Cholera vaccines. Medical search

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.

An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.

An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

The etiologic agent of CHOLERA.

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 1. All are CHOLERA-causing strains (serotypes). There are two biovars (biotypes): cholerae and eltor (El Tor).

Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 139. This strain emerged in India in 1992 and caused a CHOLERA epidemic.

The non-susceptibility to infection of a large group of individuals in a population. A variety of factors can be responsible for herd immunity and this gives rise to the different definitions used in the literature. Most commonly, herd immunity refers to the case when, if most of the population is immune, infection of a single individual will not cause an epidemic. Also, in such immunized populations, susceptible individuals are not likely to become infected. Herd immunity can also refer to the case when unprotected individuals fail to contract a disease because the infecting organism has been banished from the population.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)

A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and MALI, east of GUINEA-BISSAU. Its capital is Conakry.

Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

Administration of a vaccine to large populations in order to elicit IMMUNITY.

Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

Persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution in their own country or habitual residence because of race, religion, or political belief. (Webster, 3d ed)

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.

A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.

Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.

A belief or practice which lacks adequate basis for proof; an embodiment of fear of the unknown, magic, and ignorance.

A quantitative measure of the frequency on average with which articles in a journal have been cited in a given period of time.

Expanded safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent, oral, attenuated cholera vaccine, CVD 103-HgR plus CVD 111, in United States military personnel stationed in Panama. (1/263)

To provide optimum protection against classical and El Tor biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1, a single-dose, oral cholera vaccine was developed by combining two live, attenuated vaccine strains, CVD 103-HgR (classical, Inaba) and CVD 111 (El Tor, Ogawa). The vaccines were formulated in a double-chamber sachet; one chamber contained lyophilized bacteria, and the other contained buffer. A total of 170 partially-immune American soldiers stationed in Panama received one of the following five formulations: (a) CVD 103-HgR at 10(8) CFU plus CVD 111 at 10(7) CFU, (b) CVD 103-HgR at 10(8) CFU plus CVD 111 at 10(6) CFU, (c) CVD 103-HgR alone at 10(8) CFU, (d) CVD 111 alone at 10(7) CFU, or (e) inactivated Escherichia coli placebo. Among those who received CVD 111 at the high or low dose either alone or in combination with CVD 103-HgR, 8 of 103 had diarrhea, defined as three or more liquid stools. None of the 32 volunteers who received CVD 103-HgR alone or the 35 placebo recipients had diarrhea. CVD 111 was detected in the stools of 46% of the 103 volunteers who received it. About 65% of all persons who received CVD 103-HgR either alone or in combination had a fourfold rise in Inaba vibriocidal titers. The postvaccination geometric mean titers were comparable among groups, ranging from 450 to 550. Ogawa vibriocidal titers were about twice as high in persons who received CVD 111 as in those who received CVD 103-HgR alone (600 versus 300). The addition of CVD 111 improved the overall seroconversion rate and doubled the serum Ogawa vibriocidal titers, suggesting that the combination of an El Tor and a classical cholera strain is desirable. While CVD 111 was previously found to be well tolerated in semiimmune Peruvians, the adverse effects observed in this study indicate that this strain requires further attenuation before it can be safely used in nonimmune populations. (+info)

Antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract and male urogenital tract in humans after nasal and oral vaccination with cholera toxin B subunit. (2/263)

Nasal vaccine delivery is superior to oral delivery in inducing specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibody responses in the upper respiratory tract. Although an antibody response in the nasal passages is important in protecting against primary colonization with lung pathogens, antibodies in the lungs are usually required as well. We immunized 15 male volunteers twice nasally or orally with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and determined the specific antibody levels in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and urine before and 2 weeks after immunization. Nasal immunization induced fivefold increases in the levels of specific IgA antibodies in BAL fluid of most volunteers, whereas there were no significant specific IgA responses after oral immunization. The specific IgG antibody level increased eightfold in BAL fluid in the nasally vaccinated subjects, and the major part of IgG had most probably been transferred from serum. Since the specific IgG response in serum was lower in the individuals vaccinated orally, the IgG response in BAL fluid in this group was also lower and not significant. In conclusion, nasal immunization is also preferable to the oral route when vaccinating against lower respiratory tract infections, and a systemic immune response is considerably more important in the lower than in the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, both nasal and oral immunizations were able to stimulate 6- to 10-fold specific IgA and IgG responses in urine in about half of the individuals, which indicates that distant mucosal vaccination might be used to prevent adhesion of pathogens to the urogenital tract. (+info)

Mucosal and systemic immune responses in humans after primary and booster immunizations with orally administered invasive and noninvasive live attenuated bacteria. (3/263)

The mucosal and systemic immune responses after primary and booster immunizations with two attenuated live oral vaccine strains derived from a noninvasive (Vibrio cholerae) and an invasive (Salmonella typhi) enteric pathogen were comparatively evaluated. Vaccination with S. typhi Ty21a elicited antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses specific for S. typhi O9, 12 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as significant increases in levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies to the same antigen in serum. A strong systemic CD4(+) T-helper type 1 cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was also induced. In contrast to results with Ty21a, no evidence of a CMI response was obtained after primary immunization with V. cholerae CVD 103-HgR in spite of the good immunogenicity of the vaccine. Volunteers who received a single dose of CVD 103-HgR primarily developed an IgM ASC response against whole vaccine cells and purified V. cholerae Inaba LPS, and seroconversion of serum vibriocidal antibodies occurred in four of five subjects. Serum IgG anti-cholera toxin antibody titers were of lower magnitude. For both live vaccines, the volunteers still presented significant local immunity 14 months after primary immunization, as revealed by the elevated baseline antibody titers at the time of the booster immunization and the lower ASC, serum IgG, and vibriocidal antibody responses after the booster immunization. These results suggest that local immunity may interfere with colonization of the gut by both vaccine strains at least up to 14 months after basis immunization. Interestingly, despite a low secondary ASC response, Ty21a was able to boost both humoral (anti-LPS systemic IgG and IgA) and CMI responses. Evidence of a CMI response was also observed for one of three volunteers given a cholera vaccine booster dose. The direct comparison of results with two attenuated live oral vaccine strains in human volunteers clearly showed that the capacity of the vaccine strain to colonize specific body compartments conditions the pattern of vaccine-induced immune responses. (+info)

Effect of small bowel bacterial overgrowth on the immunogenicity of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. (4/263)

Several live oral vaccines (polio, bovine rotavirus, CVD 103-HgR cholera) are less immunogenic in developing than in industrialized countries. It was hypothesized that proximal small bowel bacterial overgrowth (common in children in less developed countries but rare in industrialized settings) diminishes the vibriocidal antibody response to CVD 103-HgR. In total, 202 fasting Santiago schoolchildren aged 5-9 years had lactulose breath H2 tests to detect proximal small bowel bacteria 1 day before ingesting CVD 103-HgR. Florid small bowel overgrowth was observed in 10 (5.6%) of 178 analyzable children. In children with florid overgrowth, vibriocidal seroconversion differed little from other children (60% vs. 67%), but the geometric mean titer was lower (160 vs. 368; P=.25). By logistic regression, increased peak breath H2 at small bowel time points was associated with diminished seroconversion (P=.04), as was the interaction of H2 value and weight (children >25 kg had lower seroconversion rates among subjects with heaviest overgrowth). (+info)

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentered trial of the efficacy of a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in preventing cholera following challenge with Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor inaba three months after vaccination. (5/263)

CVD 103-HgR is a live oral cholera vaccine strain constructed by deleting 94% of the gene for the enzymatically active A subunit of cholera toxin from classical Inaba Vibrio cholerae O1 569B; the strain also contains a mercury resistance gene as an identifying marker. This vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in double-blind, controlled studies and was protective in open-label studies of volunteers challenged with V. cholerae O1. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of vaccine efficacy was designed to test longer-term protection of CVD 103-HgR against moderate and severe El Tor cholera in U.S. volunteers. A total of 85 volunteers (50 at the University of Maryland and 35 at Children's Hospital Medical Center/University of Cincinnati) were recruited for vaccination and challenge with wild-type V. cholerae El Tor Inaba. Volunteers were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive, with buffer, a single oral dose of either CVD 103-HgR (2 x 10(8) to 8 x 10(8) CFU) or placebo (killed E. coli K-12). About 3 months after immunization, 51 of these volunteers were orally challenged with 10(5) CFU of virulent V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain N16961, prepared from a standardized frozen inoculum. Ninety-one percent of the vaccinees had a >/=4-fold rise in serum vibriocidal antibodies after vaccination. After challenge, 9 (39%) of the 23 placebo recipients and 1 (4%) of the 28 vaccinees had moderate or severe diarrhea (>/=3-liter diarrheal stool) (P < 0.01; protective efficacy, 91%). A total of 21 (91%) of 23 placebo recipients and 5 (18%) of 28 vaccinees had any diarrhea (P < 0.001; protective efficacy, 80%). Peak stool V. cholerae excretion among placebo recipients was 1.1 x 10(7) CFU/g and among vaccinees was 4.9 x 10(2) CFU/g (P < 0.001). This vaccine could therefore be a safe and effective tool to prevent cholera in travelers. (+info)

Mass vaccination with a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a refugee camp. (6/263)

In refugee settings, the use of cholera vaccines is controversial since a mass vaccination campaign might disrupt other priority interventions. We therefore conducted a study to assess the feasibility of such a campaign using a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a refugee camp. The campaign, using killed whole-cell/recombinant B-subunit cholera vaccine, was carried out in October 1997 among 44,000 south Sudanese refugees in Uganda. Outcome variables included the number of doses administered, the drop-out rate between the two rounds, the proportion of vaccine wasted, the speed of administration, the cost of the campaign, and the vaccine coverage. Overall, 63,220 doses of vaccine were administered. At best, 200 vaccine doses were administered per vaccination site and per hour. The direct cost of the campaign amounted to US$ 14,655, not including the vaccine itself. Vaccine coverage, based on vaccination cards, was 83.0% and 75.9% for the first and second rounds, respectively. Mass vaccination of a large refugee population with an oral cholera vaccine therefore proved to be feasible. A pre-emptive vaccination strategy could be considered in stable refugee settings and in urban slums in high-risk areas. However, the potential cost of the vaccine and the absence of quickly accessible stockpiles are major drawbacks for its large-scale use. (+info)

Optimizing the germfree mouse model for in vivo evaluation of oral Vibrio cholerae vaccine and vector strains. (7/263)

The germfree mouse model of Vibrio cholerae infection can be used to judge immune responses to V. cholerae vaccine and vector strains. In the original model, a single oral inoculation was administered on day 0, a booster oral inoculation was administered on day 14, and immune responses were analyzed with samples collected on day 28. Unfortunately, immune responses in this model frequently were low level, and interanimal variability occurred. In order to improve this model, we evaluated various primary and booster V. cholerae inoculation schedules. The most prominent systemic and mucosal antibody responses were measured in mice that received a multiple primary inoculation series on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 and booster inoculations on days 28 and 42. These modifications result in improved preliminary evaluation of V. cholerae vaccine and vector strains in mice. (+info)

Use of lambda phage S and R gene products in an inducible lysis system for Vibrio cholerae- and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-based DNA vaccine delivery systems. (8/263)

Novel methods for adapting DNA vaccine technology to the prevention of mucosal diseases are greatly needed. Here we show that regulated expression of phage lambda lysis genes S and R causes dramatic lysis of both Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium cells with concomitant release of plasmid DNA into the surrounding media. We also used single and double DNase mutant strains to show that secreted V. cholerae DNases can adversely affect the integrity of DNA molecules released upon lysis. These results suggest that incorporation of lambda SR-mediated lysis constructs and DNA stabilizing mutations into candidate live attenuated bacterial vaccines offers a promising approach for the development of effective mucosal DNA delivery vectors for humans. (+info)

The first dose of vaccine should be given to infants between 6 and 15 weeks of age.[25] The oral cholera vaccine has been found ... "Oral vaccines for preventing cholera". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD008603. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008603. ... There are a number of vaccines against gastroenteritis in development. For example, vaccines against Shigella and ... Two commercial rotavirus vaccines exist and several more are in development.[44] In Africa and Asia these vaccines reduced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis

... a vaccine against Japanese encephalitis (approved in Europe, America and Australia)[2] and Dukoral, a vaccine against cholera ( ... "Dukoral, cholera vaccine (inactivated, oral)". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2017-04-25.. ... a therapeutic vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus (in collaboration with Merck),[5] and IC41, therapeutic vaccine against ... "Intercell Hepatitis C Vaccine Meets Primary Endpoints". FDA News. 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2008-08-15.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valneva_SE

Cholera vaccine[note 81]. *Dengue vaccine[note 81]. *Hepatitis A vaccine[note 81] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Health_Organization_Essential_Medicines

The oral cholera vaccine, while effective for prevention of cholera, is of questionable use for prevention of TD.[6] A 2008 ... The oral cholera vaccine, while effective for cholera, is of questionable use for traveler's diarrhea.[6] Preventive ... Jelinek T, Kollaritsch H (2008). "Vaccination with Dukoral against travelers' diarrhea (ETEC) and cholera". Expert Rev Vaccines ... Blood or mucus in the diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, or high fever suggests a more serious cause, such as cholera, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma's_Revenge_

2014: Oral cholera vaccine in Bangladesh was found to have significant impact on cholera incidence when delivered through ... 2001: Oral cholera vaccine, tested at icddr,b, is approved for use by WHO. 2001: Studies on the effects of arsenic on health ... 2007: Oral cholera vaccine Dukoral, tested at Matlab in 1985, launched in Bangladesh. 2008: Introduce SHEBA (an integrated ... 1985: Cholera vaccine trial launched. 1988: Treatment of, and research into, acute respiratory infections/pneumonia begins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diarrhoeal_Disease_Research,_Bangladesh

First vaccine for cholera. 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine. 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine. ... First vaccine for diphtheria 1926 - First vaccine for pertussis 1927 - First vaccine for tuberculosis 1927 - First vaccine for ... 2006 - First HPV vaccine approved. 2006 - The second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn). 2007 - The visual ... Rubella Vaccine - Harry Martin Meyer and Paul D. Parkman 1967 - First vaccine for mumps 1967 - Christiaan Barnard performs the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_medicine_and_medical_technology

D, Sinclair; K, Abba; K, Zaman; F, Qadri; PM, Graves (2011-03-16). "Oral vaccines for preventing cholera". The Cochrane ... Challenge studies have been used to expedite evaluation of vaccines for several pandemic viral diseases, such as cholera, ... The vaccine sponsor may have required proof of safety and efficacy of adjuvants for delivering the vaccine, demonstrated what ... Other than expediting clinical evaluation of vaccine properties, advantages of using challenge studies for vaccine candidates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_challenge_study

"Cholera Vaccine Succeeds in Haiti". pih.org. February 20, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2021. "Louise C. Ivers, MB, BCH, BAO, MD ... Ivers later published a paper in 2015 showing that PIH's intervention and vaccine distribution slowed the spread of cholera in ... Ivers, Louise C.; Walton, David A. (January 1, 2012). "The "First" Case of Cholera in Haiti: Lessons for Global Health". The ... Dwyer, Dialynn (January 15, 2021). "'We should end each day with no covid19 vaccines in the freezer': MGH doctor urges Gov. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Ivers

"Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 85 (13): 117-128. March 26, 2010. PMID 20349546. Archived ( ... Bacteria can also be used to create vaccines to prevent several diseases. Some bacteria are harmful and act either as disease- ... cholera) and chronic infections (e.g. tuberculosis). Plant diseases caused by bacteria are commercially important worldwide for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_importance_of_bacteria

Both the live cholera vaccine and live typhoid vaccine can be made ineffective if given with ampicillin. Ampicillin is normally ... "Drug interactions between ampicillin and cholera vaccine, live". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. ... "Drug interactions between ampicillin and typhoid vaccine, live". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. ... Handa, Sajeev (22 June 2017). "Cholera Medication". Medscape. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 23 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampicillin

"Gov't declares hog cholera alert in Luzon". Gmanews.tv. Retrieved 2009-04-25. "New mothers urged to get swine flu vaccine". BBC ... Vaccine. 27 (15): 2114-20. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125. PMID 19356614. "Last Year's (2009) H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe, ... Several commercial vaccines are available including a trivalent one being used in sow vaccination and a vaccine against pdmH1N1 ... "FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus". FDA. Retrieved 2009-10-15. "NIH studies on Swine flu vaccine". NIH. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza

This low-cost vaccine option will be most suited for regions with highest cholera cases such as Africa and South Asia. Hilleman ... "Hilleman Labs rotavirus and cholera vaccines enter phase I/II clinical trial". livemint.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016. " ... "Indian firm develops inexpensive cholera vaccine". wsj.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016. "Hilleman Laboratories to develop next ... The firm's focus is to heat stabilize the existing vaccine and bring it to vaccine vial monitor (VVM) 30 levels and higher. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilleman_Laboratories

Oral cholera vaccines in mass immunization campaigns (PDF). WHO. 2010. pp. 6-8. ISBN 978-92-4-150043-2. Archived (PDF) from the ... New vaccines against rotavirus, Shigella, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and cholera are under development, as well ... a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as ... Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea

Created the first vaccines for rabies. Cholera vaccine[1]. Anthrax vaccines. Pasteurization. ... Chicken cholera. Pasteur's first work on vaccine development was on chicken cholera. He received the bacteria samples (later ... "History of the Cholera Vaccine , Passport Health". www.passporthealthusa.com. Retrieved 25 December 2020.. ... Anthrax vaccine. Pasteur publicly claimed his success in developing the anthrax vaccine in 1881.[105] However, his admirer- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur

In different trials, the rCTB-WC cholera vaccine provided high (85-100%) short-term protection. An oral ETEC vaccine candidate ... WC cholera vaccine Dukoral, have been developed. There are currently no licensed vaccines for ETEC, though several are in ... Vaccine. 34 (26): 2880-86. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.076. PMID 26988259. Svennerholm AM (February 2011). "From cholera to ... Oral inactivated vaccines consisting of toxin antigen and whole cells, i.e. the licensed recombinant cholera B subunit (rCTB)- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli

The oral cholera vaccine, while effective for cholera, is of questionable use for travelers' diarrhea. Preventive antibiotics ... The oral cholera vaccine, while effective for prevention of cholera, is of questionable use for prevention of TD. A 2008 review ... Jelinek T, Kollaritsch H (2008). "Vaccination with Dukoral against travelers' diarrhea (ETEC) and cholera". Expert Rev Vaccines ... Several vaccine candidates targeting ETEC or Shigella are in various stages of development. One 2007 review found that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelers'_diarrhea

It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin. It works in much the same way as a regular vaccine. A ... "Cocaine Vaccine: Research Review". www.asam.org. Retrieved 2015-08-29. Scientific American Mind: Cocaine Vaccine Would you ... The vaccine does not affect the user's "desire" for cocaine-only the physical effects of the drug. Phase III Clinical Trials ... This vaccine does not have any effect on the underlying neurobiological cause of addiction which a possible explanation for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TA-CD

Lutzkerand, Edythe; Carol Jochnowitz (1987). "Waldemar Haffkine: Pioneer of Cholera w 7 l vaccine" (PDF). 53 (7). American ... developed vaccine against cholera and plague Boris Hessen, physicist Abram Ioffe, nuclear scientist Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov ... prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India" (PDF). Journal of Medical Biography. SAGE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_Jews

Pasteur's first work on vaccine development was on chicken cholera. He received the bacteria samples (later called Pasteurella ... The vaccine had been tested in 50 dogs before its first human trial. This vaccine was used on 9-year-old Joseph Meister, on ... "History of the Cholera Vaccine , Passport Health". www.passporthealthusa.com. Retrieved December 25, 2020. "Fellows of the ... After developing the rabies vaccine, Pasteur proposed an institute for the vaccine. In 1887, fundraising for the Pasteur ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur

"Oral Cholera Vaccines." World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 17 May 2018, www.who.int/cholera/vaccines/en/. ... There is a V. cholerae vaccine available to prevent disease spread. The vaccine is known as the, "oral cholera vaccine" (OCV). ... Biology portal Drinking water Haiti cholera outbreak Cholera vaccine "Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae ... A single dose vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae

Clark, Jocalyn (2014-07-21). "Cholera vaccine: the quick-fix to the South Sudan outbreak?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocalyn_Clark

Starting with cholera, the firm developed bacterial proteins for research. When thefirm was founded and for many years after, ... Their products are involved in vaccine development, toxin research and infectious disease research worldwide. List Labs was ... "Vaccine Development for the Control of Bordetella Pertussis Infections". Infection and Immunity. 86 (6): e00004-18. doi:10.1128 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Biological_Laboratories

Her dissertation was about developing vaccines for new classes of Vibrio cholerae involved in cholera epidemics across India ... Bik, Elisabeth M (1996). Cholera: vaccine development and evolution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae strains (Dissertation). Utrecht ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Bik

... an additional dose of the oral cholera vaccine was administered to 199,472 children ages 1 to 5 years. In addition, 236,696 ... "Emergency deployment of oral cholera vaccine for the Rohingya in Bangladesh". The Lancet. 391 (10133): 1877-1879. doi:10.1016/ ... Vaccine. 37 (6): 833-838. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.042. ISSN 0264-410X. PMID 30642728. Gerbi, Gemechu B.; Williams, ... An oral polio vaccine was also given to 72,000 children. Permanent vaccination centers are in place to assist in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh

Product Information: VAXCHORA(TM) oral suspension, cholera vaccine live oral suspension. PaxVax Inc (per manufacturer), Redwood ... use is not recommended within 14 days of receiving a live cholera vaccine. Alcohol consumption can cause a disulfiram like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benznidazole

Vaccines for the plague, typhoid, and typhus were sent to central Vietnam to thwart potential epidemics. A few cases of cholera ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1964_Vietnam_floods

Oral cholera vaccines in mass immunization campaigns (PDF). WHO. 2010. pp. 6-8. ISBN 978 92 4 150043 2. Archived (PDF) from the ... A rotavirus vaccine decrease the rates of diarrhea in a population.[1] New vaccines against rotavirus, Shigella, ... a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as ... a b c Community Health Worker Training Materials for Cholera Prevention and Control Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_diarrhea

Malaria, tuberculosis, intestinal parasites, cholera, diarrhea, and vaccine-preventable diseases are endemic. Ratanakiri has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanakiri_Province

... whose product line includes FDA-approved typhoid vaccine Vivotif and cholera vaccine Vaxchora, from its owner, Cerebus Capital ... Vaxchora is the only oral vaccine against cholera approved by the FDA in the US. The acquisition also includes rights to ... The BioThrax vaccines will go to the SNS. The contract will supply around 29.4 million doses of the vaccine. Additionally, the ... Gregg, Aaron (12 August 2018). "Emergent Biosolutions to acquire cholera and typhoid vaccines in $270 million deal". Washington ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_BioSolutions

Vaccines. Main article: Ebola vaccine. An Ebola vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV, was approved in the United States in December 2019.[8] It ... Malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis, other viral haemorrhagic fevers[1]. Prevention. Coordinated medical services, ... The DRC Ministry of Public Health approved the use of an experimental vaccine.[207][208][209] On 13 May 2018, WHO Director- ... "First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease

... his chicken with some cold vaccine to come home to find it dead he realise then the potential opportunaty to make a new vaccine ... Fowl cholera is also called avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia. [1] ... Epizootiology of Avian Cholera in Wildfowl. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Chicken Cholera was Observed by Louis pasteur by luck ... Fowl cholera in the Merck Veterinary Manual. References[edit]. *^ K.R. Rhoades and R.B. Rimler, Avian pasteurellosis, in " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_hemorrhagic_septicemia

Cholera was a major source of famine-caused deaths in 1943 (24%) but dropped to a negligible percentage (1%) the next year. ... A similar smallpox vaccine campaign started later and was pursued less effectively;[229] smallpox deaths peaked in April 1944.[ ... Cholera, dysentery and other water-borne diseases flourished. 527,000 houses and 1,900 schools were lost. Over 1000 square ... Deaths from dysentery and diarrhea peaked in December 1943, the same month as for malaria.[224] Cholera deaths peaked in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943

Vaccines - a Biography edited by Andrew W. Artenstein ISBN 978-1-4419-1107-0[page needed] ... Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (Report). Centers for Disease ... Main articles: Smallpox vaccine and Edward Jenner. In 1796, Edward Jenner, a doctor and scientist who had practiced variolation ... He then derived a vaccine by altering the infectious agent so as to make it harmless and then introducing this inactivated form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity

In 1985, the first human vaccine obtained by genetic engineering from animal cells, the vaccine against hepatitis B, was ... using the cholera vibrio, discovered ten years before by Robert Koch, as an antigen, Richard F. J. Pfeiffer introduced it in ... Chantemesse's typhoid vaccineEdit. During the summer of 1900, the extremely hot weather and scarcity of the water supply in ... Vaccines and Diagnostic ProductsEdit. Production and marketing of diagnostic tests developed in the Institute laboratories are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Institute

Magistro, G; Stief, CG (6 August 2018). "Vaccine Development for Urinary Tract Infections: Where Do We Stand?". European ... Huttner, A; Gambillara, V (24 May 2018). "The development and early clinical testing of the ExPEC4V conjugate vaccine against ... A number of vaccines are in development as of 2018.[56][57] ... Cholera. *Vibrio vulnificus. *Vibrio parahaemolyticus. *Vibrio ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_Tract_Infections

Following on from this, in 1857 Louis Pasteur also designed vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and ... The same principles are used for developing vaccines today. ... caused a rapid change the development of vaccines, medical ... these include synthetic insulin which was produced in 1979 using recombinant DNA and the first genetically engineered vaccine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_microbiology

... background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring". Vaccine. 27 (15): 2114-20. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125. ... cholera, or typhoid. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, ... "Vaccine. 26 Suppl 4: D49-53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039. PMC 3074182. PMID 19230160.. ... Research into new vaccines is particularly important, as current vaccines are very slow and expensive to produce and must be ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

Nasal: the vaccine is sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal passage. Oral: the vaccine is swallowed and ingested ... Cholera): 1000-100,000,000 bacteria cells Typically, stomach acids can kill bacteria below the infectious dosing rage for a ... Most vaccines require multiple doses for full immunity, given in recommended intervals depending on the vaccine. There are ... Vaccinations (see Vaccine) are typically dosed in milliliters because most are administered as liquids. Each individual vaccine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_(biochemistry)

The current types of vaccines which are in research are particle-based vaccines, attenuated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines ... A respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV vaccine) is a vaccine which prevents infection by respiratory syncytial virus. No ... or vector-based vaccines.[3] References[edit]. *^ a b Dudas, RA; Karron, RA (July 1998). "Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines" ... A 2019 paper claimed that research toward developing a vaccine has advanced greatly over the past 10 years.[2] The same study ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine

Patenting the Sun: Polion and the Salk Vaccine, The Dramatic Story Behind One of the Greatest Achievements of Modern Science. p ... cholera, and rickettsial diseases such as typhus. ... of weiting the production protocols for the Polio Vaccine.[1]. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Smadel

"Vaccine. 32 (14): 1579-87. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.067. PMC 4682887. PMID 24016806.. ... A vaccine for gonorrhea has been developed that is effective in mice.[77] It will not be available for human use until further ... Development of a vaccine has been complicated by the ongoing evolution of resistant strains and antigenic variation (the ... A study published in 2017 showed that MeNZB group B meningococcal vaccine provided a partial protection against gonorrhea.[78] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea

Chicken cholera. Pasteur's later work on diseases included work on chicken cholera. He received cultures from Jean Joseph Henri ... Anthrax vaccine. Pasteur publicly claimed his success in developing the anthrax vaccine in 1881.[93] However, his admirer- ... After developing the rabies vaccine, Pasteur proposed an institute for the vaccine.[136] In 1887, fundraising for the Pasteur ... The vaccine had been tested in 50 dogs before its first human trial.[89][90] This vaccine was used on 9-year-old Joseph Meister ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Louis_Pasteur

Vaxjo: Comprehensive vaccine adjuvant database.. References[edit]. *^ "Guideline on Adjuvants in Vaccines for Human Use" (PDF) ... Baylor NW, Egan W, Richman P (May 2002). "Aluminum salts in vaccines--US perspective". Vaccine. 20 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): S18-23. ... In the early days of vaccine manufacture, significant variations in the efficacy of different batches of the same vaccine were ... Clements CJ, Griffiths E (May 2002). "The global impact of vaccines containing aluminium adjuvants". Vaccine. 20 Suppl 3 ( ): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant

... has prequalified three bivalent cholera vaccines-Dukoral (SBL Vaccines), containing a non-toxic B-subunit of cholera toxin and ... "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2018.. *^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ... "Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera?". CDC disease info: Cholera. 2010-10-22. Archived from the original on 2010-10-26. ... Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation and access to clean water.[5] Cholera vaccines that are given by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

2014). "Bovine rotavirus pentavalent vaccine development in India". Vaccine. 32 (11): A124-A128. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03. ... live attenuated Rotavirus vaccine (ROTASIIL®)". Vaccine. 35 (22): 2962-2969. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.025. PMID 28434688. ... The vaccines are safe.[2] This includes their use in people with HIV/AIDS.[2] An earlier vaccine that is no longer used was ... The vaccine contains a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain.[23] Lanzhou lamb[edit]. Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine was licensed for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine

No vaccine is available. There are several Shigella vaccine candidates in various stages of development that could reduce the ... Girard MP, Steele D, Chaignat CL, Kieny MP (April 2006). "A review of vaccine research and development: human enteric ... infections". Vaccine. 24 (15): 2732-50. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.014. PMID 16483695.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery

Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing, Associated Press *^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News ... Haiti cholera outbreak cholera [104][105]. , 4,500 (February 2014) Democratic Republic of the Congo 2011-present measles [106][ ... 1] About Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853 *^ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. ... 2016-17 Yemen cholera outbreak cholera 64 (as of 16 August 2017[update]) India 2017-present 2017 Gorakhpur Japanese ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics

එන්නතක් යනු (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Vaccine) එක්තරා රෝගයක් සදහා ප්‍රතිශක්තිකරණය වැඩි දියුණු කර ගැනීම පිණිස ඇති නිෂ්පාදනයකි. මෙම වැක්සීන් යන ... Jonas Salk in 1955 holds two bottles of a culture used to grow polio vaccines. ...

https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/එන්නත්_වර්ග

... of vaccines are administered in a private physician's office and paid for through insurance. The other 10% of vaccines are ... There were repeated outbreaks of cholera and typhus. Rudolf Virchow promoted sewage works, called Rieselfelder, after the ... and measures vaccine coverage of Germany at a national level.[14] Founded in 1972, the STIKO is composed of 12-18 volunteers, ... cholera epidemic of 1868. In 1871 a smallpox epidemic killed 6478 people. Virchow estimated that 5% of the Berlin population ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Germany

Vaccine-naive. References[edit]. *^ a b c d Schmaljohn, C. S. (2012). "Vaccines for hantaviruses: Progress and issues". Expert ... The pharmaceutical trade name for the vaccine is Hantavax.[2][3] As of 2013 no hantavirus vaccine have been approved for use in ... Hantavirus vaccine is a vaccine that protects in humans against hantavirus infections causing Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with ... They include a recombinant vaccine and vaccines derived from HTNV and PUUV viruses. However, their prospects are unclear.[1] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine

... cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime ...

https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/वियतनाम_युद्ध

"Lifting the stigma of leprosy: a new vaccine offers hope against an ancient disease". Time. 119 (19): 87. 1982. PMID 10255067. ... or combined BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis in Malawi". Lancet. 348: 17- ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಕುಷ್ಠರೋಗ

Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, was the bacterium of choice, and was used in China in Baoshan in 1942, and in northern ... declining only after the introduction of Salk's vaccine.[51] In China, Mao Zedong's Four Pests Campaign between 1958 and 1962 ... cholera, salmonellosis,[46] bacillary dysentery,[47] tuberculosis, anthrax, ophthalmia,[48] and pyogenic cocci, making them ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housefly

Burgess, L; Southern, KW (Aug 5, 2014). "Pneumococcal vaccines for cystic fibrosis.". The Cochrane database of systematic ... Gabriel SE, Brigman KN, Koller BH, Boucher RC, Stutts MJ (October 1994). "Cystic fibrosis heterozygote resistance to cholera ...

https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/კისტური_ფიბროზი

Sinclair, D; Abba, K, Zaman, K, Qadri, F, Graves, PM (16 March 2011). "Oral vaccines for preventing cholera". Cochrane database ... "Reduction in rotavirus after vaccine introduction-United States, 2000-2009". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58 (41): 1146-9. ... "Rotavirus vaccines: an update" (PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. 51-52 (84): 533-540. PMID 20034143. Retrieved 10 May 2012 ... "Oral rehydration salts, zinc supplement and rota virus vaccine in the management of childhood acute diarrhea". Journal of ...

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/ଗ୍ୟାସ୍ଟ୍ରୋଏଣ୍ଟେରାଇଟିସ୍

Vaccine Research Center Information concerning vaccine research clinical trials for Emerging and re-Emerging Infectious ... Diarrheal diseases are caused by many different organisms, including cholera, botulism, and E. coli to name a few. See also: ... Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin developed effective vaccines for smallpox and polio, which would later result in the ... In the mid-19th century John Snow and William Budd did important work demonstrating the contagiousness of typhoid and cholera ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

Vaccine → 백신 (D). 의학 분야, 38[편집]. *Alternative medicine → 대체의학 (D) *Homeopathy → 동종요법 (E) ... Cholera → 콜레라 (C). *Common cold → 감기 (C). *Dengue fever → 뎅기열 (B). *Diphtheria → 디프테리아 (E) ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/위키백과:모든_언어의_위키백과마다_꼭_있어야_하는_문서_목록/확장판/생물학_및_의과학

Vaccines. Bacterial. *Anthrax. *Brucellosis. *Cholera#. *Diphtheria#. *Hib#. *Leptospirosis. *Lyme disease‡. *Meningococcus# * ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/എച്ച്_ഐ_ബി_വാക്സിൻ

... cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime ...

https://tl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaan_sa_Biyetnam

... manufactured by SBL Vaccines) and ShanChol® (manufactured by Shantha Biotec in India), which are World Health Organization (WHO ... For more information on cholera vaccines visit WHO Cholera Vaccines.external icon ... New Cholera Vaccine for Adult Travelersexternal icon. CDC expert Dr. Karen Wong discusses the risk for cholera in travelers, ... Please note: In December 2020, the maker of this cholera vaccine will temporarily stop making and selling it. This vaccine may ...

https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/vaccines.html

cholera vaccine.. 2 Cholera vaccine. Your health care provider can give you more information.. The cholera vaccine used in the ... Cholera vaccine is a live, attenuated (weakened) Most travelers do not need cholera vaccine. If you vaccine which can be shed ... Cholera vaccine can prevent cholera.. Tell your vaccine provider if the person getting Cholera is spread through contaminated ... vaccine for you.. Cholera vaccine is not 100% effective against cholera and does not protect from other foodborne or waterborne ...

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/cholera.pdf

Vaccines against cholera have been around for over a century, oral vaccines for over two decades.. Anything that can reduce the ... Apparantly there is a more effective (90%+ within 10 days of injection) cholera vaccine that was approved by the FDA in 2016, ... Vaccines are now being tested in real non-lab situations. Vaccine numbers had been built up and are being used to immunize ... Pertussis, acellular vaccine is 71-85% effective. The effectiveness of the vaccines appears to decrease by between 2 and 10% ...

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/cholera-vaccines-being-tried-out.939350/

Cholera Vaccine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... The cholera vaccine used in the United States is an oral (swallowed) vaccine. Only one dose is needed. Booster doses are not ... In clinical studies, cholera vaccine was very effective in preventing severe or life-threatening cholera. However, it is not ... No serious problems reported after cholera vaccine were considered related to the vaccine. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a618024.html

There are three cholera vaccines available they are safe and effective and licensed in some countries. These vaccines are ... There are three cholera vaccines available they are safe and effective and licensed in some countries. These vaccines are ... WC/rBS vaccine. It consists of a killed whole-cell V. cholerae O1 with purified recombinant B-subunit of cholera toxoid. Trials ... CVD 103-HgR vaccine. This vaccine consists of a weakened live oral genetically modified V. cholerae O1 strain. Trials performed ...

https://www.news24.com/health24/Medical/Cholera/Cholera-vaccination/Cholera-vaccine-20120721

The cholera outbreak in Yemen is spreading so quickly that plans have been suspended to deploy one million doses of vaccines to ...

https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/health/cholera-vaccines-suspended-for-outbreak-yemen/index.html

A third producer of oral cholera vaccine has been approved that is expected to provide 3 million doses in 2016, the World ... GENEVA (Reuters) - A third producer of oral cholera vaccine has been approved that is expected to provide 3 million doses in ... "It has future potential in the next 3-4 years for a much greater increase in vaccine production," he said. A vaccine campaign ...

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-cholera-who-idUSKBN0UM13V20160108

Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae (see the images below). The hallmark of the disease is profuse ... Travelers to cholera-affected regions should receive a cholera vaccine. The cholera vaccine Vaxchora is the only one approved ... Vaccines. Class Summary. In June, 2016, the first U.S. cholera vaccine was approved by the FDA. [20] ... Sack D, Cadoz M. Cholera vaccines. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA. Vaccines. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1999. 639-649. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-medication

For a vaccine such as killed oral cholera vaccine, which has a very small commercial market, ensuring that vaccine will be ... use of oral cholera vaccines to control endemic cholera and for consideration of reactive use of these vaccines in cholera ... 2004) Can oral cholera vaccination play a role in controlling a cholera outbreak? Vaccine 22:2444-2451. ... 12) predicts that use of oral cholera vaccine will complement improvements in water and sanitation in the prevention of cholera ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/108/21/8529.long

He notes current vaccines for cholera are not very protective in young children, who bear much of the global burden of cholera ... may help scientists develop a more effective vaccine for cholera, a bacterial disease that causes severe diarrhea and ... "A big question is: How do these antibodies protect? The answer would help develop better vaccines," says Ryan, who is also a ... Safe Care CommitmentGet the latest news on COVID-19, the vaccine and care at Mass General.Learn more ...

https://www.massgeneral.org/news/press-release/Potential-cholera-vaccine-target-discovered

There are two effective vaccines to prevent meningitis. The choice of vaccine depends on the age of the patient. The vaccines ... Immunity occurs by getting the disease or through the use of a vaccine. There are two types of vaccine: inactivated vaccines ... There is no vaccine for cholera that is approved in the United States. Following food and water precautions is the first line ... Yellow fever vaccine is only given at authorized U.S. yellow fever vaccine clinics, so you will need to check well in advance. ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/travel_medicine/article.htm

The World Health Organization is sending a million cholera vaccine doses to Haiti, it announced Tuesday, amid concerns over the ...

https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/11/health/cholera-haiti-hurricane-matthew/

... cases of severe cholera were reduced by nearly 40 percent among those vaccinated ... The nearly 270,000 participants were divided into three groups: One received the oral cholera vaccine, another got the vaccine ... Researchers found the vaccine reduced the incidence of severe cholera by 37 percent after two years - and by 45 percent in the ... A report published July 8 in The Lancet said the first trial of an oral cholera vaccine was successful and could speed up ...

https://www.voanews.com/a/cholera-vaccine-could-speed-global-control-efforts/2854515.html

Probiotic-like activity of a live cholera vaccine proves effective in an rabbit animal model, and a natural/engineered ... probiotic mix shows diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic potential against cholera in mice ... The vaccine consists of harmless, lab-designed bacteria dont cause cholera. Instead, they seem to function somewhat like a ... New probiotic and vaccine-based interventions have been shown to suppress cholera in animal models, indicated two research ...

https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/probiotic-live-vaccine-both-curb-cholera/

Federal health officials have approved the first cholera vaccine intended to protect U.S. travelers from the potentially life- ... Vaccines. FDA approves cholera vaccine for US travelers. Published June 13, 2016. Associated Press ... Pregnant women who shun flu shots may also skip baby vaccines. * US scientists develop mouse model to test Zika vaccines, drugs ... Federal health officials have approved the first cholera vaccine intended to protect U.S. travelers from the potentially life- ...

http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/06/13/fda-approves-cholera-vaccine-for-us-travelers.html

... the US Food and Drug Administration approved a single-dose oral cholera vaccine (CVD 103-HgR, Vaxchora [PaxVax Corporation, ... The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices voted to recommend cholera vaccine for adult (18-64 years) travelers to an ... the maker of the cholera vaccine will temporarily stop making and selling this vaccine. The cholera vaccine may be in limited ... have not reported cholera but where experts believe cholera exists. Cholera activity varies by location within each country:. * ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/news-announcements/cholera-vaccine-for-travelers

Professional guide for Cholera Vaccine. Includes: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, contraindications, interactions, adverse ... Chloroquine: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Cholera Vaccine. Management: Administer cholera vaccine at least 10 days ... Antibiotics: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Cholera Vaccine. Management: Avoid cholera vaccine in patients receiving ... Immune mechanisms conferring protection against cholera following receipt of cholera vaccine have not been determined. ...

https://www.drugs.com/ppa/cholera-vaccine.html

Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee Cholera Vaccine ... CHOLERA VACCINE Cholera vaccines *, whether prepared from Classic or El Tor strains, are of limited usefulness. In field trials ... Official name: Cholera Vaccine. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Bart KJ, Gangarosa EJ. Cholera. In: Kelley VC, ed. Brennemanns practice ... yellow fever and cholera vaccines ideally should be given at least 3 weeks apart. If that is not possible, and both vaccines ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0042345/m0042345.asp

There are three cholera vaccines available they are safe and effective and licensed in some countries. These vaccines are ... Cholera vaccination 02 December 2008. Cholera vaccine There are three cholera vaccines available they are safe and effective ... There are three cholera vaccines available they are safe and effective and licensed in some countries. These vaccines are ... Cholera Articles. WHO to send 1 million cholera vaccine doses to hurricane-hit Haiti ...

https://www.health24.com/Medical/Cholera/Cholera-vaccination/Cholera-vaccine-20120721

Cholera toxin implanted in rice provokes strong immunity in mice while surviving the rigors of acid digestion ... Scientists Dish Up Rice Vaccine to Fight Cholera. Cholera toxin implanted in rice provokes strong immunity in mice while ... "The vaccine expressed in rice, or rice-based vaccine, will become a new form of vaccine production and delivery to [the] ... Such rice-based vaccines need not stop at cholera, Kiyono adds. The same technique could be used to create rice grains bearing ...

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-dish-up-rice-vaccine-to-fight-cholera/

An oral cholera vaccine safely protected poor urban populations from endemic cholera and could facilitate global control ... "Furthermore, oral cholera vaccine is only one part of the larger programme needed to control cholera. It should not supersede ... "The vaccine is cheap, two doses cost US$3.7, around a third of the price of the other licensed vaccine Dukoral [SBL Vaccines/ ... Cite this: Oral Cholera Vaccine Safe, Effective in First Real-life Trial - Medscape - Jul 09, 2015. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/847690

... giving global health experts a few months to get vaccines in to the war-torn country to try to limit the next wave of cases. ... A cholera epidemic in Yemen, one of the worst ever recorded, is likely to surge again around March, ... on Vaccine Provision - the gatekeeper of the vaccine stockpile system designed to deliver vaccines to countries hit by disease ... "We should be using (cholera) vaccines in Yemen - today, and at large scale," he said. "If we could reach a million people ...

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-cholera/in-worlds-worst-cholera-outbreak-vaccine-talks-hang-in-the-balance-idUSKBN1EN0OW

Cholera and Typhoid Vaccines Blamed Cavaliere T, DIsanto R, Palmieri A.[Serologic changes induced by anticholera vaccine].. ... Cholera vaccine & adverse reactions. Cholera. [July 2007] 500 Rushed To Hospital - ... Eisinger AJ, Smith JG.Acute renal failure after TAB and cholera vaccination.. Br Med J. 1979 Feb 10;1(6160):381-2. No abstract ... DCosta DF, Cooper A, Pye IF.Transverse myelitis following cholera, typhoid and polio vaccination.. J R Soc Med. 1990 Oct;83(10 ...

http://www.whale.to/vaccines/cholera.html

Experts Call for International Cholera Vaccine Stockpile PAHO/WHO urged to design a pilot project to use available vaccine in ... cholera vaccine and called for the use of current vaccines in a pilot project in Haiti that would be expanded as more vaccine ... Information shared during the meeting indicated that 100,000 doses of cholera vaccine are currently ready for shipment, but an ... PAHO/WHO convened todays meeting in response to renewed interest in cholera vaccination following reports that more vaccine ...

https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4569:2010-experts-call-international-cholera-vaccine-stockpile&Itemid=1926&lang=en

A Major Drug Interaction exists between ampicillin and cholera vaccine, live. View detailed information regarding this drug ... attenuated cholera vaccine with systemic antibiotics may result in a diminished immunologic response to the vaccine. Some ... MANAGEMENT: Live, attenuated cholera vaccine should not be administered during or for at least 14 days after treatment with ... ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: There are no data regarding the concurrent administration of cholera oral vaccine with food or ...

https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/ampicillin-with-cholera-vaccine-live-196-0-3772-0.html?professional=1

Discuss cholera vaccine recommendations and CDC resources for cholera prevention.. *Identify strategies for cholera prevention ... In order to receive continuing education (CE) for WB4279 - Cholera Vaccine for Travelers please visit TCEO and follow these 9 ... This module is designed to increase knowledge of cholera as an infectious agent, as well as its transmission and clinical ... The content draws on the latest ACIP and CDC recommendations and aims to improve provider competency around cholera prevention ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/cholera-vaccine-travelers

Cholera Vaccine) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related ... Cholera vaccine is used for active immunization against cholera. Field studies carried out in endemic cholera areas have shown ... Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with cholera vaccine. It is also not known whether cholera vaccine can ... home drugs a-z list side effects drug center cholera vaccine (cholera vaccine) drug ...

https://www.rxlist.com/cholera-vaccine-drug.htm

Cholera vaccine is used in adults to help prevent cholera. Cholera is a serious disease that can cause death. It is caused by a ... If you are traveling to cholera-infected areas (eg, developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America) cholera vaccine ... Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of cholera vaccine in the pediatric ... Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of cholera vaccine in the geriatric ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/cholera-vaccine-injection-route/description/drg-20062780?p=1

Cholera vaccine is used in adults to help prevent cholera. Cholera is a serious disease that can cause death. It is caused by a ... If you are traveling to cholera-infected areas (eg, developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America) cholera vaccine ... Cholera is rare in the U.S. and other areas of the world that have good water and sewage (waste) systems. However, it is a ... It is very important to avoid infected persons and food and water that may be infected, even if you have received the vaccine. ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/cholera-vaccine-injection-route/description/DRG-20062780

Cholera vaccines are vaccines that are effective at preventing cholera.[8] For the first six months after vaccination they ... Oral cholera vaccines were first introduced in the 1990s.[8] The cost to immunize against cholera is between US$0.10 and US$ ... The first vaccines used against cholera were developed in the late 1800s.[14] They were the first widely used vaccine that was ... The cholera vaccine is widely used by backpackers and persons visiting locations where there is a high risk of cholera ...

https://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=Cholera+wikipedia&d=5015229175431196&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=I6xzI7Eg3EfoqYJ6dvvXMqkWTGSbGPw7

Vaccine numbers had been built up and are being used to immunize where outbreaks are occurring (the vaccines seem to more rapidly increase immunity than was initially expected) and being contemplated for use in more prophylactic situations. (physicsforums.com)
The key to cholera prevention is practicing food and water precautions and hand hygiene in areas with cholera outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
In the late twentieth century, oral cholera vaccines started to be used on a massive scale, with millions of vaccinations taking place, as a tool to control cholera outbreaks in addition to the traditional interventions of improving safe water supplies, sanitation, handwashing and other means of improving hygiene. (bingj.com)
WHO recommends that current available cholera vaccines be used as complements to traditional control and preventive measures in areas where the disease is endemic and should be considered in areas at risk for outbreaks. (bingj.com)
Vaccination should not disrupt the provision of other high priority health interventions to control or prevent cholera outbreaks. (bingj.com)
Reactive vaccination might be considered in view of limiting the extent of large prolonged outbreaks, provided the local infrastructure allows it, and an in-depth analysis of past cholera data and identification of a defined target area have been performed. (bingj.com)
They are being implemented by the respective Ministries of Health supported by the WHO and partners of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), mostly in reaction to recent cholera outbreaks. (eponline.com)
This is an unprecedented response to a spike in cholera outbreaks across Africa," said Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. (eponline.com)
However, with more and more people now succumbing to this terrible, preventable disease, the need for improved water and sanitation - the only long-term, sustainable solution to cholera outbreaks - has never been clearer. (eponline.com)
As of May 7, many countries are facing cholera outbreaks, with at least 12 areas or countries reporting active cholera transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. (eponline.com)
Cholera outbreaks are common in many developing countries where the prevalence of HIV is also high. (voanews.com)
With such a long period between outbreaks, the population has little to no acquired immunity to the disease, leaving a 'blank slate' for cholera transmission in these densely populated, flood-prone areas. (upi.com)
While the availability of vaccines has improved in recent years, the number is still far from being sufficient to tackle the large-scale outbreaks we are currently seeing, such as those currently ongoing in the Democratic Republic of Congo or Yemen," Luquero said. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
An influential study of the campaign by Epicentre, published in 2014, found that the vaccine was 86 percent effective in protecting individuals, lending support to its use in control of future outbreaks. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
But there has been reluctance by health leaders to use a cholera vaccine during outbreaks and as a prevention tool. (wunc.org)
But several studies in the past few years - one in Haiti and one in Guinea - have shown the vaccine saves lives during outbreaks. (wunc.org)
In Yemen, where cholera has now reached all 21 governorates, the vaccines have to be targeted to those areas most susceptible to new outbreaks. (business-standard.com)
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends both preventive and reactive use of the vaccine, making the following key statements: WHO recommends that current available cholera vaccines be used as complements to traditional control and preventive measures in areas where the disease is endemic and should be considered in areas at risk for outbreaks. (wikipedia.org)
Given the availability of two oral cholera vaccines and the new data on their efficacy, field effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptance in cholera-affected populations and in travelers, these vaccines should be used in endemic areas, in travelers for these areas and should be considered in areas at risk for outbreaks. (unboundmedicine.com)
The study, conducted by Epicentre , research arm of the international medical humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), and the Guinean Ministry of Health, is the first to show that this particular oral cholera vaccine provides protection very quickly, and lends support to its use in control of future outbreaks. (fiercepharma.com)
The results, on both the effectiveness and feasibility of oral cholera vaccines during an actual emergency, will hopefully bolster efforts to integrate vaccines in the global response to cholera outbreaks,' said Dr. Rebecca Grais, senior author of the publication. (fiercepharma.com)
Cholera outbreaks can quickly lead to a public health crisis through their rapid spread in vulnerable populations. (the-scientist.com)
A global stockpile of the oral cholera vaccine is available and can be used to help contain or prevent outbreaks. (the-scientist.com)
Generally speaking, this can be applied to other settings, especially in regions in which cholera outbreaks are periodic (that is, each rainy season) and when access to WaSH infrastructure is limited. (the-scientist.com)
In 2001 alone, 28 countries reported over 40 outbreaks of cholera to the World Health Organization, resulting in the deaths of thousands. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Now the World Health Organization is calling for the establishment of a global stockpile of the vaccine to respond to outbreaks like Haiti's. (wncw.org)
7 May 2018, Geneva / Brazzaville - A spate of cholera outbreaks across Africa has prompted the largest cholera vaccination drive in history, with more than two million people across the continent set to receive oral cholera vaccine (OCV). (who.int)
The campaigns, which will be completed by mid-June, are being implemented by the respective Ministries of Health supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), and mostly in reaction to recent cholera outbreaks. (who.int)
Health officials in Harare immediately moved into protective response mode, organizing a vaccination campaign and determining the coordinates for the most vulnerable areas: communities where water and sanitation infrastructure had been destroyed or a large number of their population had been displaced and thus more susceptible to cholera outbreaks. (who.int)
Cholera outbreaks are on the rise. (flutrackers.com)
A recent report on cholera in the weekly epidemiological record of the World Health Organization showed that the number of cholera cases dramatically increased in 2006 (236,896 cases, including 6,311 deaths) because of several major outbreaks ( 3 ). (jimmunol.org)
V. cholerae serogroup O1 causes the majority of cholera outbreaks and has two biotypes, Classical and El Tor. (canada.ca)
Although cholera outbreaks have occurred in Europe and the United States, the disease has been essentially eradicated there through effective sanitation and public health measures ( 1 ). (asm.org)
Health partners throughout Yemen joined forces to control and prevent any future cholera outbreaks. (who.int)
A single , high-dose cholera vaccine-Vaxchora-could be an effective tool in controlling outbreaks more rapidly, according to new research from the University of Maryland School of Medicine. (ghtcoalition.org)
The current cholera vaccine consists of two doses of the inactivated virus administered over two weeks, but researchers believe they have developed a stronger, single dose vaccine approach that will be more effective in combatting outbreaks because it can be deployed more rapidly and easily. (ghtcoalition.org)
Researchers plan to further study how this vaccine may help curb outbreaks early before they become widespread and its potential use in preemptive vaccination. (ghtcoalition.org)
Cracking down on street vendors such as Moyo, imposing curfews and even enacting quarantine zones don't work to control cholera, says the World Health Organisation (WHO) website , because they don't eradicate the source of outbreaks or stem transmission. (mg.co.za)
Cholera occurs as both outbreaks and chronically in certain areas. (wikipedia.org)

An area of active cholera transmission is defined as a province, state, or other administrative subdivision within a country where cholera infections may be reported regularly (endemic) or where a cholera outbreak is occurring (epidemic), and includes areas with cholera activity within the past year . (cdc.gov)
Anything that can reduce the spread of a cholera outbreak is important. (physicsforums.com)
Although still rare, cholera appears to be more common in travelers who are visiting friends and relatives and those performing humanitarian aid work in outbreak settings. (cdc.gov)
A group of researchers from Asia, Africa and Europe wanted to see whether a cholera outbreak could be contained in a mass immunization campaign that includes individuals infected with HIV. (voanews.com)
Since February, 664 have been sick and 12 killed in the first cholera outbreak in Zambia since 2010. (upi.com)
NEW YORK, April 11 (UPI) -- Doctors Without Borders has announced a plan to vaccinate more than half a million people against cholera in Zambia, where an outbreak has made 664 sick and killed 12 since February. (upi.com)
Lusaka has experienced regular cholera epidemics in the past, but this is the first outbreak since 2010," Voûte said. (upi.com)
This was the ideal environment for a large-scale cholera outbreak. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
Now we know that oral cholera vaccine confers a high level of protection in outbreak settings, and that vaccinating against this highly deadly disease can and should be one thing we do when we have a cholera epidemic on our hands, in addition to other preventive and control measures," Luquero, principal investigator of the study, said at the time. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
The IFRC is one of the founding members of the International Coordination Group for yellow fever vaccine and meningitis vaccine stockpile for outbreak response, together with WHO, UNICEF and MSF. (ifrc.org)
A family receives treatment for cholera at a clinic run by Doctors Without Borders in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in October 2011, a year after the overwhelming outbreak began. (wunc.org)
The UN aid coordination agency said Yemen's suspected cholera caseload has surged past 3,13,000 and caused over 1,700 deaths, making it the world's largest outbreak. (business-standard.com)
He said Yemen now has 3,13,538 suspected cases and 1,732 deaths caused by cholera in an outbreak that was first recorded in late March. (business-standard.com)
Medical Xpress ) - A vaccination campaign that almost didn't happen was widely effective in reducing transmission of cholera in the midst of an ongoing outbreak of the disease in rural Haiti. (georgetown.edu)
The U.N. wasn't able to distribute cholera vaccines in Yemen until May 2018 and the outbreak ultimately produced more than 1 million suspected cholera cases. (nbcnewyork.com)
Ali al-Walidi, the deputy health minister in southern Yemen, and Youssef al-Hadri, the spokesman of the Houthi-run Health Ministry in the north, both deny there were delays in getting cholera vaccines into Yemen at the start of the outbreak. (nbcnewyork.com)
PARIS/NEW YORK-An oral cholera vaccine protected individuals by 86 percent during a recent outbreak in Guinea, according to a study published today in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) . (fiercepharma.com)
Because we'd never documented the effectiveness of this new vaccine in real-life epidemic conditions, we didn't have enough information to understand the potential of this vaccine as a tool to control a cholera outbreak,' said Francisco Luquero, principal investigator of the study. (fiercepharma.com)
This study published in NEJM was part of a large-scale Epicentre study of oral cholera vaccine in Guinea in 2012, the first on cholera vaccines ever conducted during an outbreak in Africa. (fiercepharma.com)
Most of the confirmed cholera cases were from a small outbreak in a local community that had the lowest vaccination coverage. (fiercepharma.com)
Until very recently, cholera vaccines have not been considered among the tools to use in outbreak control,' said Grais. (fiercepharma.com)
Several deadly and large-scale cholera epidemics have shown the limits of the traditional outbreak response to contain national-scale epidemics. (fiercepharma.com)
Requests are granted based on various factors such as the risk of cholera, severity of an outbreak, and access to WaSH and healthcare. (the-scientist.com)
Importantly, there is a delay from the time a country requests the vaccine to when public health practitioners actually administer it, and this can have large effects on the trajectory of an ongoing outbreak. (the-scientist.com)
Consistent with previous findings for cholera and other diseases , we found that the most effective method to avert cases for a given amount of vaccine involves vaccinating a population before an outbreak would occur. (the-scientist.com)
In line with previous findings , our research also revealed that when an outbreak is ongoing, the timing of vaccination is critical because of the rapid spread of cholera. (the-scientist.com)
In general, if a vaccine is administered too late in an outbreak, the number of cases that it prevents will be substantially reduced. (the-scientist.com)
This is analogous to the early stages of a cholera outbreak, when there is a large proportion of people susceptible to infection. (the-scientist.com)
A Cuban government official said the cholera outbreak there has increased to 110 cases, but the official death toll remained at 3, according to a media report published today. (umn.edu)
The World Health Organization (WHO) has initiated a campaign to vaccinate 250,000 individuals in Iraq against cholera to curb the ongoing outbreak in the country, the organization announced Sunday. (bioprepwatch.com)
The WHO's technical advisers cited the recent Haiti vaccination project , involving 100,000 people in Port-au-Prince and a rural area, as evidence that cholera vaccination can work in the midst of an outbreak - a proposition that has engendered controversy since Haiti's epidemic began in late 2010. (wncw.org)
The deputy director of PAHO, Dr. Jon Andrus , who was initially skeptical of using oral cholera vaccine during an outbreak, opened this week's meeting by saying that if the evidence warrants it, "we should not fail to miss short-term opportunities to save lives more quickly. (wncw.org)
The disaster had already triggered a cholera outbreak in Mozambique, which had affected more than 3 000 people and raised alarms for the Government of Zimbabwe. (who.int)
BEIRA, Mozambique (AP) - Mozambican and international health workers raced on Monday to contain the outbreak of cholera in the cyclone-hit city of Beira, where the cases of the disease has jumped to 517 and the first death has been recorded. (marshallindependent.com)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) urgently needs $5.5 million to mitigate a cholera outbreak that has infected more than 17,000, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (umn.edu)
Meanwhile, the pace of Haiti's cholera outbreak has slowed even as cases approach 500,000 and deaths approach 7,000, the OCHA said in a separate report. (umn.edu)
The cholera outbreak in Haiti is currently the worst ongoing episode in the world. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
Partners in Health, a Boston-based nonprofit, is planning to launch an unprecedented cholera vaccination campaign to try to curb the outbreak - but it faces many challenges, including a shortage of the vaccine. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
Jon Lascher, Haiti program manager for Partners in Health, says the cholera outbreak began miles away, on Haiti's Central Plateau. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
The cholera outbreak began near a United Nations peacekeeping base housing Nepalese soldiers. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
However, this is not as effective in combating an epidemic outbreak as concentrating efforts in regions at risk of high exposure to cholera, although it is difficult to know in advance where those regions would be. (fredhutch.org)
Azman and his colleagues performed a review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the effectiveness of these cholera vaccines in both controlled clinical settings and real-world outbreak situations. (xtalks.com)
As the study also found that a one dose regimen could be as effective as two doses of the vaccine, it could allow governments to vaccinate more people during an outbreak. (xtalks.com)
How serious is Zambia's current cholera outbreak? (gavi.org)
This cholera outbreak has occurred in some areas where infrastructure failed, and we have not been able to provide support to replace broken parts. (gavi.org)
Khartoum, 29 October 2019 - Sudan declared an outbreak of cholera on 8 September 2019 after a noticeable increase in the number of cholera cases reported in the two states of Sinnar and Blue Nile, in the centre and south of the country. (who.int)
As an integrated part of the current outbreak response strategy, oral cholera vaccine (OCV) has been mobilized by the the Federal Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF through coordination with the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision for Cholera. (who.int)
Based on a public health risk assessment, 14 localities in the states of Sinnar and Blue Nile have been determined to be at high risk for further spread of the cholera outbreak. (who.int)
The outbreak in Yemen remains the largest cholera in the world. (who.int)
Zambian traders and vendors gesture and chant slogans as they take part in a January 2018 protest in Lusaka following a ban on street trading amid the country's latest deadly cholera outbreak. (mg.co.za)
About seven months ago, a cholera outbreak hit Zambia - an event that has drastically changed the lives of Moyo and his colleagues. (mg.co.za)
Zambia's cholera outbreak began in late September 2017. (mg.co.za)

CDC expert Dr. Karen Wong discusses the risk for cholera in travelers, how it can be prevented, and use of the new vaccine. (cdc.gov)
The vaccine is not regularly recommended for most travelers from the United States, as most travelers do not visit areas with active cholera transmission. (cdc.gov)
Travelers to cholera-affected regions should receive a cholera vaccine. (medscape.com)
Nevertheless, oral vaccines have been little used for the control of endemic and epidemic cholera, and they have been deployed mostly as vaccines for travelers. (pnas.org)
All travelers need to be up to date on routine vaccines they would normally get if they were not traveling. (medicinenet.com)
Travelers should also be up to date on tetanus vaccines . (medicinenet.com)
Federal health officials have approved the first cholera vaccine intended to protect U.S. travelers from the potentially life-threatening disease. (foxnews.com)
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices voted to recommend cholera vaccine for adult (18-64 years) travelers to an area of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 transmission. (cdc.gov)
Cholera in travelers is extremely rare, and the vaccine is not routinely recommended for most travelers because most travelers do not visit areas of active transmission. (cdc.gov)
Travelers who follow the usual tourist itinerary and who use standard accommodations in countries affected by cholera are at virtually no risk of infection. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, the Public Health Service no longer requires cholera vaccination for travelers coming to the United States from cholera-infected areas, and the World Health Organization (WHO) no longer recommends cholera vaccination for travel to or from cholera-infected areas. (cdc.gov)
The risk of cholera to U.S. travelers is so low that the vaccine is not likely to benefit most U.S. travelers. (cdc.gov)
Physicians administering vaccine to travelers should emphasize that an International Certificate of Vaccination against cholera must be validated for it to be acceptable to quarantine authorities. (cdc.gov)
In order to receive continuing education (CE) for WB4279 - Cholera Vaccine for Travelers please visit TCEO and follow these 9 Simple Steps before 12/09/2021. (cdc.gov)
GANGAROSA, E. and FAICH, G.: Cholera: The risk to American travelers. (rxlist.com)
People who may be at risk for cholera include military personnel, humanitarian aid workers, missionary workers, and adventure travelers to such areas. (emedicinehealth.com)
ACIP members also voted to recommend use of PaxVax Bermuda Ltd.'s cholera vaccine Vaxchora, which gained FDA approval on June 10 (www.fda.gov) , for the prevention of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 for travelers ages 18-64 to areas of active cholera transmission. (aafp.org)
Sweden is the only other country that produces a vaccine with an equally high success rate, but it costs US$10.00 to $30.00 per dose, and is used primarily by travelers from developed countries. (peoplesworld.org)
Because CT cross-reacts with Escherichia coli LT the vaccine also provides short-term protection against ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli) which is of added benefit for travelers. (unboundmedicine.com)
The vaccine is recommended for adult travelers 18 to 64 years old going to cholera affected regions. (passporthealthusa.com)
Travelers to the Caribbean, Africa and/or Southeast Asia should consider receiving the cholera vaccine. (passporthealthusa.com)
Travelers visiting any part of the world where cholera is present have some risk of infection. (passporthealthusa.com)
Travelers Visiting Rural Areas - If you are visiting an area with limited access to clean water or medical facilities, cholera could quickly become a very serious concern. (passporthealthusa.com)
For travelers from non-endemic countries cholera is rare with a risk of 0.01-0.001% per month of stay in a developing country. (pediatriceducation.org)
25 cases/year reported with most occurring among travelers to epidemic or endemic cholera. (pediatriceducation.org)
The vaccine is not generally recommended for most travelers in the U.S. since they don't frequently travel to areas of active cholera transmission, according to ACIP, but there was an increase in reported cases among U.S. travelers to Haiti after a 2010 hurricane. (modernmedicine.com)
Cholera is also endemic in several top destinations for U.S. travelers, including China, the Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica and the Philippines. (modernmedicine.com)
Researchers at the University of Tokyo have announced the successful results of the Phase 1 clinical trial of a new type of vaccine to protect against cholera and travelers' diarrhea. (medicalxpress.com)
CTB is similar in structure to a toxin made by some types of disease-causing E. coli bacteria, so cholera vaccines often provide cross protection against travelers' diarrhea. (medicalxpress.com)
Participants were excluded if they had any of the following: history of cholera or travelers' diarrhea, poorly controlled constipation, abnormal results on hepatic, renal or hematological screening tests, use of any over-the counter drugs within seven days before first administration, inability to use a medically acceptable means of contraception or other reasons by medical judgment of the investigator. (technologynetworks.com)

The vaccine, Shanchol , was given as part of routine health services to both adults and children and was found to protect against severe cases of cholera. (voanews.com)
An inexpensive, oral, killed whole-cell cholera vaccine ( Shanchol , Shantha) delivered through routine government services safely protected poor urban populations in Bangladesh from endemic cholera, according to a new study. (medscape.com)
[8] The Shanchol/mORCVAX bivalent vaccine, which combines the O1 and O139 serogroups , was originally licensed in Vietnam in 1997 and given in 20 million doses to children in Vietnam during the following decade. (bingj.com)
The oral vaccine, called Shanchol , has been around for a while now. (wunc.org)
Shanchol is the cheapest of the approved cholera vaccines. (wunc.org)
According to a study led by Harvard Medical School researchers at Partners In Health, there were 63 percent fewer cholera cases among the thousands of adults and children who received the cholera vaccine Shanchol than among those who were unvaccinated. (georgetown.edu)
BivWC (marketed as "Shanchol" and "mORCVAX") is a bivalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139. (wikipedia.org)
2) A bivalent O1 and O139 whole cell oral vaccine without CT B subunit (Shanchol) has been lately developed in Vietnam (licensed by VaBiotech-Viet Nam to Shantha Biotechnics-India. (unboundmedicine.com)
The Epicentre study looked at the efficacy of two complete doses of Shanchol-one of two WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines currently available-in the first months after administration. (fiercepharma.com)
Vaccination with two complete doses of Shanchol was associated with significant protection-86 percent-against cholera. (fiercepharma.com)
And last year, the WHO approved a cheaper and easier-to-use oral vaccine called Shanchol, which was used in the Haitian demonstration project this spring. (wncw.org)
Two cholera vaccines, sold as Shanchol and Dukoral, are currently available. (asm.org)
Both Shanchol and Dukoral are two-spaced-dose oral vaccines comprising large numbers of killed cholera bacteria. (asm.org)
In a field trial in Kolkata (India), Shanchol, the preferred vaccine, protected 45% of the test subjects in all of the age groups and only 17% of the children under 5 years of age during the first year of surveillance. (asm.org)

Cholera is caused by bacteria, and spread through contaminated food or water. (medlineplus.gov)
Cell dish experiments showed that L. lactis had an antibacterial effect when grown on a layer of cholera bacteria. (genengnews.com)
The vaccine consists of harmless, lab-designed bacteria don't cause cholera. (genengnews.com)
Contains live attenuated cholera bacteria that replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of the recipient. (drugs.com)
The bacteria that cause cholera infect the gut and bloody the stool of victims. (scientificamerican.com)
Plaque, typhoid and cholera, most dreaded diseases that are caused by bacteria have one thing in common - needle complex. (medindia.net)
Cholera is usually transmitted through ingestion of water contaminated by fecal matter harboring cholera bacteria. (peoplesworld.org)
California-based vaccine manufacturer PaxVax has reportedly submitted an application to begin international trials of a novel oral cholera vaccine that contains live, genetically modified (GM) bacteria. (prisonplanet.com)
Participants will be instructed to literally consume a cocktail of mercury-resistant, GM Shigella flexneri NR1 bacteria derived from the Vibrio cholera bacterial strain, which is recognized as the causative agent of the gastroenteritis disease known as cholera. (prisonplanet.com)
The non-active B-subunit of the cholera toxin molecule, in other words, is reportedly still synthesized in the bacteria, but it allegedly no longer holds the capacity to induce either disease or toxicity. (prisonplanet.com)
Vaxchora is a vaccine against some of the bacteria that causes cholera (vibrio cholerae serogroup O1). (passporthealthusa.com)
This ensures the vaccine is delivered into the intestine where it is needed to trigger an immune response to fight cholera bacteria. (healthjockey.com)
Opening a new door to an effective vaccine and therapy for a disease that strikes thousands annually, researchers at Dartmouth Medical School discovered that the bacteria that causes the intestinal disease Cholera spreads in the environment in much the same way it infects humans. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The team verified that the GlcNAc in the intestine initiates the attachment and colonization of the bacteria by testing the mutant strain on zooplankton and cultured intestinal cells in vitro as well as in an in vivo cholera model. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Risk factors for cholera include number of bacteria ingested, lack of immunity from prior disease or vaccination, lack of passive immunity for newborn infants because of lack of breastfeeding, pregnancy, immunocompromised state (especially HIV), malnourishment, blood group O, and decreased ability to make gastric acid which neutralizes the bacteria. (pediatriceducation.org)
Based on observations, it also gives protection not only against cholera, but also against the coli bacteria which frequently causes diarrhoea when travelling. (oltokozpont.hu)
A protection of 60-70% against coli bacteria for 3 months and also 85-90% against cholera for 2 years can be achieved. (oltokozpont.hu)
Existing cholera vaccines are a formulation of whole bacteria (e.g., killed) and generally require refrigerated storage (or cold chain). (technologynetworks.com)
Since oral cholera vaccines formulated from killed V. cholerae are already available in some countries, in future clinical studies, it might be necessary to include a head-to-head comparison between the currently available bacteria-based vaccines and MucoRice-CTB. (technologynetworks.com)
Alternatively, we may need to consider the prime and boost strategy using these different oral vaccines (e.g., bacteria-based vaccine followed by MucoRice-CTB) for the induction of maximum protective immunity against CT-induced diarrhea. (technologynetworks.com)
Cholera bacteria have been found in shellfish and plankton. (wikipedia.org)

Immune mechanisms conferring protection against cholera following receipt of cholera vaccine have not been determined. (drugs.com)
The traveler's best protection against cholera, as well as against many other enteric diseases, is to avoid food and water that might be contaminated. (cdc.gov)
Two doses of vaccine are needed to confer protection against cholera. (paho.org)
It is the best line of defense against cholera infection, providing significant protection against cholera. (passporthealthusa.com)
our results are consistent with those of other studies that suggest instead that anamnestic immune responses of mucosal lymphocytes may play a major role in protection against cholera. (asm.org)
For continuous protection against cholera a single booster dose is recommended within 2 years for adults and children from 6 years of age, and within 6 months for children aged 2 to 6 years. (medicines.org.uk)
Following the primary series, protection against cholera lasts for 2 years in persons 6 years of age and older and 6 months in children 2 years to less than 6 years of age. (canada.ca)
For protection against cholera: travellers to cholera-endemic countries who may be at significantly increased risk of exposure (for example, humanitarian workers or health care providers working in endemic countries) may benefit from cholera and travellers' diarrhea vaccination. (canada.ca)

It consists of a killed whole-cell V. cholerae O1 with purified recombinant B-subunit of cholera toxoid . (news24.com)
[16] The Dukoral monovalent vaccine from Sweden, which combines formalin , heat-killed whole cells of Vibrio cholerae O1 and a recombinant cholera toxin B subunit, was licensed in 1991, mainly for travellers. (bingj.com)
WC-rBS (marketed as "Dukoral") is a monovalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 plus additional recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. (wikipedia.org)
Efficacy of a food plant-based oral cholera toxin B subunit vaccine. (nih.gov)
Transgenic potatoes were engineered to synthesize a cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) pentamer with affinity for GMI-ganglioside. (nih.gov)
The two vaccines currently available in worldwide are: (1) The killed oral vaccine (Dukoral, licensed by SBL-Sweden to Crucell-Holland) is recommended since 1999 by WHO and consists of a mixture of four preparations of heat or formalin killed whole cell Vibrio cholera O1 (Inaba and Ogaba serotypes, and classical and El Tor biotypes) that are then added with purified recombinant cholera toxin (CT) B subunit. (unboundmedicine.com)
Fragments of the Cholera toxin A subunit and haemolysin A genes were cloned into separate plasmids. (prisonplanet.com)
Immune responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. (asm.org)
We previously showed that oral immunization of mice with a rice-based vaccine expressing cholera toxin (CT) B subunit (MucoRice-CT-B) induced CT-specific immune responses with toxin-neutralizing activity in both systemic and mucosal compartments. (jimmunol.org)
The former contains Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 cells, and the latter contains V. cholerae O1 cells with the recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin. (asm.org)
Antibodies to various cholera antigens, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), outer membrane proteins, CT, and the major subunit of the toxin-coregulated pilus (TcpA), have been detected in serum samples from individuals immunized with V. cholerae O1 or from convalescent patients ( 7 - 11 ). (asm.org)
We have developed a rice-based oral cholera vaccine named MucoRice-CTB (Cholera Toxin B-subunit) by using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated co-transformation system. (biomedcentral.com)
The campaign, using killed whole-cell/recombinant B-subunit cholera vaccine, was carried out in October 1997 among 44,000 south Sudanese refugees in Uganda. (msf.org)
Methods: We analysed the first year of surveillance data from a placebo-controlled trial of B subunit-killed whole-cell and killed whole-cell-only oral cholera vaccines in children and adult women in Bangladesh. (elsevier.com)

She added that the vaccine is cheap, with two doses costing $3.70 US, about a third of the price of Dukoral, the other licensed vaccine. (voanews.com)
The vaccine is cheap, two doses cost US$3.7, around a third of the price of the other licensed vaccine Dukoral [SBL Vaccines/Crucell]. (medscape.com)
The standard primary course of vaccination with Dukoral against cholera consists of 2 doses for adults and children from 6 years of age. (medicines.org.uk)

These cholera vaccines are World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified, but are not available in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
GENEVA (Reuters) - A third producer of oral cholera vaccine has been approved that is expected to provide 3 million doses in 2016, the World Health Organization said on Friday, doubling the world's stockpile against a disease that can kill within hours. (reuters.com)
Interest in using oral vaccines for the control of cholera has increased in recent years, as reflected in a recently strengthened recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the preemptive use of oral cholera vaccines to control endemic cholera and for consideration of reactive use of these vaccines in cholera epidemics ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
Some three million doses of oral cholera vaccine are currently available in a global stockpile designed for such emergencies, according to the World Health Organization. (reuters.com)
Washington D.C., 17 December 2010 (PAHO) -- A group of experts convened by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) today urged the creation of an international stockpile of cholera vaccine and called for the use of current vaccines in a pilot project in Haiti that would be expanded as more vaccine becomes available. (paho.org)
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of cholera vaccines in combination with other measures among those at high risk. (bingj.com)
What the World Health Organization described May 7 as the largest cholera vaccine campaign in history aims to provide oral cholera vaccine to more than 2 million people. (eponline.com)
Cholera cases and epidemics are tracked by public-health authorities, such as the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (emedicinehealth.com)
Beira: Nearly 900,000 doses of cholera vaccine procured by UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) have arrived in Beira, Mozambique, officials confirmed. (timesofoman.com)
In 2001, due to cholera's persistence and the apparent failures of the established preventive measures, the World Health Organization (WHO) began advocating worldwide use of oral vaccines. (peoplesworld.org)
Citing such complexities, spokesman Christian Lindmeier of the World Health Organization said that shipping vaccines "has to make sense," and that they could be re-routed to places that "might need them more urgently," such as some African countries. (business-standard.com)
The vaccine is being stockpiled by the World Health Organization (WHO) for use in emergencies. (fiercepharma.com)
This has forced the World Health Organization to distribute less vaccine than requested . (the-scientist.com)
Three other vaccines are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) but are not available in the United States. (modernmedicine.com)
Cholera infects 1.3 million to 4 million people and causes 21,000 to 143,000 deaths each year, according to the World Health Organization. (medicalxpress.com)
The number of cholera cases reported to World Health Organization (WHO) annually has remained relatively constant since 1995, varying from 100,000 to 300,000 cases per year [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The FDA recently approved external icon a single-dose live oral cholera vaccine called Vaxchora ® (lyophilized CVD 103-HgR) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Has had an allergic reaction after a previous to person, but it can be spread through contact with dose of cholera vaccine , or has any severe, life- the feces of an infected person. (cdc.gov)
If you have ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction after a previous dose of any cholera vaccine, or if you have a severe allergy to any ingredient in this vaccine, you should not get the vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
It is a live, weakened vaccine administered as a single, oral liquid dose of about three fluid ounces at least 10 days before travel to a cholera-affected region. (medscape.com)
A single-dose vaccine is especially beneficial to a person who needs to travel to a cholera-affected region on short notice. (medscape.com)
Oral: 100 mL (single dose) administered ≥10 days prior to potential cholera exposure. (drugs.com)
One dose of vaccine will usually satisfy entry requirements for persons who anticipate travel to such countries and who will be vaccinated in the United States. (cdc.gov)
With the threat or occurrence of epidemic cholera, health authorities of some countries may require evidence of a complete primary series of two doses or a booster dose within 6 months before arrival. (cdc.gov)
Because rice grains contain varying amounts of the vaccine-roughly 30 micrograms per seed-a pill of some kind would need to be created to make sure people get the proper dose. (scientificamerican.com)
[8] A single dose vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common. (bingj.com)
The oral cholera vaccine is usually given in two doses, however officials have decided to give one dose to each person, allowing them to treat double the number of people and slow the epidemic as quickly as possible. (upi.com)
MSF recommended providing a single dose of the vaccine to ensure maximum coverage immediately, and to deliver a second dose later when more supplies became available. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
According to these results, people vaccinated can be protected against cholera a few days after receiving one dose," said Dr. Francisco Luquero, a medical epidemiologist at Epicentre. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
ACIP members unanimously voted to recommend routine administration of the MenACWY-D vaccine to HIV-infected patients ages 2 months and older using a two-dose series two months apart, AAFP liaison to the ACIP Margot Savoy, M.D., M.P.H., of Wilmington, Del. (aafp.org)
MenACWY-D vaccine is also recommended for routine vaccination of adolescents, preferably at age 11 or 12, with a booster dose given at age 16. (aafp.org)
The ACIP gave a Category A recommendation to use of this single-dose, live attenuated oral vaccine, which should be administered 10 days or more before travel. (aafp.org)
I have a feeling that even though there is a two-dose schedule option, the workgroup will say it doesn't provide adequate protection, so we should continue to use three doses of Trumenba in adolescents and two doses for the other vaccine (Novartis' Bextero),' Savoy said. (aafp.org)
At U.S.$1.25 per dose, MORACVAX is the world's first cholera vaccine that is inexpensive enough for widespread use in the developing world. (peoplesworld.org)
The resulting vaccine had a 66 percent success rate, a good safety record, and a production cost as low as 20-cents per dose. (peoplesworld.org)
A child receives the second dose of the cholera vaccine in Saut d'Eau, Haiti, last September. (wunc.org)
The vaccination campaign achieved high coverage rates, with the two-dose vaccine achieving 75.8 percent coverage in Boffa and 75.9 percent in Forecariah. (fiercepharma.com)
In fact, we found that although the full two-dose vaccine regimen confers more immunity than a single dose, it may be preferable to give one dose to more people rather than two doses to fewer people, because two doses must be administered 14 days apart and would incur a longer delay. (the-scientist.com)
Vaxchora is a single-dose oral cholera vaccine. (passporthealthusa.com)
Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of cholera vaccine , or has any severe, life-threatening allergies . (wellspan.org)
The vaccine costs $1.85 a dose, and two doses are needed over a few weeks' time to achieve 60 to 85 percent protection. (wncw.org)
Against this backdrop, advocates of cholera vaccination in Haiti realized it would be crucial to show the feasibility of cholera vaccination in settings where at-risk populations are hard to reach, need to understand vaccination, and must return for a second dose. (wncw.org)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is now recommending that adults traveling to areas of active cholera transmission receive a recently-approved, single-dose oral vaccine. (modernmedicine.com)
The authors note that the current cost of the two existing vaccines, at $5 and $1.50 per dose, make a good case for international investment in production and distribution of a stockpile. (fredhutch.org)
A study examining the immune response to one of them in Haitian adults finds that while the first vaccine round elicits a strong cholera-specific response in the mucosa (the first point of contact with the cholera pathogen), the booster dose after 2 weeks does not appear to stimulate the immune system further. (flutrackers.com)
Although the Ab level gradually decreased, detectable levels were maintained for at least 6 mo, and high titers were rapidly recovered after an oral booster dose of the rice-based vaccine. (jimmunol.org)
I'm very optimistic for the future of our MucoRice-CTB vaccine, especially because of the dose escalation results. (medicalxpress.com)
Participants responded to the vaccine at the low, medium and high doses, with the largest immune response at the highest dose," said Professor Hiroshi Kiyono, D.D.S., Ph.D., from the Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo who leads the MucoRice project. (medicalxpress.com)
Tests two and four months after receiving the last dose revealed that volunteers who responded to the vaccine had IgA and IgG antibodies-two types of proteins the immune system produces to fight infections-specific to cholera toxin B (CTB). (medicalxpress.com)
Participants who received a higher dose of vaccine were more likely to have CTB-specific antibodies. (medicalxpress.com)
Those that received the first dose probably didn't get the message that there's a limit after which the vaccine won't give you protection - until you get the second dose. (gavi.org)
Mass Vaccination with a Two-Dose Oral Cholera Vaccine in a Refugee Camp. (msf.org)
We therefore conducted a study to assess the feasibility of such a campaign using a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a refugee camp. (msf.org)
Feasibility of a mass vaccination campaign using a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in an urban cholera-endemic setting in Mozambique. (msf.org)

The cholera vaccine Vaxchora is the only one approved by the FDA for cholera prevention. (medscape.com)
The only other existing cholera-prevention vaccines require 2 doses, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
Other participants in today's meeting included Matthew Waldor of Harvard University, Peter Hotez of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, Eric Mintz of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Myron Levine of the University of Maryland, John Clemens of the International Vaccine Institute, Bruce Gellin of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and William Pape of GHESKIO in Haiti. (paho.org)
The content draws on the latest ACIP and CDC recommendations and aims to improve provider competency around cholera prevention, diagnosis and treatment. (cdc.gov)
List recommendations for prevention strategies for cholera. (cdc.gov)
Discuss cholera vaccine recommendations and CDC resources for cholera prevention. (cdc.gov)
Identify strategies for cholera prevention in cooperation with patients, communities, at-risk populations, and other members of an interprofessional team of health care providers. (cdc.gov)
Despite high infectivity and ease of spread, prevention and treatment of cholera is relatively straightforward. (emedicinehealth.com)
The 64th World Health Assembly (2011) called for an integrated, comprehensive strategy of cholera prevention and control. (ifrc.org)
The WHA Resolution 64.15 included consideration of the use of oral cholera vaccines (OCV) "where appropriate, in conjunction with other recommended prevention and control methods and not as a substitute for such methods. (ifrc.org)
Vietnam has long been at the forefront of cholera prevention through public vaccination programs, challenging the practice, promoted for years by aid organizations, of deemphasizing vaccinations due to high costs, low success rates, and safety concerns. (peoplesworld.org)
But this added prevention didn't significantly cut their risk of getting cholera compared to the vaccine alone. (wunc.org)
Oral cholera vaccine was added to the WHO recommendation for cholera prevention and control in 2010, and in 2013 the WHO and partners created the emergency vaccine stockpile. (fiercepharma.com)
Back in 2012, I worked with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Thai Ministry of Public Health, and Première Urgence Aide Medicale Internationale to prepare for an oral cholera vaccination campaign in Maela , the largest Burmese refugee camp in Thailand. (the-scientist.com)
The vaccine does not replace prevention measures like utilizing safe food and water and practicing good hygiene, but it does reduce the chances of severe diarrhea by 90% at 10 days after vaccination and by 80% at three months after vaccination, according to ACIP. (modernmedicine.com)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are an estimated three to five million cholera cases per year and over 100,000 cholera deaths per year. (vaccinenewsdaily.com)
Provision of safe water, sanitation and personal hygiene will continue to be the critical cholera prevention and control measures. (who.int)
Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation and access to clean water. (wikipedia.org)

Writing in the journal, magazine editor Jeffrey Drazen says the study shows the vaccine is highly effective in preventing the spread of cholera, not only among those who are HIV infected, but in other settings. (voanews.com)
Michel Le Pechoux, the Deputy Representative of UNICEF Mozambique, said, "The procurement of vaccines is one of several approaches UNICEF and its partners are taking to curb the spread of cholera, along with re-establishing water treatment systems and distributing water purification products. (timesofoman.com)
The WHO states that social mobilization and health education will be crucial in implementing the vaccination program and mitigating the spread of cholera. (bioprepwatch.com)
Poor sanitation and lack of access to clean drinking water are the main factors that contribute to the spread of cholera. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)

The case for introducing oral cholera vaccines as routine public health tools has also been strengthened by an apparent increase in the magnitude, severity, and duration of recently reported epidemics, such as those observed in Angola, Zimbabwe, Vietnam, and Haiti, perhaps related to the widespread emergence of the modified genetic forms of V. cholerae 01 El Tor biotype that produce classical biotype cholera toxin ( 10 ). (pnas.org)
Nevertheless, the use of oral cholera vaccines continues to fuel vigorous debates in the public health community, especially regarding reactive use of the vaccines for control of reported epidemics. (pnas.org)
It is against the background of this controversy that two articles in PNAS, each reporting on the results of models projecting the hypothetical impact of using killed oral cholera vaccines in recent massive cholera epidemics, add important information ( 11 , 12 ). (pnas.org)
Current vaccines against cholera can take weeks to induce immunity, which limits the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns during cholera epidemics that often explode within several days. (genengnews.com)
In June, the WHO's office in Yemen requested 3.4 million doses of cholera vaccine from the Geneva-based International Coordinating Group (IGC) on Vaccine Provision - the gatekeeper of the vaccine stockpile system designed to deliver vaccines to countries hit by disease epidemics. (reuters.com)
During the rainy season in informal villages in Zambia, floodwaters can mix with pit latrines and unsafe, poorly dug water sources, creating rivers of contaminated water with the potential to cause and spread cholera epidemics. (upi.com)
The use of oral cholera vaccine should greatly improve our ability to prevent and control epidemics, and ultimately, to save more lives. (fiercepharma.com)
If the observed genetic differences have to do with severity of symptoms, then this could explain why more recent cholera epidemics have been less deadly , even before the emergence of the El Tor strain. (historyofvaccines.org)
Lead author Dr. Dennis Chao said a plan should be in place to mitigate cholera epidemics expected in other regions of the developing world. (fredhutch.org)
We expect cholera epidemics to appear in other regions of the developing world and we believe that we should have a plan in place to mitigate them," Chao said. (fredhutch.org)
Reflecting on the complementary roles of water management and immunisation in preventing cholera epidemics that have afflicted Zambia for four decades. (gavi.org)
Zambia has had cholera epidemics every year for the past 35 years. (gavi.org)

Moreover, the vaccine used has sustained efficacy for up to 5 years, but efficacy beyond that time is still undetermined. (medscape.com)
The recommendations were based on considerations including the limited supplies of available vaccine, studies of the vaccines' safety and efficacy, and WHO recommendations on cholera vaccination, as well as conditions on the ground in Haiti. (paho.org)
That is pharma-speak for 'there have been no credible studies to assess the safety and efficacy of this vaccine. (prisonplanet.com)
Kiyono and his colleagues plan to test the efficacy of their vaccine next in primates, but they are unsure when human clinical trials may take place. (healthjockey.com)
Despite the efficacy of these three vaccines, their requirement for "cold-chain" maintenance for preservation is a major concern for their use in the field, especially in developing countries ( 14 ). (jimmunol.org)
There are only very limited data on protective efficacy of the vaccine in subjects aged 65 years and more. (medicines.org.uk)
Administration of OSP:TThc and adjuvant also induced memory B cell responses targeting OSP and resulted in 95% protective efficacy in a mouse lethality cholera challenge model. (harvard.edu)
But there is no substantial evidence of efficacy for ETEC and shigella vaccines, although several promising vaccine concepts are moving from the development and testing pipeline towards efficacy and Phase 3 trials. (biomedcentral.com)
Older generation injectable cholera vaccines have been abandoned since the 1970s owing to their limited efficacy and local side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
According to the programme, only those drugs and vaccines will be sold to nations and international agencies that meet the standards of safety, efficacy and quality. (counselheal.com)
Oral vaccines, whether living or non-living, viral or bacterial, elicit diminished immune responses or have lower efficacy in developing countries than in developed countries. (biomedcentral.com)

Participants in the Introduction of Cholera Vaccine in Bangladesh feasibility study were aged 1 year and older and living in the urban slums of Mirpur in Dhaka, where overcrowding and poor sanitation increase the risk for cholera infection. (medscape.com)
Who Is Most At Risk for Cholera? (passporthealthusa.com)
More than 1 billion people are at risk for cholera in endemic countries with an estimated 2.86 million cases and ~95,000 deaths annually Cholera is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia but has areas that have become epidemic such as Haiti and Yemen in the past few years. (pediatriceducation.org)

The mainstays of control of cholera consist of provision of clean water and adequate sanitation, appropriate rehydration therapy of cholera patients, and antibiotics for severely affected patients. (pnas.org)
She agreed with two reviewers, Maureen O'Leary and and Kim Mulholland from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, in that a vaccine is only part of a larger program to control cholera and that the real key is access to clean water and proper sanitation. (voanews.com)
Despite the development of effective rehydration therapies and oral vaccines, cholera still runs rampant in many areas of the developing world such as Haiti and Yemen due to a lack of infrastructure and water sanitation. (genengnews.com)
Ultimately, the key to controlling cholera is clean water and adequate sanitation, which half the developing world (around 2.5 billion people) lack, but this remains a rather difficult reality for the world's poorest nations as well as those affected by climate change, war, and natural disasters," Dr Qadri said in the news release. (medscape.com)
It should not supersede efforts to reduce risky behaviours, and to improve sanitation and provide safe drinking water to people living in cholera-endemic areas. (medscape.com)
Cholera is a product of poor sanitation and lack of proper water treatment, so it occurs in areas of poverty, areas where disasters or war have disrupted social structure, and where refugees have concentrated in camps with poor water sanitation and sewage disposal. (emedicinehealth.com)
Sub-Saharan Africa remains most often affected by cholera and suffers the highest death rate because of poor access to water, sanitation, hygiene, and basic health-care resources. (emedicinehealth.com)
Risk factors for cholera include care of someone with cholera, being in an area where cholera is epidemic, and being in an area with poor water treatment and sanitation. (emedicinehealth.com)
The health ministry also continued to provide care for patients at cholera 24 treatment centers and worked to improve sanitation and hygiene. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
Others think the vaccine might be less cost effective than generally improving sanitation and drinking water. (wunc.org)
Although adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) can most sustainably prevent cholera transmission, vaccination provides temporary immunity and is especially useful in areas that lack WaSH infrastructure. (the-scientist.com)
Cholera is spread by direct fecal-oral and contaminated water or food routes thus the risk of cholera increases in areas where crowding, lack of access to clean water, sanitation and health care are issues. (pediatriceducation.org)
We show that while you cannot completely control epidemic cholera with vaccines alone, you can certainly greatly reduce the number of cases and deaths, especially if you combine it with some pretty modest sanitation interventions," said Longini, a member of VIDD's Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases and a professor of biostatistics at the University of Washington School of Public Health. (fredhutch.org)
Cholera tends to affect developing countries without sanitation and water treatment facilities, preventing people from getting access to clean drinking water. (xtalks.com)
Cholera is associated with poor sanitation and is generally acquired from contaminated water or food, particularly undercooked or raw shellfish and fish. (canada.ca)
The risk of cholera can increase following natural or man-made disasters due to the disruption of water and sanitation systems or the displacement of populations to overcrowded camps. (canada.ca)
Oral cholera vaccination gives the government and its partners some breathing space to put into place long-term preventive measures: clean and safe water, sanitation, waste management systems, and the improvement of hygiene and food handling practices. (gavi.org)
Poor sanitation spurs cholera in Peru Fearful countries ban. (baltimoresun.com)
Cholera, a social disease arising out of poverty and a lack of basic sanitation, currently prevails in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. (asm.org)

Endemic cholera occurs recurrently in a predictable pattern in time and space, and this recurrent pattern confers natural immunity to cholera in affected populations. (pnas.org)
Many populations in the Ganges Delta experience endemic cholera ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
In field trials conducted in areas with endemic cholera, vaccines have been only about 50% effective in reducing the incidence of clinical illness for 3-6 months. (cdc.gov)
Cost-effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine in a stable refugee population at risk for epidemic cholera and in a population with endemic cholera. (msf.org)

Dominique Legros, a WHO cholera expert, told Reuters the aim would be to vaccinate in a step-wise plan, district by district, starting early in 2018. (reuters.com)
The global Oral Cholera Vaccine market is valued at million US$ in 2017 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2018-2025. (reportsnreports.com)
Why is Zambia presenting a cholera resolution to the 2018 World Health Assembly in Geneva? (gavi.org)

Suspected cholera cases were confirmed by rapid test, and then teams confirmed how many of these people had been vaccinated. (fiercepharma.com)
Doctors Without Borders has said other suspected cholera cases have been reported outside Beira in the badly hit areas of Buzi, Tica and Nhamathanda but the chance of spread in rural areas is smaller because people are more dispersed. (marshallindependent.com)

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to approve the vaccine for adults 18 - 64 years old who are traveling to an area of active cholera transmission. (cdc.gov)
In October 2021, this document was updated to add one country with active cholera transmission and remove five countries no longer considered to have areas of active cholera transmission. (cdc.gov)
Based upon these data, CDC classifies each country as having "widespread," "localized," or "presumed" active cholera transmission, and updates these areas in the vaccine recommendation section on each country's destination page. (cdc.gov)

Cholera is a disease that can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting. (medlineplus.gov)
However, an effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which Vibrio cholerae O1 is excreted. (medscape.com)
BOSTON - Findings from a team led by investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), reported in the online journal mBio , may help scientists develop a more effective vaccine for cholera, a bacterial disease that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration and is usually spread through contaminated water. (massgeneral.org)
Severe cholera can lead to profuse diarrhea and vomiting, causing dehydration. (foxnews.com)
A new study has found that an oral cholera vaccine appears to work in people infected with HIV, protecting them from the highly infectious, diarrhea disease. (voanews.com)
Cholera may be asymptomatic or mild, but 20% develop the classic uncontrollable watery diarrhea , often so severe that the stool of a victim is almost clear and does not stop. (emedicinehealth.com)
Cholera infection can lead to severe diarrhea that causes dehydration and death if not treated promptly. (medindia.net)
Cholera is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract that results in severe diarrhea followed by death from dehydration. (peoplesworld.org)
But, even mild cholera symptoms can ruin a trip with vomiting or diarrhea. (passporthealthusa.com)
A person with cholera can pass up to a liter of diarrhea per hour. (passporthealthusa.com)
Cholera causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. (wellspan.org)
Cholera typically presents itself with vomiting, rapid heart rate, muscle cramps and severe diarrhea. (bioprepwatch.com)
As health responders stress the need for better disease surveillance, the United Nations' deputy humanitarian coordinator in Mozambique, Sebastian Rhodes Stampa, has said all cases of diarrhea are being treated as though they are cholera. (marshallindependent.com)
Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. (modernmedicine.com)
Vibrio cholerae O1 is a noninvasive mucosal pathogen that colonizes the surface of the small intestine and elaborates cholera toxin (CT), an ADP-ribosylating toxin that causes secretory diarrhea. (asm.org)
For protection against travellers' diarrhea: vaccination with cholera and travellers' diarrhea vaccine is of limited benefit and is not routinely recommended except for high-risk travellers. (canada.ca)
Administration of cholera and travellers' diarrhea vaccine and oral typhoid vaccine should be separated by at least 8 hours. (canada.ca)
Not all recipients of this vaccine will be fully protected against cholera or travellers' diarrhea. (canada.ca)
Without medical attention, cholera can kill in mere hours due to diarrhea with severe dehydration. (medicalxpress.com)
Vaccines for rotavirus and cholera have the potential to reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality burden. (biomedcentral.com)
Collectively these four organisms account for a great number of cases of diarrhea across the world and vaccines targeting the most common strains of all these pathogens are currently being developed, improved and undergoing trials across the globe. (biomedcentral.com)
The disease, which affects only humans, is mediated by cholera toxin (CT), which is secreted by V. cholerae in the intestine and acts upon the mucosal cells of the gut, causing a copious, painless, watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and shock. (asm.org)
Cholera is a diarrhea based disease that can kill within a matter of hours if it is not treated in time. (counselheal.com)
Play media The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. (wikipedia.org)
An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea a day. (wikipedia.org)
People infected with cholera often have diarrhea, and disease transmission may occur if this highly liquid stool, colloquially referred to as "rice-water", contaminates water used by others. (wikipedia.org)

The safety and effectiveness of Vaxchora ® in pregnant or breastfeeding women is not yet known, and it is also not known how long protection lasts beyond 3 - 6 months after getting the vaccine. (cdc.gov)
The Food and Drug Administration approved the liquid vaccine, called Vaxchora, for adults ages 18 to 64 who are traveling to countries affected by cholera. (foxnews.com)
Vaxchora (cholera vaccine, live). (drugs.com)
The ACIP also voted to recommend cholera vaccine Vaxchora from international vaccine manufacturer PaxVax Bermuda Ltd., which the FDA approved June 10. (aafp.org)
What Is the Cholera Vaccine (Vaxchora)? (passporthealthusa.com)
Do I Need A Cholera Vaccine (Vaxchora)? (passporthealthusa.com)

Cholera is a risk mostly to people traveling to Has a weakened immune system or has close countries where the disease is common (Haiti, and contacts (e.g., household contacts) with a weakened parts of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific). (cdc.gov)
A vaccine campaign will begin in Haiti this month, targeting some 240,000 people, he added. (reuters.com)
The recent epidemic of cholera in Haiti provides a good example ( 2 ). (pnas.org)
In the long term, we need to make sure we have adequate supplies to respond to cholera in Haiti, in the Americas, and around the world. (paho.org)
While the increased availability of a vaccine is certainly good news, it should be recognized that over 10 million people live in Haiti and over 10 million live in the Dominican Republic,' said Dr. Jon K. Andrus, PAHO's deputy director and a leading vaccine expert. (paho.org)
Participants said the situation in Haiti clearly demonstrates the need for an international stockpile of cholera vaccine, which would stimulate vaccine production and guarantee vaccine supplies. (paho.org)
At the same time, the experts urged the development of a pilot project in Haiti that would utilize the immediately available vaccine and also provide lessons on how to introduce cholera vaccine effectively in a country that not only has an ongoing epidemic but also is recovering from a major earthquake. (paho.org)
Last month, following a request from Yemen's internationally recognized government, the WHO and several key partners agreed to send 1 million doses of vaccine, the largest of its kind since 1 million doses were sent to Haiti after Hurricane Matthew last fall. (business-standard.com)
Media reports have noted that many Cuban healthcare personnel work in Haiti, which has been battling a cholera epidemic since late 2010. (umn.edu)
Thousands of doses of cholera vaccine sit in a refrigerated trailer in a United Nations compound in Saint-Marc, Haiti, in March. (wncw.org)
A month ago the results of a successful cholera vaccine project in Haiti became available . (wncw.org)
Universal cholera vaccination in Haiti would require almost 20 million doses. (wncw.org)
On the advice of PAHO, Haiti decided against cholera vaccination after the disease was introduced, most likely by United Nations peacekeeping forces from a cholera-endemic area. (wncw.org)
Can Vaccines Break Cholera's Deadly Hold On Haiti? (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
Haitians suffering from cholera symptoms rest at the treatment center in Mirebalais, a dusty town north of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, last June. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
The cholera epidemic in Haiti began in Mirebalais, believed to be the result of overflowing bathrooms from a nearby U.N. compound. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
For decades, Haiti had been considered a potential cholera flash point. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
Ever since cholera appeared in Haiti in October 2010, it's been rampant in Cite Soleil. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
The strain of cholera that raced across Haiti is nearly identical to the predominant strain in Southeast Asia. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
In the case of Haiti, the 2010 epidemic occurred after a 100-year absence of cholera in the country. (fredhutch.org)
The most recent example of Haiti demonstrates that areas that have not seen cholera in decades can be vulnerable under the combination of poverty, lack of or destruction of infrastructure, weather and natural disasters, conditions in which cholera thrives," the authors wrote. (fredhutch.org)
Last year, Sudan and Haiti requested from UN WHO for oral vaccine supplies so that they can conduct preventive campaigns. (counselheal.com)
An official report by the Ministry of Public Health and Population in Haiti states that the death toll due to the cholera epidemic has risen to 4,672 since the detection of the first case in October 2010. (vaccinenewsdaily.com)

100 cases of cholera in the previous calendar year, or 3) have not reported cholera but where experts believe cholera exists. (cdc.gov)
Mozambique's Ministry of Health has confirmed 1,052 cases of cholera in the aftermath of Cyclone Idai. (timesofoman.com)
Cases of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease, have risen dramatically since the first five cases were confirmed last week. (marshallindependent.com)
Although more than 200 serogroups of V. cholerae have been identified, most cases of cholera are caused by two serogoups, O1 and O139 ( 2 ). (asm.org)

Often arriving in the wake of humanitarian emergencies, epidemic cholera tends to affect children and adults equally. (pnas.org)
Both live and killed oral vaccines have been proven safe and protective, and killed oral vaccines have been shown to protect both children and adults against cholera for at least 2 y ( 6 - 8 ). (pnas.org)
Cholera vaccine is used in adults to help prevent cholera. (mayoclinic.org)
The administration of the vaccine to adults confers additional indirect protection (herd immunity) to children. (bingj.com)
Registered under the trademark MORACVAX, it produces a strong immune system response in children, who are most susceptible to cholera, as well as adults. (peoplesworld.org)
2007. Safety and immunogenicity of a reformulated Vietnamese bivalent killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine in adults. (springer.com)
While adults immunized against cholera may be well-protected, children who receive the same vaccines may be not be, according to a review conducted by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (xtalks.com)
They found that adults who received two doses of the standard cholera vaccine had a 58 percent reduced risk of contracting the infectious disease. (xtalks.com)
In light of their findings, Azman and his team believe this study could help inform future use of these oral cholera vaccines in both adults and children. (xtalks.com)
Antibody Secreting Cell Responses following Vaccination with Bivalent Oral Cholera Vaccine among Haitian Adults. (flutrackers.com)
Lastly, in most societies both adults and children generally prefer an oral vaccine to a parenteral injection. (biomedcentral.com)

It's a cheap, oral vaccine against cholera. (wunc.org)
The primary reason for choosing an oral vaccine against cholera is that oral vaccines induce Ag-specific immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments, thereby providing two layers of protective immunity ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). (jimmunol.org)

Immunologist Hiroshi Kiyono of the University of Tokyo and his colleagues inserted the genetic material from the microbe responsible for producing cholera toxin into a rice plant, whose genome has recently been sequenced. (scientificamerican.com)

Epidemic cholera occurs unpredictably against a background of no or little natural immunity in the populations at risk. (pnas.org)
Historically, endemic and epidemic cholera commonly has occurred in parts of southern and southeastern Asia. (cdc.gov)
Longini, along with co-author Dr. Elizabeth Halloran and lead author Dr. Dennis Chao, also of VIDD, recommends that a comprehensive global plan be developed for the use of cholera vaccine to treat epidemic cholera. (fredhutch.org)
Currently, cholera vaccines are in short supply and little is known about effective vaccination strategies for epidemic cholera, according to the study. (fredhutch.org)
Various factors, such as the necessity for multiple doses, poor protection of children under 5 years of age, the requirement of a cold supply chain, production costs, and complex logistics of vaccine delivery, greatly reduce the suitability of either of these vaccines for endemic or epidemic cholera control in resource-poor settings. (asm.org)

Cholera, an acute watery diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae 01 and, less commonly, by V. cholerae 0139, is a major global public health problem in developing countries, causing an estimated 100,000 deaths per year and resulting in major microeconomic and macroeconomic losses. (pnas.org)
On March 8, Zambia's Ministry of Health reported 104 cholera cases, though that number ballooned to 664 cases and 12 deaths as of April 7, according to Doctors Without Borders. (upi.com)
There are an estimated 3-5 million cholera cases and 100,000-120,000 deaths due to cholera every year. (ifrc.org)
The government has confirmed only three cholera deaths, but dissidents have reported from 5 to 15 deaths, according to the story. (umn.edu)
So far no cholera deaths have been confirmed, the report said. (marshallindependent.com)
It's estimated that 400,000 people have contracted the infection, with up to 1,900 cholera-associated deaths so far. (xtalks.com)
Children under 5 years of age are very vulnerable to cholera and account for the highest incidence of cholera cases and more than half of the resulting deaths. (asm.org)
Since April 2017, the cholera and acute watery diarrhoea epidemic in Yemen has caused an estimated 2 million suspected cases and 3500 associated deaths. (who.int)
Cholera affects an estimated 3-5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800-130,000 deaths a year. (wikipedia.org)

ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: The use of live, attenuated cholera vaccine with systemic antibiotics may result in a diminished immunologic response to the vaccine. (drugs.com)
MANAGEMENT: Live, attenuated cholera vaccine should not be administered during or for at least 14 days after treatment with systemic antibiotics. (drugs.com)
During the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) meeting June 23-24, at which the group recommended against use of live attenuated influenza vaccine during the 2016-17 flu season, members also considered and voted on other important business. (aafp.org)
Cholera vaccine is a live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine which can be shed in stool for at least 7 days. (wellspan.org)
Both vaccines are lyophilized preparations containing live attenuated viruses. (oltokozpont.hu)
Currently, there are several different needle-free vaccines available to prevent for cholera, made from live-attenuated or "whole killed" cholera cells. (technologynetworks.com)

Since 1961, cholera caused by the El Tor biotype has been epidemic throughout much of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa and in certain parts of Europe. (cdc.gov)
If you are traveling to cholera-infected areas (eg, developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America) cholera vaccine may help protect you from cholera. (mayoclinic.org)
In July 2017, a plane chartered by the United Nations idled on the tarmac at an airport in the Horn of Africa as officials waited for clearance to deliver half a million doses of cholera vaccine to Yemen. (nbcnewyork.com)
Cholera is a substantial health burden in many countries in Africa and Asia, where it is endemic. (unboundmedicine.com)
Through its Regional Office for Africa, WHO regularly provides technical and operational support to countries often affected by cholera in Africa. (who.int)
Spread through contaminated water supplies and poor hygiene, cholera is active in more than 50 countries around the world, predominantly in Africa and India, according to WHO . (modernmedicine.com)

Even though the population is highly mobile, the rate of vaccine coverage with both doses was 65% in the vaccination-only group and 66% in the vaccination and behavioral change group, reflecting good acceptance of the vaccination campaign by the local community. (medscape.com)
Earlier this year, a cholera vaccination campaign almost got off the ground, but then never happened. (reuters.com)
The Health Ministry has dispatched 171,400 doses of the oral cholera vaccine to Nebbi District for a mass vaccination campaign targeting six high risk sub counties. (independent.co.ug)
Funded by the Vaccine Alliance Gavi, the doses will be used to immediately start a vaccination campaign. (timesofoman.com)
Sana'a, 21 August 2019 - A 6-day oral cholera vaccination campaign reached almost 400 000 people, including almost 65 000 children under the age of 5 in Aden, Al Dhale'e and Taiz, where high numbers of suspected cholera and acute watery diarrhoea cases have been recorded. (who.int)
The vaccination campaign, run by local health authorities, UNICEF and WHO, was made possible thanks to GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance, and to the World Bank's 'Emergency Health and Nutrition Project. (who.int)
In refugee settings, the use of cholera vaccines is controversial since a mass vaccination campaign might disrupt other priority interventions. (msf.org)
Feasibility of a preventive mass vaccination campaign with two doses of oral cholera vaccine during a humanitarian emergency in South Sudan. (msf.org)

They could be shipped to Yemen in time to be used in a preventative immunization campaign ahead of the rainy season, when the risk increases that cholera will spread further through water contaminated with faeces. (reuters.com)
Active immunization against cholera is indicated only for individuals traveling to or residing in countries where cholera is endemic or epidemic . (rxlist.com)
Recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices--Cholera Vaccine. (rxlist.com)
Some experts are concerned that focusing on immunization might distract from treating cholera patients, a spokesperson from Doctors Without Borders told NPR last year. (wunc.org)
The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) finalized its recommendation in May, making it the only U.S.-approved vaccine against cholera. (modernmedicine.com)
Oral immunization with a rice-based oral vaccine expressing CT-B, named MucoRice-CT-B, successfully induced protective immunity in both systemic and intestinal tissues in mice without coadministration of whole-cell V. cholerae or mucosal adjuvant, and its immunogenicity was maintained for over 1.5 years in storage at room temperature ( 17 ). (jimmunol.org)
Here I describe studies with a live oral cholera vaccine that include older children no longer deriving immune support from breast milk or maternal antibodies and that identify some of the factors accounting for the lower immunogenicity, as well as suggesting counter-measures that may enhance the effectiveness of oral immunization in developing countries. (biomedcentral.com)
Because they obviate the need for needles and syringes, oral vaccines allow less qualified health workers to carry out immunization. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, there is a poorly understood 'intestinal barrier' to successful immunization of people in less developed countries who receive oral vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Coverage and costs of mass immunization of an oral cholera vaccine in Vietnam. (msf.org)

That will reduce the incidence of many viral and bacterial infections, including dysentery, cholera and typhoid. (physicsforums.com)
Cholera is a bacterial infection found in food or water sources contaminated with feces (poop). (passporthealthusa.com)

Cholera is often severely debilitating and lethal because of rapid dehydration and lack of access to medical support. (emedicinehealth.com)
Although easily treated, cholera can lead to severe diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration in those who contract it, usually through water contaminated by infected faeces , the United States nonprofit the Mayo Clinic says on its website. (mg.co.za)

HaitiV-mediated protection required viable vaccine, and rapid protection kinetics are not consistent with development of adaptive immunity. (genengnews.com)
Limitations of use: Effectiveness has not been established in persons living in cholera-affected areas or in persons who have preexisting immunity due to previous exposure to V. cholerae or receipt of a cholera vaccine. (drugs.com)
However, since it does not provide 100 percent immunity from the disease, food hygiene precautions are also recommended when visiting an area where there is a high risk of becoming infected with cholera . (bingj.com)
Many known factors about cholera (for example, duration of immunity and seasonality) are still unknown for COVID-19. (the-scientist.com)
The body responds to this safe version of cholera and creates an immunity to the infection. (passporthealthusa.com)
The best-characterized marker of protective immunity to cholera is the plasma vibriocidal antibody, a complement-dependent bactericidal antibody that increases with age in areas in which cholera is endemic and is associated with protection from infection with V. cholerae . (asm.org)
The MucoRice-CTB vaccine is grown in rice plants and stimulates immunity through the mucosal membranes of the intestines. (medicalxpress.com)
Background: Protective immunity against cholera is serogroup specific. (harvard.edu)
Development of a cholera conjugate vaccine could assist in inducing long-term protective immunity, especially in young children who respond poorly to polysaccharide antigens. (harvard.edu)

Meanwhile, in 2013, a global emergency stockpile of oral cholera vaccine was created under the supervision of the International Coordination Group on Vaccine Provision-which includes the WHO and MSF, among other partners-strengthening the capacity for action in emergency settings. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
Had a large stockpile of oral cholera vaccine been available and deployed to inoculate the majority of high-risk Haitians in the aftermath of last year's earthquake, the illness and death from the cholera epidemic could have been reduced by about half. (fredhutch.org)

In these studies of vaccines made from killed, whole-cell cholera, the number of cholera cases among all participants dropped by 52 percent in the first year after vaccination, falling even further to 62 percent in the second year after vaccination. (medindia.net)

FILE PHOTO: A health worker reviews a list of patients admitted to a cholera treatment center in Sanaa, Yemen October 8, 2017. (reuters.com)
FILE - In this July 1, 2017, photo, a man is treated for suspected cholera infection at a hospital in Sanaa, Yemen. (nbcnewyork.com)
Almost all of these individuals - including six relief and health officials who say the Houthis were responsible for cancellation of the 2017 vaccine shipment - spoke on condition of anonymity out of fear of retaliation. (nbcnewyork.com)

The MIT team's new probiotic mix could be consumed regularly as a preventative measure in regions where cholera is common, or used to treat people soon after infection occurs, said James Collins, Ph.D., a professor of biomedical engineering and the senior author of one of the new STM articles. (genengnews.com)
Vaccine should not be used to manage contacts of persons with imported cases or to control the spread of infection. (cdc.gov)
Persons using standard tourist accomodations in countries affected by cholera are at virtually no risk of infection. (cdc.gov)
The cholera vaccine is widely used by backpackers and persons visiting locations where there is a high risk of cholera infection. (bingj.com)
Cholera is a highly contagious gastrointestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . (emedicinehealth.com)
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine and is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (medindia.net)
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which has a short incubation period from less than a day to five days. (healthjockey.com)
Therefore, this vaccine is reserved for those who are the highest risk of infection only. (canada.ca)
Travellers at higher risk of cholera infection include those who drink or eat contaminated water or food, in particular undercooked or raw shellfish and fish. (canada.ca)
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae , which colonizes the small intestine without invading the epithelium. (asm.org)
V. cholerae O1 infection in cholera patients induces both memory B and T cell responses ( 12 - 14 ). (asm.org)

Over a two-week period in April, MSF helped carry out one of the largest cholera vaccination campaigns ever-vaccinating 423,000 people in Lusaka. (doctorswithoutborders.org)

The latest oral vaccines appear to offer around 87% protection against Vibrio Cholerae, at least in the short term, stockpiling this vaccine in developed countries with effective water treatment would be pointless really, there would be little possibility of spread. (physicsforums.com)
Most cholera cases in developed countries are a result of transmission by food, while in developing countries it is more often water. (wikipedia.org)

Interestingly, immune responses to the toxin do not protect against cholera, but previous research led by investigator Edward Ryan, MD, director of Global Infectious Diseases at MGH, has shown antibodies that bind V. cholerae's sugar coating-called O-specific polysaccharide (OSP)-do offer protection. (massgeneral.org)
The vaccine expressed in rice, or rice-based vaccine, will become a new form of vaccine production and delivery to [the] digestive tract for the initiation of antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. (scientificamerican.com)
Some antibiotics may be active against the vaccine strain of Vibrio cholerae, thereby preventing a sufficient degree of multiplication to occur in order to induce a protective immune response. (drugs.com)
Experts say people infected with the virus that causes AIDS are more vulnerable to cholera, because of their weakened immune systems. (voanews.com)
Furthermore, the investigators also need to make sure that immune interference does not occur among all the other vaccine antigens given at the same time. (clinicaltrials.gov)
A vaccine for cholera already exists, but only works 50 percent of the time and people who take it are only immune for 12 months, according to Taylor. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The vibriocidal assay using guinea pig complement is widely used for the evaluation of immune responses to cholera vaccines in human clinical trials. (springer.com)
In this study, we compared humoral immune responses in the duodenal mucosa and blood of cholera patients at different time points after the onset of disease and compared them with those of healthy controls (HCs). (asm.org)
The vibriolytic plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay was used to study the kinetics of the primary and secondary immune responses of mice and rabbits immunized with heat-killed cholera vibrios. (jimmunol.org)
The new cholera vaccine grows in genetically modified Japanese short-grain rice plants that produce a nontoxic portion of CTB that can be recognized by the immune system. (medicalxpress.com)
Ethical considerations can limit a detailed investigation of the immune responses that occur in the guts of cholera patients. (asm.org)
Since the intestinal tract is equipped with digestive enzymes, we must come up with an effective and stable vaccine delivery system which can transport vaccine antigens to the gut mucosal immune system successfully. (technologynetworks.com)
Further, it may require co-administration of a safe and effective adjuvant which can support induction of antigen-specific immune responses against orally administered vaccines. (technologynetworks.com)

Researchers found the vaccine reduced the incidence of severe cholera by 37 percent after two years - and by 45 percent in the group that had clean water and instructions in hand washing. (voanews.com)
Even with moderate vaccination coverage, cases of severe, life-threatening cholera went down by nearly 40%, including among children aged 5 years and younger, who are particularly susceptible to severe cholera. (medscape.com)
Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals. (wikipedia.org)

A new conjugate vaccine for cholera has been developed. (nih.gov)
Methodology Here we report the evaluation in mice of a conjugate vaccine for cholera (OSP:TThc) made from V. cholerae O1 Ogawa O-Specific Polysaccharide-core (OSP) and recombinant tetanus toxoid heavy chain fragment (TThc). (harvard.edu)

In contrast, only direct vibriolytic PFC were detected in spleens of NIH Albino mice during the primary response to cholera antigens. (jimmunol.org)

Besides safety, cost is a major concern with vaccines, particularly in developing countries where cholera poses a serious health threat. (peoplesworld.org)
Further research will be needed for the effective identification of high-exposure areas in developing countries where cholera vaccines can be effectively targeted when needed," Halloran said. (fredhutch.org)

Cholera is caused by ingesting the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . (emedicinehealth.com)
Killed Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, serves as the vaccine's antigen. (peoplesworld.org)
Cholera and the bacterium that causes it is found in contaminated drinking water and food, often in underdeveloped countries and refugee camps. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
For the V. cholerae bacterium to infect someone with cholera, the bacterium often binds to plankton in the aquatic environment before it arrives at the human intestine via contaminated food and water sources. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Cholera is caused by the toxin-producing bacterium Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139. (canada.ca)
Cholera is an illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which infects the intestine. (vaccinenewsdaily.com)

This vaccine consists of a weakened live oral genetically modified V. cholerae O1 strain . (news24.com)
Licensed newer generation vaccines are given orally and consist either of killed cholera Vibrio whole cells, with or without a nonpathogenic fragment of cholera toxin, or of live genetically attenuated organisms ( 5 ). (pnas.org)
The vaccine-based intervention, developed by a team of scientists based at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BMH) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), is a genetically "defanged" version of HaitiWT, a particularly virulent strain of Vibrio cholerae . (genengnews.com)
We have many different engineering steps to make this an incredibly safe, genetically stable, live vaccine," Waldor added. (genengnews.com)
The researchers point out that because rice plants do not scatter their pollen as widely as some of the other crops genetically modified to produce vaccines-corn, wheat, tomatoes-and are widely grown (unlike vaccine-producing bananas and potatoes), they pose less risk of contaminating normal crops and have broader utility. (scientificamerican.com)
The cholera strain that led to his death turns out to be very genetically similar to the classical strain. (historyofvaccines.org)
A new vaccine to protect against deadly cholera has been made by grinding up genetically modified grains of rice. (medicalxpress.com)
Technology Networks spoke to Hiroshi Kiyono , DDS, PhD, from the Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo who is currently also affiliated with Chiba University and University of California, San Diego, to find out more about MucoRice-CTB, a room-temperature stable oral vaccine being developed using genetically modified rice plants. (technologynetworks.com)

The effectiveness of the vaccines appears to decrease by between 2 and 10% per year with a more rapid decrease with the acellular vaccines. (physicsforums.com)
They refer to this trial as a "welcome step towards vaccine deployment in endemic settings," although they point out that the open-label design might have biased estimates of effectiveness. (medscape.com)
The researchers conducted a review of seven clinical trials and six observational studies focused on assessing the effectiveness of available cholera vaccines. (xtalks.com)
They also plan to study the vaccine's effectiveness in children under the age of five-one of the most burdened demographics of cholera. (ghtcoalition.org)

Transverse myelitis following cholera, typhoid and polio vaccination. (whale.to)
Mittermayer CH. Lethal complications of typhoid-cholera-vaccination. (whale.to)
He was current with typhoid vaccine. (pediatriceducation.org)
The teenager was current with his standard vaccinations and received typhoid vaccine and malaria prophylaxis along with counseling regarding using insect repellent, safe water and hygiene practices. (pediatriceducation.org)

UN officials said today that plans to ship as many as 1 million doses of cholera vaccine to Yemen are likely to be shelved over security, access and logistical challenges, even as the deadly caseload continues to balloon in parts of the war-torn country. (business-standard.com)
The U.N. health agency and some major partners have agreed to send one million doses of cholera vaccine to Yemen to help stanch a spiraling and increasingly deadly caseload in the impoverished country, which is already facing war and the risk of famine…" (Keaten, 6/22). (kff.org)

It protects against Vibrio cholera serogroup O1 but does not protect against cholera caused by V. cholerae O139 or other species of Vibrio. (canada.ca)

Please note: In December 2020, the maker of this cholera vaccine will temporarily stop making and selling it. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine manufacturing has made enormous strides in 2020, spurred on by COVID-19. (medicalxpress.com)

Then, there is the issue of the new PaxVax oral cholera vaccine having been programmed to grow in the presence of mercury, a known neurotoxin that is still being intentionally added to injectable vaccines. (prisonplanet.com)
Currently there are oral and injectable vaccines but most of them require refrigeration, which is prohibitively expensive in the places that need the vaccine most. (healthjockey.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms3

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science1

Named Groups1

Health Care5

Geographicals6

Expanded safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent, oral, attenuated cholera vaccine, CVD 103-HgR plus CVD 111, in United States military personnel stationed in Panama. (1/263)

Antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract and male urogenital tract in humans after nasal and oral vaccination with cholera toxin B subunit. (2/263)

Mucosal and systemic immune responses in humans after primary and booster immunizations with orally administered invasive and noninvasive live attenuated bacteria. (3/263)

Effect of small bowel bacterial overgrowth on the immunogenicity of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. (4/263)

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentered trial of the efficacy of a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in preventing cholera following challenge with Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor inaba three months after vaccination. (5/263)

Mass vaccination with a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a refugee camp. (6/263)

Optimizing the germfree mouse model for in vivo evaluation of oral Vibrio cholerae vaccine and vector strains. (7/263)

Use of lambda phage S and R gene products in an inducible lysis system for Vibrio cholerae- and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-based DNA vaccine delivery systems. (8/263)

Cholera Vaccines

Cholera

Cholera Toxin

Vibrio cholerae

Vaccines, Inactivated

Vaccines

Vaccination

Administration, Oral

Vibrio cholerae O1

Vibrio cholerae O139

Immunity, Herd

Vaccines, Synthetic

Bangladesh

Viral Vaccines

Antibodies, Bacterial

Vaccines, DNA

Bacterial Vaccines

Vaccines, Combined

Haiti

Guinea

Antitoxins

AIDS Vaccines

Vaccines, Subunit

Mass Vaccination

Vaccines, Conjugate

Pakistan

Sanitation

Vaccines, Attenuated

Malaria Vaccines

Immunization

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Papillomavirus Vaccines

Meningococcal Vaccines

Philippines

Immunoglobulin A

Antibody Formation

Immunoglobulin G

Hepatitis B Vaccines

Refugees

Diarrhea

Measles Vaccine

Pertussis Vaccine

Haemophilus Vaccines

Rural Population

BCG Vaccine

Tanzania

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated

Rabies Vaccines

Antibody-Producing Cells

Rotavirus Vaccines

Superstitions

Journal Impact Factor

Expanded safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent, oral, attenuated cholera vaccine, CVD 103-HgR plus CVD 111, in United States military personnel stationed in Panama. (1/263)

Antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract and male urogenital tract in humans after nasal and oral vaccination with cholera toxin B subunit. (2/263)

Mucosal and systemic immune responses in humans after primary and booster immunizations with orally administered invasive and noninvasive live attenuated bacteria. (3/263)

Effect of small bowel bacterial overgrowth on the immunogenicity of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. (4/263)

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentered trial of the efficacy of a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in preventing cholera following challenge with Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor inaba three months after vaccination. (5/263)

Mass vaccination with a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a refugee camp. (6/263)

Optimizing the germfree mouse model for in vivo evaluation of oral Vibrio cholerae vaccine and vector strains. (7/263)

Use of lambda phage S and R gene products in an inducible lysis system for Vibrio cholerae- and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-based DNA vaccine delivery systems. (8/263)

Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: A reanalysis<...

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Case for Reactive Mass Oral Cholera Vaccinations

Cholera vaccine - Wikipedia

Immunogenicity and protection from a single dose of internationally available killed oral cholera vaccine: a systematic review...

Prison Planet.com » Oral cholera vaccine loaded with GMOs to be tested on babies worldwide

WHO releases oral cholera vaccine stockpile report - IFRC

PRIME PubMed | Vaccination strategies to combat an infectious globe: oral cholera vaccines

New Supplier Approved by UN Health Agency for Oral Cholera Vaccines Will Double the Production

Hilleman Labs achieves successful outcome of Phase I/II Clinical Trialofits Oral Cholera Vaccine HillcholTM | Latest Health...

Cholera Vaccination in Urban Haiti | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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