg yolks, snacks, crackers, muffins, and fast foods. LDL (bad) ... cholesterol can be lowered with diet, medications, exercise, weight loss, and quitting smoking. ... Foods in the diet that lower cholesterol are foods high in fiber, low in saturated fats, olive oil, soy, and nuts. ... cholesterol, HDL (high -ensity) cholesterol, VLDL (very low-density) cholesterol, and IDL (intermediate density) cholesterol. ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/lower_cholesterol_levels_with_diet_and_medication/article.htm

VLDL Cholesterol. VLDL stands for very low density lipoprotein. It is one of three commonly known types of cholesterol. The two ... The first basic formula for creating a VLDL estimate is as follows: Total Cholesterol -- HDL -- LDL = VLDL ... This is because VLDL can morph into a few other lesser known types of cholesterol. These include IDL (intermediate density ... There is no simple way to directly measure VLDL. It is usually inferred from your other serum cholesterol numbers. Although ...

https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/how-is-vldl-cholesterol-calculated-12214481.html

... cholesterolYour cholesterol levels are an important measure of heart health. For HDL cholesterol, also known as your ... VLDL cholesterol is usually estimated as a percentage of your triglyceride value. A normal VLDL cholesterol level is between 5 ... Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is a type of lipoprotein. Although you may hear about VLDL, your VLDL level ... cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol may lower your risk of heart disease.. Understanding HDL cholesterol. Cholesterol is ...

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VLDL) cholesterol is produced in the liver and released into the bloodstream to supply body tissues with a type of fat ( ... VLDL cholesterol is usually estimated as a percentage of your triglyceride value. An elevated VLDL cholesterol level is more ... About half of a VLDL particle is made up of triglycerides.. High levels of VLDL cholesterol have been associated with the ... direct way to measure VLDL cholesterol, which is why its normally not mentioned during a routine cholesterol screening. ...

http://suertres.forumotion.com/t993-what-is-vldl-cholesterol-can-it-be-harmful

VLDL cholesterol-41.44 please advise me Hello Swati, I read your message carefully and understood your medical ... VLDL cholesterol-41.44. by swati awasthi (Lucknow,U.P.,india) triglycerides-207.20,LDL cholesterol-65.26,VLDL cholesterol-41.44 ... Normal levels of cholesterol.. What are normal levels of cholesterol? How to lower high cholesterol levels, naturally, safely ... Also, high levels of VLDL and cholesterol.. Your blood has a high content of lipids which predisposes you to a high risk of ...

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VLDL Cholesterol Cal, Eos (Absolute), Hepatic Function Panel (7) Direct access testing with or without insurance. ... VLDL Cholesterol Cal (component) (remove) Stores: DiscountedLabs, EconoLabs, HealthCheckUSA, Health Testing Centers, Health ... Covered components: ALT (SGPT), AST (SGOT), Alkaline Phosphatase, Bilirubin, Total, Albumin, Protein, Total, VLDL Cholesterol ... Covered components: ALT (SGPT), AST (SGOT), Alkaline Phosphatase, Bilirubin, Total, Albumin, Protein, Total, VLDL Cholesterol ...

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How Do I Know if I Have High VLDL Cholesterol Levels?. At this time, there is no direct method of measuring VLDL cholesterol ... Who Suffers High VLDL Cholesterol Levels?. High VLDL levels appear to be more common in men than women, but nobody seems to be ... "VLDL cholesterol and VLDL apolipoprotein B values were found to be distributed with positive skew in both sexes but were higher ... Because there is no routine test for VLDL cholesterol levels, ensuring you do not ingest too many fats and that you do eat ...

http://www.industrialsectors.com/vldl-cholesterol

GOOD CHOLESTEROL AND BAD CHOLESTEROL Importance of cholesterol Cholesterol is a fatty component essential to life and health ... In our body, cholesterol has many functions. It is transported by the blood to reach the whole organism. * M ... Cholesterol VLDL. 2) Cholesterol VLDL: VLDL stands from the Very Low Density Lipoprotein in English, and means "very low ... CHOLESTEROL TYPES. TYPES OF CHOLESTEROL: " GOOD CHOLESTEROL" AND "BAD CHOLESTEROL". Importance of cholesterol. Cholesterol is a ...

https://www.botanical-online.com/en/diet/cholesterol-good-bad

HDL (high-density-lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) are lipoproteins that act as carrier proteins for cholesterol. (abcam.com)
VLDL Cholesterol or Very Low Density Lipoproteins: What Are Those? (ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org)
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are part, like LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol, of the general composition of cholesterol. (ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org)
In addition, we determined the effects of CsA therapy on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue abundance of lipoprotein lipase and the novel VLDL receptor, which are the principal clearance pathways of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, namely, chylomicrons and VLDL. (aspetjournals.org)
Knowing the role of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and chylomicrons is a key factor in understanding how lipids (fats) and lipoproteins are involved in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). (docsopinion.com)
Chylomicrons, IDL's, and VLDLs are TG-rich lipoproteins, while LDLs and HDLs contain abundant cholesterol. (docsopinion.com)
Most of us learn about the lipoproteins because of their association with cholesterol. (docsopinion.com)
However, recent research suggests that TG-rich lipoproteins, such as VLDL and IDL may also play a significant role in the development of ASCVD ( 1 ). (docsopinion.com)
The cholesterol is carried in cells called lipoproteins, which are made up of fats and proteins. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The three kinds of cholesterol are low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (medicalnewstoday.com)
There is a third type of cholesterol called VLDL (very-low-density lipoproteins), which is another type of "bad" cholesterol produced in the liver, and contains a high amount of triglycerides. (medicinenet.com)
These lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body, delivering it to different organs and tissues. (forumotion.com)
These lipoproteins are often referred to as HDL, or "good," cholesterol. (forumotion.com)
As cholesterol is insoluble in the blood it binds to the lipoproteins for transportation through the bloodstream and lymphatic fluid. (practo.com)
After entering the blood lipoproteins carry cholesterol to the different organs and tissues of the body. (practo.com)
HDL is the smallest lipoproteins and plays important role in the removal of excess or unused cholesterol from the cells and returns this cholesterol to the liver. (practo.com)
There are several types of cholesterol, each made up of lipoproteins and fats. (forumotion.com)
VLDL stands from the Very Low Density Lipoprotein in English, and means "very low density lipoproteins. (botanical-online.com)
HDL, LDL, and VLDL refer to different types of lipoproteins that are made of protein and triglycerides. (fattyliverdisease.com)
VLDL and LDL are types of lipoproteins. (healthcentral.com)
Lipoproteins are particles made of protein and fat that transport cholesterol and triglycerides through the blood stream. (healthcentral.com)
Although the chemical substance of cholesterol is the same, it's transported in the blood using different carriers, referred to as LDL (Low-Density Lipoproteins), which is the "bad" cholesterol and HDL (High-Density Lipoproteins), which is the "good" cholesterol. (healthtestingcenters.com)
VLDL is one of the three main types of lipoproteins. (floridahealthfinder.gov)
A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. (curehunter.com)
As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues. (curehunter.com)
hyperlipidaemia ( hyperlipaemia ) (hy-per-lip-id- ee -miă) n. the presence in the blood of an abnormally high concentration of cholesterol and/or triglycerides in the form of lipoproteins, which is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. (encyclopedia.com)
Plasma lipoproteins were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation, and cholesterol ( B ) and TG ( C ) levels were determined in the VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions. (jci.org)
The effects of long term treatment with nicotinic acid on lipids, lipoproteins, and the plasma distribution of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) apoprotein C (ApoC) subspecies were studied in 33 patients with types IIa (n = 9), IIb (n = 11), and IV (n = 13) hyperlipidemias. (nih.gov)
Serum non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol) is considered a better screening tool than low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in adults because it includes all classes of atherogenic lipoproteins. (aappublications.org)
For obviating these limitations, measurement of non-HDL cholesterol (total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol) has been proposed as a better screening tool for CAD risk assessment and treatment, the rationale being that non-HDL cholesterol includes both cholesterol-rich and triglycerides-rich atherogenic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], intermediate-density lipoproteins, LDL, and lipoprotein [a]), and the measurement does not require overnight fasting. (aappublications.org)
Increased LDLR protein led to increased clearance of circulating lipoproteins and decreased plasma cholesterol levels (46 mg/dl in Pcsk9 -/- mice versus 96 mg/dl in WT mice). (pnas.org)
Measurements of cholesterol concentrations eluted from the FPLC fractions and Coomassie staining of plasma lipoproteins were performed as described ( 16 ). (pnas.org)
Specifically, lipases degrade tg rich lipoproteins including chylomicrons, very low density lipoprotein (vldl) and remnant particles produced by breakdown of chylomicron and vldl particles. (healthtap.com)
Supplementation of hepatocytes with rat serum VLDL and LDL increased the production of apoB while delipidated lipoproteins had no significant effect, suggesting a role for lipids in the production of apoB . (bvsalud.org)
This receptor has an important role in cholesterol uptake, metabolism of apolipoprotein E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, and neuronal migration in the developing brain. (wikipedia.org)
classes of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). (britannica.com)
Vldl cholesterol means very low density lipoproteins cholesterol, it's one of the most aggressive types of cholesterol. (imedix.com)
Mice secrete both apolipoprotein (apo)B-100 and apoB-48 containing very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are synthesized in the liver. (bloodjournal.org)
Non-HDL-C is a calculation (total cholesterol minus HDL-C), ie, the sum of the VLDL-C, LDL-C, and IDL-C. While LDL-C has long been the primary focus of cholesterol reduction efforts, researchers have identified several other lipoproteins that also affect cardiovascular health. (labcorp.com)
The body gets around this by packaging cholesterol in molecules called lipoproteins that are covered by water soluble proteins. (infobarrel.com)
The different types of cholesterol are based on the ratios of these proteins to the lipoproteins. (infobarrel.com)
VLDL stands for very low density lipoproteins and will become LDL, making it another cholesterol type to avoid in the body. (infobarrel.com)
ApoB-containing lipoproteins were more triglyceride-rich and contained less free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester on statin therapy. (unboundmedicine.com)
We conclude that in patients with moderate combined hyperlipidemia who initially have a low FCR for VLDL and LDL apoB, the principal action of atorvastatin and simvastatin is to stimulate receptor-mediated catabolism across the spectrum of apoB-containing lipoproteins. (unboundmedicine.com)

Regulation of HDL (high-density-lipoprotein)-cholesterol and LDL (low-density-lipoprotein)-cholesterol plays a central role in various disease developments. (abcam.com)
VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol Calculation is made easier. (easycalculation.com)
The "Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol test" along with several other tests in a general lipid profile helps doctors determine the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). (netmeds.com)
LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol is called 'bad' cholesterol because elevated levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of stroke , peripheral artery disease , or coronary heart disease ( atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease , ASCVD). (medicinenet.com)
HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol is called the 'good' cholesterol because HDL cholesterol particles prevent atherosclerosis by extracting cholesterol from artery walls and disposing of them through liver metabolism. (medicinenet.com)
This test is used to find out the very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood. (practo.com)
Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated with raised triglycerides and increased very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. (ndei.org)
HDL, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, acts as the body's waste-disposal system in the blood. (wikihow.com)
If you lose 6 lbs (2.72 kg), you can increase the good HDL that removes bad low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. (wikihow.com)
However, the combination of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia increases the likelihood that an individual will be hypertensive, and have a dyslipidemia characterized by a high plasma triglyceride (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration. (nih.gov)
Narrowing sex differences in lipoprotein cholesterol subclasses following mid-life: the very large database of lipids (VLDL-10B). (houstonmethodist.org)
The narrowing sex differential in cardiovascular disease risk after midlife is mirrored by a higher total atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol burden in women and a closer approximation of the less favorable density phenotype characteristic of men. (houstonmethodist.org)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Narrowing sex differences in lipoprotein cholesterol subclasses following mid-life: the very large database of lipids (VLDL-10B). (houstonmethodist.org)
Fenofibrate Tablets are indicated as adjunctive therapy to diet to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (Total-C), Triglycerides and apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adult patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. (drugs.com)
Effective at lowering low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), these inhibitors also elevate liver enzymes and induce hepatic steatosis in animals and humans. (aspetjournals.org)
Dyslipidemia, broadly characterized by elevated circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG), is commonly treated by therapeutic intervention at the level of hepatic function ( Reiner, 2010 ). (aspetjournals.org)

They are the high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and chylomicrons. (practo.com)
VLDL is synthesized by the liver and is analogous to the chylomicrons. (practo.com)
chylomicrons are the first type of cholesterol that is formed in the body. (botanical-online.com)
However, chylomicrons are poor in cholesterol (8%), so that, they do not present risk of arteriosclerosis. (botanical-online.com)
Large VLDL particles and chylomicrons demonstrated the largest increase in concentration. (biomedsearch.com)
The human apoCs are protein constituents of chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL. (tudelft.nl)
After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. (nih.gov)
Human VLDL Inhibits DNA synthesis in lymphocytes activated by the nonspecific mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). Human VLDL are the next step down from chylomicrons in terms of size and lipid content. (leebio.com)
VLDL is a lipoprotein class synthesized by the liver that is analogous to the chylomicrons secreted by the intestine. (britannica.com)
HDL, chylomicrons, and VLDL. (infobarrel.com)
Chylomicrons are cholesterol particles that are produced in the intestines and play a role in the digestion of foods. (infobarrel.com)
MTP is highly expressed in the enterocytes, lining the lumen of the jejunum, and is critical in the production of chylomicrons assembled from lipid/cholesterol and their transfer into systemic circulation. (aspetjournals.org)

The VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides , another type of fat, to your tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL, VLDL-C) is one of the four major lipoprotein particles. (labtestsonline.org)
To this end, we explored the effect of CsA therapy on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis), LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptors (the critical factors in metabolism of the cholesterol-rich LDL and HDL particles), and of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, (the rate-limiting step in cholesterol catabolism to bile acids). (aspetjournals.org)
Deposits of LDL cholesterol particles within the vessel walls are called plaques, and they begin to narrow your blood vessels. (forumotion.com)
HDL cholesterol particles are comprised of a higher proportion of protein and lower proportion of triglycerides, in comparison to LDL and VLDL cholesterol. (fattyliverdisease.com)
LDL cholesterol particles have more triglycerides and less protein than HDL cholesterol particles. (fattyliverdisease.com)
VLDL particles have the highest ratio of triglycerides to protein and are the largest of the three types of cholesterol. (fattyliverdisease.com)
We assessed acute changes in the size and concentration of total and subclasses of LDL, HDL, and VLDL particles in response to a high-fat meal. (biomedsearch.com)
Similarly, total VLDL particle number decreased due to reductions in medium and small VLDL particles. (biomedsearch.com)
Hypertriglyceridemia is primarily related to dysregulated triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism, including overproduction of VLDL particles and delayed catabolism of TRLs and their remnants ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Excess of APOC1 protein does inhibit the hepatic clearance of VLDL remnant particles, whereas excess of apoE leads to a hampered extra-hepatic lipolysis of VLDL triglyceride. (tudelft.nl)
The fraction of circulatin cholesterol that is contained in VLDL particles. (ndei.org)
Associated with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes are increased serum triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol, and a predominance of large VLDL, small LDL, and small HDL particles. (ndei.org)
Compare with LDL particles, VLDL particles are heterogeneous in size and composition. (leebio.com)
VLDL particles can be separated in Sf 20-60 and Sf60-400. (leebio.com)
The advantage of non-HDL-C measurement is that it accounts for cholesterol in the other potentially atherogenic lipoprotein particles, which include VLDL-C, IDL-C, LDL-C, and lipoprotein(a). (labcorp.com)
LDL particles are the major carriers of plasma cholesterol in humans. (ahajournals.org)

Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. (medlineplus.gov)
Your liver makes VLDL and releases it into your bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
Very Low Density Lipoprotein is formed in the liver, and is 80% triglyceride and is packaged with apoproteins and cholesterols to be exported into the blood stream. (easycalculation.com)
This was associated with a marked down-regulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in the liver and a severe reduction of lipoprotein lipase abundance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. (aspetjournals.org)
In the current era of adiposity and metabolic disease, VLDL has gained a bigger role than before and may help explain many of the disorders associated with the obesity epidemic such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , type-2 diabetes, hypertension , and heart disease. (docsopinion.com)
VLDL is produced by liver cells and is an important carrier of triglycerides (TGs) and to a lesser extent cholesterol. (docsopinion.com)
The body - specifically the liver - produces as much cholesterol as needed to be carried through the bloodstream. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This happens because when a diet is high in fat and trans fats, the liver increases cholesterol levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is produced in the liver and released into the bloodstream to supply body tissues with a type of fat (triglycerides). (netmeds.com)
Cholesterol in the blood originates from dietary intake and liver production. (medicinenet.com)
Organ meats such as liver are especially high in cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
The liver produces about 80% of the body's cholesterol, while the rest comes from our diet . (medicinenet.com)
Organ meats, such as liver, are especially high in cholesterol content, while foods of plant origin contain no cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
After a meal, dietary cholesterol is absorbed from the intestine and stored in the liver. (medicinenet.com)
The liver is able to regulate cholesterol levels in the bloodstream and can secrete cholesterol if the body needs it. (medicinenet.com)
They act as cholesterol scavengers, picking up excess cholesterol in your blood and taking it back to your liver where it's broken down. (forumotion.com)
Cholesterol is a waxy substance generally produced from the liver. (practo.com)
The liver breaks down the returned cholesterol to bile acids and salts. (practo.com)
Your liver makes all the cholesterol your body needs. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
Your liver produces cholesterol, but you also get cholesterol from food. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
Each time it passes through the liver, this makes a new type of cholesterol. (botanical-online.com)
Having high cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease, and is associated with several metabolic conditions, including fatty liver disease. (fattyliverdisease.com)
HDL plays an important role in transporting LDL and VLDL cholesterol to the liver to be metabolized and prepared for removal from the body. (fattyliverdisease.com)
HDL wins its laurels as the "good" cholesterol because it sponges up cholesterol from blood vessel walls and ferries it to the liver for disposal. (harvard.edu)
Moves cholesterol from arteries to the liver. (harvard.edu)
0.05) liver total cholesterol (TC) under the SD and the SD + Chol diet, while liver triglyceride (TG) content was higher in Ovx than in Sham rats in all 3 diet conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
These results indicate that a high cholesterol feeding and ovariectomy combine to reduce the gene expression of key markers of VLDL synthesis suggesting a reduction in excretion of cholesterol from the liver. (biomedcentral.com)
Liver cholesterol metabolism in Ovx animals has received little attention and shows some controversies. (biomedcentral.com)
There is, therefore, a need for more physiological and molecular information to better understand how liver, as a master regulator of cholesterol metabolism, is affected by estrogens withdrawal. (biomedcentral.com)
There are two types of cholesterol - blood or serum cholesterol, which naturally circulates in the bloodstream and comes from the liver and dietary cholesterol, which comes from food. (healthtestingcenters.com)
HDL does this by binding with cholesterol in the bloodstream and carrying it back to the liver for disposal. (webmd.com)
The main purpose of VLDL is to distribute the triglyceride produced by your liver . (webmd.com)
HDL combs through blood for bad cholesterol, LDL, and flushes it out to your liver for disposal. (wikihow.com)
These data demonstrate that PCSK9 regulates the amount of LDLR protein in liver and suggest that inhibitors of PCSK9 may act synergistically with statins to enhance LDLRs and reduce plasma cholesterol. (pnas.org)
The activity of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in liver is the major determinant of plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma and liver were measured as described ( 15 ). (pnas.org)
Given all the work cholesterol has to do, the liver is careful to ensure the body always has enough, producing some 1000-1400 milligrams of it each day. (marksdailyapple.com)
He has the popular job of transferring cholesterol from the body's tissues back to the liver. (marksdailyapple.com)
He has the disgraced job of transporting cholesterol after production from the liver to the body's tissues. (marksdailyapple.com)
Statins block a substance your liver needs to make cholesterol. (mayoclinic.org)
This causes your liver to remove cholesterol from your blood. (mayoclinic.org)
Your liver uses cholesterol to make bile acids, a substance needed for digestion. (mayoclinic.org)
This prompts your liver to use excess cholesterol to make more bile acids, which reduces the level of cholesterol in your blood. (mayoclinic.org)
A newer class of drugs, known as PCSK9 inhibitors, can help the liver absorb more LDL cholesterol - which lowers the amount of cholesterol circulating in your blood. (mayoclinic.org)
1 In contrast, humans secrete only apoB-100 containing VLDL, 2 because humans do not express the apoB editing catalytic polypeptide-1 (apobec1) in liver. (bloodjournal.org)
6 Mouse liver can express apobec1, and about 70% of its VLDL contains apoB-48, with 30% apoB-100. (bloodjournal.org)
There are three main functions of cholesterol in the human body, it helps the liver produce bile which is necessary for proper digestion, it is used by certain glands to produce needed steroids and hormones including sex hormones, and as already mentioned it is a major building block of cell membranes and structures. (infobarrel.com)
It acts to transport LDL to the liver where it is removed from the body, making HDL the "good" cholesterol. (infobarrel.com)
LDL, HDL, and VLDL are all produced in the liver in amounts determined by both genetics and diet. (infobarrel.com)
Most of the cholesterol in the body is manufactured in the liver, and the diet makes a relatively small contribution to this pool. (encyclopedia.com)

Most adults who are getting regular preventive healthcare are familiar with the lipid panel performed as a routine check for cholesterol levels. (angiemedia.com)
Atherotech , the company providing the test, estimates that it can identify twice as many patients at high risk for heart attacks than regular cholesterol lipid panel tests and also identify patients likely to develop type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease that may not lead to heart attacks. (angiemedia.com)
Because cholesterol is a fat (medically referred to as lipid ), elevated blood cholesterol is sometimes referred to as hyperlipidemia . (medicinenet.com)
Cholesterol is a chemical compound that is naturally produced by the body and is structurally a combination of fat (lipid) and steroid. (medicinenet.com)
Cholesterol is an essential lipid constituent of cell membranes. (practo.com)
To test your cholesterol levels, your doctor will order a lipid panel. (fattyliverdisease.com)
Getting your cholesterol tested requires providing a blood sample that a laboratory then uses to assess the lipid profile of your blood. (fattyliverdisease.com)
On a routine lipid panel, VLDL cholesterol is not usually assessed. (fattyliverdisease.com)
If VLDL levels are assessed, they are calculated by using other values on the lipid panel. (fattyliverdisease.com)
High-fat meal effect on LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle size and number in the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN): an interventional study. (biomedsearch.com)
Cholesterol is the best-known lipid, but there are several others. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Lipoprotein analysis (lipoprotein profile or lipid profile ) measures blood levels of total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and triglycerides . (webmd.com)
The lipid composition of the relatively moderately oxidized VLDL samples did not differ significantly from that of nonoxidized VLDL samples. (tudelft.nl)
In these mice the plasma lipid levels are positively correlated with the relative amount of APOE 3-Leiden protein on the VLDL particle. (tudelft.nl)
We sought to develop a genetic model for lipid metabolism in zebrafish, capitalizing on one well-understood player in LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) transport, the LDL receptor ( ldlr ), and an established in vivo model of hypercholesterolemia. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The zebrafish is an excellent candidate for establishing genetic models of hyperlipidemia due to conservation of cell types and molecular pathways involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis ( 8 , 14 - 20 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
This is particularly useful in light of the recent development of a zebrafish model for diet-induced hypercholesterolemia characterized by elevated LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and accumulation of vascular lipid deposits in larvae ( 35 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
However, the limitations of the use of LDL cholesterol measured as part of the lipid profile for screening of CAD risk was outlined recently by Havel and colleagues. (aappublications.org)
Cholesterol is a waxy, charming lipid gracing every cell's membrane and our blood plasma. (marksdailyapple.com)
8 Nonetheless, LDLR -/- mice also present with high VLDL-C. 7 Thus, in terms of lipid metabolism, neither of these strains reflects the lipid profiles found in human type IIa familial hypercholesterolemia. (bloodjournal.org)
Lipid panels are best avoided for up to three months following acute myocardial infarction, although cholesterol can be measured in the first 24 hours. (labcorp.com)
Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-1 and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. (labcorp.com)

Once in the circulation, VLDL is broken down in capillary beds by an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase, releasing lipids, mainly TGs, for energy utilization by cells or storage in adipose tissue. (docsopinion.com)
They carry cholesterol, triglycerides, and other fats, called lipids, in the blood to various parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
LDL and HDL are the two main types of cholesterol (blood fats, or lipids) that make up your total cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
Its action is specialized for the transport of the hydrophobic lipids, primarily triglycerides and cholesteryl esters between the VLDL and HDL during that cascade, but sometimes the transfer or exchange processes in LDL, VLDL , and CMs too. (healthboards.com)
They move cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipids (fats) to around the body. (floridahealthfinder.gov)
The present study examined the relative contributions of the different pathways by which oxidatively modified VLDL (oxVLDL) promotes the uptake and intracellular accumulation of lipids in J774 macrophages. (tudelft.nl)
Thus, we provide functional evidence for what we believe to be a novel gene regulating hepatic lipogenesis and VLDL production in mice that influences plasma lipids and risk for myocardial infarction in humans. (jci.org)
These data suggest that availability of lipids , particularly cholesterol , is an important determinant of apoB synthesis and secretion as VLDL. (bvsalud.org)
We examined lipids by sex and age in the Very Large Database of Lipids 10B (VLDL 10B) study. (houstonmethodist.org)
Nerves are protected by a sheath (myelin) that contains cholesterol, phospholipids, and other lipids.The animal organism carries a number of essential substances that catalyze chemical reactions in cells. (encyclopedia.com)

VLDL and LDL are sometimes called "bad" cholesterols because they can contribute to the buildup of plaque in your arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
This is because high levels cholesterol can clog your arteries and lead to a heart attack. (rochester.edu)
LDL is considered "bad" cholesterol because it can build up on the walls of the arteries, causing heart disease and other serious issues. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Like LDL, VLDL is associated with the build up of plaque in the arteries and increases the risk of coronary artery disease , heart attack , or stroke . (medicalnewstoday.com)
This is because high levels of VLDL cholesterol can block your arteries causing a heart attack. (netmeds.com)
But too much cholesterol can clog your arteries and lead to heart disease . (medlineplus.gov)
Cholesterol blood tests are done to help you and your health care provider better understand your risk for heart disease, stroke, and other problems caused by narrowed or blocked arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
VLDL is considered a type of bad cholesterol, because it helps cholesterol build up on the walls of arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
High levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol are risk factors for narrowing of the arteries in the body (atherosclerosis). (medicinenet.com)
If you have high cholesterol, your body may store the extra cholesterol in your arteries. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
The buildup of cholesterol in your arteries is known as plaque. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
VLDL cholesterol is considered a type of bad cholesterol because it helps cholesterol to accumulate in the walls of arteries. (botanical-online.com)
This component of the blood circulates through the body, and during its course, it releases cholesterol that builds up in the arteries forming arteriosclerosis. (botanical-online.com)
Too much cholesterol in the blood can build up inside arteries , forming what is known as plaque . (webmd.com)
A high VLDL cholesterol level can cause the buildup of cholesterol in your arteries and increases your risk of heart disease and stroke . (webmd.com)
Inflammation in your arteries results in increased cholesterol buildup and artery hardening. (healthline.com)
a new study that shows eating a meal high in saturated fats, like a cheeseburger and fries, can reduce the ability of the body's "good" HDL cholesterol to protect against clogged arteries. (proteinpower.com)
One thing that can be said for the majority of people is that practicing cholesterol management and lowering cholesterol levels will definitely lower their risk of developing cornary heart problems and blocked arteries. (infobarrel.com)

A high triglyceride level combined with low HDL cholesterol or high LDL cholesterol seems to speed up atherosclerosis (the buildup of fatty deposits in artery walls). (anilsinghal.com)
Generally, when a patient is diagnosed with atherosclerosis or hypercholesterolemia visits hospital for a general check-up, the doctor may ask to undergo the VLDL-C test which gives a better status of the condition. (practo.com)
This, in turn, indicates that LDL and VLDL cholesterol comprise a more significant portion of your total cholesterol, which puts you at a higher risk for atherosclerosis and heart disease. (fattyliverdisease.com)
2 - 4 The National Cholesterol Education Program Pediatric Panel and the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition have provided guidelines to identify and treat children who are at risk for the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in early adult life. (aappublications.org)
Mice with combined deficiencies of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR -/- ) and the catalytic component of an apolipoprotein B-edisome complex (APOBEC1 -/- ) that converts apoB-100 to apoB-48 have been characterized, and this model of LDL cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis was applied to an investigation of the role of fibrinogen (Fg) in the genesis and progression of the plaque. (bloodjournal.org)
Contrarily, in human atherosclerosis, type IIa hypercholesterolemia is frequently observed, with elevated plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) due to reduced efficiency of the Ldlr. (bloodjournal.org)
Nikolai N. Anitschkow fed rabbits purified cholesterol, demonstrating that they developed atherosclerosis. (greenmedinfo.com)

Because there is no routine test for VLDL cholesterol levels, ensuring you do not ingest too many fats and that you do eat sufficient soluble fiber, plus get half an hour of exercise per day, should let you feel at ease with your general cholesterol levels, especially LDL and VHDL. (ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org)
You could argue that the conventional cholesterol test actually increases the risk for heart attacks by leaving people unwisely complacent because of incomplete and inaccurate information about the nature of the fats in their blood. (angiemedia.com)
VLDL represents the fats that are carried in the blood from food we eat plus excess calories that are converted into triglycerides. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This is because of the truth that numerous trans fats, typically used as a chemical in several foods, raise cholesterol levels in the body. (mycoolcustom.com)
Fats and cholesterol can then be excreted from your body as part of the bile through your intestines. (azcentral.com)
VLDL cholesterol is formed from excessive fats and carbohydrate or high-sugar diet. (botanical-online.com)
Fats and cholesterol are intended to keep the body healthy and to prevent disease. (healthtestingcenters.com)
However, if there are high levels of unhealthy dietary-based fats in the bloodstream, which leads to high cholesterol levels, it can subsequently have the opposite effect and promote serious diseases. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Cholesterol digests fats and produces hormones, cell membranes and Vitamin D. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Although eating some fat is necessary, eating too much of the wrong kinds of fats is not only unhealthy, it can lead to high cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease and some forms of cancer. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Men are more likely to have increased blood fats, triglycerides (84 percent) and cholesterol (53 percent), when compared to women (32 percent, 28 percent, respectively). (thebody.com)
According to American researchers cholesterol is harmful and has to be included into the list of prohibited fats. (imedix.com)

Thus, hepatic expressions of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (the rate-limiting step in cholesterol conversion to bile acids), LDL receptor, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor proteins, as well as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity were determined in rats treated with CsA (18 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 3 weeks. (aspetjournals.org)
In conclusion, CsA administration for 3 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and marked down-regulation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase abundance in rats. (aspetjournals.org)
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of high dietary cholesterol in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats on several key markers of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
We, therefore, postulated that a better understanding of how Ovx animals regulate hepatic cholesterol metabolism would be obtained if the animals were fed a high cholesterol diet without the confounding effect of dietary fat. (biomedcentral.com)
c ) Hepatic gene expression in anti-miR treated monkeys fed a chow diet (4 weeks), or a high carbohydrate, moderate cholesterol diet (12 weeks). (nih.gov)
We conclude that the effect of apoE on hepatic VLDL production is independent of the presence of the LDLr. (tudelft.nl)

The TGs are then combined with phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins to form a chylomicron. (docsopinion.com)
They carry triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipids via the lymphatic system from where they enter the bloodstream. (docsopinion.com)
Phospholipids and apolipoproteins are used to construct a one layered membrane and the TGs and cholesterols are packaged inside this membrane. (docsopinion.com)
phospholipids , triacylglycerols , free and esterified cholesterol , or unesterified fatty acids . (encyclopedia.com)
It transports endogenous triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. (leebio.com)
Synthesis and secretion of VLDL by rat hepatocytes--modulation by cholesterol and phospholipids. (bvsalud.org)
Sponification liberated glycerol from triglycerides and phospholipids and converted the fatty acid from them and from cholesterol esters to soaps. (scribd.com)
In each case phospholipids and cholesterol esters had to be determined and the fatty acids present in them calculated and subtracted using factors derived from the average mol.wt. (scribd.com)
Cell membranes are predominantly composed of phospholipids and cholesterol. (encyclopedia.com)

Each sort of lipoprotein is in fact a blend of elements, including cholesterol, protein and fat, namely triglycerides, the latter in fluctuating amounts. (ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org)
Likewise, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue VLDL receptor protein expressions were unaffected by CsA administration under the given condition. (aspetjournals.org)
The spherical ball of outer phospholipid and protein with cholesterol and TG inside (away from the watery environment of the cell) is the chylomicron ( 2 ). (docsopinion.com)
Each type of lipoprotein contains a mixture of cholesterol, protein and triglycerides, but in varying amounts. (forumotion.com)
These three different kinds of cholesterol structurally differ based on the amount of protein and triglycerides that comprise each type. (fattyliverdisease.com)
Cholesterol travels through the blood attached to a protein. (webmd.com)
This cholesterol-protein package is called a lipoprotein. (webmd.com)
Despite the 2-fold increased uptake of oxVLDL protein, the cell association of triglyceride (TG)-derived fatty acids by the J774 macrophages after incubation with oxVLDL was only 50% of that with native VLDL. (tudelft.nl)
Therapy also produced changes in VLDL, LDL, and HDL protein concentrations. (nih.gov)
VLDL protein decreased from 20.9 +/- 3.9 to 15.2 +/- 1.0 mg/dl (P less than 0.05) in type IIa. (nih.gov)
In types IIb and IV, mean VLDL protein decreased from 44.7 +/- 8.2 to 27.1 +/- 3.9 mg/dl (P less than 0.001) and from 46.3 +/- 7.1 to 30.6 +/- 4.9 mg/dl (P less than 0.001), respectively. (nih.gov)
Statins, a class of drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis, increase expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), a transcription factor that activates both the Ldlr and Pcsk9 genes. (pnas.org)
Transcription of the LDLR is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), one of three SREBP family members that regulate the expression of many enzymes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis ( 3 , 4 ). (pnas.org)
The synthesis and secretion of apoB , the major protein component of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), were studied using rat hepatocytes maintained in primary culture . (bvsalud.org)
The protein-free filtrate containing cholesterol is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid. (scribd.com)
HDL or high density lipoprotein has more protein molecules than lipoprotein ones and has been discovered to play a role in removing cholesterol deposits from the artery walls. (infobarrel.com)

Normal VLDL cholesterol level is between 2 and 30 mg/dL which means you are above normal and are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. (healthcaremagic.com)
Normal VLDL levels are from 2 to 30 mg/dL (0.1 to 1.7 mmol/l). (medlineplus.gov)
The Normal VLDL cholesterol level is between 5 and 40 mg / dL. (botanical-online.com)

0.001) plasma TC and TG levels in Ovx than in Sham rats, suggesting a decrease in VLDL secretion. (biomedcentral.com)
We have first tested whether this newly described effect of the LDLr on VLDL secretion, obtained in vitro, is also observed in vivo. (tudelft.nl)
Pulse labelling followed by chase in presence of cholesterol indicated enhancement in apoB secretion . (bvsalud.org)
Mevinolin which inhibits cholesterol synthesis significantly reduced the secretion of apoB . (bvsalud.org)

Apolipoprotein contribution% apoB 37 apoC 50 apoE 13 Apo B-48 is the sole constituent apolipoprotein on VLDL. (leebio.com)
It is presumed that the cholesteryl esters and triglycerides form the hydrophobic core, which is surrounded by a surface coat of apolipoprotein B, free cholesterol and polar phospholipid components oriented toward the aqueous medium. (leebio.com)
Gemfibrozil also inhibits the synthesis and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule for VLDL. (wikipedia.org)

Statins decrease de novo cholesterol synthesis, thereby upregulating LDL receptor activity. (diabetesjournals.org)
In line with these observations, the induction of de novo synthesis of TG by J774 cells was ≃3-fold less efficient after incubation with oxVLDL than after incubation with native VLDL. (tudelft.nl)
The induction of de novo synthesis of TG with oxVLDL was even further decreased on simultaneous incubation with PolyI, whereas PolyI did not affect the native VLDL-induced TG synthesis. (tudelft.nl)
These results indicate that oxVLDL induces endogenous TG synthesis predominantly through particle uptake via the scavenger receptor and much less via the extracellular lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-mediated hydrolysis of TG, as is the case for native VLDL. (tudelft.nl)
When hepatocellular sterols are low, SREBP-2 is activated, which restores cholesterol to normal levels by simultaneously activating enzymes required for de novo cholesterol synthesis and by increasing cholesterol uptake from the plasma through enhanced expression of the LDLR ( 3 ). (pnas.org)

OBJECTIVE-To investigate cholesterol metabolism in obesity with and without diabetes. (ndei.org)
To test this hypothesis, we deleted Pcsk9 in mice and characterized the effects on cholesterol metabolism. (pnas.org)

The uptake of J25I-labeled VLDL by the J774 cells increased with oxidation time and was completely blocked on coincubation with polyinosinic acid (PolyI), indicating that oxVLDL is taken up by the cells via the scavenger receptor only. (tudelft.nl)

I am looking for help in intrepretation of my latest cholesterol test with the particle size information. (healthboards.com)
60% percent of a VLDL particle is a triglyceride - This is the reason why VLDL cholesterol is frequently valued as a percentage of a patient's triglyceride value. (netmeds.com)
About half of a VLDL particle is made up of triglycerides. (forumotion.com)
CONCLUSIONS: We have characterized the changes in LDL and VLDL particle number, and their subclass patterns following a high-fat meal. (biomedsearch.com)

Increased levels of VLDL cholesterol equal a higher risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. (ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org)

All three types of cholesterol contain triglycerides, although about half of VLDL is made up of triglycerides. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Your VLDL level should be less than 30 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter). (medlineplus.gov)
The optimal VLDL level is less than 30 mg/dL. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is an important part of the outer lining of cells in the body of animals. (medicinenet.com)
Avoid fatty foods especially those containing too much cholesterol like eggs and meat. (all-about-lowering-cholesterol.com)
Cholesterol and triglyceride tests are blood tests that measure the total amount of fatty substances ( cholesterol and triglycerides ) in the blood . (webmd.com)
If you have unusual symptoms, such as yellow fatty deposits in the skin (xanthomas), which may be caused by a rare genetic disease that causes very high cholesterol levels . (webmd.com)
Fatty acids and cholesterol were removed by a dilute acid / organic solvent partition procedure in which the contaminants passed into the organic phase leaving glycerol in the aqueous phase. (scribd.com)

LDL HDL Cholesterol Levels, Triglycerides,Total Cholesterol Levels. (ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org)
Total Cholesterol 236.0 197.0 234.0 227.0 210.0 180.0 230.0 228. (healthboards.com)
He had a graph showing 37 patients all with significant drops in total cholesterol specifically LDL. (healthboards.com)
Too low' LDL, VLDL, or total cholesterol? (healthboards.com)
All adults age 20 or older should have a fasting lipoprotein profile - which measures total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol and triglycerides - once every five years. (anilsinghal.com)
It gives information about total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol and triglycerides. (anilsinghal.com)
In South Africa, for example, health providers recommend keeping total cholesterol below 193.3 mg/dl ( 5 mmol/L ). (medicalnewstoday.com)
If you are concerned concerning your cholesterol, consult your doctor today and make some easy modifications in your daily diet plan that will have a positive impact on your heart as well as your total health and wellness. (mycoolcustom.com)
Your provider may order only a total cholesterol level as the first test. (medlineplus.gov)
A total cholesterol of 180 to 200 mg/dL (10 to 11.1 mmol/l) or less is considered best. (medlineplus.gov)
There are no established 'normal' blood levels for total and LDL cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
Although laboratory results normally do not give a number for VLDL, you can easily calculate it by taking the total amount of cholesterol and subtracting out both the LDL and HDL. (azcentral.com)
Although your doctor may have told you to lower your total cholesterol, it's important to raise your high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is known as the "good" cholesterol. (forumotion.com)
For example, if your total cholesterol level is high because of a high LDL level, you may be at higher risk of h eart disease or stroke . (healthcarentsickcare.com)
But, if your total cholesterol level is high only because of a high HDL level, you're probably not at higher risk. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
Generally, when a person has high total cholesterol, means he/she has high levels of LDL cholesterol. (botanical-online.com)
A total cholesterol test measures all types of cholesterol in your blood. (northside.com)
If your total cholesterol levels are high, your doctor will want to know your LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels before deciding whether you need treatment. (northside.com)
Total cholesterol should not exceed 200 mg/dL. (fattyliverdisease.com)
Your physician will determine a cholesterol ratio by taking your total cholesterol count and dividing it by your HDL cholesterol count. (fattyliverdisease.com)
This cholesterol ratio should ideally fall between 1 and 3.5, which signifies that HDL cholesterol comprises a significant portion of your total cholesterol. (fattyliverdisease.com)
If your cholesterol ratio is above 3.5, this means that your HDL cholesterol doesn't make up a significant proportion of your total cholesterol. (fattyliverdisease.com)
The simple, do-it-yourself home cholesterol tests measure total cholesterol. (harvard.edu)
But total cholesterol includes both "good" high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the "bad" varieties, chiefly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). (harvard.edu)
So if your total cholesterol is in the desirable category, it's possible that you may have unhealthy levels of HDL (too low) and LDL and VLDL (too high). (harvard.edu)
Think of total cholesterol as a first glimpse, a peek. (harvard.edu)
Your LDL is computed by plugging the measurements for total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides into a: LDL = Total cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides ÷ 5). (harvard.edu)
Additionally, high LDL and total cholesterol blood levels are major risk factors for heart disease. (healthtestingcenters.com)
E ) Effects of AAV_trib1 injection (10 12 gc) on plasma total cholesterol (TC) and TG in Ldlr -/- mice and ( F ) LAhB-H mice ( n = 6 per group). (jci.org)
Calculate your total blood cholesterol. (wikihow.com)
To calculate total blood cholesterol , add your LDL, HDL, and 20 percent of your triglycerides. (wikihow.com)
Aim for a total blood cholesterol under 200. (wikihow.com)
After 6 months of treatment, a significant decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels occurred. (nih.gov)
Gel isoelectric focusing of VLDL before and after nicotinic acid in types IIb and IV hyperlipidemia produced a significant increase in the VLDL ApoC-II component with simultaneous decreases in the total VLDL ApoC-III subspecies. (nih.gov)
Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed a negative correlation between HRV and total cholesterol and fat percentage. (hindawi.com)
Total cholesterol 159--triglycerides--49-- hdl 59-- Ldl--90-- is that normal for triglyceride. (healthtap.com)
Here I inform you about discerning the validity of your cholesterol readings, how to interpret your cholesterol readings and levels, followed by cholesterol level tables for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, cholesterol ratio, triglyceride levels and so on, for you to compare your results with. (cholesterolcholestrol.com)
This means that if you use the AHA based table, you may find, for example, that you are condisered borderline in your total cholesterol levels, but on the Australian Government and CSIRO tables, you may find your levels are considered normal. (cholesterolcholestrol.com)
Total cholesterol too low? (healthboards.com)
LDL-cholesterol=Total cholesterol-HDL-colesterol-0.46X triglycerides (all values are in m mol/l). (scribd.com)
In contrast, humans have higher resting plasma total cholesterol (total-C) levels, and about 70% of the cholesterol is contained in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction. (bloodjournal.org)
The total cholesterol number is a combination of the amounts of these three types of cholesterol and in adults can range from 120 to over 300 mg/dl with a level of 200 or more being considered high. (infobarrel.com)
Because of the different roles of LDL vs HDL, blood tests that show the levels of each type can be more revealing than a total cholesterol number. (infobarrel.com)
One person may have a total cholesterol level of 212 with an HDL level of 52 and be at less risk of health problems than another person who has a total cholesterol level of 180 and an HDL level of only 20. (infobarrel.com)

High levels of VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood may mean you are at risk for CVD. (rochester.edu)
Typically, a high level of VLDL corresponds to a high level of triglycerides in your blood. (azcentral.com)
There are approximately one-fifth the number of VLDL molecules as there are triglycerides in your blood at any given moment. (azcentral.com)

im 24 having the same problem here are my numbers chol 291 trig 63 hdl direct 96 vldl 13 chol/hdl ratio 3 .03 calculated ldl 182 non hdl 195.0 can anyone help me understand? (healthboards.com)
All three types of cholesterol can be indicators of cardiovascular trouble depending on the amount of each and the ratio of one type to another in your blood. (azcentral.com)

But having too much cholesterol in your blood raises your risk of coronary artery disease . (medlineplus.gov)

The optimal LDL cholesterol level is less than 100 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL). (medicalnewstoday.com)
The majority of people should make every effort to keep their cholesterol under 200 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dl), or about 5.2 millimols/litre (mmol/L), if you have a genetic history of heart disease or you go to a high threat for developing a stroke or a heart disease. (mycoolcustom.com)
Raised VLDL cholesterol level - More Than 30 milligrams per decilitre (.77 millimole/litre). (netmeds.com)
Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood or millimoles (mmol) per liter (L). When it comes to HDL cholesterol, aim for a higher number. (forumotion.com)
An elevated VLDL cholesterol level is more than 30 milligrams per deciliter (.77 millimole/liter). (forumotion.com)
Cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter of blood. (wikihow.com)
In the United States, cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. (mayoclinic.org)

They can actually reduce the triglyceride load of an individual VLDL molecule and turn it into LDL. (azcentral.com)
There's only one cholesterol molecule, so there's only one type of cholesterol. (greenmedinfo.com)
A cholesterol molecule includes four hydrocarbon ring structures, as shown in the tinted area of the diagram to the right. (greenmedinfo.com)
This is a cholesterol molecule. (greenmedinfo.com)
There is no other kind of cholesterol molecule. (greenmedinfo.com)
You can look and look, but you'll never find another model of a cholesterol molecule. (greenmedinfo.com)
Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in the membrane of every cell. (encyclopedia.com)

High blood cholesterol. (anilsinghal.com)
Measurements of blood cholesterol are frequently performed to assess cardiovascular risk. (docsopinion.com)
For this reason, people who take statins to reduce their blood cholesterol levels are really at an enhanced threat for a cardiovascular disease. (mycoolcustom.com)
A high blood cholesterol levels is also referred to as hypercholesterolemia, and is found in the blood circulation of humans. (medicinenet.com)
You might be genetically unlucky to have an unfavorable blood cholesterol profile. (healthboards.com)
You will be asked to fast for 8-10 hours prior to your blood test, since eating may cause inaccurate measurements of blood cholesterol levels. (fattyliverdisease.com)
Even for those who eat a relatively healthy diet, maintain an exercise regimen or aren't obese, having a regular blood cholesterol test is essential to preventing the disease or taking the steps needed to bring unhealthy cholesterol levels down. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Recognizing the risk factors for high cholesterol, as well understanding blood cholesterol levels allows patients and physicians to treat the condition before more serious health problems or diseases develop. (healthtestingcenters.com)
Treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults: synopsis of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guideline. (floridahealthfinder.gov)
Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). (medscape.com)
In order to get the proper blood cholesterol levels, it is necessary to abstain from food and drink for 12 hours beforehand - consuming water before the cholesterol level test is allowed. (cholesterolcholestrol.com)
Why fast before checking blood cholesterol levels? (cholesterolcholestrol.com)
It is important to fast for cholesterol blood level tests, as different foods and drinks can alter the cholesterol levels in your blood, which means you are NOT getting an accurate baseline for your blood cholesterol levels. (cholesterolcholestrol.com)
Unless otherwise indicated, "NCEP" refers to: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). (washington.edu)
The drug ezetimibe (Zetia) helps reduce blood cholesterol by limiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol. (mayoclinic.org)
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (labcorp.com)

reported a significant elevation of serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in their transplant recipients treated with CsA, compared with the non-CsA-treated group. (aspetjournals.org)
It is usually inferred from your other serum cholesterol numbers. (azcentral.com)
Interesting note: While animal products like meat, eggs and dairy, are far and away the primary source of dietary cholesterol, plants contain trace amounts of cholesterol and cholesterol-like substances called phytosterols, which may help lower blood or "serum" cholesterol. (marksdailyapple.com)

He can additionally prescribe a medication that is created specifically to lower cholesterol. (mycoolcustom.com)
Anyone successfully lower cholesterol by diet and exercise? (healthboards.com)
The medications cholestyramine (Prevalite), colesevelam (Welchol) and colestipol (Colestid) lower cholesterol indirectly by binding to bile acids. (mayoclinic.org)
How long does it take to lower cholesterol? (imedix.com)

VLDL is similar to LDL cholesterol , but LDL mainly carries cholesterol to your tissues instead of triglycerides. (medlineplus.gov)
VLDL carries triglycerides (fat) to and from various body tissues as needed for energy or storage purposes. (azcentral.com)
The cholesterol then utilized by organs or tissues for several functions. (practo.com)
Cholesterol is a waxy substance your body uses to protect nerves, make cell tissues, and produce certain hormones. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
Its purpose is also to deliver triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol to peripheral tissues. (britannica.com)

Addition of oxVLDL to the LPL assay did not interfere with the lipolysis of native VLDL. (tudelft.nl)
Thus, from these studies it can be concluded that on oxidation, VLDL becomes less efficient in inducing TG accumulation in J774 cells as a consequence of a defect in apoC2 as an activator for the LPL-mediated extracellular lipolysis. (tudelft.nl)

This means your body has a healthy ability to get rid of excess fat and cholesterol. (azcentral.com)
But if your body has more cholesterol than it needs, the excess keeps circulating in your blood. (forumotion.com)
The unused or excess cholesterol is stored as fat droplets in the adipose cells for further usage. (practo.com)
These people need to follow a diet to reduce LDL cholesterol and control the sugar ingested in the diet (honey, sugar, soda, milk - substitute part of the milk by non-fat yogurt-, excess fruit, sugar jams, etc. (botanical-online.com)
When HDL is busy clearing out excess triglycerides, there's less HDL available to clear out cholesterol from your blood vessels. (healthline.com)
HDL is the one to naturally help get rid of excess cholesterol when the body's done with it, hence his universal popularity. (marksdailyapple.com)

While it can lower LDL cholesterol degrees, it will increase HDL cholesterol, which is the great cholesterol. (mycoolcustom.com)
Within two months of starting, frequent aerobic exercise can increase HDL cholesterol by about 5 percent in otherwise healthy sedentary adults. (forumotion.com)

Eating a lot more fruits, vegetables, entire grains, beans, fish, fowl, and also lean meats will certainly keep your heart healthy and decrease cholesterol while boosting your general health. (mycoolcustom.com)
The objective of taking statins is to decrease the quantity of cholesterol that builds up in your blood. (mycoolcustom.com)
Cholesterol-lowering statin medications decrease the risk of heart disease . (medicinenet.com)
Efforts to lower LDL cholesterol seem to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events and heart disease but it is necessary to find the right level for you. (healthcentral.com)
Deletion of apoE on a LDLr-/- background still caused a 50% decrease of VLDL triglycerides and apoB production. (tudelft.nl)
Atorvastatin produced significantly greater reductions than simvastatin in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (49.7 vs. 44.1% decrease on simvastatin) and plasma triglyceride (46.4 vs. 39.4% decrease on simvastatin). (unboundmedicine.com)

Although statins do have negative effects, they are the most safe of all readily available therapies for individuals battling to manage cholesterol. (mycoolcustom.com)
Statins are prescribed by doctors throughout the world and are frequently offered to individuals that have high LDL cholesterol degrees. (mycoolcustom.com)
If an individual is on the treatment of anti-cholesterol medications like statins, then the doctor may ask to perform this test to evaluate and to check the effectiveness of the treatment and cholesterol levels in the body. (practo.com)
Can You Eat Whatever You Want While Taking Statins for Cholesterol? (healthcentral.com)
Statins can help prevent and treat heart disease by lowering cholesterol, but they are much more effective when combined with a healthy diet and lifestyle. (healthcentral.com)
Statins can also help your body reabsorb cholesterol from built-up deposits on your artery walls, potentially reversing coronary artery disease. (mayoclinic.org)
Alirocumab (Praluent) and evolocumab (Repatha) might be used for people who have a genetic condition that causes very high levels of LDL or in people with a history of coronary disease who have intolerance to statins or other cholesterol medications. (mayoclinic.org)

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. (medlineplus.gov)
Cholesterol is a waxy substance that's found in all of your cells and has several useful functions, including helping to build your body's cells. (forumotion.com)
Cholesterol is a waxy, somewhat fat-like substance, which is found throughout the entire body and is an essential part of the body's cells. (healthtestingcenters.com)

i have done a recent check up on the cholesterol and as per the report the exceptions are as follows: - Triglyceride - 205 mg/dl - VLDL - 41 mg/dl - Uric acid - 8.8 mg/dl Cholesterol, HDL , LDL, Glucose, creatinine & calcium are fine. (healthcaremagic.com)

Measuring the levels of cholesterol in your body helps reveal your metabolic state. (azcentral.com)
Cholesterol is an important marker of metabolic health. (fattyliverdisease.com)
This study investigated the dose-dependent effect of rosuvastatin on VLDL apoC-III transport in men with the metabolic syndrome. (diabetesjournals.org)
The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel's revised guidelines 1 for the treatment of cholesterol in adults called for increased attention to the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. (labcorp.com)

VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides. (medlineplus.gov)

In order to measure the concentration of VLDL-C in the sample, this VLDL-C ELISA Kit includes a set of calibration standards. (pariselements.com)
The calibration standards are assayed at the same time as the samples and allow the operator to produce a standard curve of Optical Density versus VLDL-C concentration. (pariselements.com)
The concentration of VLDL-C in the samples is then determined by comparing the O.D. of the samples to the standard curve. (pariselements.com)
Addition of cholesterol to the culture medium also increased the production of apoB in a concentration-dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)
Thus, the earlier arterial plaque deposition in L -/- /A -/- /FG -/- mice appears to contain a contribution from enhanced levels of thrombin and activated platelets, a synergistic consequence of an Fg deficiency combined with a high LDL cholesterol concentration. (bloodjournal.org)

CsA-treated animals showed mild but significant elevations of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. (aspetjournals.org)
In APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice the atherosclerotic lesion size is correlated with plasma cholesterol. (tudelft.nl)
The plasma cholesterol levels are influenced by diet, age and gender, mainly due to an effect of these factors on VLDL production rate. (tudelft.nl)
A ) Plasma cholesterol and TG levels were measured 2 weeks after injection. (jci.org)
On normal low-fat diets, the plasma cholesterol of mice is primarily packaged in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction. (bloodjournal.org)
4 , 5 However, in APOE -/- mice, the plasma cholesterol is mainly associated with the VLDL and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) fractions. (bloodjournal.org)

Subjects with B-pattern LDL tended to have atherogenic lipoprotein profiles, including higher levels of triglycerides, VLDL and IDL mass, and apoB, and lower levels of apoAI and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). 5 6 In addition, small, dense LDL was associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction. (ahajournals.org)

A person with this level has more than twice the risk of coronary heart disease as someone whose cholesterol is below 200 mg/dL. (anilsinghal.com)
The involvement of cholesterol in the etiology of coronary heart disease will be discussed below. (encyclopedia.com)

With HDL (good) cholesterol, higher levels are better. (anilsinghal.com)
HDL which is good cholesterol and should be high is low while other forms of cholesterol which are bad are high. (healthcaremagic.com)
HDL is considered "good" cholesterol and helps move bad cholesterol out of the blood stream, which helps to deter heart disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Individuals with really high triglycerides and also low good cholesterol levels are not prospects for this sort of treatment due to the fact that triglycerides are a hazardous substance in their blood stream. (mycoolcustom.com)
This is why HDL is sometimes referred to as "good" cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
HDL is usually called "good" cholesterol. (azcentral.com)
For HDL cholesterol, also known as your "good" cholesterol, the higher the better. (forumotion.com)
What is the difference between "good" cholesterol and "bad" cholesterol? (healthcarentsickcare.com)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often called "good" cholesterol. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
If you never exercise and aren't active in general, it can lower your HDL (good cholesterol). (healthcarentsickcare.com)
Smoking also promotes high cholesterol because it lowers your HDL (good cholesterol). (healthcarentsickcare.com)
The best known are the "bad cholesterol or LDL cholesterol " and " the "good cholesterol" or HDL cholesterol. (botanical-online.com)
It's also sometimes called "good" cholesterol. (northside.com)
Is it possible to have too much "good" cholesterol? (healthcentral.com)
Educate yourself about good cholesterol. (wikihow.com)
Having 'good cholesterol' is a combination of limiting LDLs and increasing HDLs. (wikihow.com)
Aim for a higher number of good cholesterol (higher than 60 mg/dL but less than 200 mg/dL). (wikihow.com)
It's a good cholesterol profile. (healthtap.com)
Reuters chimes in with 'saturated fat impedes "good" cholesterol activity. (proteinpower.com)
In terms of cholesterol management, what sort of dietary choices are the best, and just what are good cholesterol levels? (infobarrel.com)
So just what are good cholesterol levels and how are they measured? (infobarrel.com)
It is generally recommended that adults having a level of cholesterol exceeding 200 mg/dl should be retested to determine the good cholesterol levels vs the bad cholesterol levels. (infobarrel.com)
The USDA recommends keeping levels of LDL cholesterol below 100 and levels of HDL above 32 with levels of around 60 being excellent for the good cholesterol. (infobarrel.com)
It has been shown that people who follow a heavy exercise routine tend to have higher cholesterol levels mainly due to higher good cholesterol levels. (infobarrel.com)

High cholesterol is one of the most common reason for cardiovascular disease. (mycoolcustom.com)
Other factors to cholesterol consist of weight problems, physical inactivity, alcohol intake, and the existence of other danger factors, such as diabetic issues, cardiovascular disease, as well as cancer cells. (mycoolcustom.com)
People with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes , LDL cholesterol levels greater 190 mg/dL, and those with a 10-year heart disease risk of greater than 7.5% would benefit from moderate- to high-intensity statin drug therapy. (medicinenet.com)
Too much LDL, commonly called "bad cholesterol," is linked to cardiovascular disease. (northside.com)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol are regarded as the bad kinds of cholesterol that contribute to cardiovascular disease. (fattyliverdisease.com)
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality in westernized countries, despite optimum medical therapy to reduce the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-associated cholesterol. (nih.gov)
These data establish, in a model that is highly relevant to humans, that pharmacological inhibition of miR-33a and miR-33b is a promising therapeutic strategy to raise plasma HDL and lower VLDL triglyceride levels for the treatment of dyslipidaemias that increase cardiovascular disease risk. (nih.gov)
Hyperlipidemia and arterial cholesterol accumulation are primary causes of cardiovascular events. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
footnote 1 The Canadian Cardiovascular Society recommends cholesterol tests based on age and risk factors for heart disease. (healthlinkbc.ca)

It removes cholesterol from the bloodstream. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
Your small intestine absorbs the cholesterol from your diet and releases it into your bloodstream. (mayoclinic.org)

The plaque that builds up is a sticky substance made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that is found naturally in cells all over the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cholesterol is a soft, wax-like substance found in all parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Cholesterol is necessary for our body, if it was not for this substance, then the cell walls would lose their rigidity and would not be able to keep their shape, which means that the person's appearance would be, to put it mildly, different - it would be amoebalike. (imedix.com)
Cholesterol is a fat based substance that is produced in the body of all animals and that makes up part of the cell membrane. (infobarrel.com)
Cholesterol, being fat based, is an oily substance meaning in its raw state it will not mix with the water based blood fluids. (infobarrel.com)
Cholesterol, in turn, is the parent substance of a number of vital compounds. (encyclopedia.com)

Cholesterol esterase hydrolizes cholesteryl ester into free cholesterol, therefore, cholesterol ester and free cholesterol can be detected separately in the presence and absence of cholesterol esterase in the reactions. (abcam.com)
This carries the triglyceride, cholesteryl ester and free cholesterol into the heart muscle, skeletal muscle, lactating mammary tissue, and adipose tissue. (practo.com)
VLDL also deliver the triglyceride, cholesteryl ester and cholesterol to the heart muscle, skeletal muscle, lactating mammary tissue, and adipose tissue. (practo.com)

This test measures the amount of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in your blood. (rochester.edu)
It is generally HDL and LDL cholesterol levels that are analyzed and recorded during a cholesterol blood test, and so we seldom hear of our VLDL cholesterol levels. (ldlhdlcholesterollevels.org)
I just got results for my high cholesterol (thanks to a life insurance blood test). (healthboards.com)
When testing cholesterol levels in a standard blood test, a sample of blood will be drawn from the arm after a period of fasting. (medicalnewstoday.com)
I just received my VAP cholesterol test results today, and I need your help and opinions on how good or bad my results were. (healthboards.com)
If you don't know your HDL level, ask your doctor for a baseline cholesterol test. (forumotion.com)
The VLDL cholesterol test is done to know whether an individual is having normal or abnormal cholesterol levels in the body. (practo.com)
Mostly, this test is done along with other cholesterol tests to confirm the diagnosis. (practo.com)
A simple blood test will reveal your cholesterol level. (healthcarentsickcare.com)
The results of this test tells your doctor whether your cholesterol is too high. (northside.com)
So if your cholesterol levels are unusually high or low, your doctor will probably want to repeat the test some weeks later. (harvard.edu)
Alcohol also causes a triglyceride surge, so you shouldn't drink alcohol for 24 hours before a fasting cholesterol test. (harvard.edu)
A lab test is used to measure the amount of VLDL in your blood. (floridahealthfinder.gov)
Talk to your doctor about when you should get a cholesterol test. (webmd.com)
Some health organizations recommend that everyone ages 20 to 79 be checked every 4 to 6 years for the risk of heart attack and stroke, which includes a cholesterol test. (webmd.com)
For more information, see When to Have a Cholesterol Test . (webmd.com)
To test whether the action of apoE depends on the presence of the LDLr, VLDL production was measured in LDLr-/- and apoE-/- LDLr-/- mice. (tudelft.nl)
Ask your doctor for a cholesterol blood test. (wikihow.com)
While in-home cholesterol tests are on the market, they have not yet been as accurate or trustworthy as a basic blood test. (wikihow.com)
I had Fasting test Cholesterol 158/triglyceride 45/ HDL 77 / LDL calculated 72 \cholesterol high density lipoprotein 2.1 /cholesterol nonHDL81 Normal? (healthtap.com)
These cholesterol level tests are normally only used for screening purposes, to decide who may benefit from a full fast, cholesterol levels blood test. (cholesterolcholestrol.com)
In Canada and many European countries, cholesterol levels are measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L). To interpret your test results, use these general guidelines. (mayoclinic.org)
For most children, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends one cholesterol screening test between the ages of 9 and 11, and another cholesterol screening test between the ages of 17 and 21. (mayoclinic.org)

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The impact of an amino acid-based peritoneal dialysis fluid on plasma total homocysteine levels, lipid profile and body fat mass. (1/418)

Effects of alcohol and cholesterol feeding on lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol absorption in rabbits. (2/418)

Overexpression of human hepatic lipase and ApoE in transgenic rabbits attenuates response to dietary cholesterol and alters lipoprotein subclass distributions. (3/418)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (4/418)

Lipid transfer inhibitor protein defines the participation of lipoproteins in lipid transfer reactions: CETP has no preference for cholesteryl esters in HDL versus LDL. (5/418)

Role of cholesterol ester mass in regulation of secretion of ApoB100 lipoprotein particles by hamster hepatocytes and effects of statins on that relationship. (6/418)

Dietary pectin lowers sphingomyelin concentration in VLDL and raises hepatic sphingomyelinase activity in rats. (7/418)

The lipoprotein profile of women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. (8/418)

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Cholesterol

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