The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.
Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.
Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.
Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6.
A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.
Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.
Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels.
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.
A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)
Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.
The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized.
Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.
A superfamily of large integral ATP-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. It is implicated in TANGIER DISEASE characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.
Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.
Cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position.
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.
A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.
The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.
An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.
Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.
Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.
Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.
A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.
An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.
Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.
A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.
Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.
A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.
Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.
A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.
A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.
Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. It is metabolized to CHOLESTEROL and CUCURBITACINS.
Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.
A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.
A broad category of receptor-like proteins that may play a role in transcriptional-regulation in the CELL NUCLEUS. Many of these proteins are similar in structure to known NUCLEAR RECEPTORS but appear to lack a functional ligand-binding domain, while in other cases the specific ligands have yet to be identified.
Cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. 24-Dehydrocholesterol is DESMOSTEROL. The other most prevalent dehydrocholesterol is the 7-isomer. This compound is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin D3.
Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.
Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.
A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.
Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.
A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.
Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells.
A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.
Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.
An NAPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates GENES involved in CHOLESTEROL synthesis and uptake.
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.
Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.
Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.
Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.
Cholesterol substituted in any position by a keto moiety. The 7-keto isomer inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity and inhibits cholesterol uptake in the coronary arteries and aorta in vitro.
The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). It is characterized by near absence of ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. The massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in HEPATOMEGALY; SPLENOMEGALY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; large orange tonsils; and often sensory POLYNEUROPATHY. The disorder was first found among inhabitants of Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, MD.
Organic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule.
A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.
The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position.
Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.
An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.
An anticholesteremic agent that inhibits sterol biosynthesis in animals.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.
Fats containing one or more double bonds, as from oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.
The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Glucose in blood.
A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.
A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.
CHOLESTENES with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups.
Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.
A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.
The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.
Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
The first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of STEROLS. it catalyzes the synthesis of SQUALENE from farnesyl pyrophosphate via the intermediate PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE. This enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of ISOPRENOIDS that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.
A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.
A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.
The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.
An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of gene (NPC1) encoding a protein that mediate intracellular cholesterol transport from lysosomes. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.
Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.
FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.
The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.
A spirostan found in DIOSCOREA and other plants. The 25S isomer is called yamogenin. Solasodine is a natural derivative formed by replacing the spiro-ring with a nitrogen, which can rearrange to SOLANINE.
The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.
An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.
A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.
Steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. Members include compounds with any degree of unsaturation; however, CHOLESTADIENES is available for derivatives containing two double bonds.
Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of GENES involved in FATTY ACIDS metabolism and LIPOGENESIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.
The main structural proteins of CAVEOLAE. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified.
Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.
A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).
A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.
Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Proteins which are present in or isolated from SOYBEANS.
Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of CAVEOLINS.
Oil from ZEA MAYS or corn plant.
(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.
Unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food.
Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins are basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors that bind the sterol regulatory element TCACNCCAC. They are synthesized as precursors that are threaded into the MEMBRANES of the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Relating to the size of solids.
A diet that contains limited amounts of fat with less than 30% of calories from all fats and less than 10% from saturated fat. Such a diet is used in control of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. (From Bondy et al, Metabolic Control and Disease, 8th ed, pp468-70; Dorland, 27th ed)
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
A butterlike product made of refined vegetable oils, sometimes blended with animal fats, and emulsified usually with water or milk. It is used as a butter substitute. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
A change of a substance from one form or state to another.
Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from PLANT PROTEINS which refers to non-dietary proteins from plants.
Abstaining from all food.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The fatty portion of milk, separated as a soft yellowish solid when milk or cream is churned. It is processed for cooking and table use. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA. This is a key enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.5.
The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Low-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 8 to 13 nm.

Comparative total mortality in 25 years in Italian and Greek middle aged rural men. (1/19464)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Mortality over 25 years has been low in the Italian and very low in the Greek cohorts of the Seven Countries Study; factors responsible for this particularity were studied in detail. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: 1712 Italian and 1215 Greek men, aged 40-59 years, cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, representing over 95% of the populations in designated rural areas. DESIGN: Entry (1960-61) data included age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), smoking habits, total serum cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference, vital capacity (VC), and forced expiratory volume in 3/4 seconds (FEV); the same data were obtained 10 years later. Multivariate Cox analysis was performed with all causes death in 25 years as end point. MAIN RESULTS: Italian men had higher entry levels of SBP, arm circumference, BMI, and VC; Greek men had higher cholesterol levels, smoking habits, and FEV. Mortality of Italian men was higher throughout; at 25 years cumulative mortality was 48.3% and 35.3% respectively. Coronary heart disease and stroke mortality increased fivefold in Italy and 10-fold in Greece between years 10 and 25. The only risk factor with a significantly higher contribution to mortality in Italian men was cholesterol. However, differences in entry SBP (higher in Italy) and FEV (higher in Greece) accounted for, according to the Lee method, 75% of the differential mortality between the two populations. At 10 years increases in SBP, cholesterol, BMI, and decreases in smoking habits, VC, FEV, and arm circumference had occurred (deltas). SBP increased more and FEV and VC decreased more in Italy than in Greece. Deltas, fed stepwise in the original model for the prediction of 10 to 25 years mortality, were significant for SBP, smoking, arm circumference, and VC in Greece, and for SBP and VC in Italy. CONCLUSION: Higher mortality in Italian men is related to stronger positive effects of entry SBP and weaker negative (protective) effects of FEV; in addition 10 year increases in SBP are higher and 10 year decreases in FEV are larger in Italy. Unaccounted factors, however, related to, for example, differences in the diet, may also have contributed to the differential mortality of these two Mediterranean populations.  (+info)

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (2/19464)

The function of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (betaAPP), a transmembrane molecule involved in Alzheimer pathologies, is poorly understood. We recently reported the presence of a fraction of betaAPP in cholesterol and sphingoglycolipid-enriched microdomains (CSEM), a caveolae-like compartment specialized in signal transduction. To investigate whether betaAPP actually interferes with cell signaling, we reexamined the interaction between betaAPP and Go GTPase. In strong contrast with results obtained with reconstituted phospholipid vesicles (Okamoto et al., 1995), we find that incubating total neuronal membranes with 22C11, an antibody that recognizes an N-terminal betaAPP epitope, reduces high-affinity Go GTPase activity. This inhibition is specific of Galphao and is reproduced, in the absence of 22C11, by the addition of the betaAPP C-terminal domain but not by two distinct mutated betaAPP C-terminal domains that do not bind Galphao. This inhibition of Galphao GTPase activity by either 22C11 or wild-type betaAPP cytoplasmic domain suggests that intracellular interactions between betaAPP and Galphao could be regulated by extracellular signals. To verify whether this interaction is preserved in CSEM, we first used biochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to unambiguously confirm the colocalization of Galphao and betaAPP in CSEM. We show that inhibition of basal Galphao GTPase activity also occurs within CSEM and correlates with the coimmunoprecipitation of Galphao and betaAPP. The regulation of Galphao GTPase activity by betaAPP in a compartment specialized in signaling may have important consequences for our understanding of the physiopathological functions of betaAPP.  (+info)

Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (3/19464)

The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion.  (+info)

The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. (4/19464)

Carotenoid bioavailability depends, amongst other factors, on the food matrix and on the type and extent of processing. To examine the effect of variously processed spinach products and of dietary fiber on serum carotenoid concentrations, subjects received, over a 3-wk period, a control diet (n = 10) or a control diet supplemented with carotenoids or one of four spinach products (n = 12 per group): whole leaf spinach with an almost intact food matrix, minced spinach with the matrix partially disrupted, enzymatically liquefied spinach in which the matrix was further disrupted and the liquefied spinach to which dietary fiber (10 g/kg wet weight) was added. Consumption of spinach significantly increased serum concentrations of all-trans-beta-carotene, cis-beta-carotene, (and consequently total beta-carotene), lutein, alpha-carotene and retinol and decreased the serum concentration of lycopene. Serum total beta-carotene responses (changes in serum concentrations from the start to the end of the intervention period) differed significantly between the whole leaf and liquefied spinach groups and between the minced and liquefied spinach groups. The lutein response did not differ among spinach groups. Addition of dietary fiber to the liquefied spinach had no effect on serum carotenoid responses. The relative bioavailability as compared to bioavailability of the carotenoid supplement for whole leaf, minced, liquefied and liquefied spinach plus added dietary fiber for beta-carotene was 5.1, 6.4, 9.5 and 9.3%, respectively, and for lutein 45, 52, 55 and 54%, respectively. We conclude that the bioavailability of lutein from spinach was higher than that of beta-carotene and that enzymatic disruption of the matrix (cell wall structure) enhanced the bioavailability of beta-carotene from whole leaf and minced spinach, but had no effect on lutein bioavailability.  (+info)

Improvement of factor VII clotting activity following long-term NCPAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. (5/19464)

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a very common disorder. Patients with OSAS are at an increased risk for cardiovascular events. It has also been reported that a 25% rise in factor VII clotting activity (FVIIc) is associated with a 55% increase in ischaemic heart disease death during the first 5 years. We examined the effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) treatment on FVIIc in patients with OSAS. FVIIc was investigated prospectively in 15 patients with OSAS before (mean +/- SEM apnoea and hypopnoea index (AHI) 61.5 +/- 4.2 and after (AHI 3.0 +/- 0.9) NCPAP treatment for immediate relief, at 1 month after treatment and at over 6 months. FVIIc levels gradually decreased after NCPAP treatment. After 6 months of NCPAP treatment, FVIIc levels had decreased significantly (before 141.1 +/- 11.7% vs. after 6 months 110.7 +/- 6.2%; p < 0.01). Six of the seven patients whose FVIIc levels were over 140% before the NCPAP treatment had FVIIc levels below 130% after 6 months or 1 year of NCPAP treatment. This decrease in FVIIc after long-term NCPAP treatment could improve mortality in OSAS patients. If patients, especially obese ones, present with high FVIIc of unknown origin, it would be prudent to check for OSAS.  (+info)

Gallstones: an intestinal disease? (6/19464)

Current evidence suggests that impaired intestinal motility may facilitate gallstone formation by influencing biliary deoxycholate levels or by modulating interdigestive gall bladder motility (fig 2), although a primary intestinal defect in gallstone pathogenesis has not yet been demonstrated. In the cold war period, most interesting events, from a political point of view, occurred at the border between capitalist and communist systems, near the iron curtain. Similarly, the gall bladder and biliary tract can be viewed as the border between liver and intestinal tract, where many interesting things occur with profound impact on both systems. Combined efforts by researchers in the field of hepatology and gastrointestinal motility should brake down the Berlin wall of ignorance of one of the most common diseases in the Western world.  (+info)

Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. (7/19464)

OBJECTIVE: To determine, within a representative population group of men and women, whether alteration of the lipid profile might underlie the reported association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and ischaemic heart disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross sectional survey in an area with a high incidence of ischaemic heart disease. SUBJECTS: 400 randomly selected participants in the World Health Organisation MONICA project's third population survey in Northern Ireland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stored sera were examined by microimmunofluorescence for IgG antibodies to C pneumoniae at a dilution of 1 in 64. Mean total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were compared between seropositive and seronegative individuals with adjustment for age, measures of socioeconomic status, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and the season during which blood had been taken. RESULTS: In seropositive men, adjusted mean serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were 0.5 mmol/l (9.2%) higher and 0.11 mmol/l (9.3%) lower, respectively, than in seronegative men. Differences in women did not achieve statistical significance, but both total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were higher (3.6% and 5.8%, respectively) in seropositive than in seronegative individuals. CONCLUSIONS: There is serological evidence that C pneumoniae infection is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile in men. Altered lipid levels may underlie the association between C pneumoniae and ischaemic heart disease.  (+info)

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population based study of coronary heart disease. (8/19464)

OBJECTIVE: To study possible associations between coronary heart disease and serological evidence of persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. DESIGN: Population based, case-control study, nested within a randomised trial. SETTING: Five general practices in Bedfordshire, UK. INDIVIDUALS: 288 patients with incident or prevalent coronary heart disease and 704 age and sex matched controls. RESULTS: High concentrations of serum IgG antibodies to H pylori were present in 54% of cases v 46% of controls, with corresponding results for C pneumoniae seropositivity (33% v 33%), and cytomegalovirus seropositivity (40% v 31%). After adjustments for age, sex, smoking, indicators of socioeconomic status, and standard risk factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for coronary heart disease of seropositivity to these agents were: 1.28 (0.93 to 1.75) for H pylori, 0.95 (0.66 to 1.36) for C pneumoniae, and 1.40 (0.96 to 2. 05) for cytomegalovirus. CONCLUSIONS: There is no good evidence of strong associations between coronary heart disease and serological markers of persistent infection with H pylori, C pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. To determine the existence of moderate associations between these agents and disease, however, larger scale studies will be needed that can keep residual confounders to a minimum.  (+info)

There are several types of hypercholesterolemia, including:

1. Familial hypercholesterolemia: This is an inherited condition that causes high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol, in the blood.
2. Non-familial hypercholesterolemia: This type of hypercholesterolemia is not inherited and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, obesity, and certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
3. Mixed hypercholesterolemia: This type of hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high levels of both LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood.

The diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia is typically made based on a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as a lipid profile, which measures the levels of different types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Treatment for hypercholesterolemia usually involves lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, and may also include medication, such as statins, to lower cholesterol levels.

There are several types of hyperlipidemia, including:

1. High cholesterol: This is the most common type of hyperlipidemia and is characterized by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol.
2. High triglycerides: This type of hyperlipidemia is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that is used for energy.
3. Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: HDL cholesterol is known as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it to the liver for excretion. Low levels of HDL cholesterol can contribute to hyperlipidemia.

Symptoms of hyperlipidemia may include xanthomas (fatty deposits on the skin), corneal arcus (a cloudy ring around the iris of the eye), and tendon xanthomas (tender lumps under the skin). However, many people with hyperlipidemia have no symptoms at all.

Hyperlipidemia can be diagnosed through a series of blood tests that measure the levels of different types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Treatment for hyperlipidemia typically involves dietary changes, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and increasing physical activity. Medications such as statins, fibric acid derivatives, and bile acid sequestrants may also be prescribed to lower cholesterol levels.

In severe cases of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) can occur, which can lead to cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and treat hyperlipidemia early on to prevent these complications.

Arteriosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the arteries of the heart, brain, and legs. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide and is often associated with aging and other factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking.

There are several types of arteriosclerosis, including:

1. Atherosclerosis: This is the most common type of arteriosclerosis and occurs when plaque builds up inside the arteries.
2. Arteriolosclerosis: This type affects the small arteries in the body and can cause decreased blood flow to organs such as the kidneys and brain.
3. Medial sclerosis: This type affects the middle layer of the artery wall and can cause stiffness and narrowing of the arteries.
4. Intimal sclerosis: This type occurs when plaque builds up inside the innermost layer of the artery wall, causing it to become thick and less flexible.

Symptoms of arteriosclerosis can include chest pain, shortness of breath, leg pain or cramping during exercise, and numbness or weakness in the limbs. Treatment for arteriosclerosis may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to open up or bypass blocked arteries.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 40 years old. Women are more likely to develop cholelithiasis than men, especially during pregnancy or after childbirth.

The symptoms of cholelithiasis can vary depending on the size and location of the gallstones. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may have:

* Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Shaking or chills
* Loss of appetite
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

If left untreated, cholelithiasis can lead to complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholangitis), infection of the bile ducts (biliary sepsis), or blockage of the common bile duct. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

The diagnosis of cholelithiasis is usually made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests to check for signs of inflammation and liver function. Treatment options for cholelithiasis include:

* Watchful waiting: If the gallstones are small and not causing any symptoms, doctors may recommend monitoring the condition without immediate treatment.
* Medications: Oral medications such as bile salts or ursodiol can dissolve small gallstones and relieve symptoms.
* Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder through small incisions.
* Open cholecystectomy: An open surgery to remove the gallbladder, usually performed when the gallstones are large or there are other complications.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of cholelithiasis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are three main types of Niemann-Pick diseases:

1. Type A: This is the most common and severe form of the disease, and it typically affects infants before the age of one. It is characterized by progressive loss of motor skills, seizures, and death before the age of two.
2. Type B: This form of the disease usually presents in adulthood and is characterized by gradually worsening neurological symptoms, including muscle weakness, ataxia (loss of coordination), and dementia. Life expectancy for individuals with type B Niemann-Pick disease is typically between 20 and 40 years.
3. Type C: This form of the disease is less severe than types A and B and is often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including developmental delays, learning disabilities, and mild neurological problems.

Niemann-Pick diseases are caused by mutations in the genes that code for proteins involved in lipid metabolism. These proteins play a crucial role in the transport of lipids within cells, particularly in the brain and other organs. Without these proteins, lipids accumulate in cells and cause damage to their membranes and organelles.

There is currently no cure for Niemann-Pick diseases, but researchers are working on developing new treatments that may help alleviate some of the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments include enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, and small molecule therapies. In addition, clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of these new treatments in humans.

In summary, Niemann-Pick diseases are a group of rare and severe genetic disorders that affect the transport of lipids within cells. There is currently no cure for these diseases, but researchers are working on developing new treatments that may help alleviate some of the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

Answer: Type A, B, and C Niemann-Pick disease are three forms of a group of rare genetic disorders that affect lipid metabolism, with types A and B being more severe and type C being less severe.

The disease begins with endothelial dysfunction, which allows lipid accumulation in the artery wall. Macrophages take up oxidized lipids and become foam cells, which die and release their contents, including inflammatory cytokines, leading to further inflammation and recruitment of more immune cells.

The atherosclerotic plaque can rupture or ulcerate, leading to the formation of a thrombus that can occlude the blood vessel, causing ischemia or infarction of downstream tissues. This can lead to various cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and obesity. It is diagnosed by imaging techniques such as angiography, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scans.

Treatment options for atherosclerosis include lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, dietary changes, and exercise, as well as medications such as statins, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In severe cases, surgical interventions such as bypass surgery or angioplasty may be necessary.

In conclusion, atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease that affects the arteries and can lead to various cardiovascular diseases. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or slow down its progression, reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes.

The symptoms of SLOS can vary in severity and may include:

1. Developmental delays and intellectual disability
2. Distinctive facial features, such as a prominent forehead, narrow eyes, and a short nose
3. Skeletal abnormalities, including short stature, joint deformities, and scoliosis
4. Heart defects, such as atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects
5. Kidney problems, such as kidney stones or chronic kidney disease
6. Vision problems, such as cataracts or glaucoma
7. Hearing loss or deafness
8. Increased risk of infections
9. Poor muscle tone and coordination
10. Delayed motor milestones

SLOS is usually diagnosed by a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to improve muscle tone and coordination, and speech and language therapy to address communication difficulties.

The prognosis for individuals with SLOS varies depending on the severity of the mutation and the presence of other health problems. Some individuals with mild forms of the disorder may have a relatively normal life expectancy, while others with more severe forms may have a shorter life span. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical to improving outcomes for individuals with SLOS.

Coronary disease is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a lack of physical activity. It can also be triggered by other medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.

The symptoms of coronary disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling of the legs and feet
* Pain in the arms and back

Coronary disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and cardiac imaging. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications to control symptoms, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Preventative measures for coronary disease include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and other underlying medical conditions
* Reducing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

The condition is caused by mutations in the genes that code for proteins involved in cholesterol transport and metabolism, such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) or the PCSK9 gene. These mutations lead to a decrease in the ability of the liver to remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream, resulting in high levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type II is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. However, some cases can be caused by spontaneous mutations or incomplete penetrance, where not all individuals with the mutated gene develop the condition.

Symptoms of hyperlipoproteinemia type II can include xanthomas (yellowish deposits of cholesterol in the skin), corneal arcus (a white, waxy deposit on the iris of the eye), and tendon xanthomas (small, soft deposits of cholesterol under the skin). Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary changes and medication to lower LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type II is a serious condition that can lead to cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent or delay the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of complications.

There are several types of dyslipidemias, including:

1. Hyperlipidemia: Elevated levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood, which can increase the risk of CVD.
2. Hypolipidemia: Low levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood, which can also increase the risk of CVD.
3. Mixed dyslipidemia: A combination of hyperlipidemia and hypolipidemia.
4. Familial dyslipidemia: An inherited condition that affects the levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood.
5. Acquired dyslipidemia: A condition caused by other factors, such as poor diet or medication side effects.

Dyslipidemias can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, and apolipoprotein testing. Treatment for dyslipidemias often involves lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications and increased physical activity, as well as medications to lower cholesterol and triglycerides.

In conclusion, dyslipidemias are abnormalities in the levels or composition of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood that can increase the risk of CVD. They can be caused by a variety of factors and diagnosed through several tests. Treatment often involves lifestyle changes and medications to lower cholesterol and triglycerides.

1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.

People with Tangier disease often have extremely high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease at an early age. The disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for a protein called ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABC1), which plays a critical role in the transport of cholesterol and other lipids in the body.

The symptoms of Tangier disease can vary depending on the severity of the disorder, but may include:

* High levels of LDL cholesterol
* Low levels of HDL cholesterol
* Abnormal liver function tests
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Muscle cramps
* Heart disease
* Stroke

Tangier disease is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the disorder typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, medications, and lipid-lowering therapy to reduce the levels of LDL cholesterol and increase the levels of HDL cholesterol. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary to treat the liver damage that can occur as a result of the disorder.

The most common form of xanthomatosis is called familial hypercholesterolemia, which is caused by a deficiency of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the body. This results in high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood, which can lead to the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the skin, eyes, and other tissues.

Other forms of xanthomatosis include:

* Familial apo A-1 deficiency: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1), a protein that plays a critical role in the transportation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood.
* familial hyperlipidemia: This is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
* Chylomicronemia: This is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the blood.

The symptoms of xanthomatosis vary depending on the specific form of the condition and the organs affected. They may include:

* Yellowish deposits (xanthomas) on the skin, particularly on the elbows, knees, and buttocks
* Deposits in the eyes (corneal arcus)
* Fatty liver disease
* High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss

Treatment for xanthomatosis typically involves managing the underlying genetic disorder, which may involve dietary changes, medication, or other therapies. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue.

In summary, xanthomatosis is a group of rare genetic disorders that are characterized by deposits of lipids in the skin and other organs. The symptoms and treatment vary depending on the specific form of the condition.

The primary symptom of LCAT deficiency is a high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol, in the blood. This can lead to the development of cholesterol deposits in the skin, eyes, and other tissues, which can cause a range of health problems including xanthomas (yellowish patches on the skin), corneal arcus (a cloudy ring around the cornea of the eye), and xanthelasma (yellowish patches on the eyelids).

Treatment for LCAT deficiency typically involves a combination of dietary changes, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and medication to lower cholesterol levels. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of LCAT deficiency is not possible, as it is a genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated LCAT gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition. However, early detection and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

The diagnosis of LCAT deficiency is based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Laboratory tests may include measurements of lipid levels in the blood, as well as assays for LCAT enzyme activity. Genetic testing can identify the presence of mutations in the LCAT gene that cause the condition.

Overall, LCAT deficiency is a rare and potentially serious genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize cholesterol and other fats. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications, but there is currently no cure for the condition.

There are several causes of hypertriglyceridemia, including:

* Genetics: Some people may inherit a tendency to have high triglyceride levels due to genetic mutations that affect the genes involved in triglyceride metabolism.
* Obesity: Excess body weight is associated with higher triglyceride levels, as there is more fat available for energy.
* Diabetes: Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to high triglyceride levels due to insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism.
* High-carbohydrate diet: Consuming high amounts of carbohydrates, particularly refined or simple carbohydrates, can cause a spike in blood triglycerides.
* Alcohol consumption: Drinking too much alcohol can increase triglyceride levels in the blood.
* Certain medications: Some drugs, such as anabolic steroids and some antidepressants, can raise triglyceride levels.
* Underlying medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism, kidney disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can also contribute to high triglyceride levels.

Hypertriglyceridemia is typically diagnosed with a blood test that measures the level of triglycerides in the blood. Treatment options for hypertriglyceridemia depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, dietary changes, and medications to lower triglyceride levels.

Symptoms of NPC typically appear in infancy or childhood and can include:

* Delayed development and intellectual disability
* Seizures
* Loss of motor skills
* Vision loss and blindness
* Hearing loss and deafness
* Increased risk of infections
* Enlargement of the liver and spleen

There is currently no cure for NPC, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Medications to control seizures and muscle stiffness
* Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning
* Speech therapy to address communication difficulties
* Liver transplantation in some cases

NPC is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. It can be challenging to diagnose NPC because the symptoms are similar to those of other disorders, and the genetic mutations responsible for the disease can be difficult to identify.

There is ongoing research into the causes and treatment of NPC, including gene therapy and small molecule therapies. However, more work needs to be done to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and to develop effective treatments.

There are several different types of obesity, including:

1. Central obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2. Peripheral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat in the hips, thighs, and arms.
3. Visceral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity.
4. Mixed obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by both central and peripheral obesity.

Obesity can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet, sleep deprivation, and certain medications. Treatment for obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to achieve weight loss.

Preventing obesity is important for overall health and well-being, and can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:

1. Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
3. Getting enough sleep each night.
4. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and quitting smoking.
6. Monitoring weight and body mass index (BMI) on a regular basis to identify any changes or potential health risks.
7. Seeking professional help from a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized guidance on weight management and healthy lifestyle choices.

1. Abdominal obesity (excess fat around the waistline)
2. High blood pressure (hypertension)
3. Elevated fasting glucose (high blood sugar)
4. High serum triglycerides (elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood)
5. Low HDL cholesterol (low levels of "good" cholesterol)

Having three or more of these conditions is considered a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome X. It is estimated that approximately 34% of adults in the United States have this syndrome, and it is more common in women than men. Risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome include obesity, lack of physical activity, poor diet, and a family history of type 2 diabetes or CVD.

The term "metabolic syndrome" was first introduced in the medical literature in the late 1980s, and since then, it has been the subject of extensive research. The exact causes of metabolic syndrome are not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be related to insulin resistance, inflammation, and changes in body fat distribution.

Treatment for metabolic syndrome typically involves lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular physical activity, and a healthy diet. Medications such as blood pressure-lowering drugs, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and anti-diabetic medications may also be prescribed if necessary. It is important to note that not everyone with metabolic syndrome will develop type 2 diabetes or CVD, but the risk is increased. Therefore, early detection and treatment are crucial in preventing these complications.

There are several types of hyperlipoproteinemias, each with distinct clinical features and laboratory findings. The most common forms include:

1. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH): This is the most common type of hyperlipoproteinemia, caused by mutations in the LDLR gene that codes for the low-density lipoprotein receptor. FH is characterized by extremely high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood, which can lead to premature cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes.
2. Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL): This rare disorder is caused by mutations in the APOB100 gene that codes for a protein involved in lipid metabolism. FHBL is characterized by very low levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, as well as a deficiency of Apolipoprotein B-100, a protein that helps transport lipids in the blood.
3. Hypertriglyceridemia: This condition is caused by mutations in genes that regulate triglyceride metabolism, leading to extremely high levels of triglycerides in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
4. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency: This rare disorder is caused by mutations in the LPL gene that codes for the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which helps break down triglycerides in the blood. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency can lead to very high levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood, increasing the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
5. Familial dyslipidemia: This is a group of rare inherited disorders that affect lipid metabolism and can cause extremely high or low levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Some forms of familial dyslipidemia are caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, while others may be caused by unknown factors.
6. Chylomicronemia: This rare disorder is characterized by extremely high levels of chylomicrons (type of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein) in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems. The exact cause of chylomicronemia is not fully understood, but it may be related to genetic mutations or other factors that affect lipid metabolism.
7. Hyperchylomicronemia: This rare disorder is similar to chylomicronemia, but it is characterized by extremely high levels of chylomicrons in the blood, as well as very low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. Hyperchylomicronemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
8. Hypoalphalipoproteinemia: This rare disorder is characterized by extremely low levels of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), a protein that plays a key role in lipid metabolism and helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Hypoalphalipoproteinemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
9. Hypobetalipoproteinemia: This rare disorder is characterized by extremely low levels of apolipoprotein B (ApoB), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Hypobetalipoproteinemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
10. Sitosterolemia: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for sterol-CoA-desmethylase (SCD), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of plant sterols. Sitosterolemia can cause elevated levels of plant sterols and sitosterol in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
11. Familial hyperchylomicronemia type 1 (FHMC1): This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. FHMC1 can cause elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
12. Familial hyperchylomicronemia type 2 (FHMC2): This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. FHMC2 can cause elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
13. Lipoprotein (a) deficiency: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein (a), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of lipoproteins in the blood. Lipoprotein (a) deficiency can cause low levels of lipoprotein (a) and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
14. Chylomicron retention disease: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of chylomicrons in the blood. Chylomicron retention disease can cause elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
15. Hypertriglyceridemia-apolipoprotein C-II deficiency: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of triglycerides in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia-apolipoprotein C-II deficiency can cause elevated levels of triglycerides and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
16. Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD): This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the loss of fat tissue in certain areas of the body, such as the arms, legs, and buttocks. FPLD can cause elevated levels of lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
17. Lipodystrophy: This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the loss of fat tissue in certain areas of the body, such as the face, arms, and legs. Lipodystrophy can cause elevated levels of lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
18. Abetalipoproteinemia: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein B, a protein that helps to regulate the levels of lipids in the blood. Abetalipoproteinemia can cause elevated levels of triglycerides and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
19. Chylomicronemia: This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of excessively large amounts of chylomicrons (type of lipid particles) in the blood. Chylomicronemia can cause elevated levels of triglycerides and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
20. Hyperlipidemia due to medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and some anticonvulsants, can cause elevated levels of lipids in the blood.

It's important to note that many of these disorders are rare and may not be common causes of high triglycerides. Additionally, there may be other causes of high triglycerides that are not listed here. It's important to talk to a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis if you have concerns about your triglyceride levels.

The most common form of hypolipoproteinemia is familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding apoB, a protein component of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). People with FHBL have extremely low levels of LDL cholesterol and often develop symptoms such as fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and cardiovascular disease.

Another form of hypolipoproteinemia is familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (FHAL), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding apoA-I, a protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). People with FHAL have low levels of HDL cholesterol and often develop symptoms such as cardiovascular disease and premature coronary artery disease.

Hypolipoproteinemia can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the disorder typically involves managing associated symptoms and reducing lipid levels through diet, exercise, and medication. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of hypolipoproteinemia is challenging, as it is often inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that both parents must be carriers of the mutated gene to pass it on to their children. However, genetic counseling and testing can help identify carriers and allow for informed family planning.

Overall, hypolipoproteinemia is a rare and complex group of disorders that affect lipid metabolism and transport. While treatment and management options are available, prevention and early diagnosis are key to reducing the risk of complications associated with these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes can be managed through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication. In some cases, lifestyle changes may be enough to control blood sugar levels, while in other cases, medication or insulin therapy may be necessary. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and follow-up with a healthcare provider are important for managing the condition and preventing complications.

Common symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:

* Increased thirst and urination
* Fatigue
* Blurred vision
* Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
* Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
* Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections

If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to a range of complications, including:

* Heart disease and stroke
* Kidney damage and failure
* Nerve damage and pain
* Eye damage and blindness
* Foot damage and amputation

The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is not known, but it is believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as:

* Obesity and excess body weight
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet and nutrition
* Age and family history
* Certain ethnicities (e.g., African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American)
* History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 9 lbs.

There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but it can be managed and controlled through a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. With proper treatment and self-care, people with type 2 diabetes can lead long, healthy lives.

The most common types of biliary fistulas are:

1. Bile duct-enteric fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the small intestine.
2. Bile duct-skin fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the skin, which can lead to a bile leak and infection.
3. Bile duct-liver fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the liver, which can cause bleeding and infection.

Symptoms of biliary fistula may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss

Diagnosis of biliary fistula is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, and MRI. Treatment options for biliary fistula include:

1. Endoscopic therapy: This may involve the use of an endoscope to repair or close off the fistula.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged bile ducts.
3. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile ducts to help keep them open and allow for proper drainage.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of biliary fistula, as it can lead to serious complications such as infection or bleeding.

Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances found in bile. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Abdominal pain (often in the upper right abdomen)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Tea-colored urine
* Pale or clay-colored stools

Gallstones can be classified into several types based on their composition, size, and location. The most common types are:

* Cholesterol gallstones: These are the most common type of gallstone and are usually yellow or green in color. They are made of cholesterol and other substances found in bile.
* Pigment gallstones: These stones are made of bilirubin, a yellow pigment found in bile. They are often smaller than cholesterol gallstones and may be more difficult to detect.
* Mixed gallstones: These stones are a combination of cholesterol and pigment gallstones.

Gallstones can cause a variety of complications, including:

* Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis)
* Infection of the bile ducts (choledochalitis)
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Blockage of the common bile duct, which can cause jaundice and infection.

Treatment for gallstones usually involves surgery to remove the gallbladder, although in some cases, medications may be used to dissolve small stones. In severe cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to treat complications such as inflammation or infection.

The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries is often caused by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease. The plaque can also rupture, causing a blood clot to form, which can completely block the flow of blood to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack.

CAD is the most common type of heart disease and is often asymptomatic until a serious event occurs. Risk factors for CAD include:

* Age (men over 45 and women over 55)
* Gender (men are at greater risk than women, but women are more likely to die from CAD)
* Family history of heart disease
* High blood pressure
* High cholesterol
* Diabetes
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise

Diagnosis of CAD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as:

* Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
* Stress test
* Echocardiogram
* Coronary angiography

Treatment for CAD may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and quitting smoking. Medications such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgical intervention such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be necessary.

Prevention of CAD includes managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting regular exercise. Early detection and treatment of CAD can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life for those affected by the disease.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The condition is caused by mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in lipid metabolism, such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR), apolipoprotein A-1 gene (APOA1), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) genes. These mutations can lead to the overproduction or underexpression of certain lipids, leading to the characteristic lipid abnormalities seen in HeFH.

HeFH is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. However, some cases may be caused by recessive inheritance or de novo mutations. The condition can affect both children and adults, and it is important for individuals with HeFH to be monitored closely by a healthcare provider to manage their lipid levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Treatment for HeFH typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, such as reducing saturated fat intake and increasing fiber and omega-3 fatty acid intake, and medications, such as statins, to lower cholesterol levels. In some cases, apheresis or liver transplantation may be necessary to reduce lipid levels. Early detection and management of HeFH can help prevent or delay the development of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide.

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of insulin resistance, including:

1. Genetics: Insulin resistance can be inherited, and some people may be more prone to developing the condition based on their genetic makeup.
2. Obesity: Excess body fat, particularly around the abdominal area, can contribute to insulin resistance.
3. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can lead to insulin resistance.
4. Poor diet: Consuming a diet high in refined carbohydrates and sugar can contribute to insulin resistance.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Cushing's syndrome, can increase the risk of developing insulin resistance.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and some antipsychotic drugs, can increase insulin resistance.
7. Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause can lead to insulin resistance.
8. Sleep apnea: Sleep apnea can contribute to insulin resistance.
9. Chronic stress: Chronic stress can lead to insulin resistance.
10. Aging: Insulin resistance tends to increase with age, particularly after the age of 45.

There are several ways to diagnose insulin resistance, including:

1. Fasting blood sugar test: This test measures the level of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast.
2. Glucose tolerance test: This test measures the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink.
3. Insulin sensitivity test: This test measures the body's ability to respond to insulin.
4. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA): This is a mathematical formula that uses the results of a fasting glucose and insulin test to estimate insulin resistance.
5. Adiponectin test: This test measures the level of adiponectin, a protein produced by fat cells that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Low levels of adiponectin are associated with insulin resistance.

There is no cure for insulin resistance, but it can be managed through lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes include:

1. Diet: A healthy diet that is low in processed carbohydrates and added sugars can help improve insulin sensitivity.
2. Exercise: Regular physical activity, such as aerobic exercise and strength training, can improve insulin sensitivity.
3. Weight loss: Losing weight, particularly around the abdominal area, can improve insulin sensitivity.
4. Stress management: Strategies to manage stress, such as meditation or yoga, can help improve insulin sensitivity.
5. Sleep: Getting adequate sleep is important for maintaining healthy insulin levels.

Medications that may be used to treat insulin resistance include:

1. Metformin: This is a commonly used medication to treat type 2 diabetes and improve insulin sensitivity.
2. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): These medications, such as pioglitazone, improve insulin sensitivity by increasing the body's ability to use insulin.
3. Sulfonylureas: These medications stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas, which can help improve insulin sensitivity.
4. DPP-4 inhibitors: These medications, such as sitagliptin, work by reducing the breakdown of the hormone incretin, which helps to increase insulin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity.
5. GLP-1 receptor agonists: These medications, such as exenatide, mimic the action of the hormone GLP-1 and help to improve insulin sensitivity.

It is important to note that these medications may have side effects, so it is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks with your healthcare provider before starting treatment. Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise can also be effective in improving insulin sensitivity and managing blood sugar levels.

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

There are several types of diabetes mellitus, including:

1. Type 1 DM: This is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in a complete deficiency of insulin production. It typically develops in childhood or adolescence, and patients with this condition require lifelong insulin therapy.
2. Type 2 DM: This is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for around 90% of all cases. It is caused by a combination of insulin resistance (where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin) and impaired insulin secretion. It is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and a diet high in sugar and unhealthy fats.
3. Gestational DM: This type of diabetes develops during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Hormonal changes and insulin resistance can cause blood sugar levels to rise, putting both the mother and baby at risk.
4. LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults): This is a form of type 1 DM that develops in adults, typically after the age of 30. It shares features with both type 1 and type 2 DM.
5. MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young): This is a rare form of diabetes caused by genetic mutations that affect insulin production. It typically develops in young adulthood and can be managed with lifestyle changes and/or medication.

The symptoms of diabetes mellitus can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Increased thirst and urination
2. Fatigue
3. Blurred vision
4. Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
5. Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
6. Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections
7. Flu-like symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, and stomach pain
8. Dark, velvety skin patches (acanthosis nigricans)
9. Yellowish color of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
10. Delayed healing of cuts and wounds

If left untreated, diabetes mellitus can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Heart disease and stroke
2. Kidney damage and failure
3. Nerve damage (neuropathy)
4. Eye damage (retinopathy)
5. Foot damage (neuropathic ulcers)
6. Cognitive impairment and dementia
7. Increased risk of infections and other diseases, such as pneumonia, gum disease, and urinary tract infections.

It is important to note that not all individuals with diabetes will experience these complications, and that proper management of the condition can greatly reduce the risk of developing these complications.

1. Aneurysms: A bulge or ballooning in the wall of the aorta that can lead to rupture and life-threatening bleeding.
2. Atherosclerosis: The buildup of plaque in the inner lining of the aorta, which can narrow the artery and restrict blood flow.
3. Dissections: A tear in the inner layer of the aortic wall that can cause bleeding and lead to an aneurysm.
4. Thoracic aortic disease: Conditions that affect the thoracic portion of the aorta, such as atherosclerosis or dissections.
5. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: Enlargement of the abdominal aorta that can lead to rupture and life-threatening bleeding.
6. Aortic stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve, which can impede blood flow from the heart into the aorta.
7. Aortic regurgitation: Backflow of blood from the aorta into the heart due to a faulty aortic valve.
8. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue, including the aorta.
9. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A group of genetic disorders that affect the body's connective tissue, including the aorta.
10. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects females and can cause aortic diseases.

Aortic diseases can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include medication, surgery, or endovascular procedures.

There are several types of inborn errors of lipid metabolism, each with its own unique set of symptoms and characteristics. Some of the most common include:

* Familial hypercholesterolemia: A condition that causes high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood, which can lead to heart disease and other health problems.
* Fabry disease: A rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down certain fats, leading to a buildup of toxic substances in the body.
* Gaucher disease: Another rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down certain lipids, leading to a buildup of toxic substances in the body.
* Lipoid cerebral degeneration: A condition that causes fatty deposits to accumulate in the brain, leading to cognitive decline and other neurological problems.
* Tangier disease: A rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down certain lipids, leading to a buildup of toxic substances in the body.

Inborn errors of lipid metabolism can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood tests and genetic analysis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and its severity, but may include dietary changes, medication, and other therapies. With proper treatment and management, many individuals with inborn errors of lipid metabolism can lead active and fulfilling lives.

The condition is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, such as ACY1 and APOB100. These mutations lead to a deficiency in the breakdown and transport of lipids in the body, resulting in the accumulation of chylomicrons and other lipoproteins in the blood.

Symptoms of hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV can include abdominal pain, fatigue, and joint pain, as well as an increased risk of pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and medications to lower lipid levels. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV is a rare disorder, and the prevalence is not well-defined. However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 100,000 individuals worldwide. The condition can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis.

In summary, hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the body, leading to elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipoproteins in the blood, as well as low levels of HDL. The condition can cause a range of symptoms and is typically treated with dietary modifications and medications.

The hallmark feature of CTX is the presence of xanthomas, which are fatty deposits that accumulate in the brain and spinal cord. These deposits can cause inflammation and damage to the surrounding tissue, leading to a range of neurological symptoms.

CTX is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the genetic mutations responsible for the condition. There is currently no cure for CTX, but treatment options may include medications to manage seizures and other symptoms, as well as surgery to remove xanthomas in some cases.

There are two main types of fatty liver disease:

1. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD): This type of fatty liver disease is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and is the most common cause of fatty liver disease in the United States.
2. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): This type of fatty liver disease is not caused by alcohol consumption and is the most common cause of fatty liver disease worldwide. It is often associated with obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

There are several risk factors for developing fatty liver disease, including:

* Obesity
* Physical inactivity
* High calorie intake
* Alcohol consumption
* Diabetes
* High cholesterol
* High triglycerides
* History of liver disease

Symptoms of fatty liver disease can include:

* Fatigue
* Abdominal discomfort
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abnormal liver function tests

Diagnosis of fatty liver disease is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

* Liver biopsy
* Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT or MRI scans)
* Blood tests (lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and liver function tests)

Treatment of fatty liver disease depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, exercise, and a healthy diet can help improve the condition. In severe cases, medications such as antioxidants, fibric acids, and anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary.

Prevention of fatty liver disease includes:

* Maintaining a healthy weight
* Eating a balanced diet low in sugar and saturated fats
* Engaging in regular physical activity
* Limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

There are several different types of weight gain, including:

1. Clinical obesity: This is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher, and is typically associated with a range of serious health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
2. Central obesity: This refers to excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
3. Muscle gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in muscle mass, rather than fat. This type of weight gain is generally considered healthy and can improve overall fitness and athletic performance.
4. Fat gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in body fat, rather than muscle or bone density. Fat gain can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Weight gain can be measured using a variety of methods, including:

1. Body mass index (BMI): This is a widely used measure of weight gain that compares an individual's weight to their height. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
2. Waist circumference: This measures the distance around an individual's waistline and can be used to assess central obesity.
3. Skinfold measurements: These involve measuring the thickness of fat at specific points on the body, such as the abdomen or thighs.
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure bone density and body composition.
5. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive test that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage and other physiological parameters.

Causes of weight gain:

1. Poor diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats can lead to weight gain.
2. Lack of physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can help burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
3. Genetics: An individual's genetic makeup can affect their metabolism and body composition, making them more prone to weight gain.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as insulin, thyroid, and cortisol can contribute to weight gain.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and antidepressants, can cause weight gain as a side effect.
6. Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to weight gain.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain.
8. Age: Metabolism slows down with age, making it more difficult to maintain a healthy weight.
9. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can also contribute to weight gain.

Treatment options for obesity:

1. Lifestyle modifications: A combination of diet, exercise, and stress management techniques can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescription medications such as orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide can aid in weight loss.
3. Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can be effective for severe obesity.
4. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical activity levels.
5. Meal replacement plans: Meal replacement plans such as Medifast can provide individuals with a structured diet that is high in protein, fiber, and vitamins, and low in calories and sugar.
6. Weight loss supplements: Supplements such as green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, and forskolin can help boost weight loss efforts.
7. Portion control: Using smaller plates and measuring cups can help individuals regulate their portion sizes and maintain a healthy weight.
8. Mindful eating: Paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, eating slowly, and savoring food can help individuals develop healthy eating habits.
9. Physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, running, swimming, or cycling can help individuals burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.

It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare professional such as a registered dietitian or a physician can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan that is safe and effective.

The main clinical features of hypoalphalipoproteinemias include:

1. Low levels of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and/or LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) in the blood, leading to a increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
2. Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood.
3. Elevated levels of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) in the blood.
4. Decreased levels of apolipoprotein A-I and/or apolipoprotein E in the blood.
5. Abnormal fatty acid metabolism.
6. Increased risk of pancreatitis.
7. Increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
8. Cognitive impairment.
9. Neurological manifestations such as ataxia, seizures, and peripheral neuropathy.
10. Eye disorders such as retinal degeneration and cataracts.

The diagnosis of hypoalphalipoproteinemia is based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for these disorders is primarily focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications, such as cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis. This may include dietary modifications, medications to lower triglycerides and raise HDL-C, and in some cases, liver transplantation.

Hypoalphalipoproteinemias are rare genetic disorders that affect the metabolism of lipids and can lead to a range of clinical manifestations including cardiovascular disease, pancreatitis, and cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis and management are critical to preventing complications and improving outcomes for individuals with these disorders.

These diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, and poor wound healing. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.

The condition is caused by mutations in the genes that code for proteins involved in lipid metabolism, such as the LDL receptor gene or the apoB100 gene. These mutations lead to a deficiency of functional LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells, which results in reduced clearance of LDL cholesterol from the blood and increased levels of LDL-C.

The main symptom of hyperlipoproteinemia type III is very high levels of LDL-C (>500 mg/dL) and low levels of HDL-C (<20 mg/dL). Other signs and symptoms may include xanthomas (fatty deposits in the skin), corneal arcus (a cloudy ring around the cornea of the eye), and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Treatment for hyperlipoproteinemia type III typically involves a combination of dietary changes, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and medications, such as statins or other lipid-lowering drugs, to lower LDL-C levels. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Hyperlipoproteinemia type III is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. It is important to identify and treat individuals with this condition early to prevent or delay the development of cardiovascular disease.

Early detection and management of atherosclerosis through regular health check-ups, healthy lifestyle choices, and medications can help prevent or delay the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of complications.

1. Heart Disease: High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease, which includes conditions like heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease.
2. Kidney Damage: Uncontrolled diabetes can damage the kidneys over time, leading to chronic kidney disease and potentially even kidney failure.
3. Nerve Damage: High blood sugar levels can damage the nerves in the body, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet. This is known as diabetic neuropathy.
4. Eye Problems: Diabetes can cause changes in the blood vessels of the eyes, leading to vision problems and even blindness. This is known as diabetic retinopathy.
5. Infections: People with diabetes are more prone to developing skin infections, urinary tract infections, and other types of infections due to their weakened immune system.
6. Amputations: Poor blood flow and nerve damage can lead to amputations of the feet or legs if left untreated.
7. Cognitive Decline: Diabetes has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
8. Sexual Dysfunction: Men with diabetes may experience erectile dysfunction, while women with diabetes may experience decreased sexual desire and vaginal dryness.
9. Gum Disease: People with diabetes are more prone to developing gum disease and other oral health problems due to their increased risk of infection.
10. Flu and Pneumonia: Diabetes can weaken the immune system, making it easier to catch the flu and pneumonia.

It is important for people with diabetes to manage their condition properly to prevent or delay these complications from occurring. This includes monitoring blood sugar levels regularly, taking medication as prescribed by a doctor, and following a healthy diet and exercise plan. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can also help identify any potential complications early on and prevent them from becoming more serious.

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... remnant cholesterol is all plasma cholesterol that is not LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol, which are triglyceride-poor ... Remnant cholesterol is especially predictive of coronary artery disease in patients with normal total cholesterol. High plasma ... Remnant cholesterol has about twice the association with ischemic heart disease as LDL cholesterol. Although remnant ... Remnant cholesterol is associated with chronic inflammation, whereas LDL cholesterol is not. Chylomicron remnant Lipid profile ...
... occurs when cholesterol is released, usually from an atherosclerotic plaque, and travels as an embolus in ... They probably lead to cholesterol emboli by removing blood clots that cover up a damaged atherosclerotic plaque; cholesterol- ... In kidney failure resulting from cholesterol crystal emboli, statins (medication that reduces cholesterol levels) have been ... The diagnostic histopathologic finding is intravascular cholesterol crystals, which are seen as cholesterol clefts in routinely ...
Cholesterol phase transition from liquid to crystalline form is linked to inflammation. Cholesterol crystals are believed to ... A cholesterol crystal is a solid, crystalline form of cholesterol found in gallstones and atherosclerosis. Gallstones occurring ... Cholesterol crystals are a hallmark of atherosclerosis, which is believed to be an early cause of atherosclerotic inflammation ... Impaired removal of cholesterol crystals from demyelinated nerves by macrophages is believed to be associated with multiple ...
When cholesterol directly binds to a protein and alters its function it can be thought of as a protein ligand. Cholesterol is ... Cholesterol's role in inflammation is central to many diseases. Cholesterol loading into cells was recently shown to increase ... In the brain, cholesterol is synthesized in astrocytes and transported to neurons with the cholesterol transport protein ... For example, cholesterol directly regulates the affinity of palmitoylated proteins for GM1 containing lipid rafts. Cholesterol ...
In enzymology, a cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction cholesterol + O2 ⇌ {\ ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol:oxygen oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include cholesterol- ... Coulombe R, Yue KQ, Ghisla S, Vrielink A (August 2001). "Oxygen access to the active site of cholesterol oxidase through a ... The substrate-binding domain found in some bacterial cholesterol oxidases is composed of an eight-stranded mixed beta-pleated ...
... is a naturally occurring antibody to cholesterol produced by mammals. This antibody serves a 'housekeeping' or ... January 1996). "Immunization with cholesterol-rich liposomes induces anti-cholesterol antibodies and reduces diet-induced ... The antibody does not bind the good forms of cholesterol such as HDL. In the gastrointestinal tract, the antibody acts as a ... An immunoglobulin protein, anti-cholesterol may be found both in circulation as well as in the digestive tract. In circulation ...
... , or cholest-5-en-3β-ol sulfate, is an endogenous steroid and the C3β sulfate ester of cholesterol. It is ... also known as cholesterol sulfotransferase) and is converted back into cholesterol by steroid sulfatase (STS). Accumulation of ... a congenital disorder in which STS is non-functional and the body cannot convert cholesterol sulfate back into cholesterol. ... cholesterol sulfate in the skin is implicated in the pathophysiology of X-linked ichthyosis, ...
... (EC 1.14.13.98), also commonly known as cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase, cholesterol 24-monooxygenase, ... Cholesterol-24 hydroxylase contributes to brain cholesterol homeostasis by hydroxylating cholesterol at carbon-24 to 24S- ... A single cholesterol molecule takes up the entirety of the active site, with the aliphatic tail of the cholesterol held in ... UniProt entry on Cholesterol-24 hydroxylase HMDB Database entry RCSB Protein Data Bank Entry Review on Cholesterol-24 ...
In enzymology, a cholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction cholesterol ... Mitton JR, Scholan NA, Boyd GS (1971). "The oxidation of cholesterol in rat liver sub-cellular particles The cholesterol-7- ... Boyd GS, Grimwade AM, Lawson ME (1973). "Studies on rat-liver microsomal cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase". Eur. J. Biochem. 37 ( ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7alpha-hydroxylating). Other names in ...
... (Thr123----Ile) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (Thr347----Met)". J. Clin. Invest ... 1992). "Interaction of rat lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase with rat apolipoprotein A-I and with lecithin-cholesterol ... that converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester (a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol), which is then sequestered into ... Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...
In enzymology, a cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.99.38) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction cholesterol + AH2 ... November 2020). "Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol". The ... Lund EG, Kerr TA, Sakai J, Li WP, Russell DW (December 1998). "cDNA cloning of mouse and human cholesterol 25-hydroxylases, ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (25-hydroxylating). This enzyme ...
... is a multi-step process resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from peripheral tissues back ... The cholesterol is converted to cholesteryl esters by the enzyme LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase). The cholesteryl ... HDL is discoidal in shape because it lacks esterified cholesterol but as it keeps accumulating free cholesterol in it, the ... and these lipoproteins can be taken up by secreting unesterified cholesterol into the bile or by converting cholesterol to bile ...
... cholesterol absorption inhibitors block the uptake of micellar cholesterol, thereby reducing the incorporation of cholesterol ... Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are a class of compounds that prevent the uptake of cholesterol from the small intestine into ... Phytosterols are also cholesterol absorption inhibitors. There are two sources of cholesterol in the upper intestine: dietary ( ... By reducing the cholesterol content in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants, cholesterol absorption inhibitors effectively ...
Other cholesterol schemes have also been developed: racemic cholesterol was synthesized in 1966 by W.S. Johnson, the enantiomer ... Cholesterol total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule cholesterol and is considered ... The route from cholestanol to cholesterol was already known (see: Robinson synthesis). Woodward Cholesterol Synthesis @ ... The unnatural cholesterol molecule that has also been synthesized is called ent-cholesterol. The Robinson synthesis is an ...
The presence of cholesterol in the target membrane is required for pore formation, though the presence of cholesterol is not ... The thiol-activated Cholesterol-dependent Cytolysin (CDC) family (TC# 1.C.12) is a member of the MACPF superfamily. Cholesterol ... If cholesterol concentration exceeds a certain point, free cholesterol will begin to precipitate out of the membrane. The ... CDC are sensitive to both oxygen and cholesterol. Toxins isolated from culture supernatants, pre-incubated with cholesterol, ...
The enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase catalyzes the reaction that converts cholesterol into cholesterol 7 alpha ... Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of bile acid from cholesterol via the classic ... Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase also known as cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase or cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) is an enzyme ... Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 heme enzyme that oxidizes cholesterol in the position 7 using molecular ...
Cholesterol effluxes from cells as free cholesterol and is transported in HDL as esterified cholesterol. LCAT is the enzyme ... Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters in lipoproteins. Symptoms of the familial ... cholesterol in HDL particles. However, there is only a partial deficiency because the enzyme remains active on the cholesterol ... high plasma unesterified cholesterol in HDL particles, and low cholesterol ester in HDL particles but normal levels in low- ...
The National Cholesterol Education Program is a program managed by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, a division of ... NCEP main page Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults ( ... Its goal is to reduce increased cardiovascular disease rates due to hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) in the ...
... however its activity is limited by the supply of cholesterol in the inner membrane. The supplying of cholesterol to this ... Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an acronym for side-chain cleavage. ... Cholesterol Pregnenolone Cytochrome+P450scc at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: ... Cholesterol and adrenodoxin interactions at equilibrium and during turnover". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (9): ...
"Identification of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase, a key enzyme removing cholesterol from macrophages". The Journal of ... "Identification of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase, a key enzyme removing cholesterol from macrophages". The Journal of ... "The critical role of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 in cholesterol removal from human macrophages". Circulation Research ... "The critical role of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 in cholesterol removal from human macrophages". Circulation Research ...
A cholesterol level of 5.5 millimoles per litre or below is recommended for an adult. The rise of cholesterol in the body can ... Nutrition Plant stanol ester Fatty acid Mayo Clinic Cholesterol: Top 5 foods to lower your numbers High cholesterol Important ... High-density lipoprotein is commonly called "good" cholesterol. These lipoproteins help in the removal of cholesterol from the ... Normal Cholesterol Levels? Cholesterol Information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (Webarchive template ...
... (EC 3.3.2.11, cholesterol-epoxide hydrolase, ChEH) is an enzyme with systematic name 5,6alpha- ... cholesterol-5,6-oxide+hydrolase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 3.3. ... Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M (August 2012). "Cholesterol epoxide hydrolase and cancer". Curr Opin Pharmacol. 12 (6): 696-703. ... Sevanian A, McLeod LL (January 1986). "Catalytic properties and inhibition of hepatic cholesterol-epoxide hydrolase". The ...
It includes information about cholesterol and what foods people can eat to immediately reduce cholesterol, as well as what ... "Robert Kowalski and the 8-Week Cholesterol Cure". Polish American Journal. 1992. ProQuest 367379184. "Cholesterol Was Sending ... He also recommends exercise and emphasizes the use of niacin as a cure for cholesterol. The book became a bestseller after its ... The New 8-Week Cholesterol Cure is a 1987 health book by Robert Kowalski, who wrote it as a personal recollection about dealing ...
However, other indicators measuring cholesterol such as high total/HDL cholesterol ratio are more predictive than total serum ... Meta-analyses have found a significant relationship between saturated fat and serum cholesterol levels. High total cholesterol ... "Cholesterol". Irish Heart Foundation. Retrieved 28 February 2011. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health ... "Lower your cholesterol". National Health Service. Retrieved 3 May 2012. "Nutrition Facts at a Glance - Nutrients: Saturated Fat ...
Cholesterol , Diabetes , Health Direct". YouTube. (Articles with short description, Short description is different from ...
What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Advameg, Inc. "Screening for Type 2 Diabetes". Clinical ...
... cholesterol)". GPnotebook. Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum Last ... Retrieved on September 12, 2009 "HDL Cholesterol: The Test". September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-09-03. GP ... Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009 Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of ... there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L ...
Cholesterol. 2013: 792090. doi:10.1155/2013/792090. PMC 3814057. PMID 24222847. Botts SR, Fish JE, Howe KL (December 2021). " ...
"diabetes FAQ: general (part 1 of 5)Section - What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol?". www.faqs.org. ...
Find up-to-date facts about high cholesterol in the United States broken out by ethnicity, race, and sex. ... Cholesterol Resources for Health Professionalsplus icon *Cholesterol Communications Kit. *Cholesterol Patient Education ... About Cholesterolplus icon *LDL and HDL Cholesterol: "Bad" and "Good" Cholesterol ... High cholesterol has no symptoms, so many people dont know that their cholesterol is too high. A simple blood test can check ...
Learn which heart-healthy lifestyle changes can help lower your cholesterol. ... LDL cholesterol is sometimes called "bad" cholesterol.. "Many people in this country have too many of these LDL particles in ... Have you had your cholesterol checked? Most adults should have a cholesterol test every 4 to 6 years. Thats because nearly 78 ... You may also have heard about "good" cholesterol: high-density lipoproteins, or HDL. HDL particles absorb cholesterol and carry ...
Know the types (HDL and LDL), and how to lower high cholesterol. ... Your body needs some cholesterol, but too much can raise your ... Dietary Fat and Cholesterol (Boston Childrens Hospital) Also in Spanish * What Is Cholesterol? (Nemours Foundation) Also in ... Cholesterol and lifestyle (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Cholesterol testing and results (Medical Encyclopedia) Also ... What is cholesterol?. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance thats found in all the cells in your body. Your body needs ...
Dietary flaxseed independently lowers circulating cholesterol and lowers it beyond the effects of cholesterol-lowering ... the products lowered blood levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. It is important to ... Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterols/stanols provided in capsule and tablet formats: results of a systematic review ... Long-term dietary intake of oats or oat bran can have a beneficial effect on blood cholesterol. Studies suggest that there is a ...
Dictionary Definition: cholesterol. cholesterol. A type of fat produced by your liver and found in your blood. Cholesterol is ...
Learn about what your cholesterol levels mean and how to prevent problems. ... High blood cholesterol causes plaque (fatty deposits) to build up in your blood vessels, raising your risk of heart attack or ... High levels of "good" HDL cholesterol may actually lower your risk for health problems. HDL cholesterol carries cholesterol and ... Routine blood tests can show whether your cholesterol levels are healthy. To help get your cholesterol levels into the healthy ...
Serum Cholesterol Data Serum Cholesterol Data Summary Record Layout, Serum Cholesterol Data Detailed Notes, Serum Cholesterol ... SERUM CHOLESTEROL DATA INFORMATION Update Information about the Serum Cholesterol Data This is the second release of the serum ... Serum Cholesterol Data Summary Tape Positions Catalog number 351-354 Serum Cholesterol 355-357 Imputation code 358 Birth ... Update to the Serum Cholesterol Data Sample Sequence Cholesterol Values Number Old New 00224 178 294 00425 161 221 00461 221 ...
In this enzymatic method, esterified cholesterol is converted to cholesterol by cholesterol esterase. The resulting cholesterol ... LBXTC - Total Cholesterol (mg/dL). Variable Name: LBXTC. SAS Label: Total Cholesterol (mg/dL). English Text: Total Cholesterol ... Total Cholesterol( mmol/L). English Text: Total Cholesterol( mmol/L). Target: Both males and females 6 YEARS - 150 YEARS. Code ... In 2006, total cholesterol was measured enzymatically in serum using the Roche Hitachi 717 and 912. In 2007, total cholesterol ...
... [Abstract Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase ... Promotes Efferocytosis and Resolution of Lung Inflammation] [Synopsis Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase Promotes Efferocytosis and ...
Researchers found evidence that the Alzheimers-related gene APOE4 disrupts cholesterol management in the brain and weakens ... The team then took a closer look at genes related to cholesterol and other lipids. Cholesterol-manufacturing genes were overly ... They found that a drug called cyclodextrin, which promotes cholesterol transport, reduced cholesterol buildup and improved ... Alzheimers tied to cholesterol, abnormal nerve insulation At a Glance. *Researchers found evidence that the Alzheimers- ...
Many Adults with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Are Not Meeting Goal LDL-Cholesterol Level. People with the genetic disorder ... data from the FH Foundations CASCADE FH Registry suggests that many individuals with FH are not meeting blood LDL-cholesterol ... familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have increased blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which increases ...
The most striking feature is the empty elongated spicular spaces formerly occupied by cholesterol crystals, often referred to ... and crystalline-shaped cholesterol clefts. This small resolving degenerative lesion is adjacent to the dentate gyrus of the ... These cholesterol crystals remain in the tissue for prolonged, often lifelong, periods. The striking appearance of cholesterol ... Tissue processing with solvent has removed the cholesterol. Associated with cholesterol clefts are many mixed glial cells and ...
o Studies of other low cholesterol states, including low cholesterol associated with various co-morbid conditions, and the ... the plasma cholesterol distribution, where cholesterol-lowering efforts are directed. Given the great effort that has been put ... low cholesterol diets compatible with both low blood cholesterol levels and generally good health. Some individuals simply ... cholesterol lowering with most of the other data on low cholesterol conditions. Healthy animals eating diets in the wild ...
Can cholesterol-lowering medicine make radiation more effective at curing prostate cancer? Peer-Reviewed Publication American ... Can cholesterol-lowering medicine make radiation more effective at curing prostate cancer?. American Society for Radiation ... Statins are a class of drugs used to lower the cholesterol level in people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. ... with prostate cancer who receive high-dose radiation treatment and also take statin drugs commonly used to lower cholesterol ...
You may think high cholesterol is linked to fatty foods and smoking. But some other causes may surprise you: certain coffees, ... cholesterol center/ cholesterol a-z list/slideshows a-z list , surprising causes of high cholesterol triglyceride article ... Cholesterol & Triglycerides: Surprising Causes of High Cholesterol. *Reviewed By: Brunilda Nazario, MD ... Cholesterol affects the way your kidneys work. Research shows that high cholesterol may harm kidney function and raise your ...
... top-line results from nine clinical trials showed that patients receiving alirocumab had larger reductions in LDL cholesterol ... Patients in the long-term study will be treated for 78 weeks (the change in LDL cholesterol from baseline at 78 weeks is the ... Cite this: Alirocumab Effectively Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Nine Trials: Top-Line Results from ODYSSEY - Medscape - Jul 30, ... Alirocumab Effectively Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Nine Trials: Top-Line Results from ODYSSEY. ...
NIA-funded researchers identify link between Alzheimers-related gene and cholesterol and abnormal nerve insulation. ... The team then took a closer look at genes related to cholesterol and other lipids. Cholesterol-manufacturing genes were overly ... They found that a drug called cyclodextrin, which promotes cholesterol transport, reduced cholesterol buildup and improved ... It helps to transport cholesterol and other fatty molecules, or lipids. The gene that produces APOE comes in a few different ...
Xanthelasmas are yellowish patches of cholesterol built up under the skin. On careful inspection, he noticed a lipoma (a benign ... When he glances at the iconic image, he sees a woman suffering from high cholesterol. ...
Can You Lower Your Bad Cholesterol Too Much?. New drugs used alongside statins can lower LDL cholesterol to really low levels ... If you are watching your cholesterol levels, you know that it is important to look at the cholesterol content, as well as ... Why Do I Have High Triglycerides but Normal Cholesterol?. Having high triglycerides but low cholesterol can result from factors ... Cholesterol is a substance made in the liver thats vital to human life. It isnt all good, nor is it all bad. Learn what you ...
A traditional remedy used for 2,500 years in Indian ayurvedic medicine works to lower cholesterol, and in a new way that might ... "In normal mice you feed them cholesterol and the cholesterol level in the liver goes up, but if you feed them cholesterol and ... FXR helps regulate cholesterol by affecting bile acids, which are produced from cholesterol and released by the liver. ... "We put mice on a high cholesterol diet for a week and measured cholesterol levels in the liver," said Moore, who worked with ...
Cholesterol, HDL. Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS ... All MeSH CategoriesChemicals and Drugs CategoryLipidsMembrane LipidsSterolsCholesterolCholesterol, HDL ... All MeSH CategoriesChemicals and Drugs CategoryPolycyclic CompoundsFused-Ring CompoundsSteroidsCholestanesSterolsCholesterol ... All MeSH CategoriesChemicals and Drugs CategoryLipidsLipoproteinsLipoproteins, HDLCholesterol, HDL ...
Targeting cholesterol metabolism in the eye might help prevent a severe form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of ... Targeting cholesterol metabolism in the eye might help prevent a severe form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of ... Having high blood cholesterol is not strongly related to AMD, and it remains to be determined whether statins and other ... Drusen, and the cholesterol within them, have been prime suspects. And based on genetic studies, including a recent genome-wide ...
A Congressional committee is investigating Merck and Schering-Plough for their handling of a critical clinical trial of Zetia, their blockbuster cholesterol-lowering drug.
But high cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease. Lifestyle changes can help. ... You need some cholesterol in your blood to build healthy cells. ... Eggs and cholesterol * HDL cholesterol: How to boost your good ... Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of ... Cholesterol is carried through your blood, attached to proteins. This combination of proteins and cholesterol is called a ...
This site provides information about cholesterol, including why cholesterol matters; understanding your risk for cholesterol; ... symptoms, diagnosis, and monitoring of cholesterol; prevention and treatment of cholesterol; and cholesterol tools and ... CDCs High Cholesterol web site provide a variety of information on cholesterol, including trends and statistics, economic ... High Blood Cholesterol - What You Need to Know pdf icon[PDF-196KB]external icon publications for consumers and the general ...
WKYCs Monica Robbins sits down with a Cleveland Clinic doctor to talk about high cholesterol and ways to keep it under control ... WKYCs Monica Robbins sits down with a Cleveland Clinic doctor to talk about high cholesterol and ways to keep it under control ...
Hereditary high blood cholesterol leads to premature heart disease. It is overlooked and untreated virtually worldwide - ... Cholesterol levels above 8 mmol/L in adults and above 6 mmol/L in children are a strong indication of the condition, and the ... Hereditary high blood cholesterol leads to premature heart disease. It is overlooked and untreated virtually worldwide - ... Familial hypercholesterolaemia is easy to diagnose; it only requires a blood cholesterol test and a family history of early- ...
It was shown that saturated fat, dietary cholesterol, and caloric imbalance leading to obesity all raised serum cholesterol; ... Since 1960, it has been clear that both blood pressure and serum cholesterol relate significantly and independently as major ... Recently, trans fatty acids have also been shown to have adverse effects on serum cholesterol.) ... and their adoption by wide sectors of the public accounts for the steady decline in adult population average serum cholesterol ...
"Both HDLs and LDLs contain a mixture of free and esterified cholesterol, and free cholesterol is known to be toxic to many ... On the other hand, HDL, the good cholesterol, carries excess cholesterol from different tissues to the liver for breakdown, ... For that reason, LDL is often considered bad cholesterol since high levels of LDLs cause cholesterol accumulation and ... "Cholesterol is the backbone of all steroidal hormones, and an orchestra of hormones is needed to have a fertile animal," said ...
  • Studies have found that lowering LDL cholesterol levels reduces heart disease and stroke. (nih.gov)
  • Cycling is another effective way of lowering LDL cholesterol levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A 2015 randomized controlled trial of 110 participants with clinically significant cardiovascular disease found that milled flaxseed lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with peripheral artery disease and may have additional low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-lowering capabilities when used in conjunction with cholesterol-lowering medications. (nih.gov)
  • Research shows that it raises your risk for high LDL ("bad") cholesterol and lowers levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
  • In this article, we look at whether exercise lowers cholesterol. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Tests in mice showed guggul extract lowers cholesterol by blocking the effects of FXR. (cnn.com)
  • PCSK9, which stands for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,lowers the amount of receptors responsible for taking low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or LDL cholesterol, out of the bloodstream, so by lowering the amount of PCSK9 protein, the number of receptors is increased and more LDL cholesterol -- that's the bad kind -- is removed from the bloodstream. (foxbusiness.com)
  • In March, Esperion Therapeutics told investors the Food and Drug Administration indicated that showing its drug, bempedoic acid, lowers cholesterol levels in patients that aren't helped by statins at the maximally tolerated dose would be enough to gain approval. (foxbusiness.com)
  • How often you get a lipid panel done depends on your age, risk factors, and family history of high blood cholesterol or cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis , heart attack or stroke . (nih.gov)
  • Screening may be performed as early as age 2 if there is a family history of high blood cholesterol, heart attack, or stroke. (nih.gov)
  • Unfortunately, there isn't conclusive evidence that any of these supplements are effective in reducing cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • Some cholesterol medicines , including certain statins , can raise your HDL level, in addition to lowering your LDL level. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have a high Lp(a) level, your doctor may prescribe a Statins , a medicine to help prevent heart disease, even if your other cholesterol levels are in the healthy range. (nih.gov)
  • Statins are a class of drugs used to lower the cholesterol level in people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. (eurekalert.org)
  • Researchers said they were surprised by how few young adults are prescribed statins after a lipid analysis showed their low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was higher than 190 mg/dL, a condition known as dyslipidemia. (healthline.com)
  • Read More: Are Statins Safe for Treating High Cholesterol? (healthline.com)
  • In the Netherlands and Norway, most people suffering from familial hypercholesterolaemia have been identified, and are offered cholesterol-lowering treatment with statins. (scienceblog.com)
  • The researchers also noted that serum opacity factor's dramatic action on HDL could be leveraged as a potential alternative to statins, which are the current gold standard for lowering cholesterol in people with atherosclerosis. (asbmb.org)
  • The most common medicines used to reduce cholesterol levels are called statins . (nih.gov)
  • If your blood cholesterol levels are not within the healthy range for your age and sex, your doctor may order a repeat lipid profile test, especially if you were not fasting before your first lipid panel. (nih.gov)
  • Ask your health care provider about proven steps you can take to lower your blood cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • however, an NCCIH-funded study on the safety and effectiveness of three garlic preparations (fresh garlic, dried powdered garlic tablets, and aged garlic extract tablets) for lowering blood cholesterol levels found no effect. (nih.gov)
  • Some of the human populations living under circumstances of adequate sanitation (in Japan, for example) are known to consume relatively low fat, low cholesterol diets compatible with both low blood cholesterol levels and generally good health. (nih.gov)
  • Saturated fat increases blood cholesterol levels, which can lead to atherosclerosis. (cnn.com)
  • There are several notable factors that can dramatically influence blood cholesterol levels. (projectswole.com)
  • A lipoprotein panel, also called a lipid panel or lipid profile, measures the levels of LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood. (nih.gov)
  • The percentage of misclassified low-LDL-cholesterol patients rose to 59% if triglycerides were between 200 and 399 mg/dL. (medscape.com)
  • Losing extra pounds may help lower your LDL and triglycerides (a type of fat found in the blood and in food), while raising your HDL (often called "good cholesterol," helps keep cholesterol from building up in the arteries). (nih.gov)
  • Over time, this may cause your liver to pump out more cholesterol and blood fats called triglycerides. (medicinenet.com)
  • The workhorses of the fat metabolism processes in the body are lipoproteins that faithfully shuttle cholesterol and triglycerides to different cells of the body. (asbmb.org)
  • Using blood samples, the researchers collected data on the women's gene variants associated with total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. (nih.gov)
  • Total and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012 [PDF - 778K]. (cdc.gov)
  • A 2013 systematic review and meta-analysis of eight studies found that supplementation of plant sterols/stanols (in tablets and capsules) was associated with clinically significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • Cholesterol and triglyceride levels that are higher or lower than normal may be signs of higher risk of coronary heart disease. (nih.gov)
  • Baltimore, MD - The standard method of estimating LDL-cholesterol levels using the Friedewald equation underestimates them, particularly when triglyceride levels are high, according to the results of a new study [ 1 ] . (medscape.com)
  • It is calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels from the total cholesterol level and dividing the remainder by five. (medscape.com)
  • Factors you can control - such as inactivity, obesity and an unhealthy diet - contribute to harmful cholesterol and triglyceride levels. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Your cells use cholesterol for many important functions, like making hormones and digesting fatty foods. (nih.gov)
  • It helps to transport cholesterol and other fatty molecules, or lipids. (nih.gov)
  • Cholesterol helps the body build cells, make vitamins and hormones, and digest some fatty foods. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Recently, trans fatty acids have also been shown to have adverse effects on serum cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • With high cholesterol, you can develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels. (mayoclinic.org)
  • According to the company, that tiny edit should be enough to permanently lower a person's levels of "bad" LDL cholesterol, the fatty molecule that causes arteries to clog and harden with time. (technologyreview.com)
  • Cholesterol and phytosterol are sterols, fatty compounds essential for many biological processes such as the functioning of cell membranes. (phys.org)
  • Between 2017 and 2020, 10% of adults age 20 or older had total cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dL and about 17% had high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good") cholesterol levels below 40 mg/dL. (cdc.gov)
  • Slightly more than half of U.S. adults (54.5%, or 47 million people) who could benefit from cholesterol medicine are currently taking it. (cdc.gov)
  • About 86 million U.S. adults age 20 or older have total cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dL. (cdc.gov)
  • Nearly 25 million adults in the United States have total cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dL. (cdc.gov)
  • The chart below shows the prevalence of high total cholesterol (240 mg/dL or more) among adults age 20 and older in the United States from 2017 to 2020. (cdc.gov)
  • About two thirds of U.S. adults say they have had their cholesterol checked within the last 5 years. (cdc.gov)
  • Most healthy adults should have their cholesterol checked every 4 to 6 years. (cdc.gov)
  • That's because nearly 78 million American adults have high levels of the type of cholesterol that's linked to heart disease and stroke. (nih.gov)
  • Approximately 13 percent of U.S. adults has high total cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • About 38% of adults in the United States have high LDL cholesterol. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Dr. Andrew Freeman, director of cardiovascular prevention and wellness for National Jewish Health, said there is also the problem of younger adults not being screened for cholesterol levels. (healthline.com)
  • He said awareness of the dangers of high cholesterol is important, especially since many younger adults feel they are invincible and sometimes avoid preventative care. (healthline.com)
  • Cholesterol levels above 8 mmol/L in adults and above 6 mmol/L in children are a strong indication of the condition, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by a gene test. (scienceblog.com)
  • Detailed Notes Update Information about the Serum Cholesterol Data Serum Cholesterol Information Use of Special Terms, Serum Cholesterol Data Serum Cholesterol Data Summary Record Layout, Serum Cholesterol Data Detailed Notes, Serum Cholesterol Data Use of NHANES Data NCHS requests the cooperation of recipients of data tapes in certain actions related to their use: 1. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2005, total cholesterol was measured enzymatically in serum using the Roche Hitachi 717. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2007, total cholesterol was measured in serum using Roche Modular P chemistry analyzer. (cdc.gov)
  • It dropped my total serum cholesterol by 10 percent," he said. (cnn.com)
  • Since 1960, it has been clear that both blood pressure and serum cholesterol relate significantly and independently as major risk factors for epidemic coronary/cardiovascular disease, along with cigarette smoking. (nih.gov)
  • The overwhelming evidence on these readily measured major risk factors stimulated extensive and varied research on factors influencing serum cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • These findings formed the basis for widely circulated recommendations for improving nutrition, and their adoption by wide sectors of the public accounts for the steady decline in adult population average serum cholesterol levels over the next decades. (nih.gov)
  • They also reversed infertility in sterile preclinical models by reducing high circulating cholesterol with a bacterial protein called serum opacity factor. (asbmb.org)
  • Although the protein's primary function is to increase bacterial colonization, serum opacity factor alters the structure of cholesterol-carrying high-density lipoproteins or HDLs, making it easier for the liver to dispose of the excess cholesterol that is preventing conception. (asbmb.org)
  • In our experiments, serum opacity factor lowered cholesterol levels by more than 40% in 3 hours. (asbmb.org)
  • This is the graphical abstract for "Serum opacity factor rescues fertility among female Scarb1−/− mice by reducing HDL-free cholesterol bioavailability," published in the Journal of Lipid Research in February. (asbmb.org)
  • For their next set of experiments, the team engineered an adeno-associated virus to deliver the gene for serum opacity factor to mice lacking HDL receptors and thus have high blood cholesterol. (asbmb.org)
  • It is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Lowering cholesterol levels can slow down, reduce, or even stop plaque from building up in the walls of arteries and may decrease the chance of having a heart attack. (nih.gov)
  • Saturated fat raises your LDL cholesterol level (often called "bad cholesterol," the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockage in the arteries) more than anything else in your diet. (nih.gov)
  • LDL cholesterol builds up in the walls of your arteries, making them hard and narrow. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This means an unusually dangerous amount of cholesterol is present in your blood, and therefore arteries, at any given time. (projectswole.com)
  • Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that your body needs to function properly. (nih.gov)
  • But too much cholesterol in your blood can cause waxy buildup called plaques in blood vessels. (nih.gov)
  • Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Cholesterol is a lipidic, waxy steroid found in the cell membranes and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. (phys.org)
  • Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance made by the body. (nih.gov)
  • Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • HDL particles absorb cholesterol and carry it to the liver. (nih.gov)
  • Cholesterol, a steroid molecule with a hydroxyl group in the C3 position, is synthesized in many types of tissue, but mainly in the liver and intestinal wall. (cdc.gov)
  • At the same time, it is clear that a low cholesterol level can be caused not only by certain genetic conditions, but also can be an epiphenomenon of conditions such as weight loss, infection, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, anemia, malabsorption and certain types of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Your liver makes, processes, and breaks down cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
  • When your liver doesn't work properly, it can affect your cholesterol levels. (medicinenet.com)
  • Along with processing cholesterol, your liver also breaks down alcohol. (medicinenet.com)
  • FXR helps regulate cholesterol by affecting bile acids, which are produced from cholesterol and released by the liver. (cnn.com)
  • We put mice on a high cholesterol diet for a week and measured cholesterol levels in the liver," said Moore, who worked with colleagues at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. (cnn.com)
  • In normal mice you feed them cholesterol and the cholesterol level in the liver goes up, but if you feed them cholesterol and give them guggulsterone at the same time, the cholesterol levels stay the same," he said. (cnn.com)
  • HDL , the "good" cholesterol, picks up excess cholesterol and takes it back to your liver. (mayoclinic.org)
  • For example, your genetic makeup might make it more difficult for your body to remove LDL cholesterol from your blood or break it down in the liver. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Low-density lipoprotein or LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to other tissues. (asbmb.org)
  • On the other hand, HDL, the 'good cholesterol,' carries excess cholesterol from different tissues to the liver for breakdown, thereby bringing down cholesterol levels. (asbmb.org)
  • These actually carry cholesterol from the cells to the liver so that they can be processed as bile acids, excreted in the bile as cholesterol, or returned to the plasma as a component of VLDL. (projectswole.com)
  • Cholesterol is excreted by the liver via the bile into the digestive tract. (phys.org)
  • Researchers found that diabetes, age-related health conditions and other metabolic disorders can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the retina. (nih.gov)
  • Your doctor may order a blood test called a lipid panel to screen for unhealthy cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • Directly measuring LDL cholesterol would be an additional test on top of a standard lipid panel and cost the healthcare system extra money. (medscape.com)
  • The degraded lipid from lysed cell membranes results in intracel ular accumulation of free cholesterol and triacylglycerol, along with other compounds. (nih.gov)
  • Cholesterol measurement is performed to screen for atherosclerotic risk and in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders involving elevated cholesterol as well as lipid and lipoprotein metabolic disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • As predicted, when the researchers fed the sterile mice with a lipid-lowering drug called probucol, both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels reduced, and the animals were temporarily rescued from infertility. (asbmb.org)
  • This union causes one HDL molecule to dump some of its cholesterol into the other HDL molecule, making one HDL lipid-rich and the other lipid poor. (asbmb.org)
  • Lastly comes the "good" cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which are the smallest and densest of the lipid-carriers. (projectswole.com)
  • The genes that you inherit from your parents, other medical conditions, and certain medicines can also cause high cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • If your genes put you at risk for high cholesterol, your close relatives might have a similar risk. (nih.gov)
  • The team then took a closer look at genes related to cholesterol and other lipids. (nih.gov)
  • Cholesterol-manufacturing genes were overly expressed, and cholesterol-transporting genes dysregulated, in brain cells called oligodendrocytes with the APOE4 gene. (nih.gov)
  • It is worth noting that there are two main types of cholesterol in a person's body: LDL cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good," cholesterol. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Running can also help reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol in a person's blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a person's first cholesterol screening should occur between the ages of 9 and 11, and then be repeated every five years after that. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Find up-to-date facts about high cholesterol in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Know the Facts About High Cholesterol fact sheet developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (cdc.gov)
  • The NHLBI recommends that cholesterol screenings occur every one to two years for men ages 45 to 65 and for women ages 55 to 65. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Lab tests can measure the different types of cholesterol in your blood. (nih.gov)
  • There are different types of cholesterol, based on what the lipoprotein carries. (mayoclinic.org)
  • People with the genetic disorder familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have increased blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which increases their risk for developing coronary artery disease or having a heart attack. (cdc.gov)
  • Research shows that nephrotic syndrome, a type of kidney disorder, increases your LDL and total cholesterol levels. (medicinenet.com)
  • High cholesterol increases the risk of heart disease. (nih.gov)
  • That trial won't be ready for submission until about 2022, but data from three clinical trials looking at cholesterol levels as their main endpoint will be ready by mid-2018, which will allow Experion to file for approval in the first half of 2019, a few years earlier than if the FDA wanted to wait for the cardiovascular outcomes study for an approval. (foxbusiness.com)
  • Excess body weight and eating a lot of animal fats are linked to high levels of LDL cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • Apoptosis of macrophages results when they are loaded with these latter compounds and the usual cellular safety mechanisms preventing excess free cholesterol accumulation fail. (nih.gov)
  • Second, you should try to lose weight since overweight individuals tend to exhibit higher cholesterol readings than thinner people due to the excess lipids floating around in their bodies. (projectswole.com)
  • For that reason, LDL is often considered 'bad cholesterol' since high levels of LDLs cause cholesterol accumulation and consequently diseases, such as atherosclerosis. (asbmb.org)
  • These animals have unnaturally high levels of HDL cholesterol circulating in their bloodstream, making them ideal model systems for atherosclerosis. (asbmb.org)
  • However excessive levels of cholesterol in blood circulation are strongly associated with progression of atherosclerosis. (phys.org)
  • The dietary supplements red yeast rice, flaxseed, and garlic, are among the many supplements that have been studied for lowering cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • The most common cause of high LDL cholesterol is an unhealthy lifestyle. (nih.gov)
  • High cholesterol can be inherited, but it's often the result of unhealthy lifestyle choices, which make it preventable and treatable. (mayoclinic.org)
  • But having too much cholesterol in your blood raises your risk of coronary artery disease . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Having high blood cholesterol raises the risk for heart disease, the leading cause of death, and for stroke, the fifth leading cause of death. (cdc.gov)
  • The scientists first identified a SNP ( LIPG 396Ser) that raises blood plasma HDL cholesterol levels without changing other known risk factors. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, if an intervention such as a drug raises HDL cholesterol, we cannot automatically assume that risk of myocardial infarction will be reduced. (nih.gov)
  • Both HDLs and LDLs contain a mixture of free and esterified cholesterol, and free cholesterol is known to be toxic to many tissues," said Henry J. Pownall, PhD , professor of biochemistry in medicine and senior author on the study. (asbmb.org)
  • Also, people with histories of eating disorders sometimes have very low total cholesterol and/or LDLs. (veggieboards.com)
  • The use of foods containing added plant stanols or sterols is an option in conventional treatment for high cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • The evidence for the effectiveness of the supplements is less extensive than the evidence for foods containing stanols or sterols, but in general, studies show that stanol or sterol supplements, taken with meals, can reduce cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • Further analysis showed no significant difference between the LDL-cholesterol−lowering action of plant sterols/stanols supplements compared with foods enriched with plant sterols/stanols. (nih.gov)
  • Although many types of supplements are touted for lowering high cholesterol levels, those with the best evidence of efficacy are sterols/stanols, red yeast rice , and high-dose niacin . (consumerlab.com)
  • A new consensus report documents massive underdiagnosis and undertreatment of hereditary high blood cholesterol - so-called familial hypercholesterolaemia - in practically all 200 countries in the world, the only exceptions being the Netherlands and Norway. (scienceblog.com)
  • In New Zealand, where Verve's clinical trial is taking place, doctors will give the gene treatment to 40 people who have an inherited form of high cholesterol known as familial hypercholesterolemia, or FH. (technologyreview.com)
  • When there's too much cholesterol in your blood, the cholesterol from LDL can increase your risk for developing cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. (nih.gov)
  • PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF LOW CHOLESTEROL STATES NIH GUIDE, Volume 23, Number 15, April 15, 1994 PA NUMBER: PA-94-057 P.T. 34 Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases Pathophysiology Social Psychology Biochemistry, Lipids Genetics National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute National Institute on Aging PURPOSE The purpose of this program announcement is to foster research that will improve the understanding of low cholesterol states in health and sickness. (nih.gov)
  • About 7% of U.S. children and adolescents ages 6 to 19 have high total cholesterol. (cdc.gov)
  • The study found that the supplementation of isoflavones when combined with exercise training was effective in reducing total cholesterol and increasing interleukin-8 levels. (nih.gov)
  • There were changes in the instruments used to measure total cholesterol. (cdc.gov)
  • No adjustment of values was necessary to account for the change in instrumentation for total cholesterol between 2005-2006 and 2007-2008. (cdc.gov)
  • The total cholesterol in mg/dL (LBXTC) was converted to mmol/L (LBDTCSI) by multiplying by 0.02586. (cdc.gov)
  • 86:1046-1060) described how a large number of observational epidemiological studies show a consistent J-shaped curve relationship between total cholesterol level and total mortality risk, with increased mortality rates observed in males having very low cholesterol levels (120-140 mg/dL and below). (nih.gov)
  • So, when you have an underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism, your levels of total and LDL cholesterol go up. (medicinenet.com)
  • Research shows that LDL and total cholesterol levels rise around and after your final period. (medicinenet.com)
  • A 2014 review found that premenopausal individuals who underwent supervised resistance training sessions saw the amounts of total and LDL cholesterol in their body reduce over 14 weeks. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Generally, a total cholesterol level above 200 mg/dL is considered high and could increase the risk for heart disease. (cnn.com)
  • every decrease in total cholesterol by 30 mg/dL was associated with a 22% increase in death rate. (cnn.com)
  • Edit: What is your total cholesterol? (veggieboards.com)
  • For an adult, typical total body cholesterol synthesis is about 1 gram per day (less if dietary intake is high) and total body cholesterol content is about 35 g. (phys.org)
  • With HDL cholesterol, higher numbers are better, because a high HDL level can lower your risk for coronary artery disease and stroke . (medlineplus.gov)
  • That's why scientists previously thought that raising levels of HDL cholesterol might lower your risk for heart disease and stroke. (nih.gov)
  • For some people, lifestyle changes aren't enough to lower LDL cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • And remember that heart-healthy lifestyle changes can not only lower cholesterol levels but also bring many long-term health benefits. (nih.gov)
  • A 2015 meta-analysis of 35 studies indicated that soy foods were more effective in lowering cholesterol than soy protein supplements and that isoflavones did not lower cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • Studies of flaxseed preparations to lower cholesterol levels suggest possible beneficial effects for some types of flaxseed supplements, including whole flaxseed and flaxseed lignans but not flaxseed oil. (nih.gov)
  • Studies of flaxseed and flaxseed oil to lower cholesterol levels have had mixed results. (nih.gov)
  • The increase in HDL cholesterol linked to the genetic risk score wasn't associated with a lower risk of heart attack either. (nih.gov)
  • Studies of flaxseed preparations to lower cholesterol levels report mixed results. (nih.gov)
  • They also have lower amounts of protective HDL cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
  • Does exercise lower cholesterol? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Regular exercise can lower cholesterol, reducing the risk of adverse health outcomes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The American Heart Association (AHA) advise people to aim for a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise per week to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or "bad," cholesterol levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the AHA, 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise per week is enough to lower cholesterol and reduce high blood pressure . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A person can lower the levels of LDL cholesterol in their body in other ways, too. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It really does lower cholesterol in a number of clinical studies in the Indian literature," Moore said. (cnn.com)
  • Moore wanted to study FXR more, so he looked for compounds known to lower cholesterol whose mechanism of action was not understood. (cnn.com)
  • Moore, who takes statin drugs to lower his own cholesterol, tried guggul. (cnn.com)
  • Guggul is not the first "natural" remedy found to lower cholesterol. (cnn.com)
  • Tree nuts, such as cashews, help lower bad cholesterol and boost good cholesterol. (cnn.com)
  • Researchers found, not surprisingly, that the group that got the diet rich in linolenic acid had lower cholesterol, by about 13%, than the saturated fat diet group. (cnn.com)
  • What was surprising was that lower cholesterol was actually associated with an increased risk of dying during the study period, and this was true for both the saturated fat and unsaturated fat diet groups. (cnn.com)
  • Do sterol/stanol and policosanol supplements lower cholesterol? (consumerlab.com)
  • In a first, a patient in New Zealand has undergone gene-editing to lower their cholesterol. (technologyreview.com)
  • A volunteer in New Zealand has become the first person to undergo DNA editing in order to lower their blood cholesterol, a step that may foreshadow wide use of the technology to prevent heart attacks. (technologyreview.com)
  • If you want to know how to lower your cholesterol with exercise, here are some great workouts that can help you start dropping those dangerous fats today! (projectswole.com)
  • How Do I Lower My Cholesterol? (projectswole.com)
  • Eating foods that are low in saturated fat, trans fat , and cholesterol and getting regular exercise can help prevent or lower high cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • People can take these steps to prevent high cholesterol or lower cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • Some HIV medicines can interact with medicines that lower cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • About 75 per cent of cholesterol is newly synthesized, with the remainder originating from dietary intake. (cdc.gov)
  • National survey data show that high blood cholesterol is one of the top 10 conditions for which people use complementary health practices such as dietary supplements. (nih.gov)
  • Find out what the science says about dietary supplements marketed for improving cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • Freeman said this latest study points out the need for more consistent cholesterol diagnosis for patients under the age of 40. (healthline.com)
  • In people with HIV, treatment for high cholesterol may include changing an HIV treatment regimen to avoid taking HIV medicines that can increase cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • What is the treatment for high cholesterol? (nih.gov)
  • Treatment for high cholesterol begins with lifestyle changes. (nih.gov)
  • Also, it is important to know that your risk of coronary heart disease and stroke is based on several other factors, not just your cholesterol levels. (nih.gov)
  • This program announcement, Physiology and Pathology of Low Cholesterol States, is related to the priority area of heart disease and stroke. (nih.gov)
  • However, high levels of LDL cholesterol can be dangerous and put a person at risk of several health issues, including heart attack and stroke . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention has developed a case study of policy, environmental, and systems-level interventions for managing high blood pressure and high cholesterol in health care settings. (cdc.gov)
  • You may also have heard about "good" cholesterol: high-density lipoproteins, or HDL. (nih.gov)
  • The effect of "good" cholesterol on cardiovascular disease may be more complicated than previously thought, according to a new analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Regular exercise is a good way to get fit and healthy and reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol in the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The effect of soy is much smaller than that of cholesterol-lowering drugs. (nih.gov)
  • The scientists next used model systems to test whether APOE4- related abnormalities might be reversed via drugs that affect cholesterol processing. (nih.gov)
  • Some drugs may have an unexpected effect on your cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
  • But the one study that has been done in the United States showed the remedy in fact raised cholesterol slightly, and Moore said it could interact with other drugs. (cnn.com)
  • The Medicines Company , Esperion Therapeutics , and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals are all poised to progress their cholesterol drugs in 2017. (foxbusiness.com)
  • She has been a principal or co-investigator on several NIH-funded projects involving the pleiotropic effects of statin therapy (cholesterol-lowering drugs) in humans. (acsm.org)
  • An avid runner herself, Taylor has conducted studies at the Boston and Hartford Marathons to determine the effects of sustained endurance exercise on blood clot risk, markers of cardiovascular injury and stress, and the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs on these biomarkers. (acsm.org)
  • If your cholesterol is dangerously high, it's also likely your doctor will prescribe a statin. (healthline.com)
  • And, if your cholesterol is dangerously high, there's less than a 50-50 chance you will be given a statin. (healthline.com)
  • During your physical exam, your doctor will check for signs of very high blood cholesterol, such as xanthomas, or signs of other health conditions that can cause high blood cholesterol. (nih.gov)
  • High cholesterol has no symptoms, so many people don't know that their cholesterol is too high. (cdc.gov)
  • High cholesterol has no symptoms. (mayoclinic.org)
  • What are the symptoms of high cholesterol? (nih.gov)
  • Cholesterol travels through the bloodstream in particles called lipoproteins. (nih.gov)
  • Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The body needs cholesterol to function properly but having too much can cause problems. (nih.gov)
  • Risk factors for high cholesterol include a high-fat diet, physical inactivity, and smoking. (nih.gov)
  • Some people, such as those who have heart disease, diabetes, or a family history of high cholesterol, need to get their cholesterol checked more often. (cdc.gov)
  • How often you should get tested depends on your age and other risk factors, including a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease. (nih.gov)
  • Future studies will be needed to understand both the role of HDL cholesterol and why its levels are associated with heart disease risk. (nih.gov)
  • It's linked with obesity, heart disease, and high cholesterol. (medicinenet.com)
  • Your doctor might also suggest more-frequent tests if you have a family history of high cholesterol, heart disease or other risk factors, such as diabetes or high blood pressure. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Hereditary high blood cholesterol leads to premature heart disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • it only requires a blood cholesterol test and a family history of early-onset heart disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • The patient in New Zealand had an inherited risk for extra-high cholesterol and was already suffering from heart disease. (technologyreview.com)
  • Your body uses cholesterol to make hormones and build cell walls. (nih.gov)
  • Your body uses thyroid hormones to help remove the extra cholesterol that it doesn't need. (medicinenet.com)
  • Cholesterol is the backbone of all steroidal hormones, and an orchestra of hormones is needed to have a fertile animal," said Rosales. (asbmb.org)