Cholestasis extrahepatic. Medical search

Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).

Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).

Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).

Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.

The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.

Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.

Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.

Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.

Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.

A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.

Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.

The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.

A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.

A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.

An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.

Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.

Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.

Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.

Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.

A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.

Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.

Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.

The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.

Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.

A subfamily of transmembrane proteins from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that are closely related in sequence to P-GLYCOPROTEIN. When overexpressed, they function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps able to extrude lipophilic drugs, especially ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, from cells causing multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although P-Glycoproteins share functional similarities to MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS they are two distinct subclasses of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS, and have little sequence homology.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.

Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.

Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.

A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.

A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.

Adenocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct bifurcation. These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing. G. Klatskin's original review of 13 cases was published in 1965. Once thought to be relatively uncommon, tumors of the bifurcation of the bile duct now appear to comprise more than one-half of all bile duct cancers. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1457)

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.

A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.

Operation for biliary atresia by anastomosis of the bile ducts into the jejunum or duodenum.

A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.

Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.

Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.

Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

Examination of the portal circulation by the use of X-ray films after injection of radiopaque material.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.

A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).

A condition characterized by an abnormal increase of BILIRUBIN in the blood, which may result in JAUNDICE. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of HEME, is normally excreted in the BILE or further catabolized before excretion in the urine.

A plant genus of the family Lamiaceae. The species of Coleus should be distinguished from PLECTRANTHUS BARBATUS - which is also known as Coleus forskohlii.

A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.

Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.

Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.

A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.

A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)

An infant during the first month after birth.

Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.

Surgical venous shunt between the portal and systemic circulation to effect decompression of the portal circulation. It is performed primarily in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices resulting from portal hypertension. Types of shunt include portacaval, splenorenal, mesocaval, splenocaval, left gastric-caval (coronary-caval), portarenal, umbilicorenal, and umbilicocaval.

Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.

Proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics and their metabolites from the body.

An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

A congenital anatomic malformation of a bile duct, including cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct or the large intrahepatic bile duct. Classification is based on the site and type of dilatation. Type I is most common.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.

An abnormal lipoprotein present in large amounts in patients with obstructive liver diseases such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS. LP-X derives from the reflux of BILE lipoproteins into the bloodstream. LP-X is a low-density lipoprotein rich in free CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS but poor in TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; and protein.

A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.

Persistent flexure or contracture of a joint.

A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.

The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).

Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)

Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.

A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.

A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.

The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).

Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).

A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.

Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.

A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)

Emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding.

The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.

Enlargement of the liver.

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in cardiovascular and cerebral circulation.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.

A sequence-related subfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that actively transport organic substrates. Although considered organic anion transporters, a subset of proteins in this family have also been shown to convey drug resistance to neutral organic drugs. Their cellular function may have clinical significance for CHEMOTHERAPY in that they transport a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of proteins in this class by NEOPLASMS is considered a possible mechanism in the development of multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although similar in function to P-GLYCOPROTEINS, the proteins in this class share little sequence homology to the p-glycoprotein family of proteins.

Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.

A liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 12-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of sterols in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP8B1gene, converts 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one to 7-alpha-12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and is required in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS from cholesterol.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.

Agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus).

Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the COMMON BILE DUCT for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the DUODENUM or JEJUNUM.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

The circulation of BLOOD through the LIVER.

Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.

Administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.

A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)

One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Ethyl ester of iodinated fatty acid of poppyseed oil. It contains 37% organically bound iodine and has been used as a diagnostic aid (radiopaque medium) and as an antineoplastic agent when part of the iodine is 131-I. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Effects of chronic nitric oxide activation or inhibition on early hepatic fibrosis in rats with bile duct ligation. (1/191)

Hepatic fibrosis or increased liver collagen contents drive functional abnormalities that, when extensive, may be life threatening. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the chronic stimulation or inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats with hepatic fibrosis induced by permanent common bile duct ligation (3 weeks) and the role of expression of the different nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Bile duct ligation led to an important accumulation of collagen in the hepatic parenchyma, as shown both histologically and by the hydroxyproline contents of livers. Bilirubin and serum enzyme activities (measured as markers of cholestasis) increased several-fold after bile duct ligation. The area of fibrotic tissue, liver hydroxyproline content and serum markers of cholestasis were clearly related in obstructed rats. The absence of modifications in haemodynamic parameters excludes circulatory changes from being responsible for the development of liver alterations. In animals treated with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) the area of fibrosis was similar to that of untreated animals, the signs of cholestasis and cellular injury being more evident. In rats treated with L-arginine the area of fibrosis was almost three times larger than that found in bile duct ligated rats and in L-NAME-treated bile duct ligated rats, although the observed biochemical changes were similar to those seen in rats treated with L-NAME. Our results with inducible nitric oxide synthase, obtained by Western blots and immunohistochemistry, indicate a greater expression of the inducible enzyme in bile duct ligated and L-arginine-treated animals and a lower expression in the L-NAME and control groups. Constitutive nitric oxide synthase expression, obtained by Western blots, was very similar in all groups, except for the L-arginine-treated rats in which it was lower. These results suggest that nitric oxide production may be a key factor in the development of fibrosis in bile duct ligated rats. They also support the hypothesis of a dual role for nitric oxide; one beneficial, mediated by its circulatory effects, and the second negative, through its local toxic effects. (+info)

Carcinoids of the common bile duct: a case report and literature review. (2/191)

Carcinoids of the extrahepatic bile ducts and particularly the common bile duct are extremely rare. A 65-year-old woman presented with obstructive jaundice. Laboratory and imaging studies gave results that were consistent with an obstructing lesion in the common bile duct. In this case, a stent was inserted initially to decompress the bile ducts. Subsequently a laparotomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy were performed and a tissue diagnosis of carcinoid of the common bile duct was made. The patient was well with no evidence of recurrence 17 months postoperatively. The authors believe this is the 19th reported case of an extrahepatic bile duct carcinoid. (+info)

Biliary obstruction in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: an uncommon diagnosis with specific causes. (3/191)

Jaundice is a common problem in marrow transplant recipients. The incidence of bile duct obstruction in this setting is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of biliary obstruction, the causes, and outcomes following marrow transplant. Consecutive cases were reviewed at two major transplant centers in the United States from 1969 to 1996 at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and 1989 to 1996 at the City of Hope National Medical Center. Nine cases of biliary obstruction were identified as a cause of jaundice in 7412 marrow transplant recipients, an incidence of 0.12%. The presentation was bimodal, with seven cases occurring prior to day 100 and two occurring 2 to 4 years after transplantation. The age distribution was 15 to 50 years and all patients had received allogeneic transplants. The causes of obstruction included gallbladder sludge (n=1), a duodenal hematoma (n=1), choledocholithiasis with biliary pancreatitis (n=1), bile duct infection (n=2), recurrent malignancy (n=1), choledocholithiasis associated with a benign stricture (n=1), Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative disorder (n=1), and a benign stricture of unknown etiology (n=1). Biliary obstruction is a rare cause of jaundice in the post-transplant period. The presentation was similar to that of other post-transplant hepatobiliary problems, but with disparate causes. (+info)

Biliary stenting versus bypass surgery for the palliation of malignant distal bile duct obstruction: a meta-analysis. (4/191)

The objective of this analysis is to compare endoscopic stenting with surgical bypass in patients with unresectable, malignant, distal common bile duct obstruction using the technique of meta-analysis. The inclusion criteria for the studies were randomized patient assignment, publication in the English language, 20 or more patients per group, all patients followed up until death, and follow-up and complications reported in an equivalent way for both treatment arms. Data extraction was performed independently by 2 of the authors. The number of treatment failures, serious complications, requirement for additional treatment sessions, and 30-day mortality were extracted. Three existing trials met the inclusion criteria, all of which compared surgery with the use of plastic stents. There were no studies identified that used metallic expandable stents. For the rate of treatment failure and serious complications, the odds ratios (ORs) of the 3 trials were heterogeneous, and no summary ORs were calculated. More treatment sessions were required after stent placement than after surgery, and a common OR was estimated to be 7.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.73 to 13.98). Thirty-day mortality was not significantly different (OR = 0.522; 95% CI, 0.263 to 1.036). Although surgical bypass required fewer additional treatment sessions, existing data do not allow a definitive conclusion on which treatment is preferable. A larger randomized controlled trial using newer metallic stents and proper quality-of-life instruments is required. (+info)

Manometric changes during retrograde biliary infusion in mice. (5/191)

The manometric, ultrastructural, radiographic, and physiological consequences of retrograde biliary infusion were determined in normostatic and cholestatic mice. Intraluminal biliary pressure changed as a function of infusion volume, rate, and viscosity. Higher rates of constant infusion resulted in higher peak intraluminal biliary pressures. The pattern of pressure changes observed was consistent with biliary ductular and/or canalicular filling followed by leakage at a threshold pressure. Retrograde infusion with significant elevations in pressure led to paracellular leakage of lanthanum chloride, radiopaque dye, and [(14)C]sucrose with rapid systemic redistribution via sinusoidal and subsequent hepatic venous drainage. Chronic extrahepatic bile duct obstruction resulted in significantly smaller peak intrabiliary pressures and lower levels of paracellular leakage. These findings indicate that under both normostatic and cholestatic conditions elevated intrabiliary volumes/pressures result in an acute pressure-dependent physical opening of tight junctions, permitting the movement of infusate from the intrabiliary space into the subepithelial tissue compartment. Control of intraluminal pressure may potentially permit the selective delivery of macromolecules >18-20 A in diameter to specific histological compartments. (+info)

Extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy biloma. (6/191)

BACKGROUND: Jaundice presenting after cholecystectomy may be the initial manifestation of a serious surgical misadventure and requires rigorous diagnostic pursuit and therapeutic intervention. Biloma is a well recognized postcholecystectomy complication that often accompanies biliary ductal injury. CASE REPORT: A 23-year-old female underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones and three weeks postoperatively developed painless jaundice. Radiographic and endoscopic studies revealed a subhepatic biloma causing extrinsic compression and obstruction of the common hepatic duct. RESULTS: Percutaneous catheter drainage of the biloma combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy successfully relieved the extrahepatic biliary obstruction and resolved the intrahepatic ductal leak responsible for the biloma. CONCLUSION: Although heretofore undescribed, postcholecystectomy jaundice due to extrahepatic bile duct obstruction caused by biloma may occur and can be successfully treated by means of standard radiologic and endoscopic interventions. (+info)

Detection of Ki-ras gene point mutations in bile specimens for the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign biliary strictures. (7/191)

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The present study was undertaken to determine if detection of Ki-ras gene point mutations in bile specimens could differentiate between benign and malignant biliary strictures. PATIENTS: Bile specimens were obtained from 117 patients exhibiting a stricture of the main bile duct, the nature of which was assessed by cholangiography, histology, and follow up. METHODS: DNA from frozen bile specimens was extracted, amplified, and tested for codon 12 point mutations of Ki-ras gene using sequence specific oligonucleotide hybridisation and mutant allele specific amplification. RESULTS: DNA amplification was successful in 110/117 bile specimens (94%). Detection of Ki-ras gene mutations in bile specimens was positive in 24.4% (22/90) of patients with malignant strictures, in 31.4% (22/70) when only primary malignant tumours were considered, and in 4% (1/25) of patients with benign strictures. Of the 49 patients with histological specimens obtained before surgery, the sensitivity of histology, Ki-ras mutation analysis, and combined methods was 59.2%, 28.6%, and 73.5% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that Ki-ras mutations may be detected in about one third of bile specimens from patients with primary tumours invading the main bile duct. Detection of such mutations appears to be specific and may help to differentiate between benign and malignant biliary strictures. (+info)

Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990s. (8/191)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management and outcome after surgical reconstruction of 156 patients with postoperative bile duct strictures managed in the 1990s. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The management of postoperative bile duct strictures and major bile duct injuries remains a challenge for even the most skilled biliary tract surgeon. The 1990s saw a dramatic increase in the incidence of bile duct strictures and injuries from the introduction and widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Although the management of these injuries and short-term outcome have been reported, long-term follow-up is limited. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 156 patients treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital with major bile duct injuries or postoperative bile duct strictures between January 1990 and December 1999. With the exception of bile duct injuries discovered and repaired during surgery, all patients underwent preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and placement of transhepatic biliary catheters before surgical repair. Follow-up was conducted by medical record review or telephone interview during January 2000. RESULTS: Of the 156 patients undergoing surgical reconstruction, 142 had completed treatment with a mean follow-up of 57.5 months. Two patients died of reasons unrelated to biliary tract disease before the completion of treatment. Twelve patients (7.9%) had not completed treatment and still had biliary stents in place at the time of this report. Of patients who had completed treatment, 90. 8% were considered to have a successful outcome without the need for follow-up invasive, diagnos tic, or therapeutic interventional procedures. Patients with reconstruction after injury or stricture after laparoscopic cholecystectomy had a better overall outcome than patients whose postoperative stricture developed after other types of surgery. Presenting symptoms, number of stents, interval to referral, prior repair, and length of postoperative stenting were not significant predictors of outcome. Overall, a successful outcome, without the need for biliary stents, was obtained in 98% of patients, including those requiring a secondary procedure for recurrent stricture. CONCLUSIONS: Major bile duct injuries and postoperative bile duct strictures remain a considerable surgical challenge. Management with preoperative cholangiography to delineate the anatomy and placement of percutaneous biliary catheters, followed by surgical reconstruction with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, is associated with a successful outcome in up to 98% of patients. (+info)

... which is a late-stage complication of extra-hepatic cholestasis. (Eponym known from historical literature). Gombault-Philippe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gombault

... of the bile salt-homeostatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 in the liver of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis". ... FGF19 is also found in the liver of patients with cholestasis. It can be synthesised in the gall-bladder and secreted into bile ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF19

... of the bile salt-homeostatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 in the liver of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase

UDCA has been used for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. UDCA lessens itching in the mother and may reduce the number of ... Kotb MA (July 2008). "Review of historical cohort: ursodeoxycholic acid in extrahepatic biliary atresia". Journal of Pediatric ... Evidence is accumulating that ursodeoxycholic acid is ineffective and unsafe in neonatal hepatitis and neonatal cholestasis. ... 7 September 2019). "Ursodeoxycholic acid versus placebo in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (PITCHES): a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid

... drug-induced hepatitis Extrahepatic cholestasis, e.g., pancreatic cancer, gallstones Severe hemolysis, e.g., some heart valves ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FibroTest

... cholestasis MeSH C06.130.120.135.150 - cholestasis, extrahepatic MeSH C06.130.120.135.250 - cholestasis, intrahepatic MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C06)

These areas are known as bile lakes, and are typically seen only with extra-hepatic obstruction.[citation needed] Extrahepatic ... In cholestasis, bile accumulates in the hepatic parenchyma. Cholestasis can be suspected when there is an elevation of both 5'- ... Jaundice is an uncommon occurrence in intrahepatic (metabolic) cholestasis, but is common in obstructive cholestasis. Pale ... density lipoprotein found in cholestasis Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis

... progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis), Caroli disease, choledochal cyst, cholestasis, congenital cytomegalovirus ... There are three main types of extra-hepatic biliary atresia:[citation needed] Type I: Atresia is restricted to the common bile ... Kotb, Magd A. (March 2015). "Evidence of Disruption of p53 and Glutathione S Transferase Pi in Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia in ... Unlike other forms of jaundice, however, biliary-atresia-related cholestasis mostly does not result in kernicterus, a form of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_atresia

In the new system of Nakanuma, the stage of disease is based on fibrosis, bile duct loss, and features of cholestasis, i.e. ... People with PBC may also sometimes have the findings of an associated extrahepatic autoimmune disorder such as thyroid disease ... Finally, it may also be appropriate in the presence of other extrahepatic comorbidities. Low-magnification micrograph of PBC, H ... a condition called cholestasis. Further slow damage to the liver tissue can lead to scarring, fibrosis, and eventually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_biliary_cholangitis

Complications of PBC can be related to chronic cholestasis or cirrhosis of the liver. Chronic cholestasis leads to osteopenic ... People with PBC may also sometimes have the findings of an associated extrahepatic autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid ... It helps reduce the cholestasis and improves liver function tests. It has a minimal effect on symptoms and whether it improves ... a condition called cholestasis. Further slow damage to the liver tissue can lead to scarring, fibrosis, and eventually ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_biliary_cholangitis

A diameter of more than 8 mm is regarded as abnormal dilatation and is a sign of cholestasis. It normally gets slightly dilated ... Anatomy figure: 38:06-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts ... "Etiological Causes of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Dilatation" (PDF). International Journal of New Technology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bile_duct

... including cholestasis necrosis acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis of different forms, cirrhosis Effects of Acetaminophen ( ... degeneration of liver malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract extrahepatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hepato-biliary_diseases

Prasad, AS; Gupta, S; Kohli, V; Pande, GK; Sahni, P; Nundy, S (Feb 1994). "Proximal splenorenal shunts for extrahepatic portal ... "Therapeutic interventions in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: experience from a tertiary care centre in north ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subash_Gupta

... extrahepatic - extrapleural pneumonectomy false-negative test result - false-positive test result - familial adenomatous ... cholestasis - chondrocyte - chondroitin sulfate - chondrosarcoma - chordoma - chorioallantoic membrane - choriocarcinoma - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles

Much like ALP, GGT measurements are usually elevated if cholestasis is present. In acute viral hepatitis, the GGT levels can ... In parenchymal liver disease and incomplete extrahepatic obstruction, the rise in conjugated bilirubin is less than the ... For example, hepatitis A has increased ALP due to cholestasis (impaired bile formation or bile flow obstruction) and would have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_function_tests

When these ducts are damaged, bile and other toxins build up in the liver (cholestasis) and over time damages the liver tissue ... they are considered extrahepatic. The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the ... progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hepatic hemangioma a benign tumour the most ... but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. Research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

Active liver disease: cholestasis, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatitis, and jaundice Unexplained elevations in AST or ALT levels ... Bile elimination follows hepatic and/or extrahepatic metabolism. There does not appear to be any entero-hepatic recirculation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atorvastatin

With this in mind, liver transplant "can be a curative approach for patients with advanced HCC without extrahepatic metastasis ... Specifically, children with biliary atresia, infantile cholestasis, glycogen-storage diseases, and other cirrhotic diseases of ... "Extrahepatic Metastases of Hepatocellular Carcinoma". Radiology. 216 (3): 698-703. doi:10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00se24698. PMID ... presence of vascular invasion and extrahepatic spread, liver function (levels of serum bilirubin and albumin, presence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma

This change in consequence contributes to an increased human defense against cholestasis. Fetuses tend to not express CYP3A4 in ... by CYP1A2 and the extrahepatic isoform CYP1A1 "Cyclobenzaprine". DrugBank. Moody DE, Fang WB, Lin SN, Weyant DM, Strom SC, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4

Oddsdóttir M, Hunter JG (2005). "Gallbladder and the extrahepatic biliary system (chapter 31)". In Brunicardi FC, Anderson DK, ... Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome. *Biliary fistula. *Haemobilia. *Common bile duct *Choledocholithiasis. *Biliary dyskinesia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis

"Evidence of extrahepatic replication of hepatitis E virus in human placenta". Journal of General Virology. 95 (6): 1266-1271. ... Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Integumentary system /. dermatoses of pregnancy. *Gestational pemphigoid. *Impetigo ... "Extra-hepatic manifestations of autochthonous hepatitis E infection". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 40 (11-12): 1282- ... "Extra-hepatic manifestations associated with hepatitis E virus infection: a comprehensive review of the literature" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_E

... Guiyang Wang, Peng Xiu, Fu ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2014/273692/abs/

Extrahepatic cholestasis increases liver stiffness (FibroScan) irrespective of fibrosis. Hepatology, 48: 1718-1723. doi: ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22577/references?globalMessage=0

Extrahepatic obstructive cholestasis reverses the bile salt secretory polarity of rat hepatocytes.. G Fricker, L Landmann, and ... To elucidate the consequences of extrahepatic cholestasis on the structure and function of hepatocytes, we studied the effects ... Cholestasis of 50 h resulted in an increased release of cBSTP into bile, thereby decreasing its in vivo half-life from 65 to 25 ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/114248

Many patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, such as hilar cholangiocarcinoma, need to undergo liver resection for radical ... Prostaglandin E1 Preconditioning Attenuates Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model of Extrahepatic Cholestasis. Feng ... In this study, we found that PGE1 preconditioning protects liver IR injury with extrahepatic cholestasis by improving hepatic ... The model of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and hepatic ischemia reperfusion was the same as previously reported [14]. A ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2018/3812424/

... is a new treatment for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) currently under evaluation. The purpose of this study was to ... Biliary TRACT neoplasms Catheter ablation Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Bile ducts Extrahepatic cholestasis ... Biliary bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a new treatment for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) currently under ... Safety and feasibility of endoscopic biliary radiofrequency ablation treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00464-015-4322-7

... brush cytology are an early event in carcinogenesis and justify a suspicion of malignancy in patients with extrahepatic biliary ... Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / genetics*, mortality, pathology*. False Positive Reactions. Follow-Up Studies. Genes, ras / ... CONCLUSION: Based on long-term follow-up, the K-ras mutations in all 8 patients with a clinically benign extrahepatic biliary ... Long-term follow-up of patients with a clinically benign extrahepatic biliary stenosis and K-ras mutation in endobiliary brush ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Long-term-follow-up-patients/12024145.html

The definitive diagnosis was LCH localized to the extrahepatic bile duct. LCH in the extrahepatic bile duct seemed to cause ... LCH localized to the extrahepatic bile duct is extremely rare; however, LCH can still affect the extrahepatic bile ducts on ... We herein report a rare case of LCH localized only in the extrahepatic bile duct that resulted in severe liver cirrhosis. A 3- ... Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed dilation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and multiple ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40792-020-00899-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4eff77f3-423b-4dea-b183-45d5281869f4

Comparison of metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine in patients with intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholestasis ... Extrahepatic cholestasis. I. Histologic changes in hepatic interlobular bile ducts and ductules in extrahepatic cholestasis. ... Extrahepatic cholestasis in the dog and the differentiation of extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestasis. Veterinary Quarterly ... Quantitative determination of lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in extrahepatic cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis. Revista Medica de ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/042/530/042530184.php

In any disease process where cholestasis occurs there is the potential for hepatocellular damage. Bile acid retention causes ... Intra- or extrahepatic obstruction of the biliary system is the most common cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Table 33-1 ... Determination of patency of the remaining extrahepatic biliary tract is vital to surgical outcome. A duodenotomy created over ... Soon after obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis is followed by bile duct dilation and edema with inflammatory cell ...

https://www.ivis.org/library/mechanisms-of-disease-small-animal-surgery-3rd-ed/extrahepatic-biliary-obstruction

Extrahepatic; Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic; Biliary Stasis, Extrahepatic; Extrahepatic Cholestasis. On-line free medical ... Cholestasis, Extrahepatic; Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic; Biliary Stasis, Extrahepatic; Extrahepatic Cholestasis. Fast. ...

https://lookfordiagnosis.com/results.php?symptoms=Cholestasis%2C+Extrahepatic%3B%20Bile%20Duct%20Obstruction%2C%20Extrahepatic%3B%20Biliary%20Stasis%2C%20Extrahepatic%3B%20Extrahepatic%20Cholestasis&lang=1&parent=%2F&mode=F&therapy_plants=1

These results indicate an elevated frequency of HCMV in pediatric patients with extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis. They also ... to screen the liver tissue of infants with extrahepatic cholestasis for HCMV and to correlate the results with serological ... The purpose of this study was to screen the liver tissue of infants with extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis for the presence of ... Our study is the first to investigate the ocurrence of HCMV in other causes of extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis. HCMV DNA was ...

https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-5-108

FXR agonist GW4064 could protect against cholestatic liver damage in rat models of extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestasis. ... In the bile duct-ligation and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate models of cholestasis, GW4064 treatment resulted in significant ... Hepatoprotection by the farnesoid X receptor agonist GW4064 in rat models of intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis.. *. Yaping ... and extrahepatic cholestasis.}, author={Yaping Liu and Jane G Binz and Mary Jo Numerick and Steve Dennis and Guizhen Luo and ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hepatoprotection-by-the-farnesoid-X-receptor-agoni-Liu-Binz/36fca5fd61be0014791958144c5fb40a2c2ec84e

title = "Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts",. abstract = "Fifty-two patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ... Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. / Wei, T. C.; Wei, P. L.; Yu, S. C.; Lee, P. H.; Hsu, S. C. ... Wei, T. C. ; Wei, P. L. ; Yu, S. C. ; Lee, P. H. ; Hsu, S. C. / Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. In: Journal of ... Wei, T. C., Wei, P. L., Yu, S. C., Lee, P. H., & Hsu, S. C. (1995). Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Journal of ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/carcinoma-of-the-extrahepatic-bile-ducts

Extrahepatic cholestasis Liver stiffness Transient elastography © 0, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed ... Background: Extrahepatic cholestasis that is caused by benign and malignant diseases has been reported to increase liver ... Conclusions: Extrahepatic cholestasis due to choledocholithiasis increases LS and should be excluded before assesing liver ... Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate LS in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis due to choledocholithiasis ...

http://hepatmon.com/en/articles/70266.html

Cholestasis (Medical Encyclopedia). *ERCP (Medical Encyclopedia). *Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) blood test (Medical ... extrahepatic (bile) duct. C24.0. C78.89. D01.5. D13.5. D37.6. D49.0. »gall duct (extrahepatic). C24.0. C78.89. D01.5. D13.5. ... duct or passage (common) (cystic) (extrahepatic). »intrahepatic. »and extrahepatic. C24.8. C78.89. D01.5. D13.5. D37.6. D49.0. ... Short Description: Benign neoplasm of extrahepatic bile ducts Long Description: Benign neoplasm of extrahepatic bile ducts This ...

https://icdlist.com/icd-10/d135

Trambert JJ, Frost A, Malasky C. Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and erosive disruption by cavitating porta hepatis nodal ... Trambert, J. J., Frost, A., & Malasky, C. (2004). Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and erosive disruption by cavitating porta ... Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and erosive disruption by cavitating porta hepatis nodal metastasis, treated by uncovered ... Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and erosive disruption by cavitating porta hepatis nodal metastasis, treated by uncovered ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/extrahepatic-bile-duct-obstruction-and-erosive-disruption-by-cavi-2

MeSH-major] Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / etiology. Common Bile Duct. Multiple Myeloma / complications. Neoplasm Recurrence, ... Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / therapy. Microwaves / therapeutic use. Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / complications. Oxonic Acid / ... Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic / radiography. Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic / surgery. Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / pathology. Bile Ducts, ... Title] Signet ring cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct.. *Most tumors affecting the extrahepatic bile duct are ...

http://www.bmlsearch.com/?kwr=extrahepatic+bile+duct+neoplasm+drug+therapy+2000:2010%5Bpubdate%5D&cxts=100&stmp=b1

Furthermore, extrahepatic cholestasis is associated with increased lipid peroxide formation and with a depletion of reduced ... Furthermore, extrahepatic cholestasis is associated with increased lipid peroxide formation and with a depletion of reduced ... 6. In conclusion, experimental extrahepatic cholestasis determines bile duct proliferation and fibrosis, the degree of which is ... 6. In conclusion, experimental extrahepatic cholestasis determines bile duct proliferation and fibrosis, the degree of which is ...

https://www.research.unipd.it/handle/11577/2508677

Keywords: Neonatal Cholestasis; Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia; Procalcitonin; Apolipoprotein E © 0, Author(s). This is an open- ... Objective: Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) is one of the main causes of neonatal cholestasis. Its early diagnosis could ... Diagnostic Value of Procalcitonin and Apo-E in Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia Mandana Rafeey 1 , Lida Saboktakin 2 , * , Jamshid ... Methods: This prospective study included 18 infants with EHBA and 15 infants with other causes of cholestasis. Blood samples ...

http://ijp.tums.pub/en/articles/626.html

Cholestasis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed ... Jaundice newborns - biliary atresia; Newborn jaundice - biliary atresia; Extrahepatic ductopenia; Progressive obliterative ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001145.htm

Cholestasis is any condition in which the flow of bile from the liver is slowed or blocked. ... There are many causes of cholestasis.. Extrahepatic cholestasis occurs outside the liver. It can be caused by:. * Bile duct ... This can cure the cholestasis.. Stents can be placed to open areas of the common bile duct that are narrowed or blocked by ... Cholestasis is any condition in which the flow of bile from the liver is slowed or blocked. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000215.htm

CLINICAL FINDINGS Extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) secondary to pancreatitis was suspected on the basis of results from ... CLINICAL FINDINGS Extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) secondary to pancreatitis was suspected on the basis of results from ... CLINICAL FINDINGS Extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) secondary to pancreatitis was suspected on the basis of results from ... CLINICAL FINDINGS Extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) secondary to pancreatitis was suspected on the basis of results from ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/percutaneous-transhepatic-cholecystostomy-drainage-in-a-dog-with-

The majority of affected individuals have the multisystem illness with hepatic disease (jaundice, cholestasis, hepatomegaly, ... Feranchak A, Sokol R. Medical and nutritional management of cholestasis in infants and children. In: Suchy FJ, Sokol RJ, ... Formulas with an enriched medium-chain-triglyceride content may provide better nutritional support for infants with cholestasis ... The majority of affected individuals have the multisystem illness with hepatic disease (jaundice, cholestasis, hepatomegaly, ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7040/

Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction. * The Future of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as a Clinical and ... bile bile acid bilirubin chemistry cholestasis endoscopy liver liver disease metabolism pharmacology production ... The Advantages of Pre-Operative Umbilicoportal Catheterization and Venography in Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction ...

https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-2649-6

This is the procedure of choice for the initial evaluation of cholestasis and for helping differentiate extrahepatic from ... Extrahepatic obstruction. ALP levels are elevated in nearly 100% of patients, except in some cases of incomplete or ... Extrahepatic obstruction is suggested by the presence of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts, but the presence of normal bile ducts ... Extrahepatic obstruction. This is typically associated with considerable direct and indirect bilirubin elevation. However, in ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/187001-workup

Extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, 171. Presinusoidal intrahepatic and sinusoidal portal hypertension, 176 ... 11 Jaundice and Cholestasis, 234. Elwyn Elias. Introduction, 234. Classification of jaundice, 234 ...

http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405134895.html

2. Pathology of the Intrahepatic and extrahepatic Bile Ducts and Gallbladder. (Kay Washington). ... Intrahepatic Cholestasis.. 22. Intrahepatic Cholestasis. (Andrew Stolz and Neil Kaplowitz).. Section 3.4. Pediatric Population. ...

https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Diseases+of+the+Gallbladder+and+Bile+Ducts%3A+Diagnosis+and+Treatment%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470986981

BACKGROUND: Neonatal cholestasis syndrome with an intra or extrahepatic origin has been associated to viral infections. The ... The patients were then divided into two groups: group I - intrahepatic cholestasis and group II - extrahepatic cholestasis. ... To compare the clinical characteristics of the intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic cholestasis groups with the ... To assess the prevalence of infection by cytomegalovirus in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic cholestasis ...

https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/infection-cytomegalovirus-patients-neonatal-cholestasis/

Humans , Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/therapy , Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/diagnosis , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic ... Index: IMEMR (Eastern Mediterranean) Main subject: Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Cholestasis / Cholangiopancreatography, ... Index: IMEMR (Eastern Mediterranean) Main subject: Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Cholestasis / Cholangiopancreatography, ... Extra-hepatic bile duct obstruction evaluation of surgical and non surgical options Extra-hepatic bile duct obstruction ...

https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/emr-44448

Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Portal System / Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Ischemia / Liver / Mitochondria Limits: ... Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Portal System / Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Ischemia / Liver / Mitochondria Limits: ... Portal flow and mitochondrial function during extrahepatic cholestasis Portal flow and mitochondrial function during ... Rats , Animals , Male , Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/physiopathology , Ischemia/physiopathology , Liver/blood supply , ...

https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/lil-60262

These results indicate an elevated frequency of HCMV in pediatric patients with extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis. (biomedcentral.com)
The most common cause of extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis is biliary atresia (BA). (biomedcentral.com)
The etiology of the other causes of extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of this study was to screen the liver tissue of infants with extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis for the presence of HCMV using PCR, and to correlate the results with the HCMV serologies (ELISA systems) and histopathological findings in these patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Thirty-five patients (13 males and 22 females) with extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis were evaluated upon admission to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Service of the university hospital at UNICAMP, from September 1992 to July 2000. (biomedcentral.com)
Neonatal cholestasis was secondary to BA in 31 infants and BA was associated with a choledochal cyst in one, to distal choledochal stenosis in two, and to hepatic cyst (measuring 3.2 × 3.4 cm, close to the porta hepatis, compressing the biliary tree and leading to obstructive cholestasis) in one. (biomedcentral.com)
Objective: Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) is one of the main causes of neonatal cholestasis. (tums.pub)
BACKGROUND: Neonatal cholestasis syndrome with an intra or extrahepatic origin has been associated to viral infections. (mendeley.com)
The participation of the cytomegalovirus in the etiopathogenesis of neonatal hepatitis has been already known for some time, but only recently there have been indications that this virus may be one of the possible etiological factors for extrahepatic biliary atresia. (mendeley.com)
Patients and Methods - This study consisted of 76 patients with neonatal cholestasis who were admitted between January 1980 and January 1999 when they underwent a cytomegalovirus serologic study using the ELISA method. (mendeley.com)
Neonatal hepatitis (NH) and biliary atresia (BA) are the most common causes of cholestasis in infancy. (mjdrdypv.org)
BA accounts for 40% of cholestasis in infancy, and NH accounts for 10%-15% cases of neonatal cholestasis. (mjdrdypv.org)
Evidence is accumulating that ursodeoxycholic acid is ineffective and unsafe in neonatal hepatitis and neonatal cholestasis. (wikipedia.org)
Three infants who presented with clinical features of neonatal cholestasis and clinically suspected to have biliary atresia were found on imaging studies and surgery to have extrahepatic bile duct atresia in association with choledochal cyst. (bioline.org.br)
Role of extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1: advances in understanding breast milk-induced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. (medscape.com)
The exclusive occurrence of BA in the neonatal liver and extrahepatic biliary tree suggests that ongoing development may be the key in pathogenesis, and thus genes affecting biliary development may confer susceptibility to BA. (sages.org)
Symptoms may be present in the neonatal period rather than at birth (congenital) or, in many cases, may not appear until childhood or even middle age when the disorder manifests as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, gallstone disease, or jaundice and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). (rarediseases.org)
The term can be applied to several disorders including progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) type 3, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC), low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis (LPAC) syndrome, adult biliary fibrosis or cirrhosis, and certain cases of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), of drug induced cholestasis (DIC) and of transient neonatal cholestasis (TNC). (rarediseases.org)
In some cases (mainly PFIC3, TNC3), cholestasis may be present in newborns (neonatal period). (rarediseases.org)
The goal of the study is to characterize the epidemiologic data of the neonatal and infant cholestasis. (bioportfolio.com)
Severe Neonatal Cholestasis in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: Genetics, Immunostaining, Mass Spectrometry. (bioportfolio.com)
Extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis the incidence of in the morning if possible. (iahf.com)
AIM To time the onset of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients (n=39) with CMV associated neonatal cholestasis by analysing CMV DNA on Guthrie cards sampled at 3 days of age. (bmj.com)
Neonatal cholestasis can be defined as a clinical and biochemical manifestation of a decreased intracanalicular bile flow in infants below 6 months of age. (bmj.com)
Despite a long list of possible aetiologies for neonatal cholestasis, more than half of the cases remain unexplained. (bmj.com)
1 Viral infections have been accepted as one of the causes for intrahepatic neonatal cholestasis, 1 and more recent studies have also suggested a link between certain viral infections and extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA). (bmj.com)
In a previous study we found that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was associated with both intrahepatic neonatal cholestasis and EHBA. (bmj.com)
This method was used to investigate the time of viral transmission in a group of patients with CMV associated neonatal cholestasis. (bmj.com)

LCH in the extrahepatic bile duct seemed to cause sclerosing cholangitis. (springer.com)
However, PET/CT is less sensitive and specific in patients with extrahepatic disease or concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis due to increased background uptake. (appliedradiology.com)

In conclusion, PGE1 protects extrahepatic cholestatic liver from IR injury by improving hepatic microcirculation and reducing oxidative stress damage, intrahepatic neutrophil infiltration, and hepatocyte apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
Cholestasis can damage sinusoidal endothelial cells, induce hepatic microcirculation dysfunction, and render the liver susceptible to warm IR compared to normal liver [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although the previous study had reported that a low dose of PGE1 infusion could improve hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flow in the extrahepatic cholestatic model [ 13 ], its mechanism against IR injury in extrahepatic cholestatic liver has not been elucidated. (hindawi.com)
The interlobular ducts unite further to form lobar or bile ducts that exit the liver parenchyma as a variable number of hepatic ducts, beginning the extrahepatic portion of the biliary system. (ivis.org)
Cholestasis and hepatic drug metabolism. (eurekamag.com)
The antipyrine metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was studied in two groups of patients with similar degrees of cholestasis and hepatic damage, but differing mechanisms of cholestasis. (eurekamag.com)
The decrease of antipyrine MCR in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis could be due to a reduced functional parenchymal mass related to some degree of hepatic necrosis. (eurekamag.com)
Erythrocyte and hepatic glutathione decreased in relation to cholestasis duration. (unipd.it)
The majority of affected individuals have the multisystem illness with hepatic disease (jaundice, cholestasis, hepatomegaly, and elevated transaminases) and neurologic manifestations (hypotonia, nystagmus, and psychomotor retardation) evident within weeks of birth. (nih.gov)
Hepatic steady-state NTCP mRNA levels in a group of 23 pre- and postportoenterostomy biliary atresia patients were inversely related to total bilirubin, indicating that extrahepatic bile duct obstruction leads to down-regulation of NTCP mRNA levels, similar to that observed in rat common bile duct ligation. (ac.ke)
As the image below shows, in the correctable group (10-15% of cases), the proximal common hepatic duct is patent, allowing for primary anastomosis of the extrahepatic bile duct to the bowel. (medscape.com)
It can be associated with other autoimmune hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. (mendeley.com)
In cholestasis, bile accumulates in the hepatic parenchyma. (wikipedia.org)
Most serum activity is still due to the hepatic isoenzyme, which is indicative of cholestasis, intra- or extra-hepatic. (sporcle.com)
Extrahepatic tumors, including osteosarcomas, lung, gastric, head and neck, renal cell carcinoma, ovarian, uterine cancer, and Hodgkin's disease, that secrete alkaline phosphatase (often a form known as the Regan isoenzyme) or cause leakage of hepatic alkaline phosphatase into serum by an unknown mechanism. (medhelp.org)
OBJECTIVES Several studies have suggested that oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic injury during cholestasis in rats and humans. (semanticscholar.org)

The inflammation is tissue specific, resulting in progressive jaundice, growth failure, and greater than 90% mortality due to obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts. (jci.org)
In this model, the genetic loss of IFN-γ did not alter the onset of jaundice, but it remarkably suppressed the tissue-specific targeting of T lymphocytes and completely prevented the inflammatory and fibrosing obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts. (jci.org)
Occasionally, patients may present with jaundice and some extrahepatic manifestations of liver disease. (aafp.org)
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS. (fpnotebook.com)
Jaundice is an uncommon occurrence in intrahepatic (metabolic) cholestasis, but is common in obstructive cholestasis. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Jaundice Liver function tests Lipoprotein-X - an abnormal low density lipoprotein found in cholestasis Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis Feathery degeneration - a histopathologic finding associated with cholestasis Kumar (2015). (wikipedia.org)
Cholestasis can cause yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and whites of the eyes (jaundice), failure to thrive, growth deficiency, easy bleeding, rickets and persistent itchiness. (rarediseases.org)

Regardless of the cause of cholestasis, serum bilirubin values (especially direct) are usually elevated. (medscape.com)
A finding indicating increased bilirubin levels in the blood and urine, due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction of the biliary system. (fpnotebook.com)
citation needed] In a later stage of cholestasis aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and unconjugated bilirubin may be elevated due to hepatocyte damage as a secondary effect of cholestasis. (wikipedia.org)

Extrahepatic obstructive cholestasis reverses the bile salt secretory polarity of rat hepatocytes. (jci.org)
Bile Infarcts: New Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Obstructive Cholestasis. (nih.gov)
This symptom implies obstructive cholestasis. (wikipedia.org)

Hepatoprotection by the farnesoid X receptor agonist GW4064 in rat models of intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. (semanticscholar.org)
Vitamin K deficiency linked to severe intra- or extrahepatic cholestasis (blockage of the bile ducts) or steatorrhea (fat in the feces due to trouble digesting fat since enzymes the liver makes are lacking). (petmd.com)
No difference is found in intra- or extrahepatic cholestasis. (biomedsearch.com)

Many patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, such as hilar cholangiocarcinoma, need to undergo liver resection for radical resection of lesions, which is an effective means of long-term survival [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Biliary bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a new treatment for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) currently under evaluation. (springer.com)
Cholangiocarcinomas are divided into intrahepatic, extrahepatic (perihilar), and distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. (appliedradiology.com)

CLINICAL FINDINGS Extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) secondary to pancreatitis was suspected on the basis of results from serum biochemical analyses, CT, and cytologic examination. (umn.edu)
Herein, we present a case of NGCH with biliary cirrhosis, secondary to extrahepatic BA and choledochal cyst in a neonate. (mjdrdypv.org)
Despite the extremely high serum bile salt levels (235 and 126 micromol/L) in these two patients, NTCP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were quantitatively normal, in contrast to the published observations in a rat model of cholestasis secondary to common bile duct ligation. (ac.ke)
Progressive damage of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts secondary to inflammation may occur, leading to fibrosis, biliary cirrhosis, and eventual liver failure. (medscape.com)
Cholestasis and hypercalcemia secondary to panhypopituitarism in a newborn. (bioportfolio.com)
Dursun F, Gerenli N, Kırmızıbekmez H. Cholestasis and hypercalcemia secondary to panhypopituitarism in a newborn. (bioportfolio.com)
Intrahepatic tumors occur starting in the secondary biliary radicles and distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas arise from the common bile duct forward. (appliedradiology.com)

Cases with extrahepatic cholestasis are common and faced during day to day clinical practice, however reaching the final etiology is sometimes challenging and needs investigations which ar. (bioportfolio.com)

Although less specific to the liver, the AST level is also elevated in cases of intrahepatic cholestasis. (medscape.com)

The aims of the study were to use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen the liver tissue of infants with extrahepatic cholestasis for HCMV and to correlate the results with serological antibodies against HCMV and histological findings. (biomedcentral.com)
Methods: This prospective study included 18 infants with EHBA and 15 infants with other causes of cholestasis. (tums.pub)
We report three infants, aged 2, 2.5 and 3 months, with association of choledochal cyst and extrahepatic biliary atresia who were treated at our institute. (bioline.org.br)
Affected infants have episodes of cholestasis followed by disease-free periods. (rarediseases.org)
Two groups (groups A and B) of infants who had clinical and biochemical signs of cholestasis were included. (bmj.com)

Extrahepatic cholestasis that is caused by benign and malignant diseases has been reported to increase liver stiffness (LS), as measured by transient elastography (TE). (hepatmon.com)

To compare the clinical characteristics of the intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic cholestasis groups with the cytomegalovirus serological results. (mendeley.com)
Especially when taking into account the very often unspecific clinical signs (e.g., inappetence and weight loss) of extrahepatic biliary tract alterations, awareness of potentially occurring disorders of this organ system is critical for practitioners working with exotic pet and wildlife species. (springeropen.com)
Intrahepatic cholestasis, a clinical syndrome, is caused by excessive accumulation of bile acids in body and liver. (frontiersin.org)
The degree of cholestasis is an important disease driver in alcoholic hepatitis, a severe clinical condition that needs new biomarkers and targeted therapies. (bioportfolio.com)

BA is an obstructive inflammatory syndrome of the extrahepatic biliary tract. (mjdrdypv.org)
An episodic and less severe syndrome called Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis (BRIC) have also been associated with mutations in this gene. (umontreal.ca)

Long-term follow-up of patients with a clinically benign extrahepatic biliary stenosis and K-ras mutation in endobiliary brush cytology. (biomedsearch.com)
However, K-ras mutations have been detected in specimens obtained by brushing of clinically benign extrahepatic biliary stenosis. (biomedsearch.com)
Eight patients with a K-ras mutation and a clinically benign extrahepatic biliary stenosis were followed. (biomedsearch.com)
CONCLUSION: Based on long-term follow-up, the K-ras mutations in all 8 patients with a clinically benign extrahepatic biliary stenosis must be considered as confirmed false-positives. (biomedsearch.com)

Pruritus is the primary symptom of cholestasis and is thought to be due to interactions of serum bile acids with opioidergic nerves. (wikipedia.org)
With a few exceptions, the optimal test for cholestasis would be elevations of serum bile acid levels. (wikipedia.org)
Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum of rats during cholestasis. (biomedsearch.com)
Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes (API) in serum of rats during cholestasis are investigated. (biomedsearch.com)
It is found that in cholestasis an API5 in serum arises which is not present in serum of normal rats, but can be detected in normal rat liver. (biomedsearch.com)

The extrahepatic cholestatic model was induced by common bile duct ligation. (hindawi.com)

Diseases associated with FGF19 include Functional Diarrhea and Extrahepatic Cholestasis . (genecards.org)
Diseases associated with SLCO1A2 include Intrahepatic Cholestasis and Aneurysmal Bone Cysts . (genecards.org)
Serotonin appears to be a key component of the pruritus that occurs with several diseases, including polycythemia vera, uremia, cholestasis and lymphoma, and of morphine-associated pruritus. (aafp.org)
The abstract shall give a short overview about possibilities to diagnose and treat biliary tract diseases with total or partial extrahepatic biliary obstruction and patency of the bile duct system. (vin.com)
It can help in many cases to differentiate medical diseases such as hepatopathy with intrahepatic cholestasis from surgical diseases. (vin.com)

The two basic distinctions are an obstructive type of cholestasis where there is a mechanical blockage in the duct system that can occur from a gallstone or malignancy, and metabolic types of cholestasis which are disturbances in bile formation that can occur because of genetic defects or acquired as a side effect of many medications. (wikipedia.org)

PBC is considered an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic progressive cholestasis with destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts, particularly the interlobular bile ducts [ 3 - 7 ]. (omicsonline.org)

Given the absence of large, comprehensive patient series that define the spectrum and relative incidence of the etiologies of cholestasis in the newborn period and early infancy, this systematic review was undertaken. (biomedcentral.com)

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed dilation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and multiple choleliths in the gallbladder and common bile duct. (springer.com)
2. Pathology of the Intrahepatic and extrahepatic Bile Ducts and Gallbladder. (wiley.com)
Ultrasound reveals most causes of extrahepatic biliary obstructions such as pancreatitis, neoplasia, stones, and gallbladder mucocele. (vin.com)

[7] Helpful investigations are liver function tests, coagulation profile, and Ultrasonography (USG) of the abdomen to exclude the presence of an extrahepatic biliary tract anomaly such as a choledochal cyst. (mjdrdypv.org)
Choledochal cyst is localized dilatation of the extrahepatic and/or intrahepatic biliary tree while biliary atresia is a type of obstructive cholangiopathy in which there is obliteration/sclerosis of the extrahepatic bile ducts. (bioline.org.br)
[2] Hence, choledochal cyst and extrahepatic biliary atresia are individually rare congenital malformations and their association in a single case is still rarer. (bioline.org.br)

BACKGROUND: K-ras mutations in endobiliary brush cytology are an early event in carcinogenesis and justify a suspicion of malignancy in patients with extrahepatic biliary stenosis. (biomedsearch.com)
METHODS: Cytologic specimens were obtained by brushing in 312 consecutive patients with extrahepatic biliary stenosis. (biomedsearch.com)
The plasma disappearance rate of antipyrine in 18 patients with extrahepatic cholestasis and 11 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis was compared with that of two groups of control subjects without liver disease who were matched for age. (eurekamag.com)
Whereas no significant difference was observed for the antipyrine MCR between patients with extrahepatic cholestasis and their controls [30.7 +/- 11.2 (SD) as against 31.6 +/- 10.0 ml/min], the antipyrine MCR was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the patients with intrahepatic cholestasis than in their controls (16.2 +/- 4.5 vs 37.4 +/- 17.3 ml/min). (eurekamag.com)
Fifty-two patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts were reviewed. (elsevier.com)
The aim of this study was to evaluate LS in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis due to choledocholithiasis before and after endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone removal. (hepatmon.com)
LS was measured by TE (Fibroscan) in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis that was caused by choledocholithiasis before and 1 month after endoscopic sphincterotomy and successful stone removal. (hepatmon.com)
We studied 12 patients (7 females, 5 males), aged 36 to 76 years (mean age 57.1 ± 11.6 years), with extrahepatic cholestasis that was caused by choledocholithiasis. (hepatmon.com)
Levels of these are usually only moderately elevated in patients with cholestasis but occasionally may be markedly increased, especially if cholangitis is present. (medscape.com)
AIMS: To assess the prevalence of infection by cytomegalovirus in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic cholestasis. (mendeley.com)
The patients were then divided into two groups: group I - intrahepatic cholestasis and group II - extrahepatic cholestasis. (mendeley.com)
The history of maternal infection was more common in extrahepatic cholestasis patients with positive serology for cytomegalovirus. (mendeley.com)
2 Narcotic antagonists have been used successfully to relieve pruritus in patients with cholestasis. (aafp.org)

Management of disease-specific pruritus has been established for certain systemic conditions, including uremia and cholestasis. (aafp.org)
In fact, the opioid antagonist naltrexone is used to treat pruritus due to cholestasis. (wikipedia.org)

The definitive diagnosis was LCH localized to the extrahepatic bile duct. (springer.com)
The final anatomic diagnosis of cholestasis was based on the results of an abdominal ultrasonography, a liver biopsy and its evolution. (mendeley.com)
Based on ultrasonography and computed tomography, tentative diagnosis was extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction with acquired portosystemic shunt (PSS). (bvsalud.org)
In contrast to total extrahepatic biliary obstruction, there is currently only little knowledge about the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of partial biliary obstruction which might occur more often than previously thought (2,4). (vin.com)

We herein report a rare case of LCH localized only in the extrahepatic bile duct that resulted in severe liver cirrhosis. (springer.com)
We herein report a rare case of primary LCH localized to the extrahepatic bile duct inducing liver cirrhosis. (springer.com)
POC failed to demonstrate patency of the distal common bile duct while liver biopsy showed classical features of biliary atresia in each case i.e. cholestasis, lobular disarray, bile duct proliferation, portal tract inflammation and extensive fibrosis bordering on cirrhosis. (bioline.org.br)
Although, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is commonly characterized by extrahepatic manifestation of PBC, the coexistence of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and Graves' disease (GD) is uncommon. (omicsonline.org)

Extrahepatic cholestasis due to choledocholithiasis increases LS and should be excluded before assesing liver fibrosis by transient elastography. (hepatmon.com)
4. Bile duct ligated rats showed a marked increase in liver weight which was related to cholestasis duration and to some anatomical alterations such as bile duct proliferation and dilation and liver fibrosis (periportal, perivenular, perineoductular and parenchymal). (unipd.it)
6. In conclusion, experimental extrahepatic cholestasis determines bile duct proliferation and fibrosis, the degree of which is directly related to the duration of cholestasis itself and to liver cell necrotic phenomena. (unipd.it)
Histological features of BA include ductular reaction, portal edema, and fibrosis with hepatocanalicular cholestasis. (mjdrdypv.org)
Pathologically, the liver shows periportal inflammation and fibrosis, bile-duct proliferation, with variable absence of the extrahepatic bile ducts. (bioline.org.br)

Type III is involvement of the extrahepatic biliary tree and intrahepatic ducts of the porta hepatis. (medscape.com)

Cholestasis increases tumor necrosis factor-related apoptotis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-R2/DR5 expression and sensitizes the liver to TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity. (semanticscholar.org)
All these findings suggest that complete resection of the tumor or even life-saving drainage is worthwhile for carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile ducts. (elsevier.com)

To elucidate the consequences of extrahepatic cholestasis on the structure and function of hepatocytes, we studied the effects of bile duct ligation on the turnover, surface distribution, and functional activity of the canalicular 100-kD bile salt transport protein (cBSTP). (jci.org)
[3] Histologically, NGCH is characterized by cholestasis with the varying transformation of hepatocytes into multinucleated giant cells and extramedullary hematopoiesis. (mjdrdypv.org)

Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS). (bioportfolio.com)
There are several procedural approaches, such as anastomosis of the jejunum by a Roux-en-Y loop to the portal fissure region to establish bile flow from the bile ducts to the intestine. (thefreedictionary.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms3

Diseases43

Chemicals and Drugs43

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes4

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Named Groups1

Health Care3

Effects of chronic nitric oxide activation or inhibition on early hepatic fibrosis in rats with bile duct ligation. (1/191)

Carcinoids of the common bile duct: a case report and literature review. (2/191)

Biliary obstruction in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: an uncommon diagnosis with specific causes. (3/191)

Biliary stenting versus bypass surgery for the palliation of malignant distal bile duct obstruction: a meta-analysis. (4/191)

Manometric changes during retrograde biliary infusion in mice. (5/191)

Extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy biloma. (6/191)

Detection of Ki-ras gene point mutations in bile specimens for the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign biliary strictures. (7/191)

Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990s. (8/191)

Cholestasis

Cholestasis, Intrahepatic

Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic

Cholestasis, Extrahepatic

Bile Ducts

Bile Duct Neoplasms

Biliary Atresia

Cholagogues and Choleretics

Liver

Ursodeoxycholic Acid

Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic

1-Naphthylisothiocyanate

Bile Acids and Salts

Biliary Tract

Bilirubin

Cholangiocarcinoma

Bile

Jaundice, Neonatal

Jaundice, Obstructive

Bile Canaliculi

Hepatic Duct, Common

Jaundice

Liver Function Tests

Cholangitis

Common Bile Duct

Liver Diseases

Pruritus

Ligation

P-Glycoproteins

Liver Neoplasms

Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary

Biliary Tract Neoplasms

Hypertension, Portal

Portal Vein

Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid

Klatskin's Tumor

Hepatocytes

Cholangiography

Ethinyl Estradiol

Hepatitis

Adenoma, Bile Duct

Portoenterostomy, Hepatic

Lithocholic Acid

Biliary Tract Diseases

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde

Hepatectomy

Cholic Acid

Portography

Pregnancy Complications

Alagille Syndrome

Hyperbilirubinemia

Coleus

Portal System

Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

Gallbladder Neoplasms

Bile Duct Diseases

Hepatic Artery

Gallbladder

Liver Cirrhosis

Imino Acids

Citrullinemia

Infant, Newborn

Gallstones

Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical

Cholecystectomy

Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Cholangitis, Sclerosing

Organic Anion Transporters

gamma-Glutamyltransferase

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Taurocholic Acid

Choledochal Cyst

Retrospective Studies

Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent

Lipoprotein-X

Norethandrolone

Arthrogryposis

Dothiepin

Parenteral Nutrition