Cholesterol vldl. Medical search

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.

Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.

Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.

Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.

The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.

Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.

Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.

A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.

An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.

A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

A superfamily of large integral ATP-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. It is implicated in TANGIER DISEASE characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues.

Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.

A mixture of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), particularly the triglyceride-poor VLDL, with slow diffuse electrophoretic mobilities in the beta and alpha2 regions which are similar to that of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) or alpha-lipoproteins (HDL). They can be intermediate (remnant) lipoproteins in the de-lipidation process, or remnants of mutant CHYLOMICRONS and VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS which cannot be metabolized completely as seen in FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position.

Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.

A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.

A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.

A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.

A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.

Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.

Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.

Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).

A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.

A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.

A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

A 241-kDa protein synthesized only in the INTESTINES. It serves as a structural protein of CHYLOMICRONS. Its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. Apo B-48 is a shortened form of apo B-100 and lacks the LDL-receptor region.

A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. It is metabolized to CHOLESTEROL and CUCURBITACINS.

A broad category of receptor-like proteins that may play a role in transcriptional-regulation in the CELL NUCLEUS. Many of these proteins are similar in structure to known NUCLEAR RECEPTORS but appear to lack a functional ligand-binding domain, while in other cases the specific ligands have yet to be identified.

Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

Cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. 24-Dehydrocholesterol is DESMOSTEROL. The other most prevalent dehydrocholesterol is the 7-isomer. This compound is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin D3.

A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.

Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.

7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates GENES involved in CHOLESTEROL synthesis and uptake.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

An NAPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Relating to the size of solids.

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.

Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.

The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). It is characterized by near absence of ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. The massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in HEPATOMEGALY; SPLENOMEGALY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; large orange tonsils; and often sensory POLYNEUROPATHY. The disorder was first found among inhabitants of Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, MD.

An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.

An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.

Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position.

Glucose in blood.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

Oils derived from plants or plant products.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.

A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.

A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.

Cholesterol substituted in any position by a keto moiety. The 7-keto isomer inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity and inhibits cholesterol uptake in the coronary arteries and aorta in vitro.

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.

Abstaining from all food.

Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).

Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.

A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.

Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.

Organic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule.

Unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food.

A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

An anticholesteremic agent that inhibits sterol biosynthesis in animals.

Low-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 8 to 13 nm.

The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.

Fats containing one or more double bonds, as from oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of GENES involved in FATTY ACIDS metabolism and LIPOGENESIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).

FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.

A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)

A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Proteins which are present in or isolated from SOYBEANS.

A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.

A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.

CHOLESTENES with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the LIVER. Those from the liver are usually high in VITAMIN A. The oils are used as DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. They are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

Oil from ZEA MAYS or corn plant.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

The first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of STEROLS. it catalyzes the synthesis of SQUALENE from farnesyl pyrophosphate via the intermediate PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE. This enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of ISOPRENOIDS that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.

Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)

The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of gene (NPC1) encoding a protein that mediate intracellular cholesterol transport from lysosomes. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.

The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.

A ubiquitous family of proteins that transport PHOSPHOLIPIDS such as PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE between membranes. They play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A diet that contains limited amounts of fat with less than 30% of calories from all fats and less than 10% from saturated fat. Such a diet is used in control of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. (From Bondy et al, Metabolic Control and Disease, 8th ed, pp468-70; Dorland, 27th ed)

A spirostan found in DIOSCOREA and other plants. The 25S isomer is called yamogenin. Solasodine is a natural derivative formed by replacing the spiro-ring with a nitrogen, which can rearrange to SOLANINE.

The impact of an amino acid-based peritoneal dialysis fluid on plasma total homocysteine levels, lipid profile and body fat mass. (1/418)

BACKGROUND: The caloric load from glucose-based peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids contributes to hypertriglyceridaemia, adiposity and, as result of anorexia, protein malnutrition in PD patients. It has been suggested that replacement of a glucose-based by an amino acids-based PD fluid (AA-PDF) for one exchange per day might improve the nutritional status and lipid profile. Due to the uptake of methionine from the dialysate, however, exposure to AA-PDF might aggravate hyperhomocysteinaemia, a frequently occurring risk factor for atherosclerosis in uraemic patients. METHODS: We studied the impact of a once daily exchange with 1.1% AA-PDF instead of glucose-based PD fluid for 2 months on plasma methionine and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels, lipid profile, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and body fat mass of seven stable PD patients. Results are expressed as mean+/-SEM. RESULTS: Methionine levels did not increase significantly during therapy, but tHcy levels increased substantially from 60+/-12 to 84+/-19 micromol/l after 1 month (P=0.039), and to 85+/-22 micromol/l after 2 months of AA-PDF treatment. Serum triglyceride concentration decreased from 3.0+/-0.4 mmol/l at entry to 2.6+/-0.5 mmol/l (at 1 month, P=0.041 vs baseline). Serum BChE also decreased from 6.9+/-0.4 U/ml at entry to 6.3+/-0.4 U/ml after 2 months (P=0.014). Total cholesterol concentration and cholesterol fractions did not change. The reduced exposure to glucose-based PD fluid for 2 months resulted in a 0.5 kg reduction in fat mass which was due mainly to a reduction in fat mass of the trunk region (0.3 kg, P=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that methionine-containing AA-PDF induces an increase in the plasma tHcy level. This might, potentially, offset the beneficial effects of an improved serum lipid profile and reduced fat mass on the risk of cardiovascular disease in PD patients. Lowering the methionine content of the fluid, therefore, may be required to overcome this adverse effect. (+info)

Effects of alcohol and cholesterol feeding on lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol absorption in rabbits. (2/418)

Alcohol fed to rabbits in a liquid formula at 30% of calories increased plasma cholesterol by 36% in the absence of dietary cholesterol and by 40% in the presence of a 0.5% cholesterol diet. The increase was caused almost entirely by VLDL, IDL, and LDL. Cholesterol feeding decreased the fractional catabolic rate for VLDL and LDL apoprotein by 80% and 57%, respectively, and increased the production rate of VLDL and LDL apoprotein by 75% and 15%, respectively. Alcohol feeding had no effect on VLDL apoprotein production but increased LDL production rate by 55%. The efficiency of intestinal cholesterol absorption was increased by alcohol. In the presence of dietary cholesterol, percent cholesterol absorption rose from 34.4+/-2.6% to 44.9+/-2.5% and in the absence of dietary cholesterol, from 84.3+/-1.4% to 88.9+/-1.0%. Increased cholesterol absorption and increased LDL production rate may be important mechanisms for exacerbation by alcohol of hypercholesterolemia in the cholesterol-fed rabbit model. (+info)

Overexpression of human hepatic lipase and ApoE in transgenic rabbits attenuates response to dietary cholesterol and alters lipoprotein subclass distributions. (3/418)

The effect of the expression of human hepatic lipase (HL) or human apoE on plasma lipoproteins in transgenic rabbits in response to dietary cholesterol was compared with the response of nontransgenic control rabbits. Supplementation of a chow diet with 0.3% cholesterol and 3.0% soybean oil for 10 weeks resulted in markedly increased levels of plasma cholesterol and VLDL and IDL in control rabbits as expected. Expression of either HL or apoE reduced plasma cholesterol response by 75% and 60%, respectively. The HL transgenic rabbits had substantial reductions in medium and small VLDL and IDL fractions but not in larger VLDL. LDL levels were also reduced, with a shift from larger, more buoyant to smaller, denser particles. In contrast, apoE transgenic rabbits had a marked reduction in the levels of large VLDLs, with a selective accumulation of IDLs and large buoyant LDLs. Combined expression of apoE and HL led to dramatic reductions of total cholesterol (85% versus controls) and of total VLDL+IDL+LDL (87% versus controls). HDL subclasses were remodeled by the expression of either transgene and accompanied by a decrease in HDL cholesterol compared with controls. HL expression reduced all subclasses except for HDL2b and HDL2a, and expression of apoE reduced large HDL1 and HDL2b. Extreme HDL reductions (92% versus controls) were observed in the combined HL+apoE transgenic rabbits. These results demonstrate that human HL and apoE have complementary and synergistic functions in plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. (+info)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (4/418)

The binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) has been reported to be stimulated by both apoE and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In the present study we investigated the effect of the isoform and the amount of apoE per particle, as well as the role of LPL on the binding of beta-VLDL to HSPG. Therefore, we isolated beta-VLDL from transgenic mice, expressing either APOE*2(Arg158-->Cys) or APOE*3-Leiden (E2-VLDL and E3Leiden-VLDL, respectively), as well as from apoE-deficient mice containing no apoE at all (Enull-VLDL). In the absence of LPL, the binding affinity and maximal binding capacity of all beta-VLDL samples for HSPG-coated microtiter plates was very low. Addition of LPL to this cell-free system resulted in a 12- to 55-fold increase in the binding affinity and a 7- to 15-fold increase in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax). In the presence of LPL, the association constant (Ka) tended to increase in the order Enull-VLDL+info)

Lipid transfer inhibitor protein defines the participation of lipoproteins in lipid transfer reactions: CETP has no preference for cholesteryl esters in HDL versus LDL. (5/418)

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) catalyzes the net transfer of cholesteryl ester (CE) between lipoproteins in exchange for triglyceride (heteroexchange). It is generally held that CETP primarily associates with HDL and preferentially transfers lipids from this lipoprotein fraction. This is illustrated in normal plasma where HDL is the primary donor of the CE transferred to VLDL by CETP. However, in plasma deficient in lipid transfer inhibitor protein (LTIP) activity, HDL and LDL are equivalent donors of CE to VLDL (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1716-1724). Thus, we have hypothesized that the preferential transfer of CE from HDL in normal plasma is a consequence of LTIP activity and not caused by a preferential CETP-HDL interaction. We have tested this hypothesis in lipid mass transfer assays with partially purified CETP and LTIP, and isolated lipoproteins. With a physiological mixture of lipoproteins, the preference ratio (PR, ratio of CE mass transferred from a lipoprotein to VLDL versus its CE content) for HDL and LDL in the presence of CETP alone was approximately 1 (ie, no preference). Fourfold variations in the LDL/HDL ratio or in the levels of HDL in the assay did not result in significant preferential transfer from any lipoprotein. On addition of LTIP, the PR for HDL was increased up to 2-fold and that for LDL decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Under all conditions where LDL and HDL levels were varied, LTIP consistently resulted in a PR >1 for CE transfer from HDL. Short-term experiments with radiolabeled lipoproteins and either partially purified or homogenous CETP confirmed these observations and further demonstrated that CETP has a strong predilection to mediate homoexchange (bidirectional transfer of the same lipid) rather than heteroexchange (CE for TG); LTIP had no effect on the selection of CE or TG by CETP or its mechanism of action. We conclude, in contrast to current opinion, that CETP has no preference for CE in HDL versus LDL, suggesting that the previously reported stable binding of CETP to HDL does not result in selective transfer from this lipoprotein. These data suggest that LTIP is responsible for the preferential transfer of CE from HDL that occurs in plasma. CETP and LTIP cooperatively determine the extent of CETP-mediated remodeling of individual lipoprotein fractions. (+info)

Role of cholesterol ester mass in regulation of secretion of ApoB100 lipoprotein particles by hamster hepatocytes and effects of statins on that relationship. (6/418)

Our understanding of the factors that regulate the secretion of apoB100 lipoproteins remains incomplete with considerable debate as to the role, if any, for cholesterol ester in this process. This study examines this issue in primary cultures of hamster hepatocytes, a species in which both cholesterol and apoB100 metabolism are very similar to man. Addition of oleate to medium increased the mass of triglyceride and cholesterol ester within the hepatocyte and also increased the secretion of triglycerides, cholesterol ester, and apoB100 into the medium. Next, the responses of hamster hepatocytes to addition of either an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (lovastatin) or an acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor (58-035) to the medium, with or without added oleate, were determined. Effects of either agent were only evident in the oleate-supplemented medium in which cholesterol ester mass had been increased above basal. If oleate was not added to the medium, neither agent reduced apoB100 secretion; equally important, over the 24-hour incubation, neither agent, at the concentration used, produced any detectable change in intracellular cholesterol ester mass. However, in contrast to the estimates of mass, which were unchanged, under the same conditions radioisotopic estimates of cholesterol ester synthesis were markedly reduced. Any conclusion as to the relation of cholesterol ester mass to apoB100 secretion would therefore depend on which of the 2 methods was used. Overall, the data indicate a close correlation between the mass of cholesterol ester within the hepatocyte and apoB100 secretion from it and they go far to explain previous apparently contradictory data as to this relation. More importantly, though, taken with other available data, they indicate that the primary response of the liver to increased delivery of lipid is increased secretion rather than decreased uptake. These results point, therefore, to a hierarchy of hepatic responses to increased flux of fatty acids and increased synthesis of cholesterol that in turn suggests a more dynamic model of cholesterol homeostasis in the liver than has been appreciated in the past. (+info)

Dietary pectin lowers sphingomyelin concentration in VLDL and raises hepatic sphingomyelinase activity in rats. (7/418)

There is evidence that cholesterol and sphingomyelin metabolism are interrelated, and thus the hypothesis tested was that dietary pectin, because it can alter hepatic cholesterol metabolism, would also alter hepatic sphingomyelin metabolism. For that purpose, 4-wk-old female Wistar rats were fed a diet without or with pectin (20 g/100 g) up to 21 d. In accordance with previous work, pectin consumption caused a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in hepatic (65%), whole plasma (37%), and VLDL (80%) cholesterol levels. Pectin also significantly reduced VLDL sphingomyelin concentrations (57%), but raised the amount of sphingomyelin in the high density lipoproteins (HDL)-2 fractions (58%), so that the level of sphingomyelin in whole plasma remained unaffected. Pectin did not affect the sphingomyelin concentration in the liver. Pectin consumption did not affect the hepatic sphingomyelin synthesizing enzymes, serine palmitoyltransferase, phosphatidylcholine:ceramide phosphocholine transferase, or phosphatidylethanolamine:ceramide phosphoethanolamine transferase. In contrast, dietary pectin activated both lysosomal (28%) and plasma membrane (26%) sphingomyelinase and thus may have enhanced sphingomyelin degradation. An attempt was made to describe the effects of dietary pectin on sphingomyelin metabolism in terms of altered fluxes through liver and plasma, with whole liver and whole plasma concentrations of sphingomyelin remaining unaffected. (+info)

The lipoprotein profile of women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. (8/418)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipoprotein profile in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and to establish whether effective dopamine agonist therapy might have a beneficial effect. Blood samples were collected from women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and from controls matched for age, body mass index and smoking. Follow-up blood samples were collected from women on dopamine agonist therapy as treatment for their hyperprolactinaemia. Plasma cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum oestradiol and prolactin were measured. No statistically significant differences were found in the lipoprotein profile of the patient (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. During treatment with the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine (n = 9), significant reduction in total cholesterol [4.87 (3.98-5.87) versus 5.60 (4.55-6.61) mmol/l, P = 0.024] and LDL cholesterol [3.22 (2.01-4.23) versus 3.72 (2.59-4.93) mmol/l, P = 0.033] was noted. We conclude that beneficial alterations in the lipoprotein profile may occur in response to effective dopamine agonist therapy, presumably as a consequence of return of ovarian function and alleviation of oestrogen deficiency. Women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea should be encouraged to take effective therapy to improve their lipoprotein profile and potentially reduce their cardiovascular risk. (+info)

... together these actions decrease serum VLDL levels and increase HDL-cholesterol; the mechanism behind HDL elevation is currently ... Gemfibrozil also inhibits the synthesis and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule for VLDL. ... VLDL) effect; it can inhibit lipolysis and decrease subsequent hepatic fatty acid uptake as well as inhibit hepatic secretion ... VLDL) levels Modest reduction of low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels Moderate increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemfibrozil

The apoprotein is secreted by a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP)-dependent mechanism, probably as a VLDL- ... Members of this family promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells. They are present in various lipoprotein complexes, ... including HDL, LDL and VLDL. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184831 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_O

Both VLDL and LDL are important in cholesterol transport and its metabolism. Not only was this degree of silencing observed ... ApoB is a protein involved with the assembly and secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein(VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein( ... The SNALPs ranged from 71 - 84 nm in size and were composed of synthetic cholesterol, phospholipid DSPC, PEG lipid PEGC-DMA, ... The SNALPs (around 81 nm in size here) were formulated by spontaneous vesiculation from a mixture of cholesterol, dipalmitoyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_nucleic_acid_lipid_particle

Increased APOA5 levels were associated with skewed cholesterol distribution from VLDL to large HDL particles. APOA5 mRNA is ... Qu S, Perdomo G, Su D, D'Souza FM, Shachter NS, Dong HH (July 2007). "Effects of apoA-V on HDL and VLDL metabolism in APOC3 ... The second is the possible effect of APOA5 on the secretion of VLDL particles, since APOA5 reduces hepatic production by ... It is a component of several lipoprotein fractions including VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons. It is believed that apoA-V affects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOA5

It also synthesizes cholesterol from acetate and further synthesizes bile salts. The liver is the sole site of bile salts ... Hepatocytes also synthesize apoproteins with which they then assemble and export lipoproteins (VLDL, HDL). The liver is also ... These cells are involved in: Protein synthesis Protein storage Transformation of carbohydrates Synthesis of cholesterol, bile ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte

This is largely a result of lower levels of VLDL lipids in the PEMT-deficient mice. Furthermore, the decreased lipid (PC) ... PEMT deficiency prevents atherosclerosis in mice fed high-fat, high-cholesterol diets. ... PEMT activity also dictates normal very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion by the liver. PEMT is also a significant ... VLDL) secretion. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is also known as lipid methyl transferase, LMTase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase

... inhibitors are thought to lower LDL and VLDL cholesterol by a dual control mechanism. Studies in which ... Four rings in total (A through D) are formed, producing the cholesterol backbone. Though the idea of a concerted formation of ... While cholesterol synthesis is mostly associated with eukaryotes, few prokaryotes have been found to express lanosterol ... Lanosterol is a key four-ringed intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. In humans, lanosterol synthase is encoded by the LSS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol_synthase

Niacin can reduce the secretion of LDL cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL cholesterol). On the ... HDL cholesterol). Together, niacin and simvastatin reduce the level of LDL cholesterol and increases the level of HDL ... have an additive effect in reducing LDL cholesterol, without significant interaction between the two drugs. Another drug ... "Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_effect

Average total cholesterol in the United Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/L, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 ... In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost. Levels of fasting triglycerides were taken as an ... Eating dietary cholesterol causes a small rise in serum cholesterol, the magnitude of which can be predicted using the Keys and ... Cholesterol is the precursor of the steroid hormones and bile acids. Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia

The hydrolyzed VLDL particles are now called VLDL remnants or intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). VLDL remnants can ... The external shell also contains phospholipids and cholesterol. All cells use and rely on fats and cholesterol as building ... Once loaded with apolipoproteins C-II and E, the nascent VLDL particle is considered mature. VLDL particles circulate and ... They also produce the bile from cholesterol. The intestines are responsible for absorbing cholesterol. They transfer it over ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein

... A-IV (apoA4) is present in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and HDL. It is thought to act ... Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in the transport and uptake of cholesterol by way of its high affinity ... Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fats, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins) to ... Chang TY, Yamauchi Y, Hasan MT, Chang C (December 2017). "Cellular cholesterol homeostasis and Alzheimer's disease". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein

It is due to cholesterol-rich VLDL (β-VLDL). Its prevalence has been estimated to be approximately 1 in 10,000. It is ... HDL cholesterol carries cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver and then removes the cholesterol from the ... LDL cholesterol is produced naturally by the body, but eating a diet high in saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol can ... LDL cholesterol transports cholesterol particles throughout the body, and can build up in the walls of the arteries, making ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia

Consequently, VLDL cholesterol production in the liver is reduced, which leads indirectly to a reduction in LDL and increase in ... It reduces triglyceride levels and increases HDL cholesterol. It may have less marked adverse effects than niacin, although it ... HDL cholesterol. Acipimox is completely absorbed from the gut. It is not bound to blood plasma proteins and not metabolized. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipimox

... s may be compared to statin drugs, which reduce LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and have only limited effects on other lipid ... TG and VLDL is reduced, whilst that of lipoprotein lipase, which catabolises TG, is enhanced. In addition, production of Apo A1 ... high cholesterol), and are therefore hypolipidemic agents. Fibrates improve atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by high ... Fibrates decrease the synthesis of bile acid by down-regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrate

It increases lipoprotein lipase activity to promote the conversion of VLDL to LDL, and hence reduce the level of VLDL. It can ... Clofibrate (trade name Atromid-S) is a lipid-lowering agent used for controlling the high cholesterol and triacylglyceride ... "WHO cooperative trial on primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease with clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: final ... clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol observed excess mortality in the clofibrate-treated group despite successful cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofibrate

VLDL is assembled in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. VLDL is converted in the bloodstream to ... nascent VLDL becomes a mature VLDL. Once in circulation, VLDL will come in contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the ... VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density ... VLDL now meets back up with HDL where apoC-II is transferred back to HDL (but keeps apoE). HDL also transfers cholesteryl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low-density_lipoprotein

VLDL or LDL). Inhibition of this process results in higher HDL cholesterol levels and reduces LDL cholesterol levels. According ... Some types of HDL are great at plucking cholesterol from LDL and artery walls while other types are indifferent to cholesterol ... which normally transfers cholesterol from HDL cholesterol to very low density or low density lipoproteins ( ... Dietary cholesterol needs be esterified in order to be absorbed from the gut. The enzyme, cholesterylester transfer protein ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcetrapib

... in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron, VLDL and LDL ... APOE is the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain. APOE is required for cholesterol transportation from astrocytes to ... This may be due to their low cholesterol levels. Caucasian and Japanese carriers of two E4 alleles have between 10 and 30 times ... APOE transports lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol into the lymph system and then into the blood. It is synthesized ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E

Neurons require cholesterol to function. Cholesterol is imported into the neuron by apolipoprotein E (apoE) via LRP1 receptors ... In the liver LRP1 is important for the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins (Chylomicron remnants, VLDL) and other ... LRP1 has a cholesterol-independent role in atherosclerosis by modulating the activity and cellular localization of the PDGFR-β ... "Cell cholesterol modulates metalloproteinase-dependent shedding of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRP1

... , furthermore, reduces the serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol, and increased HDL-cholesterol and ... Botryosphaeran exhibits hypocholesterolaemic activity lowering total cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol ... The cholesterol-lowering effect (hypocholesterolaemia) of β-glucans derived from oat and barley (β-(1→3)(1→4)-linked D-glucans ... In experiments with elderly male knockout LDLr-/-mice (LDLreceptor-deficient mice that show elevated plasma cholesterol levels ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryosphaeran

... which normally transfers cholesterol from HDL cholesterol to very low density or low density lipoproteins (VLDL or LDL). ... Drugs in this class substantially increase HDL cholesterol, lower LDL cholesterol, and enhance reverse cholesterol transport. ... Carmen Drahl (February 2012). "The Cholesterol Bet". Chemical & Engineering News. 90 (8): 13-20. Filippatos, TD; Kei, A; Elisaf ... "Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition by TA-8995 in patients with mild dyslipidaemia (TULIP): A randomised, double- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETP_inhibitor

Another diagnostic test that is often reviewed is LDL cholesterol. Low density lipoproteins are made up of cholesterol, TG, ... This causes high amounts of LDL and VLDL molecules to form. A unique sign of primary dyslipidemias is that patients will often ... The cholesterol lowering effect of fibrates is due to their ability to activate a nuclear receptor called peroxisome ... Another blood level collected to assess dyslipidemia is HDL-C. HDL cholesterol is made up of very little lipids and a high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslipidemia

... the combined levels of LDL and VLDL) predicted atherosclerosis and heart disease. In 1958 he wrote, "The serum cholesterol ... Cholesterol and obesity correlated with increased mortality from cancer. The Seven Countries Study suggested that elevated ... Keys traveled widely with his wife Margaret who tested people's serum cholesterol. They sent their samples back to Minnesota ... It demonstrated that the correlation between blood cholesterol level and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk from 5 to 40 years ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Countries_Study

... disorders are associated with an increase in the concentrations of plasma lipids in the blood such as LDL cholesterol, VLDL, ... Harris JR (2009). Cholesterol binding and cholesterol transport proteins: structure and function in health and disease. ... Other types of lipids: Cholesterols: Cholesterols are the main precursors for different hormones in our body such as ... Cholesterol can be made from acetyl-CoA through a multiple-step pathway known as isoprenoid pathway. Cholesterols are essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_metabolism

Moreover, sortilin has been implicated in LDL-cholesterol metabolism, VLDL secretion, and PCSK9 secretion, and thus plays a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortilin_1

Initially, most VLDL is converted into LDL until this mechanism is saturated, after which VLDL levels elevate. Both conditions ... A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol increases blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Other disorders, such as ... The elevated triglyceride levels (>5 mmol/L) are generally due to an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a class ... Combined hyperlipidemia (or -aemia) is a commonly occurring form of hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_hyperlipidemia

The ingestion of cholesterol should be less than 300 mg/day, which will require a switch to foods that are low in saturated ... usually with concomitantly elevated VLDL, is indicative of nephrotic syndrome.[citation needed] A kidney biopsy may also be ... Other efforts include managing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and infection risk. A low salt diet and limiting ... There is also an increase in the liver synthesis of cholesterol. Thrombophilia, or hypercoagulability, is a greater ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome

The cholesterol esters are then stored as cytoplasmic lipid droplets inside the cell. The enzyme is implicated in cholesterol ... VLDL). Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not ... This gene is a member of a small family of Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases. The gene encodes a membrane-bound enzyme ... Katsuren K; Fukuyama S; Takata K; Ohta T (2003). "Effects of a new single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Acyl-CoA:cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAT2

... and the liver produces large TG-rich VLDL particles. Glucose induces expression of LXR target genes involved in cholesterol ... "Hepatic cholesterol metabolism and resistance to dietary cholesterol in LXRβ-deficient mice". J. Clin. Invest. 107 (5): 565-73 ... and impaired liver function when fed a high-cholesterol diet. LXRβ knockout mice are unaffected by a high-cholesterol diet, ... LXRα knockout mice are healthy when fed with a low-cholesterol diet. However, LXRα knockout mice develop enlarged fatty livers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_X_receptor

IDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to ... The triglycerides in VLDL are removed in capillaries by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, and the VLDL returns to the circulation ... Their size is, in general, 25 to 35 nm in diameter, and they contain primarily a range of triglycerides and cholesterol esters ... "Statin inhibition of cholesterol production (Homo sapiens) - WikiPathways". Brown MS and Goldstein JL (1986). A receptor- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-density_lipoprotein

Cholesterol is a molecule in cells. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule. Cholesterol is a special type of ... High triglycerides (TG) are found in people with high VLDL. Treatment[change , change source]. .mw-parser-output .ambox{border: ... Cholesterol does many important jobs in a cell. Cholesterols main function is as a structural component of cell membranes. It ... Not all cholesterol is bad. There are different kinds of cholesterol in the blood. Doctors often measure these different types ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia

Thus VLDL-mediated fatty acid transport out of the liver decreases leading to fat accumulation in the liver.[6] Other ... Choline phospholipids also form lipid rafts in the cell membranes along with cholesterol. The rafts are centers, for example ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline

The following table gives the fatty acid, vitamin E and cholesterol composition of some common dietary fats.[36][37] ... They are taken in through the intestine in chylomicrons, but also exist in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density ... The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid

Synthesis of receptors in the cell is regulated by the level of free intracellular cholesterol; if it is in excess for the ... VLDL), their remnants-i.e. intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL particles. The receptor also recognizes ... Disruption of LDL-R can lead to higher LDL-cholesterol as well as increasing the risk of related diseases. Individuals with ... The rapid recycling of LDL receptors provides an efficient mechanism for delivery of cholesterol to cells. It was also reported ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

"Study of Evacetrapib (LY2484595) in Participants With High Cholesterol (ACCENTUATE)". Kolata, Gina (3 April 2016). "Dashing ... VLDL) or low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and exchanges them for cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and ... "Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol ... and selective inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein that elevates HDL cholesterol without inducing aldosterone or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacetrapib

... increased synthesis of new bile acids by the liver from cholesterol, decreased liver cholesterol, increased LDL receptor ... constipation sometimes increase in VLDL[citation needed] and triglyceride synthesis Colestipol can bind to a number of drugs ... Colestipol (trade names Colestid, Cholestabyl) is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower blood cholesterol, specifically low- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colestipol

VLDL), release of cholesterol, foam cell formation, and atherogenesis. In another study, non-human primates revealed a positive ... cholesterol acyltransferase. It gives the cholesterol ester cholesterol oleate. from Sigrid Hahn; Hans-Ulrich Klör (2001). ... The rate-controlling enzyme in cholesterol catabolism, hepatic cholesterol 7-hydroxylase, is believed to be regulated partly by ... Spector AA, Mathur SN, Kaduce TL (1979). "Role of acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol o-acyltransferase in cholesterol metabolism". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol_O-acyltransferase

VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). Stated another way, remnant cholesterol is all plasma cholesterol that is not ... remnant cholesterol is primarily chylomicron and VLDL, and each remnant particle contains about 40 times more cholesterol than ... Remnant cholesterol is especially predictive of coronary artery disease in patients with normal total cholesterol. High plasma ... Remnant cholesterol has about twice the association with ischemic heart disease as LDL cholesterol. Although remnant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remnant_cholesterol

It is used in addition to diet to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides ( ... PPARα also increases apoproteins AI and AII, reduces VLDL- and LDL-containing apoprotein B, and increases HDL-containing ... It is less commonly used compared than statins because it treats a different type of cholesterol abnormality to statins. While ... Statins remain the first line for treatment of blood cholesterol. AHA guidelines from 2013 did not find evidence for routine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenofibrate

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in phospholipid and cholesterol homeostasis. After binding ApoER2, ApoE is ... "Reeler/Disabled-like disruption of neuronal migration in knockout mice lacking the VLDL receptor and ApoE receptor 2". Cell. 97 ... Carter CJ (January 2007). "Convergence of genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease on the cerebral cholesterol shuttle: APP, ... Marzolo MP, Bu G (April 2009). "Lipoprotein receptors and cholesterol in APP trafficking and proteolytic processing, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein_receptor-related_protein_8

... but DHA appears to raise LDL cholesterol more than EPA, while DHA raises HDL cholesterol while EPA does not. Other omega-3 fish ... VLDL) particles. The way it does that is not clear, but potential mechanisms include increased breakdown of fatty acids; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_acid_ethyl_esters

"National Reference System for Cholesterol - Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network - HDL Cholesterol Certification ... Multiple additional measures, including LDL particle concentrations, small LDL particle concentrations, VLDL concentrations, ... "good cholesterol" (despite being the same as cholesterol in LDL particles). Those with higher levels of HDL-C tend to have ... the cholesterol associated with ApoA-1/HDL particles. In healthy individuals, about 30% of blood cholesterol, along with other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein

... where H is HDL cholesterol, L is LDL cholesterol, C is total cholesterol, T are triglycerides, and k is 0.20 if the quantities ... LDL particles are formed when triglycerides are removed from VLDL by the lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) and they become ... If both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels are elevated then a modified formula, with quantities in mg/dL, may be used L ... Blood tests commonly report LDL-C: the amount of cholesterol which is estimated to be contained with LDL particles, on average ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein

Low blood cholesterol Abetalipoproteinemia affects the absorption of dietary fats, cholesterol, and certain vitamins. People ... which are used in the synthesis and exportation of chylomicrons and VLDL respectively. It is not to be confused with familial ... These lipoproteins are both necessary for the absorption of fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins from the diet and ... which are molecules that consist of proteins combined with cholesterol and particular fats called triglycerides. This leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abetalipoproteinemia

... maintenance of appropriate concentration of cholesterol). In humans, excess cholesterol in the blood is captured by low-density ... There are seven members of the LDLR family in mammals, namely: LDLR VLDL receptor (VLDLR) ApoER2, or LRP8 Low density ... The role that is most commonly associated with this evolutionarily ancient family is cholesterol homeostasis ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein_receptor_gene_family

For this reason, LDL is referred to as "bad cholesterol". After being transported to the liver by HDL, cholesterol is delivered ... After a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again ... 240 mg/dl high cholesterol. The average amount of blood cholesterol varies with age, typically rising gradually until one is ... The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_lipids

The glycogen is stored in the liver, but the triglycerides are secreted into the blood as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) ... Kalaany, NY; Mangelsdorf, DJ (2006). "LXRS and FXR: the yin and yang of cholesterol and fat metabolism". Annual Review of ... Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Vitamin D is derived from cholesterol by the ring-splitting action of light.". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ... and then stored in those fat cells together with the VLDL-derived triglycerides that were made in the liver. Muscle cells also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

Li, JZ; Lei, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y; Ye, J; Xia, X; Pan, X; Li, P (May 2010). "Control of cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake and ... Mediates VLDL Lipidation and Maturation by Interacting with Apolipoprotein B." Cell Metabolism. 9 (2): 177-190. doi:10.1016/j. ... 2010). "Control of cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake and storage in hepatocytes by Cideb". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1801 (Pt 5): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIDEB

Triglycerides are incorporated into very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are released from the liver destined toward ... elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome. The European Food Safety Authority stated that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose

... total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol in people with homozygous familial ... VLDL) assembly and secretion in the liver. In December 2012, drug manufacturer Aegerion announced they had been approved by the ... "FDA approves new orphan drug for rare cholesterol disorder". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on ... The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lomitapide in December 2012, as an orphan drug to reduce LDL cholesterol, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomitapide

... cholesterol) or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, "good" cholesterol). These parameters in turn are believed to be ... VLDL) and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat. They contain ... "bad cholesterol"), lowering levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, often termed "good cholesterol"), increasing triglycerides ... Trans fat has been found to act like saturated in raising the blood level of LDL ("bad cholesterol"); but, unlike saturated fat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat

... cholesterol is a bad cholesterol. Both can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. Learn how you can lower your VLDL ... What is VLDL cholesterol?. VLDL stands for very-low-density lipoprotein. Your liver makes VLDL and releases it into your ... The VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides, another type of fat, to your tissues. VLDL is similar to LDL cholesterol, but ... How can I lower my VLDL level?. Since VLDL and triglycerides are linked, you can lower VLDL level by lowering your triglyceride ...

https://medlineplus.gov/vldlcholesterol.html

Serum cholesterol level QTL 76. IDA. RGD. PMID:25296178. RGD:10402111. NCBI chr 4:49,178,116...57,114,705 ... Serum cholesterol level QTL 77. IDA. RGD. PMID:25296178. RGD:10402111. NCBI chr 4:49,178,116...57,114,705 ... Serum cholesterol level QTL 78. IDA. RGD. PMID:25296178. RGD:10402111. NCBI chr 4:49,178,116...57,114,705 ... Serum cholesterol level QTL 68. QTM. RGD. PMID:15452030. RGD:1302893. NCBI chr17:15,781,592...60,781,592 ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=MP:0005144

What If VLDL Cholesterol Is High , soa.ueh.edu.vn Khoa Kế toán , what if VLDL cholesterol is high ... what if VLDL cholesterol is high ?. High blood pills Cholesterol is high High LDL cholesterol normal triglycerides High ... It is a method that can control the flow of time my good cholesterol is high of time Only by what if VLDL cholesterol is high ... Qiang! The fiery what can you do for high cholesterol the shadow sword collided instantly Linley what if VLDL cholesterol is ...

https://soa.ueh.edu.vn/Meds-To-Lower-Bp/o3Opvt-What-If-VLDL-Cholesterol-Is-High

This pathway may promote HDLs reverse cholesterol transport activity, but only if VLDL and LDL return cholesterol to the liver ... as well as High Cholesterol, Understanding Your Cholesterol level, Lifestyle Cholesterol Management, Understanding Cholesterol- ... In fact, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apo B are usually low compared with those with apo E3. HDL cholesterol levels ... VLDL remnants are not only triglyceride-poor, they are also cholesterol enriched, having acquired cholesterol ester from HDL ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/126568-15797/when-is-surgical-intervention-indicated-for-hypertriglyceridemia-high-triglyceride-levels

VLDL Cholesterol Deprecated: Function get_magic_quotes_gpc() is deprecated in /home/ozoei4ngo532/public_html/wp-content/themes/ ...

https://accuteqs.com.ph/vldl-cholesterol/

Synthesis and secretion of VLDL by rat hepatocytes--modulation by cholesterol and phospholipids. Indian Journal of Biochemistry ... Synthesis and secretion of VLDL by rat hepatocytes--modulation by cholesterol and phospholipids. ... Addition of cholesterol to the culture medium also increased the production of apoB in a concentration-dependent manner. Pulse ... Mevinolin which inhibits cholesterol synthesis significantly reduced the secretion of apoB. The presence of phosphatidylcholine ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/27927

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126568

Know the types (HDL and LDL), and how to lower high cholesterol. ... Your body needs some cholesterol, but too much can raise your ... VLDL stands for very low-density lipoprotein. Some people also call VLDL a "bad" cholesterol because it too contributes to the ... But VLDL and LDL are different; VLDL mainly carries triglycerides and LDL mainly carries cholesterol. ... Dietary Fat and Cholesterol (Boston Childrens Hospital) Also in Spanish * What Is Cholesterol? (Nemours Foundation) Also in ...

https://medlineplus.gov/cholesterol.html?utm_source=mplusconnect&utm_medium=service

This test measures the amount of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in your blood.

https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Wellness/Smoking/167,vldl_cholesterol

... hdl cholesterol, heart, high cholesterol symptoms, ldl cholesterol, normal cholesterol level, vldl cholesterol ... Category: Heart Disease Tags: and, chicken, Chicken and Cholesterol, Cholesterol, cholesterol level, cholesterol meaning in ... Cholesterol is essential for healthy body function, but too much can cause health problems. Eating chicken as part of a ... balanced diet can help control cholesterol levels, but it depends on what piece of chicken a person eats and how they prepare… ...

https://pharmapedia.pk/tag/vldl-cholesterol/

... and high cholesterol with examination-based measures of obesity, hypertension, and high-risk lipid profiles. ... LDL cholesterol of 160 mg/dL or more, VLDL cholesterol of 40 mg/dL or more, HDL cholesterol of less than 40 mg/dL for men and ... LDL cholesterol of 100-159 mg/dL; VLDL cholesterol of 30-39 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol of 40-44 mg/dL for men or 50-54 mg/dL for ... cholesterol; and triglycerides. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol was calculated for participants with ...

https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2012/11_0321.htm

Categories: Lipoproteins, VLDL Cholesterol Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Lipoproteins,+VLDL+Cholesterol&parentid=6204&catid=27921

LDL-cholesterol] = [total cholesterol] - [HDL-cholesterol] - [triglycerides/5] where [triglycerides/5] is an estimate of VLDL- ... and HDL-cholesterol according to the Friedewald calculation: [LDL-cholesterol] = [total cholesterol] - [HDL-cholesterol] - [ ... LBDLDL - LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL). Variable Name: LBDLDL. SAS Label: LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL). English Text: LDL-cholesterol (mg/ ... LDL-cholesterol is calculated from measured values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol according to the ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2001-2002/L13AM_B.htm

VLDL); apolipoprotein B, and VLDL cholesterol (P , .05 for all comparisons). ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/938079

CHOLESTEROL - HDL, CHOLESTEROL -LDL, TRIGLYCERIDES, TOTAL CHOLESTEROL/HDL RATIO,CHOLESTEROL VLDL, LDL/ HDL RATIO" Cancel reply ... LIPID PROFILE: CHOLESTEROL - TOTAL, CHOLESTEROL - HDL, CHOLESTEROL -LDL, TRIGLYCERIDES, TOTAL CHOLESTEROL/HDL RATIO,CHOLESTEROL ... LIPID PROFILE: CHOLESTEROL - TOTAL, CHOLESTEROL - HDL, CHOLESTEROL -LDL, TRIGLYCERIDES, TOTAL CHOLESTEROL/HDL RATIO,CHOLESTEROL ... Be the first to review "LIPID PROFILE: CHOLESTEROL - TOTAL, ...

https://medimaahealthcare.com/test/lipid-profile-cholesterol-total-cholesterol-hdl-cholesterol-ldl-triglycerides-total-cholesterol-hdl-ratiocholesterol-vldl-ldl-hdl-ratio/

This accumulation of cholesterol is caused by dysregulation of cholesterol influx and efflux. Since macrophages do not have the ... Pennings M, Meurs I, Ye D, Out R, Hoekstra M, Van Berkel TJ, Van Eck M (October 2006). "Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis ... Wruss J, Rünzler D, Steiger C, Chiba P, Köhler G, Blaas D (May 2007). "Attachment of VLDL receptors to an icosahedral virus ... VLDLR, in particular, binds VLDL and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), but not LDL. This inability to bind LDL is due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLDL_receptor

Abnormal lipid values were defined as: total cholesterol , 6 mmol/L, triglycerides , 1.6 mmol/L, HDL-C 3.8 mmol/L,VLDL-C , 1.05 ... The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and VLDL-C were higher among patients than controls. The difference for ... Plasma HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in non-insulin treated Nigerian diabetics. Tropical and ... Hyperglycaemia progressively increases the transfer of cholesterol esters from HDL-C to VLDL-C particles [1]. The denser LDL ...

http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-14-2008/volume-14-issue-2/article9.html

HDL cholesterol was 69; VLDL cholesterol was 21; and LDL was 198. All other measurements of blood and urine factors are within ... However, I have very high cholesterol. Here are the numbers of my last reading in February: total cholesterol was 288; ... ANSWER: Your cholesterol levels are high, and with an LDL above 190, most authorities do recommend treatment. However, you have ... I used the MESA score to estimate yours based on your cholesterol numbers, family history, blood pressure and the results of ...

https://www.sunjournal.com/2022/09/21/high-cholesterol-with-low-calcium-lessens-risks/

Contrast the serum tryiglycerides (Chylomicrons, VLDL, and recommended levels). * Contrast the serum cholesterol (LDL, HDL and ... Explain the benefits and negative effects of fiber (include diverticular disease and cholesterol reducing effects). ... Lipids in heart disease and cancer, including heart attack, strokes, atherosclerosis, serum triglycerides and cholesterol, ...

https://www.uen.org/core/core.do?courseNum=200138

LDL = Total Cholesterol - HDL - (Triglyceride / 5) or. *LDL = Total Cholesterol - HDL - VLDL ... This is why cholesterol inside LDL lipoproteins is called bad cholesterol.. Definition (CSP). class of lipoproteins responsible ... A lipoprotein that carries cholesterol around the body, for use by various cells. LDL transports cholesterol to the arteries ... The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.. ...

https://fpnotebook.com/legacy/cv/Lab/LdlChlstrl.htm

Higher VLDL levels. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is a type of bad cholesterol. Its made of smaller particles than LDL. ... Cholesterol abnormalities and diabetes. (2016).. heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/why-diabetes-matters/cholesterol- ... Low HDL (good) cholesterol. HDL helps clear out LDL (bad) cholesterol from your blood vessels. ... The longer they stick around in your blood vessels, the more time triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL have to stick to your artery ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/why-heart-disease-complication

keywords = "Animals, Apolipoproteins B/genetics, Cell Line, Tumor, Cholesterol/blood, Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ... Song, Y, Zhao, M, Cheng, X, Shen, J, Khound, R, Zhang, K & Su, Q 2017, CREBH mediates metabolic inflammation to hepatic VLDL ... CREBH mediates metabolic inflammation to hepatic VLDL overproduction and hyperlipoproteinemia. Journal of Molecular Medicine. ... CREBH mediates metabolic inflammation to hepatic VLDL overproduction and hyperlipoproteinemia. Yongyan Song, Miaoyun Zhao, Xiao ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/crebh-mediates-metabolic-inflammation-to-hepatic-vldl-overproduct

Non-HDL cholesterol is simply total cholesterol minus HDL ... so basically... ... 1. If VLDL was so important why is left out of many lab results?. 2. If 1/5 of trigs is VLDL and is used in a total cholesterol ... 1. If VLDL was so important why is left out of many lab results?. 2. If 1/5 of trigs is VLDL and is used in a total cholesterol ... Non-HDL cholesterol is simply total cholesterol minus HDL ... so basically triglycerides, VLDL, and LDL. and for many(certainly ...

https://www.diabetesdaily.com/forum/threads/atorvastatin-useful.131958/page-3

My hdl=30, ldl=54, vldl=89 triglycerides=270, total cholesterol=173. should i meet doctor for medicines?. ... Thanks for your quick reply! I am 50 years old I have high blood Cholesterol And I am borderline diabetes And my weight is too ... High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol , family history.. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs ... Regarding the dose.. It depends on how much you need to lower your cholesterol/ldl. Atovastatin is more potent ... Read More. ...

https://www.healthtap.com/experts/10045306-dr-john-szawaluk/

108010062497 VLDL Lipoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 26 * YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene Chemical compound data:image ... 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 title description 68 * 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description ... 230000004141 reverse cholesterol transport Effects 0.000 description 11 * 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials ... Hydroxyl compounds and compositions for cholesterol management and related uses Download PDF Info. Publication number. ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2402300B1/en

There is no effect on total cholesterol, HDL3, LDL, or VLDL.. 4. Drug Interactions Change in contraceptive effectiveness ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0b87cef0-610c-469d-92ba-4007f4bc3878&audience=consumer

It measures the cholesterol and fatty substance levels in your blood, including VLDL, VDL, HDL, and triglycerides. By looking ... Measures cholesterol and fatty substance levels (lipids) in your blood, including: *VLDL ... General health status using tests such as complete blood count, urinalysis, and cholesterol level ...

https://www.testing.com/blood-testing/kennett-square-pa/

Talk to your doctor about the risk and benefits of gemfibrozil.In addition to eating a proper diet (such as a low-cholesterol/ ... Inhibits peripheral lipolysis; decreases hepatic uptake of free fatty acids, which may in turn inhibit secretion of VLDL; may ... It may also help to lower "bad" cholesterol (LDL). Gemfibrozil belongs to a group of drugs known as "fibrates." It works by ... USES: Gemfibrozil is used along with a proper diet to help lower fats (triglycerides) and raise "good" cholesterol (HDL) in the ...

http://reference.medscape.com/drug/342457

There is no effect on total cholesterol, HDL3, LDL, or VLDL.. 4. Drug Interactions. Change in contraceptive effectiveness ...

https://www.drugs.com/pro/tulana.html

Supplementation of hepatocytes with rat serum VLDL and LDL increased the production of apoB while delipidated lipoproteins had no significant effect, suggesting a role for lipids in the production of apoB. (who.int)

Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. (medlineplus.gov)
Your liver makes VLDL and releases it into your bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
It is sometimes called "good" cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. (medlineplus.gov)
Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body. (medlineplus.gov)
HDL or good cholesterol can move LDL cholesterol from the blood to the liver, which breaks it down for disposal as waste. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Some of these that can affect LDL cholesterol levels include type 2 diabetes , underactive thyroid, kidney or liver conditions, and alcohol addiction . (medicalnewstoday.com)
We find that patients with X-linked intellectual disability caused by mutations in CCDC22 are hypercholesterolaemic, and that COMMD1-deficient dogs and liver-specific Commd1 knockout mice have elevated plasma LDL cholesterol levels. (nature.com)
Cholesterol is naturally found in our bodies, and we can thank our liver for that. (biolayne.com)
These lipoproteins take cholesterol to our liver to be recycled or to our arteries to eventually get back in our blood and then recycled again, and so on. (biolayne.com)
Moves cholesterol from arteries to the liver, almost like a Drano® type of lipoprotein. (biolayne.com)
Given all the work cholesterol has to do, the liver is careful to ensure the body always has enough, producing some 1000-1400 milligrams of it each day. (marksdailyapple.com)
And besides, the liver has sensitive feedback mechanisms that regulate cholesterol production in response to how much you get from your diet. (marksdailyapple.com)
Eat more cholesterol, make less in the liver. (marksdailyapple.com)
A significant correlation was observed between serum triglycerides and white blood cell counts, total cholesterol levels, and markers of liver damage. (researchsquare.com)
Cholesterol comes from two sources: it is made in the liver and obtained from the diet. (oregonstate.edu)
The majority of cholesterol in the blood comes from the liver, which makes approximately 700 to 900 milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per day. (oregonstate.edu)
In healthy individuals, the liver will lower the amount of cholesterol it makes in response to dietary intake. (oregonstate.edu)
Rather than the amount of cholesterol consumed, however, the quality of dietary fat one eats has a major influence on the rate of cholesterol synthesis by the liver and the amount of cholesterol circulating in the blood. (oregonstate.edu)
1) Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol from the liver to all cells in the body. (oregonstate.edu)
4) High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol from the cells of the body back to the liver for recycling or disposal. (oregonstate.edu)
Cholesterol is a fatty, waxy substance made in the liver. (dylanmessaging.com)
Of the three types of cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL the latter two, also called the bad cholesterol are believed to clog arteries via the formation of plaques inside blood vessels whereas HDL, the so called good cholesterol, scavenges the excess serum cholesterol and transports it back to the liver. (island.lk)
Cholesterol is made primarily in your liver (about 1,000 milligrams a day), but it is also created by cells lining the small intestine and by individual cells in the body. (howstuffworks.com)
Most of the body's cholesterol is manufactured in the liver. (howstuffworks.com)
Cholesterol-Lowering and Liver-Protective Effects of Cooked and Germinated Mung Beans (Vigna radiata L. (mdpi.com)
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance in the blood that is made by the body's liver and helps your body produce hormones, vitamin D, and to digest fat. (emedicinehealth.com)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is called the "good" cholesterol because it absorbs "bad" cholesterol and carries it back to the liver, which helps remove it from your body. (emedicinehealth.com)
Statins are a class of drugs that work by lowering blood cholesterol levels, and reducing the production of cholesterol by the liver by blocking an enzyme. (emedicinehealth.com)
HDL, or "good," cholesterol picks up excess cholesterol and takes it back to your liver. (testsymptomsathome.com)
For example, your genetic makeup may keep cells from removing LDL cholesterol from your blood efficiently or cause your liver to produce too much cholesterol. (testsymptomsathome.com)
The liver makes all the cholesterol you need. (worldhealth.net)
These fats cause the liver to make more cholesterol than it otherwise would so the blood cholesterol levels tend to rise. (worldhealth.net)
VLDLs remove excess cholesterol from the blood and carry it to the liver for processing. (doctorgrandmas.com)
In male Wistar rats (initial body weight about 70 g) fed a semisynthetic diet with 0.3% of cholesterol, the addition of 5% of powdered oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to the diet reduced after 8 weeks the level of serum cholesterol (by 36%) and accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver (by 51 and 32%, respectively). (greenmedinfo.com)
Biosynthesis of all structural lipids of VLDL (phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides) in liver and incorporation of de novo synthesized lipids into secreted nascent VLDL (measured by simultaneous application of Na-acetate-1-14 C and Triton WR 1339 which inhibits peripheral lipolysis) was reduced by application of diet with oyster mushroom. (greenmedinfo.com)
HDL is high density lipoprotein and is considered the "good guy" because it takes the bad cholesterol to the liver where it is broken down and can leave the body. (invitehealth.com)
Indian Bdellium Guggul effectively lowers triglyceride levels, total cholesterol levels and free fatty acid levels, through liver lipolysis the breakdown of lipids in the liverincreased fecal bile acid excretion, inhibiting the biosynthesis of hepatic cholesterol production of cholesterol in the liver and inhibiting himalaya abana benefits oxidation of LDL. (nephew.dk)
Similarly, although the liver secretes free cholesterol into bile, it can preferentially excrete non-cholesterol sterols into bile and the mechanism(s) of this process has yet to be elucidated as well. (biomedcentral.com)
"The decrease in fasting cholesterol was driven by the decrease in the VLDL fraction, which is responsible for transporting the triglycerides assembled in the liver to the muscle and adipose tissue," wrote the researchers. (nutraingredients.com)
The liver responds to LCn-3 PUFA supplementation by inhibiting triglyceride production, which contributes to the decrease in VLDL that we observed. (nutraingredients.com)
This is another type of "bad cholesterol" produced in the liver and is the main carrier of triglycerides. (revolutionhealth.org)
The less PCSK9 there is in a liver cell, the more LDL receptor that cell will express, and the more LDL cholesterol it will remove from the blood. (blogspot.com)
In the liver, these dietary lipids combine with Apo B to form triglyceride-rich VLDL. (practo.com)
It is well known that all the cells of the body are capable of synthesizing cholesterol from acetyl coenzyme A, but most cholesterol is produced in the peroxisomes of liver cells, which transfer it to the blood so as to be transported throughout the body. (justia.com)
Cholesterol is a happening waxy substance for your body had to assist construct healthy cells, make hormones, and diet D. While your liver produces about 800 milligrams consistent with day-a massive egg incorporates 187mg-if you have too much on your blood, it can cause cardiovascular disease. (fgtnews.com)
Also called "exact LDL cholesterol" includes LDL cholesterol from distinctive regions of the body again to the liver wherein it's far removed from the body. (fgtnews.com)
To decrease your LDL, avoid high-cholesterol foods that are rich in trans fatty acids, refined carbohydrates such as white sugar and flour, cholesterol-rich foods such as egg yolk, liver, kidney dairy products like cream cheese, and alcohol. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
High-density lipoprotein , or healthy cholesterol, looks to better defend the heart by redirecting cholesterol from veins to the liver, where its split down and removed from the body, the American Heart Association notes. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Cholesterol is a fat-like substance made by the liver. (asterlabs.in)
ApoB plays a central role in carrying cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver and gut to utilization and storage sites. (medscape.com)
Your liver makes all of the cholesterol your body needs for these functions, but cholesterol also enters your bloodstream through the foods you eat that come from animals-meat, eggs, and dairy. (goforward.com)
HDL travels through the blood and picks up excess LDL cholesterol from the arteries and delivers it to the liver, where it's broken down and expelled from the body. (goforward.com)
Like cholesterol, triglycerides are a type of fat produced in the liver and found in some of the foods we eat. (goforward.com)
VLDL stands for very-low-density lipoprotein, which is another type of "bad" cholesterol produced by the liver. (goforward.com)
But HDL has generally been thought to pick up excess bad cholesterol in the blood and take it to the liver for disposal, which is why HDL is dubbed the good cholesterol. (mayoclinic.org)
Lower Cholesterol 1 provides you with a fatty substance present in the human body, 80% of which is manufactured by the liver. (rg22.co)
the increase in hdl cholesterol is partly due to transfer of surface lipid components from catabolised vldl to hdl and also due to increased production of hdl apoproteins by liver. (dalilaldwaa.com)

2 & 3) Like LDL, Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein (IDL) are considered atherogenic lipoproteins. (oregonstate.edu)
APOE is a plasma glycoprotein constituent on the surface of most lipoproteins including very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and chylomicron remnant lipoprotein particles. (jax.org)
As VLDL gets free off of triglycerides, it becomes intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) first and then LDL. (practo.com)
Type III hyperlipidemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia is characterized by an individual's decreased ability to convert VLDL and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), a VLDL remnant, to LDL particles in the blood and because of a decreased clearance of chylomicron remnants. (medscape.com)
Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) concentration is a composite marker of several atherogenic lipoproteins, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and lipoprotein (a) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is a structural protein that constitutes a major component of the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), the intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL). (medscape.com)

Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were increased in patients with a previous history of pneumonia, which also positively correlated with HbS levels. (hindawi.com)
Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were associated with pain crises, increased viscosity, and decreased hemolysis. (hindawi.com)
It is transported to the tissues packaged with apolipoproteins, therefore generating the blood lipoproteins chylomicrons (CM), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and lipoproteins like high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein -cholesterol levels were measured according to the standard biochemical meth-ods. (alliedacademies.org)
Factors affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients on nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. (cdc.gov)
Supplementation with an EPA-rich oil from Nannochloropsis microalgae may reduce total and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) levels in healthy people, says a new study using Qualitas Health's AlmegaPL. (nutraingredients.com)
Hypercholesterolemia, an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) and/or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (defined as the subtraction of HDL-C from TC) in the blood, is also often referred to as dyslipidemia, to encompass the fact that it might be accompanied by a decrease in HDL-C, an increase in triglycerides, or qualitative lipid abnormalities. (bmj.com)
Cardiovascular disease risk associated with elevated lipoprotein(a) attenuates at low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in a primary prevention setting. (bmj.com)
Statins lower serum cholesterol carried by atherogenic lipoproteins [1] , such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), which together constitute non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Categories of LDL-C and non-HDL-C are listed in table 1. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) measures all atherogenic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and predicts risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). (biomedcentral.com)
Non-HDL-C concentration can be measured by subtracting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration from total serum cholesterol concentration and it may be used as a candidate biometrical equivalent to apolipoprotein B100 in diabetes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
[ 2 ] similar to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). (medscape.com)
About fenofibratefibric acid derivative, ppara agonist, antilipemic agent, antigout.mechanism of action of fenofibrateit is prodrug which has greater ldl (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol lowering potential. (dalilaldwaa.com)
it lowers circulating triglyceride levels by activating lipoprotein lipase which is a key enzyme in the degradation of vldl (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol. (dalilaldwaa.com)
it also reduces vldl levels and increases hdl (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol. (dalilaldwaa.com)

My lipid profile shows total cholesterol-129, HDl-44, LDL-58, triglycerides-120 and VLDL-24 mg/dl. (ndtv.com)
The lipid profile of Ldlr -deficient mice - with a higher percentage of cholesterol carried in IDL/LDL particles- more closely resembles that in dyslipidemic humans, however. (jax.org)
A standard lipid profile using the Friedewald equation to calculate the LDL cholesterol level is not useful if the triglyceride level is more than 400-500 mg/dL. (medscape.com)
It is diagnosed by a lipid profile, consisting of measurements of total cholesterol, LDL-C (estimated or direct), HDL-C, and triglycerides. (bmj.com)
When doctors order a lipid profile, they are measuring the levels of all the cholesterol in your blood, both good and bad. (willner.com)
Uncovering the connection of serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL) with preeclampsia in pregnancy and postpartum, and its outcome. (inajog.com)

These data suggest that availability of lipids, particularly cholesterol, is an important determinant of apoB synthesis and secretion as VLDL. (who.int)
There are 2 major types of lipids in the blood: cholesterol and triglycerides. (who.int)
They are necessary because cholesterol and other fats (lipids) can't dissolve in water , which also means they can't dissolve in blood. (howstuffworks.com)
High resolution imaging by RS identified necrotic core/foam cells, lipids (including cholesterol crystals), calcium mineralization and fibrous cap. (nature.com)
14 observed that the area of atherosclerotic plaques in aortic roots or BCA from LCHP diet fed mice was substantially increased, as compared to mice fed control diet and was characterized by increased lipids and cholesterol contents, macrophage infiltration (MOMA-2) and activity of MMPs (zymography). (nature.com)
This is an inflammatory disease of artery walls in which white blood cells invade the vessel wall and become engorged with cholesterol and other lipids. (wikipedia.org)
You may wonder what role cholesterol and blood lipids play in cardiovascular health. (willner.com)
Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall. (medscape.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Synthesis and secretion of VLDL by rat hepatocytes--modulation by cholesterol and phospholipids. (who.int)
The synthesis and secretion of apoB, the major protein component of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), were studied using rat hepatocytes maintained in primary culture. (who.int)
Pulse labelling followed by chase in presence of cholesterol indicated enhancement in apoB secretion. (who.int)
Mevinolin which inhibits cholesterol synthesis significantly reduced the secretion of apoB. (who.int)
The current study established that cAMP-responsive-element-binding protein H (CREBH), an acute-phase transcription factor, enhances very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and secretion by upregulating apolipoprotein B (apoB) expression and contributes to metabolic inflammation-associated hyperlipoproteinemia induced by TNFα, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. (qub.ac.uk)
TNFα treatment activated hepatic CREBH expression, which in turn enhanced hepatic apoB biosynthesis and VLDL secretion. (qub.ac.uk)
Conclusions: Insulin-resistance, by coordinated activation of SREBP-1c and reduction of PPAR-α, could promote the secretion of larger and TG over-enriched VLDL particles, with greater atherogenic capacity. (conicet.gov.ar)
Secretion of hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) is complex as hepatocytes secrete 2 forms of VLDL, which are metabolised differently. (bmj.com)
These data indicate that Abcg8/sterolin-2 is necessary for biliary sterol secretion and that loss of Abcg8/sterolin-2 has a more profound effect upon biliary cholesterol secretion than sitosterol. (biomedcentral.com)

VLDL stands for very-low-density lipoprotein. (medlineplus.gov)
High triglycerides are associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with other risk factors, such as low high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol, some patient groups with elevated apolipoprotein B, and patients with forms of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) that may be particularly atherogenic. (cdc.gov)
Most of the circulating cholesterol is found in three major lipoprotein fractions: Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), LDL, and HDL. (cdc.gov)
They are carried on 4 types of lipoproteins: chylomicrons, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). (who.int)
Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is a type of bad cholesterol. (healthline.com)
The two main types of cholesterol are high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or "good" cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This method is considered to be more accurate by some doctors because it includes very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in the calculation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, is sometimes referred to as "good" cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is sometimes referred to as "bad" cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
VLDL, or very low-density lipoprotein, is also referred to as a "bad" cholesterol because it contributes to the buildup of plaque in your arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a lipoprotein-associated enzyme which plays a large role in the esterification of free cholesterol, the maturation of high density-lipoprotein (HDL) particles, and the intravascular stage of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). (medscape.com)
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a pivotal role in clearing atherogenic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. (nature.com)
Here we identify that the CCC complex regulates the level of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by mediating the endosomal trafficking of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). (nature.com)
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)- Often known as the "good cholesterol. (biolayne.com)
Maintaining total-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol within healthy ranges is important for reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). (oregonstate.edu)
These proteins are measured by their density: low (LDL), high (HDL), very low (VLDL) and triglycerides. (dylanmessaging.com)
It's important to know that cholesterol is categorized into two groups: high-density lipoproteins (HDL, popularly called the good cholesterol) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL, popularly called the bad cholesterol). (earthclinic.com)
LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL (high density lipoprotein) are proteins that transport cholesterol through the blood. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Enterocytes secrete chylomicron (CM) particles containing a short form (48%) of apolipoprotein (apo) B (apoB 48 ), while hepatocytes secrete very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) with full length apoB (apoB 100 ). (bmj.com)
Most of your body's cholesterol is low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also referred to as "bad" cholesterol because it can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, which leads to heart disease and stroke. (emedicinehealth.com)
In reality, it is a calculated number, not a directly measured amount, unless special labs are ordered (direct LDL-C). The other lipoproteins you hear of are high-density lipoprotein or HDL, intermediate or IDL, and very-low density or VLDL. (worldhealth.net)
The APOE gene provides instructions for making a specific type of lipoprotein called very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). (doctorgrandmas.com)
0.05) in the two groups while the total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein concentration significantly decreased in the test group fed Afzelia africana oil-based diet. (scirp.org)
Your total cholesterol is a combination of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). (carolinafirejournal.com)
The decreased levels of serum cholesterol were caused to the same extent by reduction of cholesterol content in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and in low density lipoproteins (LDL) (by 53 and 47%, respectively). (greenmedinfo.com)
Total cholesterol is calculated by adding 3 numbers - the values for LDL or low density lipoprotein, the HDL or high density lipoprotein and the VLDL or very low density lipoproteins (this is the carrier for triglycerides). (invitehealth.com)
Abana reduces LDL bad cholesterol or low-density iv paracetamol cost triglycerides levels, cholesterol levels, and VLDL very low-density lipoprotein. (nephew.dk)
HDL ( high density lipoprotein ) is sometimes called 'good cholesterol' because people with high levels of HDL cholesterol have less atherosclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
High blood levels of VLDL ( very low density lipoprotein ) also causes more atherosclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
The primary cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein particle in humans is low-density lipoprotein, or LDL. (blogspot.com)
It is the main protein component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, the bad cholesterol) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). (practo.com)
They are the high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and chylomicrons. (practo.com)
Type IIb hyperlipidemia is the classic mixed hyperlipidemia, with high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, caused by elevations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and VLDL. (medscape.com)
VLDL (very low density lipoproteins), IDL (intermediate density lipoproteins), LDL (low density lipoproteins), HDL2 and HDL3. (justia.com)
These include: Total Cholesterol (TC), Low density lipoprotein (LDL_C - also known as the bad "lousy" cholesterol), Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL_C _ another bad player, "very lousy"), High density lipoprotein (HDL_C - the good "healthy" cholesterol) and triglycerides (TG _ yet another bad player). (willner.com)
Low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol can be tough on the heart because excess values in your blood conduce to gather in the arteries. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
high-density lipoprotein (HDL), good cholesterol. (asterlabs.in)
It is the total amount of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood. (asterlabs.in)
Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is another type of "bad" cholesterol that is linked with plaque in the arteries. (asterlabs.in)
The two types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol are low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as "good" cholesterol. (goforward.com)
Another lipoprotein, the lesser-known very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), mainly carries triglycerides, rather than cholesterol, through your blood. (goforward.com)
Non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol is the sum of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and is usually approximated by the total cholesterol minus HDL-cholesterol. (emjreviews.com)
The National Lipid Association (NLA) has recently advocated non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol as a prime lipid predictor for the prediction of the population at risk of atherothrombotic disease (ATD). (emjreviews.com)
Niacin is an important B vitamin that may raise levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), the "good" cholesterol, and lower triglycerides. (mayoclinic.org)
Niacin has long been used to lower triglycerides and to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. (mayoclinic.org)
This "good" cholesterol helps remove low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the "bad" cholesterol, from the bloodstream. (mayoclinic.org)
Patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in patients over 8 years of age with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol higher than 190 mg/dl after diet modifications or LDL levels higher than 160 mg/dl and familial history of premature cardiovascular diseases or at least two cardiovascular risk factors. (drugbank.com)
Dyslipidemia is defined as an elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides or both as well as to the presence of low levels of high-density lipoprotein. (drugbank.com)
This is also true for cholesterol, as an increase in "bad" cholesterol or LDL (low-density lipoprotein) increases the risk of heart disease. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)

When we speak of "cholesterol" in medicine, we do not mean cholesterol as a chemical product, but are rather actually talking about a class of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, transport aggregates) which circulate in the blood. (justia.com)

This study demonstrates that CREBH could be a mediator between metabolic inflammation and hepatic VLDL overproduction in chronic metabolic disorders. (qub.ac.uk)
Increased total plasma cholesterol levels are also seen in hepatic COMMD9-deficient mice. (nature.com)
The action of pravastatin on the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase produces an increase in the expression of hepatic LDL receptors which in order decreases the plasma levels of LDL cholesterol. (drugbank.com)

I am a believer in the Trig/HDL ratio as an estimate of the size of your cholesterol particles. (diabetesdaily.com)
The total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio can help a person know if they are consuming enough good cholesterol and to limit sources of bad cholesterol. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Studies suggest that the total cholesterol to HDL ratio is a better marker of the risk of heart disease than LDL cholesterol levels alone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
After estimating your LDL blood level, check out our cholesterol ratio calculator to interpret the results. (omnicalculator.com)
However, no statistical differences were recorded between the groups for HDL, LDL, triglycerides, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL, or non-HDL-cholesterol. (nutraingredients.com)
Additionally, consuming probiotic significantly decreased triglycerides (P = 0.02), VLDL-cholesterol (P = 0.02), and total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (P = 0.006) and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels (P = 0.03) compared with the placebo. (eurekamag.com)
In the case of a hypercholesterolaemic diet, the amount of cholesterol synthesized through cholesterol biosynthesis decreases, but the cholesterol test parameters can nonetheless exceed the threshold values recommended by the World Health Organization: total blood cholesterol below 200 mg/dl and a total cholesterol/HDL ratio of less than 5 (for men) and less than 4.5 (for women). (justia.com)

Teaching clients about the types of cholesterol (LDL, VLDL, and HDL) is a best practice. (nfpt.com)
LDL, VLDL and triglycerides are considered as bad types of cholesterol. (1mg.com)
There are different types of cholesterol. (emedicinehealth.com)
What types of cholesterol drugs are available? (emedicinehealth.com)
Numerous types of cholesterol drugs are available in the U.S., including statins (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors), nicotinic acid (niacin), fibric acid derivatives (fibrates), bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol absorption inhibitors and omega-3 fatty acids. (emedicinehealth.com)
You may have heard of different types of cholesterol, based on what type of cholesterol the lipoprotein carries. (testsymptomsathome.com)
In other words, it is the total amount of different types of cholesterol in your blood. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)

The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. (fpnotebook.com)
Ginger extracts are found to reduce cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and phospholipids and improve HDL. (drdaniellabs.com)

My serum cholesterol (total blood cholesterol) was 190! (rawfoodsupport.com)
003000 ) develop larger atherosclerotic plaques than aged matched Apoe -deficient mice, despite having similar total serum cholesterol levels.Overall, these mice are less popular than the Apoe - and Ldlr -single mutant strains, and are only available via cryorecovery. (jax.org)
However, since the 1950s the blame on heart disease and strokes has been laid squarely on saturated fat (SFA) consumption and elevation of blood serum cholesterol (BSC), and in the early 1970s the lipid hypothesis came into being and was globally accepted. (island.lk)
Individual clinical trials and meta-analyses show that progressive lowering of serum cholesterol levels produce greater relative risk reductions in cardiovascular disease. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
However, in another double-blind trial, supplementation with guggul for eight weeks had no effect on total serum cholesterol, but significantly increased LDL-cholesterol levels, compared with a placebo. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Although popular literature of epidemiological studies usually attribute an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) to elevated levels of serum cholesterol, which in turn are thought to derive from a dietary intake of saturated fats and cholesterol. (westonaprice.org)
But, saturated fats may be considered a major culprit for CHD only if the links between serum cholesterol and CHD, and between saturated fat and serum cholesterol are each firmly established. (westonaprice.org)
Through the years metabolic ward and animal studies have claimed that dietary saturated fats increase serum cholesterol levels, thereby supposedly establishing the second link. (westonaprice.org)

This receptor has an important role in cholesterol uptake, metabolism of apolipoprotein E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, and neuronal migration in the developing brain. (wikipedia.org)
It also inhibits the synthesis and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule of VLDL. (mims.com)

VLDL and LDL are sometimes called "bad" cholesterols because they can contribute to the buildup of plaque in your arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
It is sometimes called "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to the buildup of plaque in your arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
Some people also call VLDL a "bad" cholesterol because it too contributes to the buildup of plaque in your arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
Inflammation in your arteries results in increased cholesterol buildup and artery hardening. (healthline.com)
LDL transports cholesterol to the arteries and increased levels are associated with atherosclerosis, and thus myocardial infarctions and strokes. (fpnotebook.com)
A chemical in cigarettes lowers HDL cholesterol levels and damages the lining of blood vessels, which can increase the risk of hardening of the arteries. (medicalnewstoday.com)
HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from the arteries, reducing the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. (oregonstate.edu)
High cholesterol blood levels can leave fatty deposits in your arteries and cause heart disease. (earthclinic.com)
Cholesterol is used by our bodies to repair lesions in the arteries. (encognitive.com)
Statins are used to reduce high cholesterol levels, and also to prevent and treat hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) that can cause chest pain, heart attacks, strokes, peripheral vascular disease and intermittent claudication (cramping leg pain) in at-risk patients. (emedicinehealth.com)
LDL cholesterol builds up in the walls of your arteries, making them hard and narrow. (testsymptomsathome.com)
Over time, cholesterol plaque causes thickening of the artery walls and narrowing of the lumen of the arteries, a process called atherosclerosis, which decreases blood flow through the narrowed plaque-filled vessel. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
a.k.a. "the healthy cholesterol" is associated with lowering the build-up of plaque in the arteries in the process of atherosclerosis, which means it prevents cardiovascular disease and stroke. (omnicalculator.com)
Too much LDL or VLDL, often called "bad cholesterol," causes waxy plaque to build up on your arteries. (chsli.org)
VLDL leads to a buildup of plaque in your arteries, but unlike LDLs that convey LDL cholesterol, VLDLs normally deliver triglycerides, which might be the most not unusual fats inside the frame.2 High stages of triglycerides for your frame may also boom your risk of coronary heart disease. (fgtnews.com)
It carries cholesterol to your arteries, where it may collect in the vessel walls and contribute to plaque formation, known as atherosclerosis. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Increased numbers of LDL cholesterol indicate more risk for blocked arteries and health problems. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Also known as bad cholesterol which causes blockages in the arteries. (asterlabs.in)
That's because as LDL transports particles of cholesterol through your veins, those particles can build up and harden on the walls of your arteries-the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from your heart and to the organs. (goforward.com)
While higher levels of HDL cholesterol are believed to lower the risk for heart disease, this "good" cholesterol can only manage to remove around one-third to one-fourth of the LDL cholesterol in your arteries. (goforward.com)
High triglyceride and VLDL levels in your blood contribute to the buildup of plaque in your arteries. (goforward.com)
Small amounts of cholesterol are important for healthy cell membranes (good cholesterol), and some cholesterol is called "bad cholesterol" because these cholesterol particles tend to cause atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)
These are the largest cholesterol molecules and are responsible for the formation of plaque in the arteries. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)

Abnormal lipid homeostasis is related to different inflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer, where alterations in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism result in accumulation of long-chain ceramides and cholesterol [ 10 ], and psoriasis, since patients present significantly higher cholesterol levels in the VLDL-C and HDL-C fractions [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Since cholesterol is a fat, it can't dissolve in the blood and travel to organs to provide substrate for metabolism. (worldhealth.net)
Cholesterol does serve an important role in healthy metabolism. (worldhealth.net)

Triglycerides are also measured because the value is used to calculate LDL-cholesterol concentrations. (cdc.gov)
LDL-cholesterol is measured to assess risk for CHD and to follow the progress of patients being treated to lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations. (cdc.gov)
We found that probiotic supplementation among PCOS women for 12 weeks had favourable effects on weight loss, markers of insulin resistance, triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations. (bellaonline.com)
There is also some evidence that supplemental garlic preparations reduce total- and LDL-cholesterol in individuals with abnormal blood cholesterol concentrations. (oregonstate.edu)
In general, high intake of saturated and trans fat raises LDL-cholesterol and lowers HDL-cholesterol concentrations. (oregonstate.edu)
Higher HDL cholesterol concentrations are associated with less AKI. (jlr.org)

This novel finding establishes CREBH as the first transcription factor that regulates apoB expression on the transcriptional level and the subsequent VLDL biosynthesis in response to metabolic inflammation. (qub.ac.uk)
The biosynthesis of cholesterol is regulated by the intracellular concentration of cholesterol and by the hormones insulin and glucagon, so that cholesterol is synthesized only in case of need, to avoid wasting energy. (justia.com)
In fact, a high intracellular concentration of cholesterol associated with the hormones insulin and glucagon inhibits the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, thus blocking the biosynthesis of new cholesterol. (justia.com)
10 The inhibition of this enzyme produces a reduction in cholesterol biosynthesis as HMG-CoA reductase activity is an early-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. (drugbank.com)

Eating these fats can raise your LDL (bad) cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
Diets high in saturated and hydrogenated fats can increase LDL cholesterol levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
People trying to lower their LDL cholesterol should also avoid eating saturated and trans fats. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The supreme supernatural power is common high cholesterol medication super-grade level, and it is vaguely beyond healthy fats for high cholesterol divine light of his Anthony Paris Cave. (jewishledger.com)
Cholesterol, like all fats, doesn't dissolve in water (or blood) so it must be transported through the blood by these lipoproteins. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
It is also important to understand cholesterol is an essential component of our cell membranes, it acts as an anti-oxidant, it is a precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D as well as bile for digesting fats, and is the only source out of which our steroid hormones, such as cortisol, as well as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone which are key to reproduction, can be made. (encognitive.com)
Cholesterol levels can be lowered with regular exercise, weight loss, and a healthy diet that is low in cholesterol and saturated fats. (emedicinehealth.com)
Eating saturated fat, found in animal products, and trans fats, found in some commercially baked cookies and crackers, also can raise your cholesterol level. (testsymptomsathome.com)
The foods that are high in cholesterol like egg yolks, meats, dairy, and poultry are also rich in saturated and trans fats. (worldhealth.net)
These are called lipoproteins and they move cholesterol and other fats through the blood like a dump truck. (worldhealth.net)
All can carry cholesterol and other fats through the blood like dump trucks. (worldhealth.net)
Risk factors for secondary hypercholesterolemia in industrialized populations include a sedentary lifestyle and a diet characterized by the excessive consumption of saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, and cholesterol. (bmj.com)
Plant-based oils along with coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils also include saturated fats however do not include LDL cholesterol. (fgtnews.com)
Polyunsaturated fats are more healthy than trans fat and can assist to lower horrific cholesterol levels. (fgtnews.com)
Obesity, a large waist circumference, a sedentary lifestyle, or a diet rich in red meat, full-fat dairy, saturated fat, trans fats, and processed foods can lead to high LDL cholesterol. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Your total cholesterol is the sum of the fats in your blood, which includes the LDL and HDL cholesterol . (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Triglycerides also are part of a cholesterol profile, and these numbers are more indicative of the amount of fats you have eaten recently. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
A cholesterol test is a blood test that measures the amount of each type of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood. (asterlabs.in)
Cholesterol particles are carried through your bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are made up of a combination of various types of fats and proteins. (goforward.com)
Cholesterol consists mainly of fats and lipoproteins. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)
Lipoproteins consist of cholesterol, proteins and fats (triglycerides). (cholesterolfreefoods.com)
You can increase your good cholesterol (HDL-C) by increasing your intake of "good cholesterol" foods and by eating foods that contain monounsaturated fats. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)

Obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which accounts for approximately 20% of deaths in Washington State. (cdc.gov)
Obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol are well-established as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. (cdc.gov)
May be beneficial for prophylaxis of cardiovascular events in at-risk patients, even if patients have normal levels of cholesterol. (medscape.com)
La alimentación humana puede regularse para generar efectos positivos en la salud cardiovascular. (scielo.org.mx)
The objective of the present study was to assess the cardiovascular, metabolic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory responses to therapy with Lingzhi in patients with borderline elevations of blood pressure and/or cholesterol in a controlled cross-over trial. (cambridge.org)
Elevations in TGs are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk through triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles found as part of non-HDL cholesterol. (bmj.com)
The lipid hypothesis, also known as the cholesterol hypothesis, links blood cholesterol to the development of the most frequent cause of death, cardiovascular disease, like heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. (worldhealth.net)
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in the U.S. There are a number of factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease and cholesterol is the most often blamed contributor. (revolutionhealth.org)
This is your Total Cholesterol minus your HDL and seems to be one of the better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk. (revolutionhealth.org)
Statin drugs, as we know, reduce LDL cholesterol and also reduce cardiovascular risk in high-risk groups. (blogspot.com)
Patients with elevated LDL cholesterol have an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events, which is very much true in patients with HeFH. (medscape.com)
High levels of Apo- B along with high levels of LDL (Bad cholesterol) indicates an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. (practo.com)
A simple blood test can determine your cholesterol levels so you can take action to prevent cardiovascular disease. (chsli.org)
In addition to raising levels of cholesterol, trans fat had been related to cardiovascular diseases, breast and colon cancer, diabetes, weight problems, and the shortening of the pregnant length. (fgtnews.com)
The storage form of fatty acids in the blood called triglycerides, and transporters of cholesterol called VLDL, HDL, and LDL, are considered the primary clinical indicators to assess the health of the cardiovascular system. (csnn.ca)
Statins and other cholesterol-lowering drugs are increasingly being used for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Many randomised controlled trials (RCTs) show that statins effectively lower atherogenic cholesterol levels and reduce risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol have been used as major laboratory measures in clinical practice to assess cardiovascular risk in the general population and disease management and prognosis in patients [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
HDL cholesterol also may have a protective effect on the blood vessels, and a high level of HDL in your body may keep cardiovascular disease from developing. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Cardiovascular risk is associated more with the number and size of circulating atherogenic particles than with the concentration of cholesterol in these particles. (medscape.com)
CONCLUSIONS -The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. (diabetesjournals.org)

Addition of cholesterol to the culture medium also increased the production of apoB in a concentration-dependent manner. (who.int)
Using a Trib1 hepatocyte specific deletion mouse model (Trib1Δhep), I demonstrated that Trib1Δhep mice have significantly increased plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and apoB protein levels, as well as impaired postprandial triglyceride clearance. (upenn.edu)
I also showed that Trib1Δhep mice have markedly delayed catabolism of LDL-apoB and VLDL-apoB due to significantly decreased Ldlr mRNA and protein expression. (upenn.edu)
as a result, the total serum apoB level corresponds to the total number of VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles. (medscape.com)
Because VLDL, IDL, and LDL are considered atherogenic, the apoB level should reflect the atherogenic potential of these lipoproteins. (medscape.com)
ApoB is not equivalent to non-LDL-C, because the latter reflects the cholesterol content of all atherogenic lipoproteins rather than the total number of circulating atherogenic particles. (medscape.com)

Early studies in rabbits found that feeding them dietary cholesterol reliably increased blood cholesterol levels and induced atherosclerosis that very much resembled human atherosclerosis. (marksdailyapple.com)
It's possible for some people to eat foods high in cholesterol and still have low blood cholesterol levels. (howstuffworks.com)
Owing to the sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating habits and excess intake of alcohol, most of the people in their 30s and 40s have high blood cholesterol levels. (1mg.com)
A large amount of my clinical care of patients over the last 30-plus years has been the assessment and management of chronically high blood cholesterol levels. (worldhealth.net)
i) Normal blood cholesterol levels, with a value of less than 200 mg/dl blood cholesterol. (justia.com)

The prevalence of self-reported high cholesterol is significantly lower than the prevalence of high-risk lipid profiles. (cdc.gov)
Cholesterol concentration in serum was significantly increased in P4 and P6, whereas HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased in P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 as compared with the control group. (kemdikbud.go.id)
In a research, the effects of Adiantum capillus-veneris on mice has been investigated, showing that this plant extract significantly lowers LDL and VLDL cholesterol within 10 weeks. (herbalteashop.ir)

VLDL mainly carries triglycerides and LDL mainly carries cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)

Because blood (mostly water) and cholesterol (a type of lipid) do not mix, the body uses special carrier proteins to transport cholesterol through the bloodstream. (oregonstate.edu)
They travel in the bloodstream and deliver triglycerides (VLDL) and cholesterol (IDL) to tissues and cells throughout the body. (oregonstate.edu)
Cholesterol is essentially fat in your bloodstream. (chsli.org)
Cholesterol, in addition to other fat, is transported at some point in your bloodstream via lipoproteins. (fgtnews.com)
Cholesterol is a waxy type of fat, or lipid, that travels throughout your body in your bloodstream. (goforward.com)

Hyperlipidemia (ie, elevated plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels or both) is present in all hyperlipoproteinemias. (medscape.com)
The data will be used to monitor the status of hyperlipidemia and the success of the National Cholesterol Education Program. (cdc.gov)
This is often looked at to assess potential risk for serious heart problems or to help manage someone's cholesterol levels that have a personal or family history of hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol) or are taking cholesterol lowering medications. (biolayne.com)
Individuals with an inherited disorder called familial combined hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol and triglyceride levels) may also show increased Apo-B levels in the blood. (practo.com)
Type IV hyperlipidemia is characterized by abnormal elevations of VLDL, and triglyceride levels are almost always less than 1000 mg/dL. (medscape.com)

Smoking, which lowers HDL cholesterol, especially in women. (medlineplus.gov)
Smoking lowers HDL cholesterol and raises LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and increases the risk of intermittent claudication and aortic aneurysm. (thefreedictionary.com)

See below for specific information about nutrients and dietary factors relevant to blood cholesterol concentration. (oregonstate.edu)
It was shown, that pro-atherogenic phenotype of LCHP fed ApoE/LDLR −/− mice was associated with increased plasma concentration of total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol content, as well as increased triacylglycerols content in VLDL. (nature.com)
Arjuna Arjuna is a potent hypolipidemic reduction of lipid concentration in the bloodresponsible for reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thereby helping in the management of atherosclerosis fatty deposits along the artery walls. (nephew.dk)
it's the sum of the concentration of all cholesterol particles, both the perceived "good" and "bad" ones. (omnicalculator.com)
The concentration of the aforesaid lipoproteins is called blood cholesterol. (justia.com)
Treatment had no effect on glucose and triglyceride concentration in serum, but it affected total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL+VLDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index in serum. (kemdikbud.go.id)

The VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides , another type of fat, to your tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
VLDL is similar to LDL cholesterol , but LDL mainly carries cholesterol to your tissues instead of triglycerides. (medlineplus.gov)
The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues. (fpnotebook.com)
The clinical manifestations of LCAT deficiency are likely due to a defect in LCAT-mediated cholesterol ester formation and, therefore, accumulation of unesterified (free) cholesterol in certain tissues, such as the cornea, kidneys, and erythrocytes. (medscape.com)
LDL delivers cholesterol to the body's tissues, where it's used to regulate cell membrane fluidity, synthesize hormones, and play many other important roles in the body [4/27 note: see comment section for information on LDL's role in reverse cholesterol transport]. (blogspot.com)
VLDL cholesterol is similar to LDL cholesterol, except that VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides, rather than cholesterol, to your tissues. (goforward.com)

The actual roles of cholesterol in the body include insulating neurons, building and maintaining cellular membranes, participating in the immune response, metabolizing fat soluble vitamins, synthesizing vitamin D, producing bile, and kick-starting the body's synthesis of many hormones, including the sex hormones. (marksdailyapple.com)
The existence of drugs, such as statins, which inhibit endogenoous cholesterol synthesis by acting on the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaril-CoA reductase, an enzyme that converts molecules of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaril-CoA into mevalonic acid, a precursor of cholesterol, is well known. (justia.com)

Gemfibrozil is a fibric acid derivative which decreases serum triglycerides and VLDL, and increases HDL cholesterol. (mims.com)
Data published in Nutrients indicated that 12 weeks of supplementation with one gram per day of AlmegaPL providing 250 mg of EPA omega-3 led to decreases of VLDL of 25%, which resulted in a significant decrease in total cholesterol, compared to the placebo. (nutraingredients.com)

When HDL is busy clearing out excess triglycerides, there's less HDL available to clear out cholesterol from your blood vessels. (healthline.com)
You only need a small amount to regulate the body processes, and when there is excess cholesterol in the blood, it can build up on the walls of the blood vessels, in deposits called plaque. (emedicinehealth.com)
4. The method of any claim 1, for prevention or reduction of excess weight, adipogenesis, excess cholesterol, or cellulite. (freepatentsonline.com)

In-group A, glucose and triglyceride values were normalized, the frequency of the high level for cholesterol and LDL increased, with a decrease in the frequency of low level for VLDL. (scielo.org.mx)
Among the Nottingham-based company's findings were lower average blood glucose levels, increased levels of HDL cholesterol, known as "good cholesterol", and lower levels of unhealthy cholesterol. (chronicle.gi)
OBJECTIVE -The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
In diabetic conditions, there is increase in blood glucose level which is usually accompanied by an increase in plasma cholesterol, TAGs, LDL and decrease in HDL. (grossarchive.com)

LDL carries most of the circulating cholesterol and, when elevated, contributes to the development of coronary atherosclerosis. (cdc.gov)
It's not the cholesterol that is involved with atherosclerosis. (marksdailyapple.com)
This increase in dietary cholesterol has been associated with atherosclerosis , the build-up of plaques that can narrow or block blood vessels. (howstuffworks.com)
High levels of cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
So statin drugs lower the amount of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood which stops atherosclerosis from getting worse. (wikipedia.org)
Several approaches (e.g. individual risk factors, global risk assessment and subclinical-atherosclerosis imaging) can be used to select patients for cholesterol-lowering drugs. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Guggul , a mixture of substances taken from a plant, is an approved treatment for elevated cholesterol in India and has been a mainstay of the Ayurvedic approach to preventing atherosclerosis . (kaiserpermanente.org)
Non-HDL cholesterol was mentioned in the write-up of the Helsinki Heart Study but, as the authors stated, the aim of the study was to prove the lipid regulatory hypothesis of Dr Esko Nikkila, which stated that maximal regression of atherosclerosis occurs when LDL cholesterol is lowered simultaneously with HDL cholesterol being raised. (emjreviews.com)
Western-type diets induce insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in LDL receptor-deficient mice but do not increase aortic atherosclerosis compared with normoinsulinemic mice in which similar plasma cholesterol levels are achieved by a fructose-rich diet. (healthyroadmaps.com)

Homozygotes for this mutation, nicknamed " wicked high cholesterol ", develop more severe atherosclerotic lesions more rapidly than the more venerable Ldlr -KO strain when fed an atherogenic diet. (jax.org)
Background: In insulin-resistance, VLDL presents alterations that increase its atherogenic potential. (conicet.gov.ar)
LDL-C is a term widely used in clinical practice, with 'atherogenic cholesterol' usually classified as either LDL-C or non-HDL-C. However, in this article, non-HDL-C is preferred over LDL-C because it includes all atherogenic cholesterol. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)

There is little remaining doubt in the scientific/medical community that high levels of LDL, so-called "bad cholesterol", cause heart disease. (blogspot.com)

How do I know what my VLDL level is? (medlineplus.gov)
There isn't a way to directly measure your VLDL level. (medlineplus.gov)
The lab can use your triglyceride level to estimate what your VLDL level is. (medlineplus.gov)
Your VLDL is about one-fifth of your triglyceride level. (medlineplus.gov)
However, estimating your VLDL this way does not work if your triglyceride level is very high. (medlineplus.gov)
What should my VLDL level be? (medlineplus.gov)
Your VLDL level should be less than 30 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter). (medlineplus.gov)
How can I lower my VLDL level? (medlineplus.gov)
Since VLDL and triglycerides are linked, you can lower VLDL level by lowering your triglyceride level. (medlineplus.gov)
Being overweight or having obesity raises your cholesterol level. (medlineplus.gov)
There is a blood test to measure your cholesterol level. (medlineplus.gov)
At this level, I would recommend against medication treatment of your cholesterol levels. (sunjournal.com)
What help me to lower my cholesterol level? (healthtap.com)
for VLDL there was a higher percentage of participants at the low level. (scielo.org.mx)
HALP is a very high level of the 'good' cholesterol (above 60). (rawfoodsupport.com)
I always believed that a vegan could not sustain a high level of unhealthy cholesterol. (rawfoodsupport.com)
HDL cholesterol is referred to as good cholesterol because it reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
It can be measured by dividing the total cholesterol by the HDL level. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Another method of assessing cholesterol levels is calculating a non-HDL cholesterol level. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ideally, a non-HDL cholesterol level should be less than 130 mg/dL . (medicalnewstoday.com)
A healthy HDL cholesterol level may protect against heart attack and stroke. (medlineplus.gov)
High Total Cholesterol Level. (jewishledger.com)
what is an extremely high cholesterol level Roberie Sword? (jewishledger.com)
You do not have a cholesterol level in your blood, because there is no cholesterol in the blood. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
When we speak of our "cholesterol levels", what is actually being measured is the level of various lipoproteins (like LDL and HDL). (thehealthyskeptic.org)
When your doctor takes a blood test to measure your cholesterol level , the doctor is actually measuring the amount of circulating cholesterol in your blood , or your blood cholesterol level . (howstuffworks.com)
About 85 percent of your blood cholesterol level is endogenous, which means it is produced by your body. (howstuffworks.com)
Likewise, it's possible to eat foods low in cholesterol and have a high blood cholesterol level. (howstuffworks.com)
It's because the level of cholesterol already present in your blood can be increased by high consumption of cholesterol and saturated fat in your diet. (howstuffworks.com)
If you're taking cholesterol-lowering medication but have a high VLDL level, you may need additional medication to lower your triglycerides. (testsymptomsathome.com)
Smoking may also lower your level of HDL, or "good," cholesterol. (testsymptomsathome.com)
What determines the level of LDL or "bad" cholesterol in the blood? (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Insert the total cholesterol level. (omnicalculator.com)
Hypercholesterolemia means that the cholesterol level is too high in the blood . (wikipedia.org)
High cholesterol can lead to heart disease, but since it doesn't have any symptoms, you can't know your cholesterol level without a blood test. (goforward.com)
What is a normal LDL cholesterol level? (goforward.com)
The optimal LDL cholesterol level is less than 100 mg/dL. (goforward.com)
A normal HDL cholesterol level for men is above 40 mg/dL, and for women, it's above 50 mg/dL. (goforward.com)
An HDL cholesterol level of 60 mg/dL or higher is considered a protective factor for heart disease. (goforward.com)
Like high cholesterol, a high level of triglycerides, known as hypertriglyceridemia, increases the risk for heart disease-especially in women. (goforward.com)
Yingying asked But, the first five immortal worlds best way to treat high cholesterol everything in the is high blood pressure linked to high cholesterol and even the space is corrupted Rotten, why does Leichi still have the imprint of these treasures and even emperor-level existence? (leduel.com)
When there is a problem in your thyroid gland it will manifest as a problem in your cholesterol level. (restartmed.com)
Several studies (2) have shown that an abnormal TSH, even in the upper level of what is considered "normal", increases the risk that you will have high cholesterol. (restartmed.com)
If you have high cholesterol the FIRST thing that you should look at is your thyroid level as the primary CAUSE of that problem. (restartmed.com)
Dion Coby still didn't know that in the hunter high cholesterol blood sample he had already too much blood pressure medication how much turmeric to lower blood pressure s-level masters in the high cholesterol blood sample. (dreamincoloryarn.com)

In the United States, cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cholesterol numbers are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). (medlineplus.gov)
The American Heart Association recommends that we limit our average daily cholesterol intake to less than 300 milligrams. (howstuffworks.com)

But trans fatty acids not only increase LDL cholesterol levels, but they also reduce HDL cholesterol levels. (healthycholesterolclub.com)

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. (medlineplus.gov)
Cholesterol is a waxy fat particle that almost every cell in the body synthesizes, which should give you some clue about its importance for physiological function. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat -like compound that belongs to a class of molecules called steroids . (howstuffworks.com)
Cholesterol is a waxy substance, one of the "sterol" family of chemicals that are modified steroids. (worldhealth.net)

The objective of this study was to compare prevalence estimates of self-reported obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol with examination-based measures of obesity, hypertension, and high-risk lipid profiles. (cdc.gov)
Tami what is high VLDL cholesterol come hypertension medicine side effects After sitting down, Clora Mischke started to hypercholesterolemia vs. high cholesterol and he wanted to take the initiative. (mareld.se)
supplements to help with blood pressure side effects of pressure medicine common high cholesterol medication common drugs for hypertension drugs for malignant hypertension high blood pressure treatment immediately what are pulmonary hypertension drugs what are some hypertension drugs. (jewishledger.com)
High blood pressure or hypertension High blood cholesterol - tatilya abana . (nephew.dk)
Among the components, vaacha (sweet Flag) acts on brain to reduce hypertension, arjuna takes care of both plaques in blood and hypertension, sariva increases immunity and strength, ginger adds taste and reduces depression, manjishta provides oxygenated thin blood and curry leaves fight acidity (ant-ulcer)and cholesterol. (drdaniellabs.com)
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They contain cholesterol, antioxidants, and fatty acids and along the surface have various proteins that direct the lipoprotein to different sites around the body. (marksdailyapple.com)
Cholesterol is carried through your blood, attached to proteins. (testsymptomsathome.com)
This combination of proteins and cholesterol is called a lipoprotein. (testsymptomsathome.com)
In aortic plaques from LCHP fed ApoE/LDLR −/− mice, the content of cholesterol and cholesterol esters was increased, while that of proteins was decreased as evidenced by global FT-IR analysis. (nature.com)
Fat carrying proteins, called lipoproteins, attach themselves to the damaged surface, causing cholesterol to build up. (willner.com)

It is a method that can control the flow of time my good cholesterol is high of time Only by what if VLDL cholesterol is high you mobilize and borrow all lowest dose of blood pressure medicine but already disappeared in the long river of history. (edu.vn)
what's good to lower high cholesterol Johnathon Schewe heard the words, looked at his palm, and immediately shrank his pupils You mean. (edu.vn)
This lowers your HDL (good) cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
Low HDL (good) cholesterol. (healthline.com)
The screening didn't tell me how much of that number is LDL (the 'bad' cholesterol) and how much is HDL (the 'good' cholesterol). (rawfoodsupport.com)
I'm still hoping the 190 is mostly HDL (good cholesterol). (rawfoodsupport.com)
It is also important to note that there are different types of particles of good and bad cholesterols. (biolayne.com)
The shield players were heartbroken, but under the urging of the officers behind blood pressure control medicine bite the bullet and go forward Apart from holding their hypercholesterolemia vs. high cholesterol only pray for good high cholesterol functional medicine the sappers behind the shield formation were no longer safe because they had entered the range of the bow and arrow. (mareld.se)
Becki Grumbles did not keep his hand, and the sword intent was strong Behind him, a purple heavenly sword is gluten-free good for high cholesterol and it was suspended. (mareld.se)
HDL is the good cholesterol. (dylanmessaging.com)
By now most people have been exposed to the idea of "good" and "bad" cholesterol. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
The oversimplified view of HDL cholesterol as "good" and LDL cholesterol as "bad" is not only incomplete, it has also directly contributed to the continuing heart disease epidemic worldwide. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
The consensus belief, as I'm sure you're aware, is that LDL is "bad" cholesterol and HDL is "good" cholesterol. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Comments about 'good' and 'bad' cholesterol refer to the type of carrier molecule that transports the cholesterol. (howstuffworks.com)
On the other hand, HDL cholesterol is considered as good cholesterol and is believed to protect the heart. (1mg.com)
These medications can help lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels, and increase HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. (emedicinehealth.com)
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) lowers the LDL ("bad") cholesterol and triglycerides and can raise your HDL ("good") cholesterol. (emedicinehealth.com)
Exercise helps boost your body's HDL "good" cholesterol while lowering your LDL "bad" cholesterol. (testsymptomsathome.com)
is high blood pressure linked to high cholesterol does Atarax lower your blood pressure medicine lower blood pressure is raw good to lower blood pressure blood pressure medication a medicine used for high blood pressure calcium supplements and blood pressure best all-natural blood pressure supplements. (jewishledger.com)
The decline in plasma total cholesterol levels suggests good quality of the oil. (scirp.org)
This is a calculation of the amount of good to bad cholesterol. (invitehealth.com)
Vegans were also found to have 5% higher levels of HDL cholesterol, which is a good cholesterol that removes other forms of cholesterol from the blood stream. (chronicle.gi)
What is HDL cholesterol or "good" cholesterol? (healthycholesterolclub.com)
However, statins are not as good at increasing the HDL (good) cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
The number of "good" HDL cholesterol particles in your blood. (revolutionhealth.org)
Doctors consider HDL cholesterol the good cholesterol, and they interpret its levels in the opposite manner of LDL. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
The foods rich in good cholesterol include onions and Omega-3 fatty acids like flax oil, canola oil , fish, foods rich in fibre like grains, oats, bran and soy. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Also known as good cholesterol which helps to get rid of bad LDL cholesterol. (asterlabs.in)
Guggul appears to be helpful in lowering cholesterol and raising HDL ("good") cholesterol. (kaiserpermanente.org)
HDL cholesterol is the good guy-let the "H" stand for Hero. (goforward.com)
Some cholesterol is "good" cholesterol, meaning that it tends to take away the bad cholesterol and flush it out of the body. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)
That's why you want the good cholesterol around. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)
For example, many people with diabetes are dyslipidemic, with a mix of "good" low cholesterol and "bad" high cholesterol. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)
They appear in the blood in the form of "good cholesterol" molecules or HDL-C. These cholesterol molecules are smaller and less sticky. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)

I recommend the book Cholesterol Clarity, which discusses statins and cholesterol in general -- explains the real causes of heart disease. (diabetesdaily.com)
The next several slides are examples of statins currently prescribed to lower cholesterol. (emedicinehealth.com)
Cholesterol-lowering drugs, especially statins, are generally safe but all drugs can have side effects that prevent their use in some patients. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
The second nurse waved her hand again and said lightly, Trust me, best way to treat high cholesterol you how to lower high cholesterol without statins loss that time? (leduel.com)
In the past, it was thought that HDL levels would increase even more if niacin were added to cholesterol-lowering medications called statins, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor) and simvastatin (Zocor). (mayoclinic.org)
However, niacin may be helpful in people who can't tolerate statins or other cholesterol-lowering medications. (mayoclinic.org)

Both APOE and LDLR are important for the clearance of cholesterol and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles from the blood. (jax.org)

Absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine is an important part of cholesterol homeostasis and represents the initial step that allows dietary cholesterol to exert its metabolic effects. (biomedcentral.com)
Schoenheimer recognized more than 75 years ago that only cholesterol, not non-cholesterol sterols, is absorbed in the intestine, although the exact molecular mechanisms by which preferential cholesterol absorption occurs has not been fully elucidated [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypercholesterolemia is treated with lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes, exercise, and smoking cessation, as well as pharmacologic intervention with statin therapy, and selective use of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe or a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. (bmj.com)

Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. (medlineplus.gov)
Hehe, don't move, if you want to forcibly break through the blockade of my divine sense, your body and soul will be what if VLDL cholesterol is high after, a mocking voice what is best for high cholesterol air. (edu.vn)
Cholesterol is essential for healthy body function, but too much can cause health problems. (pharmapedia.pk)
Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. (medlineplus.gov)
Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. (medlineplus.gov)
A lipoprotein that carries cholesterol around the body, for use by various cells. (fpnotebook.com)
VLDL is how the body transports triglycerides to cells. (diabetesdaily.com)
Group A decreased body fat (- 4.04), BMI (-0.92), triglycerides (-51.6), VLDL (-10.32) and increased LDL (48.98). (scielo.org.mx)
Some cholesterol is needed in the body, but high levels can be dangerous. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Though your body needs cholesterol, too much of it can cause health issues. (medlineplus.gov)
Our body produces the cholesterol we need. (biolayne.com)
Our bodies consider cholesterol to be so essential to our survival, that every cell in our body can manufacture it as needed. (encognitive.com)
LDL, or "bad," cholesterol transports cholesterol particles throughout your body. (testsymptomsathome.com)
Having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater puts you at risk of high cholesterol. (testsymptomsathome.com)
There is approximately 1000 mg of cholesterol made a day in the body. (worldhealth.net)
The body packages cholesterol in protein-covered particles that mix easily into blood. (worldhealth.net)
Michele Wiers's expression changed, otc blood pressure medicine moment, he was not polite, and his body instantly swept is high blood pressure linked to high cholesterol speed of Quick, Yusheng just now. (jewishledger.com)
The HMG-CoA Reductase enzyme causes the body to make more cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
If it is inhibited, the body makes less cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
what is considered high non-HDL cholesterol and moderate than 10 minutes, but also ways to lower blood pressure overnight has been associated with titrations in the body, urination, and in the following the body. (atime.org)
The more cholesterol-rich LDL that are formed are transported across the body. (practo.com)
This results increased levels of cholesterol in the body. (practo.com)
How Cholesterol Travels Through Your Body? (fgtnews.com)
It also metabolizes drugs and regulates body cholesterol. (mydiagnostics.in)
Every cell in your body needs cholesterol, which helps form the layers of membranes that protect the contents of the cells. (goforward.com)
Cholesterol is also a key component in the production of vitamin D, some hormones, and the bile that helps your body digest food. (goforward.com)
But while cholesterol is used by the body to build hormones and cells, triglycerides are used to store fuel. (goforward.com)
The results have been published in the Journal of Revue Roumaine de Chimie in 2015, indicating that phytochemicals of this plant inhibit reductase HMG-CoA enzyme, lowering body cholesterol. (herbalteashop.ir)
Your thyroid gland is one of the primary controllers of cholesterol in your body. (restartmed.com)
There were endless explosions inside this air dragon, and Lyndia Geddes saw that his body was shaking continuously, and Prozac high cholesterol holes were bleeding. (dreamincoloryarn.com)
Technically and chemically, cholesterol is a "sterol", or C27H45OH, which circulates through cell membranes in body fluids and plays a role in participating in various metabolic functions in the body. (cholesterolfreefoods.com)

However, you have a high to normal HDL cholesterol and no family history, which reduces your risk. (sunjournal.com)
A buildup of LDL cholesterol reduces blood flow and can increase the risk of heart attack or stroke . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Arjuna reduces cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides in a span of 50-60 days to 50% and improves HDL content. (drdaniellabs.com)

Lipoprotein lipase is an enzyme that helps to remove triglycerides from VLDL. (practo.com)

You can lower your cholesterol through heart-healthy lifestyle changes. (medlineplus.gov)
If the lifestyle changes alone do not lower your cholesterol enough, you may also need to take medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
Nevertheless, health tips from the Earth Clinic community can help you find ways to lower your cholesterol levels naturally. (earthclinic.com)
Heart-healthy lifestyle changes include a diet to lower your cholesterol. (healthycholesterolclub.com)

Cholesterol is obtained from the diet or may be produced endogenously and is the precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D and contributes to cell membrane fluidity [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cholesterol plays an important role in building cells and producing hormones. (nfpt.com)
We technically need cholesterol for our cells and hormones to function properly. (biolayne.com)
Our cells need cholesterol to produce hormones, vitamin D and bile to digest fat. (dylanmessaging.com)
Cholesterol is an organic lipid molecule that helps regulate what passes through animal cell membranes and is necessary for the creation of vitamin D, bile, and steroid hormones. (earthclinic.com)
Our bodies make cholesterol if needed to build cells and make bile acids, vitamins and hormones like cortisol. (worldhealth.net)
In fact, all steroid hormones are made from changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)

LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is referred to as "bad" cholesterol because it can contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation. (oregonstate.edu)
Maintaining total-, LDL-, VLDL-, and HDL-cholesterol within healthy ranges is important for reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation and the risk of developing coronary heart disease. (oregonstate.edu)
Both Apoe - and Ldlr -deficient mice show elevated plasma cholesterol levels, and develop atherosclerotic plaques to different extents under specific dietary conditions. (jax.org)
Apoe- and Ldlr- double mutant mice (B6.129- Apoe tm1Unc Ldlr tm1Her /J ( 002246 ), for example, have cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles similar to the Apoe -single mutant mice, and reportedly develop atherosclerotic plaques even more rapidly than Apoe -single knockout mice. (jax.org)
In conclusion, FT-IR and Raman-based imaging provided a complementary insight into the biochemical composition of the plaque suggesting that LCHP diet increased plaque cholesterol and cholesterol esters contents of atherosclerotic plaque, supporting the cholesterol-driven pathogenesis of LCHP-induced atherogenesis. (nature.com)

The other source of cholesterol is from the diet in foods like egg yolks, fatty meats, and cheeses. (emedicinehealth.com)
VLDL can be improved by optimizing nutrition, stopping smoking, and taking Omega-3 fatty acids. (revolutionhealth.org)

Anatomy22

Organisms11

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs149

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes29

Technology, Industry, Agriculture15

Health Care6

The impact of an amino acid-based peritoneal dialysis fluid on plasma total homocysteine levels, lipid profile and body fat mass. (1/418)

Effects of alcohol and cholesterol feeding on lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol absorption in rabbits. (2/418)

Overexpression of human hepatic lipase and ApoE in transgenic rabbits attenuates response to dietary cholesterol and alters lipoprotein subclass distributions. (3/418)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (4/418)

Lipid transfer inhibitor protein defines the participation of lipoproteins in lipid transfer reactions: CETP has no preference for cholesteryl esters in HDL versus LDL. (5/418)

Role of cholesterol ester mass in regulation of secretion of ApoB100 lipoprotein particles by hamster hepatocytes and effects of statins on that relationship. (6/418)

Dietary pectin lowers sphingomyelin concentration in VLDL and raises hepatic sphingomyelinase activity in rats. (7/418)

The lipoprotein profile of women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. (8/418)

Cholesterol

Lipoproteins, VLDL

Cholesterol, Dietary

Cholesterol, HDL

Cholesterol, LDL

Cholesterol, VLDL

Cholesterol Esters

Cholesterol Oxidase

Lipoproteins

Triglycerides

Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase

Lipids

Apolipoproteins B

Lipoproteins, HDL

Hypercholesterolemia

Lipoproteins, LDL

Anticholesteremic Agents

Sterol O-Acyltransferase

Liver

Apolipoproteins

Apolipoprotein A-I

Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases

Sterols

Apolipoproteins E

Receptors, LDL

Bile Acids and Salts

Lipid Metabolism

Hyperlipidemias

Apolipoprotein B-100

Bile

Sitosterols

Phospholipids

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1

beta-Cyclodextrins

Dietary Fats

Esterification

Lipoproteins, IDL

Hydroxycholesterols

Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins

Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase

Phytosterols

Lovastatin

Cyclodextrins

Hypertriglyceridemia

Apolipoproteins C

Arteriosclerosis

Phosphatidylcholines

Cholestyramine Resin

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

Mevalonic Acid

Biological Transport

Lipoprotein Lipase

Desmosterol

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Hypolipidemic Agents

Intestinal Absorption

Fatty Acids

Apolipoprotein C-III

Filipin

Diet, Atherogenic

Sterol Esterase

Cholestanol

Membrane Microdomains

Apolipoprotein B-48

Sphingomyelins

Cholelithiasis

Kinetics

Azetidines

Lanosterol

Orphan Nuclear Receptors

Receptors, Lipoprotein

Androstenes

Scavenger Receptors, Class B

Foam Cells

Diet

Dehydrocholesterols

Simvastatin

Apolipoproteins A

Embolism, Cholesterol

Oleic Acid