AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHumanitiesHealth CareGeographicals
CholeraCholera ToxinCholera VaccinesVibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae O1G(M1) GangliosideHaitiAntitoxinsToxoidsVibrio cholerae O139BangladeshIntestinal SecretionsEnterotoxinsDisease OutbreaksAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseToxins, BiologicalSanitationAdenylate CyclaseCyclic AMPDiarrheaBacterial ToxinsAdministration, OralVibrioImmunoglobulin AAntibodies, BacterialEpidemicsClassical Swine FeverVirulence Factors, BordetellaGangliosidesIleumPertussis ToxinGTP-Binding ProteinsAdministration, IntranasalImmunizationWater MicrobiologyCholera MorbusIntestinal MucosaVibrio cholerae non-O1Immunity, MucosalGuinea-BissauFecesJejunumRabbitsVaccinationHistory, 19th CenturyPasteurella multocidaAdenylate Cyclase ToxinNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsFluid TherapyColforsinImmunoglobulin A, SecretoryBucladesinePhilippinesVaccines, InactivatedWater SupplyDemocratic Republic of the CongoClassical swine fever virusAntidiarrheals
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.
Cholera Toxin
An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.
Cholera Vaccines
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.
Vibrio cholerae
The etiologic agent of CHOLERA.
Vibrio cholerae O1
Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 1. All are CHOLERA-causing strains (serotypes). There are two biovars (biotypes): cholerae and eltor (El Tor).
G(M1) Ganglioside
A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.
Haiti
A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)
Antitoxins
Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.
Toxoids
Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.
Vibrio cholerae O139
Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 139. This strain emerged in India in 1992 and caused a CHOLERA epidemic.
Bangladesh
Intestinal Secretions
Fluids originating from the epithelial lining of the intestines, adjoining exocrine glands and from organs such as the liver, which empty into the cavity of the intestines.
Enterotoxins
Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.
Disease Outbreaks
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose
An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.
Toxins, Biological
Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.
Sanitation
The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public.
Adenylate Cyclase
An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.
Cyclic AMP
An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Bacterial Toxins
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Administration, Oral
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Vibrio
A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.
Immunoglobulin A
Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.
Antibodies, Bacterial
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Epidemics
Sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. Epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations.
Classical Swine Fever
An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.
Virulence Factors, Bordetella
A set of BACTERIAL ADHESINS and TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonization factor.
Gangliosides
A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)
Ileum
The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.
Pertussis Toxin
One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.
GTP-Binding Proteins
Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
Administration, Intranasal
Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.
Immunization
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
Water Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Cholera Morbus
An old term that is no longer used in the scientific literature. Cholera morbus refers to acute GASTROENTERITIS occurring in summer or autumn; characterized by severe cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting.
Intestinal Mucosa
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
Vibrio cholerae non-O1
A strain of the VIBRIO CHOLERAE bacteria belonging to serogroup non-O1, infecting humans and other PRIMATES. It is related to VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1, but causes a disease less severe than CHOLERA. Eating raw shellfish contaminated with the bacteria results in GASTROENTERITIS.
Immunity, Mucosal
Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.
Guinea-Bissau
A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and west of GUINEA. Its capital is Bissau.
Feces
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Jejunum
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
Rabbits
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Vaccination
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
History, 19th Century
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
Pasteurella multocida
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of the mouth and respiratory tract of animals and birds. It causes shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC); HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA; and intestinal disease in animals. In humans, disease usually arises from a wound infection following a bite or scratch from domesticated animals.
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
One of the virulence factors produced by virulent BORDETELLA organisms. It is a bifunctional protein with both ADENYLYL CYCLASES and hemolysin components.
Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars
Fluid Therapy
Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.
Colforsin
Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory
The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).
Bucladesine
A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Philippines
Vaccines, Inactivated
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.
Water Supply
Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)
Democratic Republic of the Congo
A republic in central Africa, east of the REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, south of the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and north of ANGOLA and ZAMBIA. The capital is Kinshasa.
Classical swine fever virus
A species of the PESTIVIRUS genus causing exceedingly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of swine.
Antidiarrheals
Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.

Environmental signals modulate ToxT-dependent virulence factor expression in Vibrio cholerae. (1/1261)

The regulatory protein ToxT directly activates the transcription of virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae, including cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). Specific environmental signals stimulate virulence factor expression by inducing the transcription of toxT. We demonstrate that transcriptional activation by the ToxT protein is also modulated by environmental signals. ToxT expressed from an inducible promoter activated high-level expression of CT and TCP in V. cholerae at 30 degrees C, but expression of CT and TCP was significantly decreased or abolished by the addition of 0.4% bile to the medium and/or an increase of the temperature to 37 degrees C. Also, expression of six ToxT-dependent TnphoA fusions was modulated by temperature and bile. Measurement of ToxT-dependent transcription of genes encoding CT and TCP by ctxAp- and tcpAp-luciferase fusions confirmed that negative regulation by 37 degrees C or bile occurs at the transcriptional level in V. cholerae. Interestingly, ToxT-dependent transcription of these same promoters in Salmonella typhimurium was relatively insensitive to regulation by temperature or bile. These data are consistent with ToxT transcriptional activity being modulated by environmental signals in V. cholerae and demonstrate an additional level of complexity governing the expression of virulence factors in this pathogen. We propose that negative regulation of ToxT-dependent transcription by environmental signals prevents the incorrect temporal and spatial expression of virulence factors during cholera pathogenesis.  (+info)

Transmission of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in rural western Kenya associated with drinking water from Lake Victoria: an environmental reservoir for cholera? (2/1261)

Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest reported cholera incidence and mortality rates in the world. In 1997, a cholera epidemic occurred in western Kenya. Between June 1997 and March 1998, 14,275 cholera admissions to hospitals in Nyanza Province in western Kenya were reported. There were 547 deaths (case fatality rate = 4%). Of 31 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates tested, all but one were sensitive to tetracycline. We performed a case-control study among 61 cholera patients and age-, sex-, and clinic-matched controls. Multivariate analysis showed that risk factors for cholera were drinking water from Lake Victoria or from a stream, sharing food with a person with watery diarrhea, and attending funeral feasts. Compared with other diarrheal pathogens, cholera was more common among persons living in a village bordering Lake Victoria. Cholera has become an important public health concern in western Kenya, and may become an endemic pathogen in the region.  (+info)

Effects of changes in membrane sodium flux on virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae. (3/1261)

The expression of several virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae is coordinately regulated by the ToxT molecule and the membrane proteins TcpP/H and ToxR/S, which are required for toxT transcription. To identify proteins that negatively affect toxT transcription, we screened transposon mutants of V. cholerae carrying a chromosomally integrated toxT::lacZ reporter construct for darker blue colonies on media containing 5-bromo-4-chlor-3-indolyl beta-D galactoside (X-gal). Two mutants had transposon insertions in a region homologous to the nqr gene cluster of Vibrio alginolyticus, encoding a sodium-translocating NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NQR). In V. alginolyticus, NQR is a respiration-linked Na+ extrusion pump generating a sodium motive force that can be used for solute import, ATP synthesis, and flagella rotation. Inhibition of NQR enzyme function in V. cholerae by the specific inhibitor 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (HQNO) resulted in elevated toxT::lacZ activity. Increased toxT::lacZ expression in an nqr mutant strain compared with the parental strain was observed when the TcpP/H molecules alone were strongly expressed, suggesting that the negative effect of the NQR complex on toxT transcription is mediated through TcpP/H. However, the ability of the TcpP/H proteins to activate the toxT::lacZ reporter construct was greatly diminished in the presence of high NaCl concentrations in the growth medium. The flagellar motor of V. cholerae appears to be driven by a sodium motive force, and modulation of flagella rotation by inhibitory drugs, high media viscosity, or specific mutations resulted in increases of toxT::lacZ expression. Thus, the regulation of the main virulence factors of V. cholerae appears to be modulated by endogenous and exogenous sodium levels in a complex way.  (+info)

How intestinal bacteria cause disease. (4/1261)

An improved understanding of how intestinal bacteria cause disease has become increasingly important because of the emergence of new enteric pathogens, increasing threats of drug resistance, and a growing awareness of their importance in malnutrition and diarrhea. Reviewed here are the varied ways that intestinal bacteria cause disease, which provide fundamental lessons about microbial pathogenesis as well as cell signaling. Following colonization, enteric pathogens may adhere to or invade the epithelium or may produce secretory exotoxins or cytotoxins. In addition, by direct or indirect effects, they may trigger secondary mediator release of cytokines that attract inflammatory cells, which release further products, such as prostaglandins or platelet-activating factor, which can also trigger secretion. An improved understanding of pathogenesis not only opens new approaches to treatment and control but may also suggest improved simple means of diagnosis and even vaccine development.  (+info)

Expanded safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent, oral, attenuated cholera vaccine, CVD 103-HgR plus CVD 111, in United States military personnel stationed in Panama. (5/1261)

To provide optimum protection against classical and El Tor biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1, a single-dose, oral cholera vaccine was developed by combining two live, attenuated vaccine strains, CVD 103-HgR (classical, Inaba) and CVD 111 (El Tor, Ogawa). The vaccines were formulated in a double-chamber sachet; one chamber contained lyophilized bacteria, and the other contained buffer. A total of 170 partially-immune American soldiers stationed in Panama received one of the following five formulations: (a) CVD 103-HgR at 10(8) CFU plus CVD 111 at 10(7) CFU, (b) CVD 103-HgR at 10(8) CFU plus CVD 111 at 10(6) CFU, (c) CVD 103-HgR alone at 10(8) CFU, (d) CVD 111 alone at 10(7) CFU, or (e) inactivated Escherichia coli placebo. Among those who received CVD 111 at the high or low dose either alone or in combination with CVD 103-HgR, 8 of 103 had diarrhea, defined as three or more liquid stools. None of the 32 volunteers who received CVD 103-HgR alone or the 35 placebo recipients had diarrhea. CVD 111 was detected in the stools of 46% of the 103 volunteers who received it. About 65% of all persons who received CVD 103-HgR either alone or in combination had a fourfold rise in Inaba vibriocidal titers. The postvaccination geometric mean titers were comparable among groups, ranging from 450 to 550. Ogawa vibriocidal titers were about twice as high in persons who received CVD 111 as in those who received CVD 103-HgR alone (600 versus 300). The addition of CVD 111 improved the overall seroconversion rate and doubled the serum Ogawa vibriocidal titers, suggesting that the combination of an El Tor and a classical cholera strain is desirable. While CVD 111 was previously found to be well tolerated in semiimmune Peruvians, the adverse effects observed in this study indicate that this strain requires further attenuation before it can be safely used in nonimmune populations.  (+info)

A reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of water and sanitation interventions in programmes for controlling childhood diarrhoea. (6/1261)

Cost-effectiveness analysis indicates that some water supply and sanitation (WSS) interventions are highly cost-effective for the control of diarrhoea among under-5-year-olds, on a par with oral rehydration therapy. These are relatively inexpensive "software-related" interventions such as hygiene education, social marketing of good hygiene practices, regulation of drinking-water, and monitoring of water quality. Such interventions are needed to ensure that the potentially positive health impacts of WSS infrastructure are fully realized in practice. The perception that WSS programmes are not a cost-effective use of health sector resources has arisen from three factors: an assumption that all WSS interventions involve construction of physical infrastructure, a misperception of the health sector's role in WSS programmes, and a misunderstanding of the scope of cost-effectiveness analysis. WSS infrastructure ("hardware") is generally built and operated by public works agencies and financed by construction grants, operational subsidies, user fees and property taxes. Health sector agencies should provide "software" such as project design, hygiene education, and water quality regulation. Cost-effectiveness analysis should measure the incremental health impacts attributable to health sector investments, using the actual call on health sector resources as the measure of cost. The cost-effectiveness of a set of hardware and software combinations is estimated, using US$ per case averted, US$ per death averted, and US$ per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) saved.  (+info)

Molecular characterization of a new ribotype of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal associated with an outbreak of cholera in Bangladesh. (7/1261)

Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal initially appeared in the southern coastal region of Bangladesh and spread northward, causing explosive epidemics during 1992 and 1993. The resurgence of V. cholerae O139 during 1995 after its transient displacement by a new clone of El Tor vibrios demonstrated rapid changes in the epidemiology of cholera in Bangladesh. A recent outbreak of cholera in two north-central districts of Bangladesh caused by V. cholerae O139 led us to analyze strains collected from the outbreak and compare them with V. cholerae O139 strains isolated from other regions of Bangladesh and neighboring India to investigate their origins. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in genes for conserved rRNA (ribotype) revealed that the recently isolated V. cholerae O139 strains belonged to a new ribotype which was distinct from previously described ribotypes of toxigenic V. cholerae O139. All strains carried the genes for toxin-coregulated pili (tcpA and tcpI) and accessory colonization factor (acfB), the regulatory gene toxR, and multiple copies of the lysogenic phage genome encoding cholera toxin (CTXPhi) and belonged to a previously described ctxA genotype. Comparative analysis of the rfb gene cluster by PCR revealed the absence of a large region of the O1-specific rfb operon downstream of the rfaD gene and the presence of an O139-specific genomic region in all O139 strains. Southern hybridization analysis of the O139-specific genomic region also produced identical restriction patterns in strains belonging to the new ribotype and those of previously described ribotypes. These results suggested that the new ribotype of Bengal vibrios possibly originated from an existing strain of V. cholerae O139 by genetic changes in the rRNA operons. In contrast to previously isolated O139 strains which mostly had resistance to trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin encoded by a transposon (SXT element), 68.6% of the toxigenic strains analyzed in the present study, including all strains belonging to the new ribotype, were susceptible to these antibiotics. Molecular analysis of the SXT element revealed possible deletion of a 3.6-kb region of the SXT element in strains which were susceptible to the antibiotics. Thus, V. cholerae O139 strains in Bangladesh are also undergoing considerable reassortments in genetic elements encoding antimicrobial resistance.  (+info)

Cholera in the 1990s. (8/1261)

Two strains of Vibrio cholerae are currently significant in cholera: a remnant from the sixth pandemic (1899-1923) still present in South Asia and the seventh pandemic strain which emerged in 1961. The 1990s were marked by spread of the seventh pandemic to South America in 1991 and appearance of an O139 form of the seventh pandemic strain in 1992 (or possibly 1991), which in 1993 predominated in some areas but then declined. Molecular analysis showed that the sixth and the seventh pandemic clones are related, but have a different TCP pathogenicity island and possibly different CTX phages, suggesting independent derivation from related environmental strains. Upsurges of the seventh pandemic were accompanied by increased genetic variation enabling the relationships between strains to be studied, but the basis for variation in pathogenicity is not known. There is clearly a risk of new forms arising and a strategy for speedy development of vaccines needs to be established.  (+info)

Comparison of the vibriocidal antibody response in cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O139 bengal with the response in cholera due...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparison of the vibriocidal antibody response in cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O139 bengal with the response in cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O1. AU - Qadri, F.. AU - Mohi, G.. AU - Hossain, J.. AU - Azim, T.. AU - Khan, A. M.. AU - Salam, M. A.. AU - Sack, R. B.. AU - Albert, M. J.. AU - Svennerholm, A. M.. PY - 1995. Y1 - 1995. N2 - Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139, now considered to be the second organism capable of causing epidemic severe dehydrating cholera, contains a capsular polysaccharide which makes it difficult for it to be used in the conventional vibriocidal antibody assay optimized for V. cholerae O1. After modification of the procedure, which involved tile use of specific bacterial strains, a lower bacterial inoculum, and increased amounts of complement, the vibriocidal antibody responses to V. cholerae O139 were measured in acute- and convalescent-phase sera from 33 V. choleras O139-infected and 18 V. cholerae O1-infected patients and in single serum samples ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/comparison-of-the-vibriocidal-antibody-response-in-cholera-due-to-5
Cholera,Asiatic Cholera,Asiatic Cholera Prevention,Asiatic Cholera Pandemic,Asiatic Cholera... Study,India
Cholera, asiatic cholera, asiatic cholera prevention, asiatic cholera pandemic, asiatic cholera cause, cholera treatment, homeopathy treatment, homeopathy effectiveness study from india
https://homeorizon.com/homeoprophylaxis/cause-and-prevention-asiatic-cholera
Update: Outbreak of Cholera -- Haiti, 2010
Outbreak of Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1, Serotype Ogawa, Biotype El Tor Strain -- La Huasteca Region, Mexico, 2013. Díaz-Quiñonez, Alberto; Hernández-Monroy, Irma; Montes-Colima, Norma; Moreno-Pérez, Asunción; Galicia Nicolás, Adriana; Martínez-Rojano, Hugo; Carmona Ramos, Concepción; Sánchez-Mendoza, Miroslava; Cruz Rodríguez-Martínez, José; Suárez-Idueta, Lorena; Eugenia Jiménez-Corona, María; Ruiz-Matus, Cuitláhuac; Kuri-Morales, Pablo // MMWR: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report;6/27/2014, Vol. 63 Issue 25, p552 The article reports on the outbreak of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor strain in the La Huasteca region in Mexico in September 2013. Topics discussed include the identification of two cases of cholera in Mexico City by Mexicos National System of... ...
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/57271213/update-outbreak-cholera-haiti-2010
Estimating cholera incidence with cross-sectional serology | Science Translational MedicineEstimating cholera incidence with cross-sectional serology | Science Translational Medicine
Here, we have shown that cross-sectional antibody profiles can be used to identify individuals recently infected with V. cholerae O1 with high sensitivity and specificity both in the hyperendemic Bangladeshi population used to train the model and in a separate population of cholera-naïve individuals from North America. We confirmed the importance of vibriocidal antibodies as a marker for recent infection and showed that the addition of other serologic markers provided greater resolution to reliably identify recent infections. These results provide a pathway for new approaches to assessing the burden of cholera across different populations, potentially overcoming many of the shortcomings of traditional clinic- and microbiology-based surveillance systems.. Measures of cholera incidence from serosurveys could help create more robust cholera surveillance systems, thereby improving our understanding of cholera epidemiology and providing new tools to track progress in the global fight against ...
https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/11/480/eaau6242.full
Collins Nets Gates Foundation Grant for Cholera Prevention ResearchCollins Nets Gates Foundation Grant for Cholera Prevention Research
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has awarded Professor James J. Collins (BME, MSE, SE) a Grand Challenges Explorations grant to encourage his labs pursuit of a novel approach to cholera prevention.. In their proposed project, Collins and two postdoctoral fellows in his lab, Ewen Cameron and Peter Belenky, seek to use synthetic biology techniques to engineer a probiotic yogurt bacterium, Lactobacillus gasseri, to detect and kill the cholera bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, in the human intestine. The probiotic could be supplied as an inexpensive, freeze-dried powder to endemic populations to prevent cholera, an acute, food or water-borne diarrheal infection leading to more than 100,000 deaths each year.. We are delighted to be selected for the Gates Foundation program, said Collins. This funding will enable us to explore using innovative synthetic biology approaches to detect and treat cholera infections, a major health problem facing many poor communities in the world, including those in ...
https://www.bu.edu/eng/2012/05/15/collins-nets-gates-foundation-grant-for-cholera-prevention-research-2/
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Bacterial Shedding in Household Contacts of Cholera Patients in Dhaka,...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Bacterial Shedding in Household Contacts of Cholera Patients in Dhaka,...
Abstract. Multiple Vibrio cholerae infections within the same household are common. Household contacts of patients with cholera were observed with daily clinical assessments and collection of rectal swab cultures for nine days after presentation of the index case. During the follow-up period, 71 (24%) of 294 household contacts developed a positive V. cholerae rectal swab, signifying bacterial shedding. The average length of bacterial shedding was 2.0 days (95% confidence interval 1.7-2.4). However, 16 (5%) of 294 contacts shed V. cholerae for ≥ 4 days. In a multivariate analysis, malnutrition was predictive of long-term shedding (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-13, P = 0.02). High rates of V. cholerae infection and bacterial shedding among household contacts of cholera patients represent an opportunity for intervention to reduce V. cholerae transmission.
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0095
Number of Haitian cholera cases reaches 7,000 | Make up your own MindNumber of Haitian cholera cases reaches 7,000 | Make up your own Mind
http://en.rian.ru Topic: Cholera epidemic in Haiti Number of Haitian cholera cases reaches 7,000 20:39 06/11/2010 © REUTERS/ St-Felix Evens Related News Cholera epidemic hits Haitian capital Canada to provide Haiti $1 mln to help fight cholera outbreak Donor countries pledge billions in aid to Haiti IADB writes off $479 mln Haitian debt, opens new $200 mln…
https://mylogicoftruth.wordpress.com/2010/11/06/number-of-haitian-cholera-cases-reaches-7000/
dermatology | Eat In Charles Town
CNN reports on recent uptick in cholera cases worldwide CNNs the chart blog page examines the rising number of cholera cases around the world. As well as the cholera outbreak in Haiti, [a]s of this month, four African nations - Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger and Chad - possess reported a lot more than 40,000 instances of cholera and more than 2,000 deaths. Although WHO estimates there are three to five 5 million reported cholera cases and 100,000 to 120,000 deaths each year, [g]lobally, the real number of cholera cases reported to WHO continues to go up. From 2004 to 2008, cases increased by 24 % compared with the period from 2000 to 2004, according to the organization. WHO points to unclean water sources as the main source of cholera outbreaks, but also mentioned the rise in cholera instances might be due to a fresh group of variant strains detected in a number of elements of Asia and Africa. Continue reading As well as the cholera outbreak in Haiti.. ...
http://www.eatincharlestown.com/category/dermatology
Regional-scale climate-variability synchrony of cholera epidemics in West Africa | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full TextRegional-scale climate-variability synchrony of cholera epidemics in West Africa | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
Cholera interannual periodicity and the link between cholera dynamics and climate variability remain incompletely understood and generally focused only on endemic regions [7, 9, 14, 15]. Pascual et al. [5] and Rodo et al. [7] described a role of El Niño/Southern Oscillation in the dynamics of cholera in Bangladesh. In addition, the complex relationship between largescale climatic variability and spatiotemporal patterns under local environmental conditions and weather contributes to the dynamics of local pathogen populations in aquatic ecosystems [34], and/or disease transmission [35, 36]. In this context, using a comparative approach developed for macroecology applications [37], the relationship between cholera incidence in five different African countries and climate interannual variability was explored. Indeed, analyses of long-term monthly disease time series underline both the complex, nonstationary dynamics of cholera epidemics in West Africa, and a relationship with large-scale climate ...
https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-7-20
Ask the Experts: Travel VaccinesAsk the Experts: Travel Vaccines
CVD 103-HgR (Vaxchora, PaxVax) cholera vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in June 2016. ACIP has not yet published recommendations for Vaxchora. However, at their June 2016 meeting, ACIP voted to recommend vaccination for adults 18 through 64 years old traveling to areas of active cholera transmission. An area of active cholera transmission is defined as a province, state, or other administrative subdivision within a country with endemic or epidemic cholera caused by toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and includes areas with cholera activity within the last 1 year that are prone to recurrence of cholera epidemics; it does not include areas where rare sporadic cases have been reported. No country or territory currently requires vaccination against cholera as a condition for entry. ...
http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/travel-vaccines.asp
is cholera a communicable disease Archives - Family Health Careis cholera a communicable disease Archives - Family Health Care
The bacterium Vibrio is caused by cholera, and it is a cholera infection of the small intestine. Vibrio cholera produces a toxin called enterotoxin which causes the symptoms of cholera disease.. A type of cholera bacteria called the El Tor biotype tends to cause milder disease than the classic biotype.. The disease is of mild or moderate severity in more than 90% of affected people and is difficult to detect clinically from other forms of diarrhea diseases.. Less than 10% of infected persons develop typical cholera with signs of medium or severe dehydration that sometimes lead to death.. The maternal mortality rate without treatment is between 25% and 50%. Cholera is endemic in India and Southeast Asia.. Cholera outbreaks can bad happen in any part of the world where water supplies, sanitation, food safety, and hygiene practices are poor.. ...
https://www.familyhealthcare.co.in/tag/is-cholera-a-communicable-disease/
Dkg318.fm
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype is the causative organism of the Rectal swabs, stool samples, or both (in Cary-Blair transport medium) current seventh cholera pandemic. In addition to O1 strains of the were plated on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) (Oxoid, El Tor biotype, strains of V. cholerae O139 and specific strains of Milan, Italy) agar and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 h. Part of each speci- V. cholerae O1 classical biotype are also responsible for cholera out- men was enriched in alkaline peptone water pH 8.5 (Oxoid, Milan, Italy) and then plated on TCBS agar. Well-isolated suspect colonies were picked Antimicrobial agents in the treatment of cholera cases are often to Kligler iron agar slants and tested for urease and oxidase production recommended for reduction of symptomatology and vibrio excretion (Oxoid, Milan, Italy). Isolates giving typical reactions were biochemic- in the environment. The antimicrobials traditionally used have ally characterized by the API 20E ...
http://medpdfnews.com/b/biologia.uniba.it1.html
Winter 2015
Many mathematical models have been made from the cholera outbreak in Haiti, but our model is unique because it incorporated empirical data on the isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 from surface waters in the Ouest Department of Haiti. We noticed that while the weekly reported cases seemed to be declining in the third and fourth years of the outbreak, the frequency of isolation of toxigenic V. cholerae in the environment was actually increasing. Under the current dogma of cholera transmission models, V. cholerae shed by humans into the environment only exists in a transient state governed by a constant rate of decay. The assumption is that although V. cholerae is an aquatic pathogen, it lacks the ability to replicate and survive for prolonged periods in surface waters. Given our understanding of V. cholerae biology, this is likely an oversimplification which precluded the possibility for an increase in environmental concentrations during a period where cholera incidence was infrequent or declining, ...
http://global.phhp.ufl.edu/better-tomorrow-for-haiti/news/winter-2015/
Welcome to CDC stacks | Surveillance for epidemic cholera in the Americas : an assessment. - 7191 | Guidelines and...Welcome to CDC stacks | Surveillance for epidemic cholera in the Americas : an assessment. - 7191 | Guidelines and...
In January 1991, epidemic cholera appeared in Peru and quickly spread to many other Latin American countries. Because reporting of cholera cases was often delayed in some areas, the scope of the epidemic was unclear. An assessment of the conduct of surveillance for cholera in several countries identified some recurrent problems involving surveillance case definitions, laboratory surveillance, surveillance methods, national coordination, and data management. A key conclusion is that a simple, well-communicated cholera surveillance system in place during an epidemic will facilitate prevention and treatment efforts. We recommend the following measures: a) simplify case definitions for cholera; b) focus on laboratory surveillance of patients with diarrhea primarily in the initial stage of the epidemic; c) use predominantly the suspect case definition when the number of confirmed cases rises; d) transmit weekly the numbers of cases, hospitalized patients, and deaths to regional and central ...
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7191
Guidelines for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Cholera Treatment Centres - PDFGuidelines for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Cholera Treatment Centres - PDF
Guidelines for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Cholera Treatment Centres During an outbreak of cholera, most patients can be treated in existing health facilities. However, health officials may decide
http://docplayer.net/480666-Guidelines-for-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-cholera-treatment-centres.html
What you should know about cholera
What causes cholera?. Cholera is transmitted through poor hygiene and sanitation. It is no wonder that areas of natural disasters that result in disruption of water and sanitation systems are major outbreak areas of cholera. Other hotspots for cholera outbreaks are overcrowded refugee camps where displaced human populations are temporary accommodated and urban slums. These facilities, too, have inadequate clean water and sanitation system.. Strangely enough, it is not the infection itself that usually kills cholera victims but rather the dehydration resulting from severe diarrhea and vomiting.. The Haitian capital city Port-au-Prince is a classic example of an urban area where cholera can break out.. Pandemic cholera. Like the flu, cholera has also caused pandemics in the past. WHO gives the following historical background:. ...
http://battlingforhealth.com/2010/11/what-you-should-know-about-cholera/
WHO | Cholera in South AfricaWHO | Cholera in South Africa
The Department of Health has reported a cholera outbreak in the Mpumalanga region. From 26 April to 18 May, the cumulative number of suspected and confirmed cholera cases is 174 with 3 deaths (case fatality ratio 1.7%). The outbreak has included 27 areas bordering Swaziland and Mozambique, with Tonga being the most affected area.. A team from the Department of Health, joined by a medical officer from the WHO country office, has travelled to Mpumalanga to assess the situation and make recommendations to contain the outbreak.. This is the third province after Eastern Cape and Kwazulu-Natal to report a cholera outbreak this year. From 1 January to 28 March 2003, the cumulative number of reported cholera cases in South Africa is 2362.. ...
http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_05_23a/en/
Evolution of Seventh Cholera Pandemic and Origin of 1991 Epidemic, Latin America - Volume 16, Number 7-July 2010 - Emerging...
Thirty single-nucleotide polymorphisms were used to track the spread of the seventh pandemic caused by Vibrio cholerae. Isolates from the 1991 epidemic in Latin America shared a profile with 1970s isolates from Africa, suggesting a possible origin in Africa. Data also showed that the observed genotypes spread easily and widely.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/10-0131_article
Epidemic Cholera in the New World: Translating Field Epidemiology into New Prevention Strategies - Volume 1, Number 4-October...
Cholera, a devastating diarrheal disease, has swept through the world in recurrent pandemics since 1817. The seventh and ongoing pandemic began in 1961 when the El Tor biotype of Vibrio cholerae O1 emerged in Indonesia. This pandemic spread through Asia and Africa and finally reached Latin America early in 1991 (1). After explosive epidemics in coastal Peru, it spread rapidly and continues throughout Latin America (Figure). Because of underreporting, the more than 1,000,000 cholera cases and 10,000 deaths reported from Latin America through 1994 (Table 1) (2) represent only a small fraction of the actual number of infections. Molecular characterization of V. cholerae O1 strains from Peru has shown that they do not match strains from anywhere else in the world; therefore, the source of the Peruvian epidemic strains remains unknown (3). Moreover, other strains have since appeared in Latin America. At least one of these, a strain resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs, was first identified in ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/1/4/95-0408_article
2015 - The 49th U.S.-Japan Joint Conference on Cholera and Other Bacterial Enteric Infe - Emerging Pathogens Institute -...2015 - The 49th U.S.-Japan Joint Conference on Cholera and Other Bacterial Enteric Infe - Emerging Pathogens Institute -...
The 49th U.S.-Japan Joint Conference on Cholera and Other Bacterial Enteric Infections consisted of three days of presentations and discussions on cholera, typhoid and other diseases that affects countries like Bangladesh and Democratic Republic of Congo. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation-funded conference kicked off on Wednesday morning with a keynote speech from the recently inaugurated University of Florida President William Fuchs. He spoke about the Emerging Pathogens Institute and importance of great minds coming together to talk about these diseases and potential solutions.. Just eight years ago the Florida legislature created EPI as Floridas go-to research institute for new and emerging diseases. The institute has moved very quickly since then to establish research initiatives in more than 30 countries, Fuchs said. Your arrival for this annual conference reenforces that progress. Your discussions will be meaningful not only to EPI and the university-at-large, but also to the ...
http://www.epi.ufl.edu/news-and-events/epi-news/archive/2015/the-49th-us-japan-joint-conference-on-cholera-and-other-bacterial-enteric-infe.html
First cholera outbreak in Cuba in more than a century!
Clinicians should obtain a travel history from their patients. Cholera infection is most often asymptomatic or results in mild gastroenteritis. Severe cholera is characterized by acute, profuse watery diarrhea, described as rice-water stools and often vomiting leading to volume depletion. Cholera is confirmed through culture of a stool specimen or rectal swab. Cary-Blair medium is ideal for transport, and the selective thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts agar is ideal for isolation and identification. Rehydration is the best treatment. Oral rehydration salts are used and intravenous fluids are used when necessary. For more information, see CDC Health Information for International Travel 2012.. ...
http://travelsafeclinic.com/first-cholera-outbreak-in-cuba-in-more-than-a-century/
Cholera cases in Moroto reach 100 markCholera cases in Moroto reach 100 mark
Cholera cases are surging in Moroto despite Health Ministry and WHO efforts to curb the spread. Moroto, Uganda | THE INDEPENDENT | The number of cholera c
https://theworldnews.net/ug-news/cholera-cases-in-moroto-reach-100-mark
Cholera outbreak kills four in Nasarawa - The Predictor
Fresh cholera outbreak has claimed no fewer than four lives and 38 others infected by the diseased in Toto Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.. A statement signed by public relations officer, state ministry of health, Musa Abdullahi and made available to The PUNCH in Lafia, said that cholera outbreak was experienced in Shege Ward in Toto LGA where 38 cases were confirmed and four died before reaching the primary healthcare facility.. According to him, some of the affected victims are currently stable and the patients are responding to treatment, stating that a team of health experts from the state ministry of health have donated drugs to the Shege community, while efforts are ongoing to contain the spread of the disease.. The state commissioner of health, Dr Daniel Iya, who was represented by state director of public health, Dr Ibrahim Adamu-Alhassan, donated the drug to the community, adding that the donation of the drug was part of the state governments intervention to avert further ...
http://thepredictorng.com/2017/12/20/cholera-outbreak-kills-four-nasarawa/
CHAART Remote Sensing of Cholera Outbreaks
Cholera epidemics caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 occur regularly in Bangladesh and India and sporadically in many parts of the world. In 1993, a total of 296,206 new cases of cholera were reported in South America after about a century, involving more than 15 countries. The outbreaks of cholera that have occurred during the past decade originated in coastal areas. From our previous work, V. cholerae attaches to plankton in the aquatic environment, providing the vehicle for dispersal. The organism attaches preferentially to zooplankton, particularly copepods, but it also attaches in lower numbers and without reproduction onto some species of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton provide the main food source for zooplankton so the two forms of plankton are tightly linked in space and time. Under adverse conditions of temperature and nutrients V. cholerae enters a dormant, non-culturable state which makes it difficult to detect. Although V. cholerae cannot be detected in any state by remote sensing ...
https://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/health/projects/cholera/cholera.html
Cholera: calamitous past, ominous future. | Semantic ScholarCholera: calamitous past, ominous future. | Semantic Scholar
From the pandemics of the 19th century to the recent disaster in Goma, Zaire, cholera has left an indelible mark on human and medical history, and the eighth pandemic appears to have started. From the pandemics of the 19th century to the recent disaster in Goma, Zaire, cholera has left an indelible mark on human and medical history. Cholera pandemics in the 19th and 20th centuries drove the development of epidemiology as a serious science. Cholera has continued to press advances in the concepts of disease ecology, basic membrane biology, and transmembrane signaling and in the application of scientific information to treatment design. Furthermore, the lessons learned from the study of pandemic cholera are likely to provide insights into the best means of stopping other pandemics. In spite of tremendous scientific and clinical progress, however, the seventh pandemic has lasted 33 years, and the eighth pandemic appears to have started.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera%3A-calamitous-past%2C-ominous-future.-Lacey/536a566434f68a953eeb9736b4829edd6852c828
Intestines in the Time of Cholera - Tracking ZebraIntestines in the Time of Cholera - Tracking Zebra
The world has experienced 7 cholera pandemics since 1817. The first six were caused by the classic biotype of the O1 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae. The 7th pandemic which began in 1961 and is still ongoing (with spread to Haiti and Mexico) is due to the less virulent El Tor biotype of O1 V.cholerae. In a project, my colleagues and I estimated global cholera costs as exceeding $3 billion annually. It was in 1849 during the 2nd pandemic that Dr. John Snow made his pathbreaking epidemiological discovery regarding the role of water in the spread of the cholera microbe--yet to be identified (see The Ghost Map and The Strange Case of the Broad Street Pump). During that pandemic, Dr. John Neill of Philadelphia preserved an intestine from a patient for further study.. The New England Journal of Medicine just published the results of a successful attempt to extract the cholera microbe from that over-a-century old specimen. The bacterium recovered was of the classical biotype (as predicted) and had a ...
http://www.trackingzebra.com/new-blog/2014/1/9/intestines-in-the-time-of-cholera
Dying in Haiti: 2011Dying in Haiti: 2011
The municipality of Plaine du Nord and Grison-Garde, La Bruyere and La Souffriere (the areas of the municipality of Acul du Nord) continue to send cholera patients to the CTC of Robillard. I do not see anything done yet to improve the situation of Robillard that is becoming chaotic. I do not want to have to experience such a stressful experience like the one of last Sunday. Cholera is an issue of public health. I do not understand the reason why the cholera patients of the CTC of Robillard are treated the way they are treated. Who has the financial means to help the cholera patients in Haiti? Can you help me know who received financial assistance to help them? Forgive my complaints, because I am tired to have to carry the burden of the cholera patients while the are people who have the responsibility to do that. I have to reapeat that the situation of Robilard is urgent. Those who have to improve that situation, what are they waiting for? Are they waiting for an human disaster to move quickly? I ...
http://dyinginhaiti.blogspot.co.uk/2011/
The Simultaneous Effects of Spatial and Social Networks on Cholera TransmissionThe Simultaneous Effects of Spatial and Social Networks on Cholera Transmission
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies related to all aspects of infectious diseases.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2011/604372/
Haitis cholera epidemic - Immune response | Americas view | The EconomistHaitis cholera epidemic - Immune response | Americas view | The Economist
LAST month the United Nations Independent Expert on Human Rights in Haiti delivered his annual assessment (French version here) of the state of the poorest country in the Americas. Gustavo Gallon, a respected Colombian jurist, wrote of many troubling-and familiar--problems. They included prolonged pre-trial detention for 80% of all prisoners in Haitian jails; institutional brittleness on account of long-delayed elections to the Senate and local bodies; rising homicide rates; and a depressing predilection for public lynching, which indicates little confidence in the justice system. If the indictment of Haiti was unsurprising, less predictable was Mr Gallons position on the countrys cholera epidemic, which first broke out in 2010. More than 8,000 Haitians have since died from cholera, and nearly 700,000 more, or one out of every 16 people, infected. Medical evidence indicates the cholera strain was brought to Haiti by Nepalese UN peacekeepers, although the UN neither admits responsibility for ...
https://www.economist.com/americas-view/2014/03/04/immune-response
60pct of Cholera Cases Can Be Averted With Oral Vaccine60pct of Cholera Cases Can Be Averted With Oral Vaccine
A new study has found that oral vaccines could prevent up to 60 percent of cholera cases in the first two years after vaccination.
http://www.medindia.net/news/60pct-of-Cholera-Cases-Can-Be-Averted-With-Oral-Vaccine-82423-1.htm
Vaccines in the time of cholera: Inside the new fight against an old foe - The Mail & GuardianVaccines in the time of cholera: Inside the new fight against an old foe - The Mail & Guardian
A doctor tends to a woman at Lusakas Heroes Stadium, which was converted into a temporary hospital to house mounting patient as cholera swept through the city earlier this year. (Dawood Salim, AFP). Cholera is as familiar to most Zambians as the summer holidays. Its first major outbreak occurred in 1990 and lasted until 1993. Since then, the country has registered cholera cases almost every year. The number of people affected fluctuates from a few hundred cases to thousands admitted to hospital, according to the WHO.. Globally, no one knows exactly how many people contract cholera and die each year because most cases are never reported, a 2015 study published in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases shows. But researchers estimate the bacterium infects 2.86-million people annually of whom 95 000 will die - mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa.. Vaccines such as those being used in Zambia may be a standard part of controlling cholera outbreaks now but this wasnt the case just a few years ago. ...
https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-21-00-vaccines-cholera-zambia-the-world-is-developing-new-tools-to-fight-an-old-foe/
Decline in cholera cases in Sudan | Radio DabangaDecline in cholera cases in Sudan | Radio Dabanga
Sennar and Blue Nile state witnessed a significant decline in cholera cases over the past weeks. Health authorities in both states attributed the decline to efforts to combat the disease.
https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/decline-in-cholera-cases-in-sudan
Hyperinfectivity: A Critical Element in the Ability of V. cholerae to Cause Epidemics? - Semantic ScholarHyperinfectivity: A Critical Element in the Ability of V. cholerae to Cause Epidemics? - Semantic Scholar
BACKGROUND Cholera is an ancient disease that continues to cause epidemic and pandemic disease despite ongoing efforts to limit its spread. Mathematical models provide one means of assessing the utility of various proposed interventions. However, cholera models that have been developed to date have had limitations, suggesting that there are basic elements of cholera transmission that we still do not understand. METHODS AND FINDINGS Recent laboratory findings suggest that passage of Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba El Tor through the gastrointestinal tract results in a short-lived, hyperinfectious state of the organism that decays in a matter of hours into a state of lower infectiousness. Incorporation of this hyperinfectious state into our disease model provides a much better fit with the observed epidemic pattern of cholera. These findings help to substantiate the clinical relevance of laboratory observations regarding the hyperinfectious state, and underscore the critical importance of human-to-human versus
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hyperinfectivity-A-Critical-Element-in-the-Ability-Hartley-Morris/3343024dd739635b6565e2bcc2f2340980dec588
ICD-9 Code 001.0 -Cholera due to vibrio cholerae- AAPC CoderICD-9 Code 001.0 -Cholera due to vibrio cholerae- AAPC Coder
ICD-9 code 001.0 for Cholera due to vibrio cholerae is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - INTESTINAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (001
https://coder.aapc.com/icd9-codes/001.0
Cholera Infection Causes Symptoms Treatment & Help for AndroidCholera Infection Causes Symptoms Treatment & Help for Android
Download Cholera Infection Causes Symptoms Treatment & Help. In this app we have compiled complete information of causes symptoms treatment of cholera, which is a disease caused by bacteria that produce a watery diarrhea that can rapidly lead to dehydration.symptoms...
http://www.androidblip.com/android-apps/com.OneLife2Care.CholeraHelp.html
Changing Climate Affects Patterns of Cholera Outbreaks - Scientific AmericanChanging Climate Affects Patterns of Cholera Outbreaks - Scientific American
The recent rise of the West Nile virus in the U.S. was a profound indicator that global patterns of infectious disease are changing. Just what is driving the shifts is difficult to identify, although climate change has long been a suspect. Now two reports published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further implicate climate variability in the dynamics of one infectious disease: cholera. Using monthly mortality data for the periods 1893 to 1940 and 1980 to 2001 in present-day Bangladesh, a team led by Xavier Rodo of the University of Barcelona compared cholera outbreaks to the occurrence of the climate phenomenon known as the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the more recent years, the scientists found a link between ENSO and the incidence of cholera, with ENSO accounting for more than 70 percent of the disease variation. In the historical data set, however, that link was weak or absent. What is new in this work is not showing that ENSO plays a role in ...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/changing-climate-affects/
Using Remote Sensing to Spot Cholera Outbreaks - VerySpatialUsing Remote Sensing to Spot Cholera Outbreaks - VerySpatial
Scientists have figured out how to predict cholera outbreaks by looking at sea life. The idea pioneered at the University of Maryland is a rise in sea temperatures lead to the production of Phytoplankton, which are the root cause of cholera. As these phytoplankton get into the water supply, cholera pathogens are released and can lead to outbreaks. Obviously fore warned is fore armed, so this is will certainly help public health officials cope with these devastating outbreaks.. Via BBC News. ...
http://veryspatial.com/2008/11/using-remote-sensing-to-spot-cholera-outbreaks/
Cholera of 1849 and the Opinions of Medical and Other Professional Gentlemen in Regard to its Origin and Proper Treatment ::...Cholera of 1849 and the Opinions of Medical and Other Professional Gentlemen in Regard to its Origin and Proper Treatment ::...
This 5.5 x 9 (13.97 x 13.97 cm), 64-page pamphlet written by Joel Roberts recounts the 1849 cholera epidemic in Sandusky. The last five pages of the diary list people who died in the epidemic. Cholera was a major threat in the 19th century. Due to poor sanitation and ignorance of the causes of disease, Sandusky suffered several cholera outbreaks in the 1840s and 1850s. The most devastating outbreak occurred in the summer of 1849, when 400 people died and many more fled the city in fear. The citys population before the outbreak was about 5,000; it is estimated that fewer than 1,000 remained in the city during the cholera. The 1882 History of Sandusky County reported that medical men [were] taxed to their utmost to stem the tide of disease and death. The devastation caused by cholera and other epidemics helped to inspire improvements in medical care, research, and sanitation practices such as water treatment ...
http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p267401coll36/id/4048/rec/20
Cholera Hospital Register :: Ohio Memory CollectionCholera Hospital Register :: Ohio Memory Collection
This register, kept by the staff of the Sandusky City Hospital during the 1849 cholera epidemic, records patients discharged and deceased. The register is twelve pages long and lists eighty-three names. It measures 4.6 x 7 (11.68 cm x 17.78 cm). Cholera was a major threat in the 19th century. Due to poor sanitation and ignorance of the causes of disease, Sandusky suffered several cholera outbreaks in the 1840s and 1850s. The most devastating outbreak occurred in the summer of 1849, when 400 people died and many more fled the city in fear. The citys population before the outbreak was about 5,000; it is estimated that fewer than 1,000 remained in the city during the cholera. The 1882 History of Sandusky County reported that medical men [were] taxed to their utmost to stem the tide of disease and death. The devastation caused by cholera and other epidemics helped to inspire improvements in medical care, research, and sanitation practices such as water treatment ...
http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p267401coll36/id/3475/rec/140
Vaccines for the prevention of diarrhea due to cholera, shigella, ETEC and rotavirus | BMC Public Health | Full TextVaccines for the prevention of diarrhea due to cholera, shigella, ETEC and rotavirus | BMC Public Health | Full Text
Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years along with its long-term impact on growth and cognitive development. Despite advances in the understanding of diarrheal disorders and management strategies, globally nearly 750,000 children die annually as a consequence of diarrhea. We conducted a systematic review of the efficacy and effectiveness studies. We used a standardized abstraction and grading format and performed meta-analyses for all outcomes. The estimated effect of cholera, shigella, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and rotavirus vaccines was determined by applying the standard Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) rules. A total of 24 papers were selected and analyzed for all the four vaccines. Based on the evidence, we propose a 74% mortality reduction in rotavirus specific mortality, 52% reduction in cholera incidence due to their respective vaccines. We did not find sufficient evidence and a suitable outcome to project mortality reductions for cholera
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S11
Haiti: lack of proper sanitation is real cause of cholera outbreak, Clinton says | Sanitation UpdatesHaiti: lack of proper sanitation is real cause of cholera outbreak, Clinton says | Sanitation Updates
Haiti should focus on stemming the cholera outbreak that has killed more than 7,000 people since 2010, rather than on levying blame against the source of the disease, UN special envoy to Haiti, Bill Clinton, said. While studies have suggested that the cholera came from a Nepalese soldier serving as a peacekeeper, Clinton pointed out…
https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2012/03/09/haiti-lack-of-proper-sanitation-is-real-cause-of-cholera-outbreak-clinton-says/?like=1&_wpnonce=9d779cb1c0
Haiti: lack of proper sanitation is real cause of cholera outbreak, Clinton says | Sanitation UpdatesHaiti: lack of proper sanitation is real cause of cholera outbreak, Clinton says | Sanitation Updates
Haiti should focus on stemming the cholera outbreak that has killed more than 7,000 people since 2010, rather than on levying blame against the source of the disease, UN special envoy to Haiti, Bill Clinton, said. While studies have suggested that the cholera came from a Nepalese soldier serving as a peacekeeper, Clinton pointed out…
https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2012/03/09/haiti-lack-of-proper-sanitation-is-real-cause-of-cholera-outbreak-clinton-says/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=4ca8fc8c32
Haitis Cholera Strain Likely Came From South Asia: CDC - CakehealthHaitis Cholera Strain Likely Came From South Asia: CDC - Cakehealth
The cholera strain causing the current outbreak in Haiti is most similar to cholera strains found in South Asia, according to lab reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.. Although these results indicate that the strain is non-Haitian, cholera strains may move between different areas due to global travel and trade, Haitis Minister of Health Dr. Alex Larsen said in a statement. Therefore, we will never know the exact origin of the strain that is causing the epidemic in Haiti. This strain was transmitted by contaminated food or water or an infected person.. Global travel and trade provide opportunities for infectious diseases such as cholera to spread from one country to another, according to the CDC. In most instances, cholera does not spread widely within countries where drinking water and sewage treatment are adequate. When water and sewage treatment is inadequate, as in post-earthquake Haiti, cholera can spread rapidly.. The lab findings are not unexpected, and provide ...
https://cakehealth.com/443-haiti-cholera-outbreak-infectious-diseases.html
UN Admits Role in Haiti Cholera Outbreak for First Time Ever - Veterans Today | Military Foreign Affairs Policy Journal for...UN Admits Role in Haiti Cholera Outbreak for First Time Ever - Veterans Today | Military Foreign Affairs Policy Journal for...
Haq added that that the finding calls for a significant new set of U.N. actions and that a new response will be presented publicly within the next two months.. The comments come in response to a report by U.N. special rapporteur and New York University law professor Philip Alston. According to the Washington Post, Alston argued to Secretary General Ban-ki Moon that the United Nations botch response in Haitis cholera crisis is morally unconscionable, legally indefensible and politically self-defeating.. The human rights and international law expert added that the U.N.s years-long refusal to admit its role in causing the cholera outbreak upholds a double standard according to which the U.N. insists that member states respect human rights, while rejecting any such responsibility for itself.. While the U.N.s latest statements dont go as far as to shoulder the entire blame, they represent a significant shift from the position maintained over the past six years. Statements by the U.N. as ...
https://www.veteranstoday.com/2016/08/21/un-admits-role-in-haiti-cholera-outbreak-for-first-time-ever/
Made in Bangladesh, this rapid diagnostic test could be the key for early detection of choleraMade in Bangladesh, this rapid diagnostic test could be the key for early detection of cholera
Cholera is a major health burden in low- and middle-income countries. Globally, an estimated 1.3 billion people are at risk. South Asia constitutes the largest share of this at-risk population group, including at least 66 million in Bangladesh, where over 100,000 cases are reported annually. Cholera is an infectious disease characterised by severe watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Left untreated, the rapid dehydration it causes can be deadly. In the 1960s, researchers at icddr,b and its partners developed a simple solution to combat cholera - oral rehydration therapy (ORT) - a mixture of salt, sugar, and water, ingredients readily found in most homes. It has saved nearly 50 million lives from diarrhoeal diseases. However, cholera is often misdiagnosed until the patient is in an extreme condition, when ORT is not enough to prevent death by dehydration. Thus, early detection is critical in saving lives and preventing further spread of the disease. Diagnosis for cholera needs to be quick, easy, and ...
https://www.defeatdd.org/blog/made-bangladesh-rapid-diagnostic-test-could-be-key-early-detection-cholera
View all posts in Cholera and its common remediesView all posts in Cholera and its common remedies
If you develop severe, watery diarrhea and vomiting - particularly after eating raw shellfish or traveling to a country where cholera is epidemic -seek medical help immediately. Cholera is highly treatable, but because dehydration can happen quickly, its important to get cholera treatment right away.. Hydration is the mainstay of treatment for cholera. Depending on how severe the diarrhea is, treatment will consist of oral or intravenous solutions to replace lost fluids. Antibiotics, which kill the bacteria, are not part of emergency treatment for mild cases. But they can reduce the duration of diarrhea by half and also reduce the excretion of the bacteria, thus helping to prevent the spread of the disease.. ...
http://www.hindustanlink.com/health-care-blog/category/healthcare/nutrition/cholera-and-its-common-remedies/
AIA Selects Eight Projects for National Healthcare Design Awards | RealEstateRamaAIA Selects Eight Projects for National Healthcare Design Awards | RealEstateRama
MASS Design Group. The first permanent facility in Port-au-Prince, the CTC provides an aggressive model for cholera treatment, while creating a healing space that promotes a dignified patient experience. Both the CTCs layout and placement of amenities optimize staff and patient flow. The design tackles unique site conditions, including the lack of reliable piped water and lack of sewer system connection, by providing off-the-grid services. The roof collects rainwater, which is stored in cisterns, chlorinated, and then used for showers and sinks. The facility also decontaminates waste on-site and is designed to achieve 99.99% removal and inactivation of Cholera vibrio and other pathogenic organisms. The façade blends the use of the most advanced technology, using parametric modeling to optimize apertures for daylighting, ventilation, and privacy, with deploying analog techniques for local fabrication. The CTC will not only establish new standards for cholera treatment, but also new standards ...
https://www.realestaterama.com/aia-selects-eight-projects-for-national-healthcare-design-awards-ID024615.html
Cholera in the Gilbert Islands | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneCholera in the Gilbert Islands | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Abstract An explosive epidemic of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae, biotype El Tor, serotype Inaba, was centered on the coral atoll of Tarawa, Gilbert Islands. This outbreak was a unique experience in the South and Central Pacific region. The principal mode of spread during the peak of the outbreak was probably through contamination of the main water supply. Tarawa lagoon water and shellfish were found to be contaminated with V. cholerae and ingestion of raw fish and shellfish from the lagoon also served as a source of transmission. This outbreak raises the concern of other outbreaks of cholera occurring on remote and poorly equipped Pacific islands where the environmental circumstances are conducive to cholera spread.
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1979.28.677
An Update on Cholera in Haiti - International Child CareAn Update on Cholera in Haiti - International Child Care
It has been some time since ICC reported on the cholera epidemic that began in Haiti in 2010. Until this point, there had never been a reported case of Cholera in Haiti. The strain, thought to have come from the United Nations camp 30 minutes from Port au Prince, is still infecting those utilizing the water source. Since the time of the outbreak, it is thought to have affected 700,000 people.
http://www.internationalchildcare.org/blog/2014/1/16/an-update-on-cholera-in-haiti
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Case for Reactive Mass Oral Cholera VaccinationsPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Case for Reactive Mass Oral Cholera Vaccinations
Author Summary Cholera outbreaks have had catastrophic impact on societies for centuries. Despite more than half a century of advocacy for safe water, sanitation and hygiene, approximately 100,000 cholera cases and 5,000 deaths were reported in Zimbabwe between August 2008 and by July 2009. Safe and effective oral cholera vaccines have been licensed and used by affluent tourists for more than a decade to prevent cholera. We asked whether oral cholera vaccines could be used to protect high risk populations at a time of cholera. We calculated how many cholera cases could have been prevented if mass cholera vaccinations would have been implemented in reaction to past cholera outbreaks. We estimate that determined, well organized mass vaccination campaigns could have prevented 34,900 (40%) cholera cases and 1,695 deaths (40%) in Zimbabwe. In the sites with endemic cholera, Kolkata and Zanzibar, a significant number of cases could have been prevented but the impact would have been less dramatic. The barriers
http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000952&imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000952.g003
Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: A reanalysis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. T2 - A reanalysis. AU - Ali, Mohammad. AU - Emch, Michael. AU - Von Seidlein, Lorenz. AU - Yunus, Mohammad. AU - Sack, David Allen. AU - Rao, Malla. AU - Holmgren, Jan. AU - Clemens, John D.. PY - 2005/7/2. Y1 - 2005/7/2. N2 - Background: Decisions about the use of killed oral cholera vaccines, which confer moderate levels of direct protection to vaccinees, can depend on whether the vaccines also provide indirect (herd) protection when high levels of vaccine coverage are attained. We reanalysed data from a field trial in Bangladesh to ascertain whether there is evidence of indirect protection from killed oral cholera vaccines. Methods: We analysed the first year of surveillance data from a placebo-controlled trial of B subunit-killed whole-cell and killed whole-cell-only oral cholera vaccines in children and adult women in Bangladesh. We calculated whether there was an inverse, monotonic trend for the relation ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/herd-immunity-conferred-by-killed-oral-cholera-vaccines-in-bangla-4
Ambition and immunisation: how to end cholera by 2030Ambition and immunisation: how to end cholera by 2030
I can give two: one where we responded to prevent cholera and another where oral cholera vaccine (OCV) was used to contain it. Firstly, in 2014 there was an influx of refugees from South Sudan into the Gambella region of Ethiopia. In Gambella at that time there had been no cholera reported for years, but we knew there was cholera in South Sudan. Together with MSF, WHO and the national health partner (ARRA) we were able to make a strong case for oral cholera vaccination of the refugee population and surrounding host communities. If cholera came it could be contained - we wanted to make sure we were ahead of the curve. Through some good joint advocacy with partners and donors, we were able to get it approved and the Minister of Health supported it. We implemented it, and no cholera cases were reported during that acute emergency. The second example is in Tanzania, where we had a cholera outbreak. This was an emergency in 2015 with refugees coming from Burundi, and we had a cholera outbreak around ...
http://www.vaccineswork.org/ambition-and-immunisation-how-to-end-cholera-by-2030/
DRDC - FRONTPAGE - 06 jul 2017 Statement 2 Widespread Cholera Epidemic in Sudan
In follow-up of its statement of 12 June 2017 on the outbreak of cholera epidemic in Sudan, the Darfur Relief and Documentation Centre (DRDC) once again rings the alarm bell about the growing health risks facing thousands of vulnerable communities in many parts of Sudan. The ongoing cholera epidemic dates back to August 2016, when hundreds of cases of infections with cholera bacterium Vibrio Cholerae were confirmed in the Blue Nile and Sennar States. Numerous sources including the US Embassy in Khartoum confirmed the outbreak of cholera epidemic in Sudan. According to the government records more than 18,000 cases of acute watery diarrhoea - which is the symptom of cholera - were confirmed in 16 out of Sudans 18 States, including the White Nile, Blue Nile, Khartoum, Sennar, North, South and West Kordofan, River Nile, Northern State, Gedarif, Kassala, Red Sea, Gezira and East, West, South and North Darfur States. Independent medical sources in Sudan estimate that at least 25,000 people have ...
http://www.darfurcentre.ch/index.php/featured/381-drdc-frontpage-06-jul-2017-statement-2-widespread-cholera-epidemic-in-sudan
Genomic profiles of clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 in cholera-endemic areas of Bangladesh | UMIACSGenomic profiles of clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 in cholera-endemic areas of Bangladesh | UMIACS
Diversity, relatedness, and ecological interactions of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 populations in two distinctive habitats, the human intestine and the aquatic environment, were analyzed. Twenty environmental isolates and 42 clinical isolates were selected for study by matching serotype, geographic location of isolation in Bangladesh, and season of isolation. Genetic profiling was done by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR, optimized for profiling by using the fully sequenced V. cholerae El Tor N16961 genome. Five significant clonal clusters of haplotypes were found from 57 electrophoretic types. Isolates from different areas or habitats intermingled in two of the five significant clusters. Frequencies of haplotypes differed significantly only between the environmental populations (exact test; P , 0.05). Analysis of molecular variance yielded a population genetic structure reflecting the differentiating effects of geographic area, habitat, and sampling time. Although a ...
http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/publications/genomic-profiles-clinical-and-environmental-isolates-vibrio-cholerae-o1-cholera-endemic
The African cholera surveillance network (Africhol) consortium meeting, 10-11 June 2015, Lomé, Togo | BMC Proceedings | Full...The African cholera surveillance network (Africhol) consortium meeting, 10-11 June 2015, Lomé, Togo | BMC Proceedings | Full...
Cholera remains a substantial contributor to public health burden in many developing countries, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. In 2014, 190,549 cases were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO), including 55% from Africa [1]. Of the 2,231 deaths reported worldwide, 1882 (84.4%) occurred in Africa. However, the true burden of cholera is poorly known and likely underestimated, because of limitations in current national surveillance systems including under-reporting, type of case-definitions used and lack of laboratory diagnostic capacities. An estimated 2.9 million cholera cases (1.3 m-4.0 m) and 95,000 cholera deaths (21,000-143,000) occur each year [2].. Targeting cholera prevention through increased access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and oral cholera vaccines (OCV) requires accurate epidemiological data at the local level. Further, such data help international organizations to prioritize where to support the places most in need.. The African Cholera Surveillance Network ...
https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-016-0068-z
Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in biofilms in the aquatic environment and their role in cholera transmission | PNASViable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in biofilms in the aquatic environment and their role in cholera transmission | PNAS
V. cholerae and many related Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to become nonculturable under specific experimental conditions, although the time required for these cells to become nonculturable is variable (8, 9, 19-21). In this study, V. cholerae O1 cells in all microcosms became nonculturable on TCBS agar within 10-15 days, as has been reported by other investigators (19-21). V. cholerae O1 in biofilms collected from MW and in the biofilm in clinical specimens, when suspended in autoclaved MW that had tested positive for V. cholerae O1 by both culture and DFA, became nonculturable within 15 days. Conversely, MW-RT and MW-4C microcosms inoculated with freshly grown V. cholerae O1 showed culturability on TTGA and LA for 40 and 68 days, respectively. Miller et al. (22) suggested that toxigenic V. cholerae O1 could remain culturable for longer periods at a salinity of 0.25-3.0%, a pH of 8.0, and 25°C. The temperature, pH, and salinity of MW used in the studies reported here were not very ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/104/45/17801?ijkey=074de68d0966128ce7eb01a19c1848b8c243c34d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Role of Shrimp Chitin in the Ecology of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and Cholera Transmission | UMIACSRole of Shrimp Chitin in the Ecology of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and Cholera Transmission | UMIACS
Seasonal plankton blooms correlate with occurrence of cholera in Bangladesh, although the mechanism of how dormant Vibrio cholerae, enduring interepidemic period in biofilms and plankton, initiates seasonal cholera is not fully understood. In this study, laboratory microcosms prepared with estuarine Mathbaria water (MW) samples supported active growth of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 up to 7 weeks as opposed to 6 months when microcosms were supplemented with dehydrated shrimp chitin chips (CC) as the single source of nutrient. Bacterial counting and detection of wbe and ctxA genes were done employing culture, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay, and multiplex-polymerase chain reaction methods. In MW microcosm, the aqueous phase became clear as the non-culturable cells settled, whereas the aqueous phase of the MW-CC microcosm became turbid from bacterial growth stimulated by chitin. Bacterial chitin degradation and biofilm formation proceeded from an initial steady state to a gradually declining ...
http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/publications/role-shrimp-chitin-ecology-toxigenic-vibrio-cholerae-and-cholera-transmission
Cholera Health Crisis in Yemen | The Borgen ProjectCholera Health Crisis in Yemen | The Borgen Project
As Yemen faces its fourth year of war, the country also fights a looming health crisis. The cholera health crisis in Yemen affects 22 of 23 governorates and almost 299 of Yemens 333 districts. Recording over one million cholera cases in 2017, Yemens crisis is the worst cholera epidemic on record.. Driven by years of war, the country has experienced a significant collapse in access to food, safe drinking water and health care. With millions of Yemenis facing famine, malnourishment increases the risk of cholera infections becoming fatal.. Many organizations are on the ground in Yemen, treating as many cholera cases as possible. Organizations responding to the health crisis in Yemen include Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) or Doctors Without Borders, Save the Children, Islamic Relief Foundation and World Health Organization (WHO).. If left untreated, the mortality rate of cholera can be very high. With proper treatment, cholera is very easy to cure. The problem is that it is not easy for cholera ...
https://borgenproject.org/tag/cholera-health-crisis-in-yemen/
Prison Planet.com » Oral cholera vaccine loaded with GMOs to be tested on babies worldwidePrison Planet.com » Oral cholera vaccine loaded with GMOs to be tested on babies worldwide
January 3, 2014. California-based vaccine manufacturer PaxVax has reportedly submitted an application to begin international trials of a novel oral cholera vaccine that contains live, genetically modified (GM) bacteria. VacTruth.com reports that the new vaccine is set to be tested on more than 1,000 individuals, many of whom are young children, in a three-part clinical trial series to take place throughout Australia.. In a recent application filing with the Australian Government, PaxVax makes plain its intent to administer the live, GM bacteria in both young and old and in every region of the country. Participants will be instructed to literally consume a cocktail of mercury-resistant, GM Shigella flexneri NR1 bacteria derived from the Vibrio cholera bacterial strain, which is recognized as the causative agent of the gastroenteritis disease known as cholera.. According to the filing, the GM cholera strain used in the vaccine has essentially been artificially neutralized to prevent the toxic ...
https://www.prisonplanet.com/oral-cholera-vaccine-loaded-with-gmos-to-be-tested-on-babies-worldwide.html
Immunogenicity and protection from a single dose of internationally available killed oral cholera vaccine: a systematic review...Immunogenicity and protection from a single dose of internationally available killed oral cholera vaccine: a systematic review...
In addition to improved water supply and sanitation, the two-dose killed oral cholera vaccine (OCV) is an important tool for the prevention and control of cholera. We aimed to document the immunogenicity and protection (efficacy and effectiveness) conferred by a single OCV dose against cholera. The meta-analysis showed an estimated 73% and 77% of individuals seroconverted to the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, respectively, after an OCV first dose. The estimates of single-dose vaccine protection from available studies are 87% at 2 months decreasing to 33% at 2 years. Current immunologic and clinical data suggest that protection conferred by a single dose of killed OCV may be sufficient to reduce short-term risk in outbreaks or other high-risk settings, which may be especially useful when vaccine supply is limited. However, until more data suggests otherwise, a second dose should be given as soon as circumstances allow to ensure robust protection.. ...
http://epicentre.msf.org/immunogenicity-and-protection-single-dose-internationally-available-killed-oral-cholera-vaccine-syst
Responding to Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe: Building Resilience over Time | IntechOpenResponding to Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe: Building Resilience over Time | IntechOpen
Cholera is still a major cause of disease epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). During the period January 2017-March 2018, 15 countries in the WHO African Region (AFR) reported cholera outbreaks of varying magnitudes. Zimbabwe has experienced cholera outbreaks dating as far back as 1971 with an unprecedented outbreak occurring in 2008/2009 when 60 of the 62 districts in the country were affected. The outbreak was declared over in May 2009 and by then, 98,592 cases and 4288 deaths had been reported. In Zimbabwe, outbreaks have occurred against a backdrop of a struggling economy and a weak health system. The role of a resilient health system in emergencies response is accentuated premised on experiences from the Ebola outbreak that largely affected three countries in West Africa. Amidst economic and persistent system wide challenges faced by Zimbabwe, preparedness and response capacity has been built over the years. This is evidenced by the rapid response and containment of the recent cholera outbreak.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/current-issues-in-global-health/responding-to-cholera-outbreaks-in-zimbabwe-building-resilience-over-time
Cholera in Louisiana -- UpdateCholera in Louisiana -- Update
Since mid-August 1986, 12 cases of cholera have been identified among residents of Louisiana. The cases occurred in nine families living in New Orleans and in other towns in six parishes (Jefferson, LaFourche, Assumption, St. Mary, Iberia, and Jefferson Davis) within a 200-mile radius to the south and west of New Orleans. None of the patients had traveled abroad within the past year. Onset of symptoms occurred between August 8 and October 1. Ten of the patients had severe diarrhea, seven required hospitalization, and four required treatment in an intensive care unit for hypotension. All patients recovered following intravenous fluid therapy. Seven patients had stool cultures yielding toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Inaba. The remaining five patients did not have stool cultures performed but had vibriocidal antibody titers greater than or equal to 1280, suggesting recent infection with V. cholerae O1. Sewer system surveillance using Moore swabs has detected toxigenic V. ...
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000816.htm
Sequence polymorphisms of rfbT among the Vibrio cholerae O1 strains in the Ogawa and Inaba serotype shifts | Springer for...Sequence polymorphisms of rfbT among the Vibrio cholerae O1 strains in the Ogawa and Inaba serotype shifts | Springer for...
Background Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 has two major serotypes, Ogawa and Inaba, which may alternate among cholera epidemics. The rfbTgene is responsible for the conversion between the two...
https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2180-13-173
Multiple drug resistant Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella from Nepalgunj Cholera outbreak and different hospitals of...Multiple drug resistant Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella from Nepalgunj Cholera outbreak and different hospitals of...
Diarrhoea is a major health problem throughout the world, and responsible for high morbidity and mortality in Nepal. The crosssectional prospective study was carried out to screen ESBL producer from MDR Vibrio Cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella from 268 diarrhoeal stools from Nepalgunj Cholera outbreak and different hospitals of Nepal during April 2010 to January 2011. The specimens were processed by standard microbiological methods and confirmed with serology. Altogether 14.18% of bacteria were isolated with 8.21% V. cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa, 2.24% Shigella flexneri B and 3.73% Salmonella spp. Highest bacterial culture (47.36%) were isolated in Kathmandu while highest V. cholerae (77.27%) were isolated in Nepalgunj. The highest number of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were isolated from Kanti Childrens Hospital. Highest bacteria isolation (47.36%) and highest V. cholerae isolation (81.81%) were observed in the August. The bacteria isolation was significantly associated with places and months ...
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJBS/article/view/7487
Delivery cost analysis of a reactive mass cholera vaccination campaign: a case study of Shanchol™ vaccine use in Lake Chilwa,...Delivery cost analysis of a reactive mass cholera vaccination campaign: a case study of Shanchol™ vaccine use in Lake Chilwa,...
BMC Infectious Diseases http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcinfectdis/content (Accessed 6 January 2018) Research article Delivery cost analysis of a reactive mass cholera vaccination campaign: a case study of Shanchol™ vaccine use in Lake Chilwa, Malawi Cholera is a diarrheal disease that produces rapid dehydration. The infection is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. Oral cholera vaccine (OCV) has…
https://centerforvaccineethicsandpolicy.net/2018/01/07/delivery-cost-analysis-of-a-reactive-mass-cholera-vaccination-campaign-a-case-study-of-shanchol-vaccine-use-in-lake-chilwa-malawi/
Preventive Interventions | College of Public Health | Georgia Southern University
A CDC collaborative study including Dr. Isaac Fung (formerly of the CDC), assistant professor of epidemiology at Georgia Southern University Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, examines preventive interventions through modeling the effect of water, sanitation and hygiene, and oral cholera vaccine implementation in Haiti. In 2010, toxigenic Vibrio cholerae was newly introduced to Haiti. Because resources are limited, decision-makers need to understand the effect of different preventive interventions. The team built a static model to estimate the potential number of cholera cases averted through improvements in coverage in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) (i.e., latrines, point-of-use chlorination, and piped water), oral cholera vaccine (OCV), or a combination of both. The authors allowed indirect effects and non-linear relationships between effect and population coverage. Because there are limited incidence data for endemic cholera in Haiti, the authors estimated the incidence of cholera over 20
http://jphcoph.georgiasouthern.edu/blog/2013/11/19/preventive-interventions/
Cholera: an overview with reference to the Yemen epidemicCholera: an overview with reference to the Yemen epidemic
Abstract Cholera is a secretory diarrhoeal disease caused by infection with Vibrio cholerae, primarily the V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype. There are approximately 2.9 million cases in 69 endemic countries annually, resulting in 95 000 deaths. Cholera is associated with poor infrastructure and lack of access to sanitation and clean drinking water. The current cholera epidemic in Yemen, linked to spread of V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa serotype), is associated with the ongoing war. This has devastated infrastructure and health services. The World Health Organization had estimated that 172 286 suspected cases arose between 27th April and 19th June 2017, including 1170 deaths. While there are three oral cholera vaccines prequalified by the World Health Organization, there are issues surrounding vaccination campaigns in conflict situations, exacerbated by external factors such as a global vaccine shortage. Major movements of people complicates surveillance and administration of double doses of vaccines. ...
http://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-018-0631-2
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for Vibrio cholerae infection in children. | Base documentaire | BDSP
Surveillance was conducted during February and March 1991 in the pediatric emergency department of Cayetano Heredia Hospital, Lima, Peru, to contrast the characteristics of children with epidemic cholera with those of children with non-cholera-associated diarrhea. Among 626 patients 14 years of age or younger, Vibrio cholerae O1 was isolated...
http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Base/106230/
ToxR regulon of Vibrio cholerae and its expression in vibrios shed by cholera patients | PNASToxR regulon of Vibrio cholerae and its expression in vibrios shed by cholera patients | PNAS
DNA microarray technology is revolutionizing the field of bacterial pathogenesis by allowing researchers to monitor the expression of thousands of genes during the course of an in vitro or in vivo experiment. In this report, we have applied this technology to conduct a genome-wide search for V. cholerae genes belonging to the ToxR regulon, the key group of genes responsible for the virulence properties of this organism in humans. We also used microarrays to analyze the transcriptional state of vibrios shed from cholera patients.. We first compared the gene expression profiles of V. cholerae toxRS, tcpPH, and toxT mutants that were grown under in vitro conditions that are optimal for the expression of CT by El Tor O1 and O139 strains of V. cholerae. The transcriptional profile of the toxT mutant revealed the presence of few new ToxT-regulated genes. Newly identified genes include VC1091 (oligopeptide periplasmic binding protein), VC1835 (pal); VC2766 (atpA); VCA0059 (lpp); VCA0732 (conserved ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/100/5/2801?ijkey=82de198fb052b80cc027c6b39bb7bde0a7207747&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Haiti launches massive cholera vaccination drive but worries remain | ReutersHaiti launches massive cholera vaccination drive but worries remain | Reuters
By Makini Brice | LES CAYES, Haiti LES CAYES, Haiti Haiti has launched a massive cholera vaccination campaign to battle a flare-up after Hurricane Matthew, but concerns remain about the capacity for longer-term improvements to water and sanitation infrastructure needed to eradicate the disease. The cholera campaign, launched on Tuesday in two southern areas hammered by the storm, is aiming to be the worlds largest, targeting 820,000 people, said Ernsly Jackson, an immunization specialist for UNICEF Haiti. Haiti has battled a cholera outbreak that has sickened more than 800,000 people and killed about 9,000 since 2010, when the bacteria was imported into the country by a contingent of United Nations peacekeepers. Although it had proved stubborn to eradicate, cases had declined sharply from a peak in 2010-11. But Hurricane Matthew struck the island in early October, killing up to 1,000 people, leaving about 1.4 million in need of humanitarian assistance and damaging many health facilities.
http://www.firstpost.com/world/haiti-launches-massive-cholera-vaccination-drive-but-worries-remain-reuters-3097794.html
WHO releases oral cholera vaccine stockpile report - IFRCWHO releases oral cholera vaccine stockpile report - IFRC
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) welcomes the release of the WHO Technical Working Group on oral cholera vaccine (OCV) stockpile.
https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/international/who-releases-report-on-oral-cholera-vaccine-stockpile-58313/
H5N1: Sierra Leone: Cholera cases falling
Via Awoko.org: Western Area sees reduction in cholera cases and… UNICEF & WHO say it is too early to scale back response. Excerpt: Latest figures show a downward trend of the number of cholera patients in Sierra Leone, particularly in...
http://crofsblogs.typepad.com/h5n1/2012/09/sierra-leone-cholera-cases-falling.html
PRIME PubMed | Vaccination strategies to combat an infectious globe: oral cholera vaccinesPRIME PubMed | Vaccination strategies to combat an infectious globe: oral cholera vaccines
PubMed journal article: Vaccination strategies to combat an infectious globe: oral cholera vaccines. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/21572610/Vaccination_strategies_to_combat_an_infectious_globe:_oral_cholera_vaccines_
New Supplier Approved by UN Health Agency for Oral Cholera Vaccines Will Double the ProductionNew Supplier Approved by UN Health Agency for Oral Cholera Vaccines Will Double the Production
As the world faced a dearth of oral cholera vaccines, the United Nations health agency announced that the supply of medication will double up to six million doses this year after it added another producer to its list of approved suppliers so that they can put up a fight against a disease that kills as many as 142,000 people every year
http://www.counselheal.com/articles/19638/20160112/un-health-agency-new-supplier-cholera-vaccination-meet-shortfall.htm
Mathematical model predicts cholera outbreaksMathematical model predicts cholera outbreaks
In research done over the past seven years, Pascual and colleagues have found evidence that a phenomenon known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a major source of climate variability from year to year, influences cycles of cholera in Bangladesh. They also showed that the coupling between climate variability and cholera cycles has become stronger in recent decades.. Now, Pascual is examining the feasibility of using a model developed during that work as an early warning system. The question we asked was whether, using data from 1966 to 2000, we could have predicted cholera outbreaks over the past five years, said Pascual, an associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. We also wanted to know whether incorporating ENSO into the model would improve the accuracy of our predictions. The challenge for the model was particularly interesting because the past five years were atypical, with fewer cholera cases than usual and no strong climate anomalies. However, the model ...
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/medicine-health/report-79089.html
Cholera hits Mexico, Central America on alert | HealthMapCholera hits Mexico, Central America on alert | HealthMap
An outbreak of cholera in Hidalgo State and the neighboring Federal District of Mexico City has caused 79 cases of disease, including one fatality. The source of the outbreak is still unclear.. The strain of cholera currently affecting Mexico is Vibrio cholerae O:1 Ogawa toxigenic. Prior to this outbreak, cholera has not been seen in Mexico in just over ten years. PAHO and the WHO included Mexico in its latest Epidemiological Alert.. Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium is usually found in contaminated water or food sources, but it can also be found in the environment, in rivers and coastal waters. An estimated 3 - 5 million cases and over 100,000 deaths occur globally each year. However, if treated properly with prompt rehydration, fewer than 1 percent of cholera patients die.. Individuals can avoid infection with cholera by drinking only bottled, boiled, or treated water, and by washing hands often with ...
http://www.healthmap.org/site/diseasedaily/article/cholera-hits-mexico-central-america-alert-10913
Hilleman Labs achieves successful outcome of Phase I/II Clinical Trialofits Oral Cholera Vaccine HillcholTM | Latest Health...Hilleman Labs achieves successful outcome of Phase I/II Clinical Trialofits Oral Cholera Vaccine HillcholTM | Latest Health...
Sharing results of the clinical study, Dr. Ajit Pal Singh- Vice President Clinical R&Dat Hilleman Labsstated, HillcholTM was tested in 840 subjects that included adults, adolescents as well as small children. We were able to demonstrate safety and tolerability of HillcholTM in our Phase I/II trials. Our vaccine consists of a novel Hikojima strain that expresses both the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. When compared against Shanchol, the Cholera vaccine pre-qualified by WHO, we could achieve non-inferiority in terms of seroconversion as well as Geometric Mean Titre for both the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. These results are very encouraging and warrant further development of our Cholera vaccine.. Dr. Tarun Sharma, Director R&D at Hilleman Labsstated, The HillcholTM Phase I/II clinical trial results support our Hikojima vaccine design and mirror the impressive results we have been able to achieve in Preclinical studies. This encourages us to conduct further clinical studies as well as undertake ...
http://healthtechnology.in/2017/10/12/hilleman-labs-achieves-successful-outcome-of-phase-iii-clinical-trialofits-oral-cholera-vaccine-hillcholtm/
Statement from UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake and WHO Director-General Margaret Chan on the cholera outbreak in Yemen...Statement from UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake and WHO Director-General Margaret Chan on the cholera outbreak in Yemen...
The rapidly spreading cholera outbreak in Yemen has exceeded 200,000 suspected cases, increasing at an average of 5,000 a day. We are now facing the worst cholera outbreak in the world.. In just two months, cholera has spread to almost every governorate of this war-torn country. Already more than 1,300 people have died - one quarter of them children - and the death toll is expected to rise. More. ...
http://un.org.au/2017/06/28/statement-from-unicef-executive-director-anthony-lake-and-who-director-general-margaret-chan-on-the-cholera-outbreak-in-yemen-as-suspected-cases-exceed-200000/
Yemen: 23,500 cholera cases, 242 deaths in three weeks: WHO »Yemen: 23,500 cholera cases, 242 deaths in three weeks: WHO »
A cholera outbreak in war-ravaged Yemen has killed 242 people, and left nearly 23,500 others sick in the past three weeks alone, the World Health Organization said Friday. The UN health agency said that in the past day alone, 20 cholera deaths and 3,460 suspected cases had been registered in the country, where two-thirds of the population is on the brink of famine. The speed of the resurgence of this cholera epidemic is unprecedented, WHO representative for Yemen Nevio Zagaria told reporters in Geneva by phone from Yemen, warning that a quarter of a million people could become sick by the end of the year. Cholera is a highly contagious bacterial infection spread through contaminated food or water. Reining in the disease is particularly complicated in Yemen, where two years of devastating war between the Huthis and government forces backed by a Saudi-led Arab military coalition has left more than half the country`s medical facilities out of service. Zagaria pointed out that humanitarian workers ...
http://www.truhealthonline.com/yemen-23500-cholera-cases-242-deaths-three-weeks/
Unicef Appeals For Funds To Fight Severe Cholera Outbreak In Angola | HORIZON SOLUTIONS SITEUnicef Appeals For Funds To Fight Severe Cholera Outbreak In Angola | HORIZON SOLUTIONS SITE
With 1,000 people already dead from cholera in Angola, the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) is appealing for $1 million to fight the most severe outbreak of the disease there since 1988.. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the ongoing rainy season has made it likely that the epidemic will spread further despite efforts by UNICEF, WHO, the Angolan Government and other partners to get care and medication to the sick.. Cholera, an acute intestinal disease caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, causes copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment, including rehydration, is not given promptly. Vomiting also occurs in most patients.. Apart from significant human suffering, the disease disrupts social and economic structures and puts tremendous strain on already precarious national health systems. Seasonal factors, such as the rainy season, contribute to the diseases ...
http://www.solutions-site.org/node/193
Haiti: Waiting to Vaccinate | HealthMapHaiti: Waiting to Vaccinate | HealthMap
Time is ticking as aid organizations wait to launch a vaccination campaign against cholera in Haiti. The heavy seasonal rains have already begun to fall, and threaten to bring flooding, contaminated water, and increased cholera incidence with them. But Haitian officials have not yet approved the plans of nongovernmental organizations Partners in Health (PIH) and GHESKIO to vaccinate 100,000 people against cholera. Here, we chronicle the major events that led to this standoff.. Cholera Arrives in 2010. After the January 2010 earthquake, Haiti was the focus of much international attention and relief assistance. Less than a year later, a massive cholera outbreak hit the country, centered around the Artibonite River Valley and likely imported by UN staff from Nepal. In the year and a half since, there have been an estimated 530,000 cases and 7,000 deaths.. At the time of the initial outbreak, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) stated that a cholera vaccination campaign was not an ...
http://www.healthmap.org/site/node/391
Rainy Season Arrives In Yemen As Concerns Over Larger Cholera Outbreak Increase; WHO, Partners Begin Cholera Vaccination...Rainy Season Arrives In Yemen As Concerns Over Larger Cholera Outbreak Increase; WHO, Partners Begin Cholera Vaccination...
The rainy season has arrived in Yemen, but has not yet brought an uptick of cholera cases with it, according to a top in-country official with the United Nations Childrens Fund. Still, UNICEF and other aid agencies remain concerned that there could be another serious outbreak in the coming months, as the rainy season progresses and health, water, and sanitation systems continue to deteriorate… (Lieberman, 5/7).. Xinhua News: Anti-cholera campaign kicks off in Yemen amid fears of new ...
https://www.kff.org/news-summary/rainy-season-arrives-in-yemen-as-concerns-over-larger-cholera-outbreak-increase-who-partners-begin-cholera-vaccination-campaign/
Yemen Records 500,000 Cholera Cases, Nearly 2,000 Deaths • Food Quality & SafetyYemen Records 500,000 Cholera Cases, Nearly 2,000 Deaths • Food Quality & Safety
Each day there are more than 5,000 new cases of the waterborne disease, which causes acute diarrhea and dehydration, in the country where the health system has collapsed after more than two years of war, it said.. The total number of suspected cholera cases in Yemen this year hit the half a million mark on Sunday, and nearly 2,000 people have died since the outbreak began to spread rapidly at the end of April, the WHO said in a statement.. The spread of cholera has slowed significantly in some areas compared to peak levels, but the disease is still spreading fast in more recently affected districts, which are recording large numbers of cases, it said, reporting a total of 503,484 cases.. The disease, spread by ingestion of food or water tainted with human faeces, can kill within hours if untreated. It has been largely eradicated in developed countries equipped with sanitation systems and water treatment. But Yemens devastating civil war, pitting a Saudi-led military coalition against the ...
http://www.foodqualityandsafety.com/article/yemen-records-500000-cholera-cases-nearly-2000-deaths/
Papua New Guinea: First Cholera Outbreak in 50 Years | MSF USAPapua New Guinea: First Cholera Outbreak in 50 Years | MSF USA
A high number of cholera cases have been found in the small city of Wasu in the first known cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea in 50 years. Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is assisting health authorities by treating people affected by the already deadly outbreak at the local Angau hospital.
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news-stories/field-news/papua-new-guinea-first-cholera-outbreak-50-years
UN apologizes for Haiti cholera and calls for US$400 million to address crisis | United Nations RadioUN apologizes for Haiti cholera and calls for US$400 million to address crisis | United Nations Radio
The United Nations has apologized for its response to the cholera outbreak in Haiti that claimed more than 9,000 lives and has pledged to provide both immediate and long-term support for those affected.. Over the last six years, cholera has afflicted nearly 800,000 people on the Caribbean island.. Daniel Dickinson has more details. Speaking at the UN on Thursday, the Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon apologized for the loss of life and suffering caused by the cholera outbreak in Haiti.. On behalf of the United Nations, I want to say very clearly: we apologize to the Haitian people. We simply did not do enough with regard to the cholera outbreak and its spread in Haiti. We are profoundly sorry for our role.. He added that the outbreak had cast a shadow on the relationship between the United Nations and the people of Haiti.. It is a blemish on the reputation of UN peacekeeping and the Organization world-wide. For the sake of the Haitian people, but also for the sake of the United Nations itself, ...
http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2016/12/un-apologizes-for-haiti-cholera-and-calls-for-us400-million-to-address-crisis/
Characterization of type IVb pilus components essential for functional TCP of Vibrio cholerae O395, including implications on...Characterization of type IVb pilus components essential for functional TCP of Vibrio cholerae O395, including implications on...
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the acute intestinal disorder cholera. The source of cholera infection is typically fecal contamination of potable water sources. V. cholerae is able to colonize the host intestine and trigger the onset of cholera symptoms due to the expression of two primary virulence factors: cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). TCP is a type IVb pilus encoded by the tcp operon. While many components encoded within the tcp operon have been well characterized, there remain two that we know little about: TcpB and TcpS. In this work, we take a genetic approach to initiate the characterization of each of these pilus components. We have found the large putative pilin, TcpB is not requisite for formation of a pilus structure, but remains essential for all TCP functions. The formation of TCP by a tcpB null mutant represents a surprising finding that has led to a new research emphasis with respect to TCP functions. Additionally, we have characterized the ...
http://libarchive.dartmouth.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/dcdis/id/370871/rec/33
Characterization of type IVb pilus components essential for functional TCP of Vibrio cholerae O395, including implications on...Characterization of type IVb pilus components essential for functional TCP of Vibrio cholerae O395, including implications on...
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the acute intestinal disorder cholera. The source of cholera infection is typically fecal contamination of potable water sources. V. cholerae is able to colonize the host intestine and trigger the onset of cholera symptoms due to the expression of two primary virulence factors: cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). TCP is a type IVb pilus encoded by the tcp operon. While many components encoded within the tcp operon have been well characterized, there remain two that we know little about: TcpB and TcpS. In this work, we take a genetic approach to initiate the characterization of each of these pilus components. We have found the large putative pilin, TcpB is not requisite for formation of a pilus structure, but remains essential for all TCP functions. The formation of TCP by a tcpB null mutant represents a surprising finding that has led to a new research emphasis with respect to TCP functions. Additionally, we have characterized the ...
https://libarchive.dartmouth.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/dcdis/id/370871/rec/8
CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN YEMEN | Dangers.me
A total of 23 people died in March following a cholera outbreak that hit Yemens southwestern province of Taiz.. Abdul Rahim Samai, director of the Public Health and Population Department in Taiz province, said that nearly 5,488 suspected cholera cases have been registered since early January.. The health authorities recorded 335 cases of confirmed cholera, 23 of which have resulted in the death of the patients, he said.. Source: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/29/c_137934328.htm. ...
http://dangers.me/2019/03/29/cholera-epidemic-in-yemen/
H5N1: Dominican Republic: Suspect cholera cases falling in Moca
Via the DR Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance: Salud Pública informa casos sospechosos de Cólera disminuyen en Moca. [Public Health reports suspected cholera cases are diminishing in Moca] Excerpt, with my translation: El Ministerio de Salud Pública informó...
http://crofsblogs.typepad.com/h5n1/2012/11/dominican-republic-suspect-cholera-cases-falling-in-moca.html
Suspected Cholera cases rise in Jonglei state - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on SudanSuspected Cholera cases rise in Jonglei state - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan
February 20, 2017 (BOR) - Suspected Cholera cases have continued to rise in South Sudans Jonglei state, while spreading widely across communities (...)
http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61705
cholera - Yahoo Search Resultscholera - Yahoo Search Results
Cholera. Cholera is rare in the United States, but its still common in some other countries. Every year, more than 100,000 people around the world die from cholera. The good news is the cholera vaccine can lower the risk that people traveling to countries with cholera will get the disease. The cholera vaccine is an oral (swallowed ...
https://search.yahoo.com/mobile/s?p=cholera&ei=UTF-8&_tsrc=apple&fr2=time&age=1d&btf=d
Death Toll due to Cholera Rises to 48 in Angola ( The cholera epidemic has swept through ...)Death Toll due to Cholera Rises to 48 in Angola ( The cholera epidemic has swept through ...)
Health,The cholera epidemic has swept through Angola covering the provinces o...On Sunday WHO representative Angola Fatoumata Diallo handed over 7...The National Laboratory of Public Health has isolated the bacteria V...192 new cases with one death have been reported in the last 24 hours...The WHO along with the Angolan Ministry of health has implemented se...,Death,Toll,due,to,Cholera,Rises,to,48,in,Angola,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news
http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/Death-Toll-due-to-Cholera-Rises-to-48-in-Angola-9041-1/
Flow cytofluorometric monitoring of leukocyte apoptosis in experimental cholera | (2003) | Lotsmanova | Publications | SpieFlow cytofluorometric monitoring of leukocyte apoptosis in experimental cholera | (2003) | Lotsmanova | Publications | Spie
Flow cytofluorometric DNA analysis was applied to determine of the relative contents of proliferative (more then 2C DNA per cell) and apoptotic (less then 2C DNA per cell) leukocytes in blood of adult rabbits, challenged with 10,000 times the 50 % effective dose of Vibrio cholerae virulent strain by the RITARD technique. It has been shown that irreversible increase the percentage of cells carrying DNA in the degradation stage brings to disbalance between the genetically controlled cell proliferation and apoptosis that leads to animal death from the cholera infection. Such fatal changes were not observed in challenging of immunized animals that were not died. Thus received data show that the flow cytofluorometric measurements may be used for detection of transgressions in homeostasis during acute infection diseases, for outlet prognosis of the cholera infection ...
https://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.518875
Cholera vaccineCholera vaccine
Oral cholera vaccines were first introduced in the 1990s. The cost to immunize against cholera is between US$0.10 and US$4.00 ... The cholera vaccine is widely used by backpackers and persons visiting locations where there is a high risk of cholera ... Cholera vaccines are vaccines that are effective at preventing cholera. For the first six months after vaccination they provide ... "Vaxchora- cholera vaccine, live, oral kit". DailyMed. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2020. "Vaxchora- cholera vaccine, live ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_vaccine
Fowl choleraFowl cholera
... is also called avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia. Abraham b. It is the most common ... Epizootiology of Avian Cholera in Wildfowl. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Chicken Cholera was Observed by Louis Pasteur by luck ... 1880 Fowl cholera in the Merck Veterinary Manual Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fowl cholera. (CS1 errors: generic ... Avian Cholera in Waterfowl: The role of Lesser Snow Geese and Ross's Geese Carriers in the Playa Lakes Region. Journal of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowl_cholera
Cholera pitCholera pit
250 died of cholera in 1832 and 130 in 1849. Kilmaurs (NS 41430 40763) - St Maurs-Glencairn church has a cholera pit dating ... Glasnevin - a cholera pit and memorial are located in the churchyard. Bully's Acre, Kilmainham - one of the main Cholera pit's ... Video footage of Cholera Pits in Stevenston, Dalry, etc. YouTube video on Ayrshire Cholera Pits Wikimedia Commons has media ... Long term risks It is considered that the cholera risk posed through disturbance of cholera pits from the 19th century is non- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_pit
Cholera HospitalCholera Hospital
4. Cholera Morbus, The New York Times, June 30, 1854, pg. 4. The Fifth Ward and the Cholera, The New York Times, July 15, 1854 ... The Physician of Cholera Hospital published daily reports of the number of cholera cases received at the Franklin Street ... 2. Cholera Reports made Public, The New York Times, July 19, 1854, pg. 4. History and Observations of Asiatic Cholera in ... Gull, who treated New York City cholera patients at this time, reported that cholera was only contagious when persons came in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_Hospital
Cholera beltCholera belt
... "cholera belts". In 1849 an anonymous author published the pamphlet "What has Cholera done in London?" advising "readers to wear ... "The flannel cholera belt, whose powers of cholera prevention were of course mythical ... has fortunately gone out of fashion". ... "cholera belt" was not mentioned. Renbourn writes that although the phrase "cholera belt" was not being specifically mentioned ... fear spread leading to reports in the Cholera Gazette that soldiers should wear flannel to prevent cholera, possibly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_belt
Cholera toxinCholera toxin
... acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the ... How cholera toxin triggers these endocytosis pathways is not fully understood, but the fact that cholera toxin triggers these ... Cholera toxin was discovered in 1959 by Indian microbiologist Sambhu Nath De. The complete toxin is a hexamer made up of a ... Using cholera toxin β as a marker, we can get a better understanding of the properties and functions of lipid rafts. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_toxin
Cholera RiotsCholera Riots
... refers to civil disturbances associated with an outbreak or epidemic of cholera. The Cholera Riots (Холерные ... "Exeter Memories - Cholera in 1832". exetermemories.co.uk. "CHOLERA RIOT IN HAMBURG; SANITARY OFFICERS AGAIN ATTACKED BY A MOB. ... On August 29, 1909 The New York Times reported more cholera riots in Russia. Asiatic cholera reached Britain in 1831 from ... The widespread cholera rioting in Liverpool was thus as much related to local anatomical issues as it was to the national ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_Riots
Cholera BasinCholera Basin
The Cholera basin (Finnish: Kolera-allas, Swedish: Kolerabassängen) is the established name for the western harbour basin in ... In 1893, Johannes Michelsson, a shipsman from Nagu who had come to the herring market died of cholera on his ship. Later it was ... After the incident, the colloquial name of the basin was established as Kolerabassängen - the Cholera basin. In the 19th ... organizes an event where a chosen Jaakko throws a cold stone into the Cholera basin. Since 1995, various objects have been ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_Basin
Cholera (food)Cholera (food)
Cholera, a Valaisian art form. MySwitzerland.com. Retrieved 15 July 2013. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... During an epidemic of the disease cholera in 1836, people in the region improvised a dish involving pastry and whatever food ... In the Valais region of Switzerland, a cholera is a savoury pastry filled with potatoes, vegetables, fruits and cheese. The ... "cholera" dish has lasted since. Originally, the local ingredients for such a dish were apples, pears, potatoes, onions, leeks, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_(food)
History of choleraHistory of cholera
But, as cholera was not present in the city, there were no cholera-related deaths. As a result of the pollution, the city made ... Cholera, Cholera pandemics, Gastroenterology, Intestinal infectious diseases, Cholera outbreaks). ... The third cholera pandemic deeply affected Russia, with over one million deaths. Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in ... Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866. The epidemic of cholera that spread with the Austro-Prussian War (1866) is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cholera
Seventh cholera pandemicSeventh cholera pandemic
The seventh cholera pandemic (also called by some the 1961-1975 cholera pandemic) is the seventh major outbreak of cholera and ... "Cholera's seven pandemics". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2015-11-24. "Global epidemics and impact of cholera". www.who.int. Archived ... "Cholera". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-05-26. Shultz D (18 November 2016). "How today's cholera pandemic was born". Science. ... A study in Haiti has shown lasting protection from a two-dose cholera vaccine. During the 2010-2017 cholera outbreak in Haiti, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic
1832 Sligo cholera outbreak1832 Sligo cholera outbreak
The 1832 Sligo cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera in the port town of Sligo in northwestern Ireland. The ... The approach of the cholera epidemic was well documented at the time, but how it was spread was a mystery. In the first ... Irwin, then attached to the Fever Hospital The first case of Cholera Asiatica (as it was known then) was noted at Rathcarrick, ... "Cholera". History. Retrieved 18 April 2019. "December 21st 2007". SligoHeritage. Retrieved 18 April 2019. Meagher, John (21 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_Sligo_cholera_outbreak
1863-1875 cholera pandemic1863-1875 cholera pandemic
Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866. The epidemic of cholera that spread with the Austro-Prussian War (1866) is ... Cholera outbreaks and pandemics Sum of death counts from all sources mentioned in the article "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC ... The fourth cholera pandemic of the 19th century began in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region and traveled with Muslim ... Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to the Russian Empire, Europe, Africa and North America, in each case ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863–1875_cholera_pandemic
1846-1860 cholera pandemic1846-1860 cholera pandemic
History of cholera Frerichs, Ralph R. "Asiatic Cholera Pandemics During the Life of John Snow : Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of ... The third cholera pandemic (1846-1860) was the third major outbreak of cholera originating in India in the nineteenth century ... After the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak he had mapped the cases of cholera in the Soho area in London, and noted a cluster ... Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in Tokyo in an outbreak in 1858-60. In 1854, an outbreak of cholera in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846–1860_cholera_pandemic
1826-1837 cholera pandemic1826-1837 cholera pandemic
The second cholera pandemic (1826-1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from ... Cholera outbreaks and pandemics Nashville cholera epidemic (1849-1850) "Cholera's seven pandemics". Canadian Broadcasting ... Cholera was also reported in China in 1826 and 1835, and in Japan in 1831. In 1829, Iran was apparently infected with cholera ... In The Indian Cholera (Den indiske Cholera, 1835), he set his play in Colonial India, lambasting the poor response to the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826–1837_cholera_pandemic
1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak
... a reform which resulted in fewer deaths by cholera in the city. The 1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak was not the last cholera ... The 1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera which occurred in Stockholm, Sweden in 1853 as part of the ... It was the second cholera epidemic in Stockholm, and the first one since the 1834 Stockholm cholera outbreak, which had been ... The epidemics of 1834 and 1853 were also the biggest cholera outbreaks in Stockholm, as both of them resulted in about 3.000 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Stockholm_cholera_outbreak
1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak
The 1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera which occurred in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1853 as part of ... The cholera outbreak also contributed to the city's decision to build a new cattle market, the so-called Brown Meat District, ... The cholera outbreak was a key factor in the decision to decommission Copenhagen's fortifications, although the step was long ... Cholera outbreaks, 19th century in Copenhagen, Disease outbreaks in Denmark, 19th-century epidemics, 1853 disasters in Denmark) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak2010s Haiti cholera outbreak
The climax of cholera incidence in Haiti was in 2011 with 352,000 new cases following the introduction of cholera in Haiti in ... The 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak is the first modern large-scale outbreak of cholera-a disease once considered beaten back ... "Cholera". World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 October 2018. Roos R (9 January 2013). "Cholera has struck more than 6% of ... In late June 2012, Cuba confirmed three deaths and 53 cases of cholera in Manzanillo; in 2013 there were 51 cases of cholera ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak2007 Iraq cholera outbreak
"U.N. reports cholera outbreak in northern Iraq". CNN. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007. "Cholera in Iraq". WHO. 10 ... Cholera is a disease caused by unclean drinking water that only actually affects roughly 5% of those who are exposed. However, ... Cholera was first detected in Kirkuk, in Northern Iraq, on 14 August 2007. By September, the outbreak had reached Baghdad and ... "Cholera Epidemic Infects 7,000 in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2022. Kramer, Andrew E. (21 September 2007). " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak
1817-1824 cholera pandemic1817-1824 cholera pandemic
The first cholera pandemic (1817-1824), also known as the first Asiatic cholera pandemic or Asiatic cholera, began near the ... By 1823, cholera had disappeared from most of the world, except around the Bay of Bengal. Selwyn, S (May 1977). "Cholera old ... The name cholera had been used in previous centuries to describe illnesses involving nausea and vomiting. Today, cholera ... The last of the seven main cholera pandemics in history, extends into the modern day. Cholera outbreaks and pandemics Hays, J. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817–1824_cholera_pandemic
2016-2022 Yemen cholera outbreak2016-2022 Yemen cholera outbreak
"Continued cholera epidemic in Yemen". The Global Alliance Against Cholera (G.A.A.C). "WHO EMRO - Cholera cases in Yemen - ... "Yemen cholera epidemic strain 'came from eastern Africa'". BBC News. 3 January 2019. "Update on cholera in Yemen". WHO EMRO. 26 ... "Cholera situation in Yemen" (PDF). WHO EMRO. May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017. "Weekly update: cholera cases in Yemen". WHO ... Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation and access to clean water. Cholera vaccines that are given by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016–2022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak
1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak was a cholera outbreak the Romanian Army suffered during the Second Balkan War of 1913 ... Thanks to all this, the last case of cholera occurred in November and the disease could be mostly stopped before the Romanian ... A few years later, Romania itself suffered numerous cases of cholera as a result of its participation in the First World War. ... 1899-1923 cholera pandemic Giurcă, Ion (2013). "Epidemia de holeră din Bulgaria din anul 1913 - consecințe asupra armatei ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Snow's analysis of cholera and cholera outbreaks extended past the closure of the Broad Street pump. He concluded that cholera ... The Broad Street cholera outbreak (or Golden Square outbreak) was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad ... Snow also argued that cholera was not a product of Miasma. "There was nothing in the air to account for the spread of cholera ... "Broad Street Cholera Pump". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 5 March 2017. Snow, John (1855). On the Mode of Communication of Cholera ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak
Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic mythChicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth
In fact, no cholera outbreaks had occurred in Chicago since the 1860s. Typhoid deaths never exceeded 1,000 in any year in the ... Another cholera epidemic hit the city in 1866 and 1867. In the late 19th century, typhoid fever mortality rate in Chicago ... The Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth is a persistent urban legend, stating that 90,000 people in Chicago died of typhoid ... An outbreak of cholera in 1849 killed 678 persons, 2.9 percent of the city's population, and an 1854 outbreak killed 1,424 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_1885_cholera_epidemic_myth
2022 cholera outbreak in Lebanon2022 cholera outbreak in Lebanon
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%; with untreated cholera, the ... "Cholera Surveillance in Lebanon- 26/10/2022". www.moph.gov.lb. Retrieved 2022-10-27. "Lebanon is at risk of a cholera outbreak ... This outbreak is the first incidence of cholera in Lebanon since 1993. Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some ... "Cholera outbreaks threaten children's survival in the Middle East". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2022-10-27. "Syria: Cholera ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_cholera_outbreak_in_Lebanon
Cholera epidemic in Lexington, KentuckyCholera epidemic in Lexington, Kentucky
"Cholera Epidemics." Cholera Epidemics - Ohio History Central, www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Cholera_Epidemics. "Cholera - Vibrio ... Cholera epidemic in Lexington, Kentucky was a major cholera epidemic in 1833. An estimated 502 out of 7,000 people died as a ... Cholera is "caused by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. In an epidemic, the source of the ... Person Who Died in Kentucky during the 1833 Cholera Epidemic. www.usgennet.org/usa/ky/state/counties/pendleton/obits/cholera. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_epidemic_in_Lexington,_Kentucky
2018-2019 Zimbabwe cholera outbreak2018-2019 Zimbabwe cholera outbreak
Four cholera treatment centers were set up in Harare to deal with the initial outbreaking cholera. The WHO began a campaign to ... The cholera outbreak originated in Glenview, a suburb in Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, and then spread to the following ... WHO Cholera - Zimbabwe. WHO. URL [1] (accessed 12.2.19) World Health Organization, 2018a. Zimbabwe to vaccinate 1.4 million ... The 2018-2019 Zimbabwe cholera outbreak began on 1 September 2018, and the last reported case occurred on 12 March 2019. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–2019_Zimbabwe_cholera_outbreak
2020 cholera outbreak in Bengaluru2020 cholera outbreak in Bengaluru
An outbreak of cholera was reported in Bengaluru, Karnataka in March 2020. As of 9 March 2020, there were 17 cases of cholera ... Sunitha Rao R. "Cholera in Bangalore: Six cholera cases reported in one week in Bengaluru : Bengaluru News - Times of India". ... The cholera outbreak is amidst the concerns of the spread of coronavirus in Karnataka. Water supply was stopped to some of the ... Reports of cholera-like cases were also being reported in large numbers in Bengaluru. The cause of the outbreak is suspected to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_cholera_outbreak_in_Bengaluru
2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak
"Sierra Leone cholera outbreak". Oxfam. Retrieved 31 August 2012. "Isle of Man help for Sierra Leone cholera outbreak". BBC. 4 ... "Cholera Ebbing in Sierra Leone". IRIN. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012. "Cholera Outbreak Leaves 224 Dead in Sierra ... "Cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone". NaTHNaC. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012. "Sierra Leone cholera outbreak worsens ... It was the country's largest outbreak of cholera since first reported in 1970 and the deadliest since the 1994-1995 cholera ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Sierra_Leonean_cholera_outbreak
Love in the Time of CholeraLove in the Time of Cholera
The term cholera as it is used in Spanish, cólera, can also denote passion or human rage and ire in its feminine form. (The ... Urbino's eradication of cholera in the town takes on the additional symbolic meaning of ridding Fermina's life of rage, but ... The title of the 2020 television show Love in the Time of Corona is a play on the title of the novel, replacing "cholera" with ... Love in the Time of Cholera (Spanish: El amor en los tiempos del cólera) is a novel written in Spanish by Colombian Nobel Prize ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera
Treatment | Cholera | CDCTreatment | Cholera | CDC
Cholera patients should be evaluated and treated quickly with Rehydration therapy, Antibiotic treatment, and Zinc treatment. ... However, the cholera-related information might still be relevant for cholera treatment or dealing with cholera outbreaks. ... Defeating Cholera. This video illustrates clinical management and treatment of cholera.. Managing Dehydration. This video ... Cholera Treatment Videos. The videos below discuss cholera and steps to take to prevent and treat the disease. ...
https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html
Cholera in Southeast Asia | Cholera | CDCCholera in Southeast Asia | Cholera | CDC
Many countries in the Southeast Asia Region face challenges with known risk factors for cholera outbreaks including poverty, ... CDC at Work: Choleraplus icon *CDC Works With Global Partners to End Cholera ... Cases of cholera officially reported to WHO in Southeast Asia do not include an estimated 500,000-700,000 cases labeled as ... Laboratory Testing for Choleraplus icon *Crystal® VC Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Procedure ...
https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/asia/index.html
Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
The title compares suffering from love with suffering from cholera. Ouch!. Famous people who died of it:. 1849: James K. Polk, ... Cholera is a disease of severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae live water and ... In many parts of the world, its still a time of Cholera. Learn why theres no love lost for this infamous character. ... "Love in the Time of Cholera", a novel written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, actually had very little to do with the disease. ...
https://www.giantmicrobes.com/uk/products/cholera.html
Cholera: MedlinePlusCholera: MedlinePlus
Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes diarrhea caused by bacteria usually found in contaminated water. Learn about ... Cholera Fact Sheet (World Health Organization) Also in Spanish * Cholera Illness and Symptoms (Centers for Disease Control and ... Cholera in Children (American Academy of Pediatrics) Also in Spanish * Cholera Prevention and Control (Centers for Disease ... The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or food that has been contaminated by feces (poop). Cholera is rare in the US. ...
https://medlineplus.gov/cholera.html
CholeraCholera
JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/143196?locale-attribute=de&
Cholera | CDC Yellow Book 2024
Severe cholera (cholera gravis) occurs in ≈10% of cholera episodes and is characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, described ... CDC provides a list of countries for which cholera vaccine can be considered for travelers (see "Who is at risk?"). Cholera ... Travelers to areas where cholera is endemic or where an active epidemic is occurring are at risk for cholera infection. Health ... It includes areas that are prone to recurrence of cholera epidemics that have had cholera activity within the past year. ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/cholera
About Global CholeraAbout Global Cholera
There are safe cholera vaccines that can help prevent cholera and stop outbreaks. ... Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease that can cause rapid dehydration and death if left untreated. ... Cholera vaccines are important tools for helping to prevent cholera and control cholera outbreaks. ... Cholera Can Cause Rapid Dehydration and Death if Left Untreated. A child receives an oral cholera vaccine in Democratic ...
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/immunization/diseases/cholera/about/index.html
cholera | ScienceBlogscholera | ScienceBlogs
During the 1854 cholera epidemic in London, the physician John Snow mapped the cholera cases from an outbreak in the Soho ... Here is one example - reported cases of cholera worldwide. Cholera is perhaps the most widespread and serious water-related ... Cholera has killed 3,600 people and weakened many more; the UN warns that 650,000 may be affected over the next several months ... Cholera has killed roughly 3,800 people in Haiti and sickened another 189,000, and it will continue to circulate in the ...
https://scienceblogs.com/tag/cholera
Cholera - NHSCholera - NHS
Read about cholera, a potentially fatal bacterial infection caused by consuming contaminated food or water. ... How to avoid cholera while travelling. Good hygiene can help stop you getting ill while travelling in areas where cholera is ... You can get vaccinated against cholera if youre at risk. Theres a vaccine for cholera, but most people do not need it. ... Cholera is an infection that can cause severe diarrhoea. Its not found in the UK, but theres a very small risk of getting it ...
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cholera/
Cholera PreventionCholera Prevention
... What is cholera?. How does a person get cholera?. What is the risk for cholera in the United States?. What ... How does a person get cholera?. A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera ... or Asia where epidemic cholera is occurring. U.S. travelers to areas with epidemic cholera may be exposed to the cholera ... Can cholera be treated?. How long will the current epidemic last?. What is the U.S. government doing to combat cholera?. Where ...
https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000002/p0000002.asp
MSF calls for an urgent intensification of efforts to fight against the cholera outbreak | FlipboardMSF calls for an urgent intensification of efforts to fight against the cholera outbreak | Flipboard
As cholera cases rapidly increase in Haiti, amongst a political, economic and security crisis, MSF calls on other organisations ... As cholera cases rapidly increase in Haiti, amongst a political, economic and security crisis, MSF calls on other organisations ... MSF calls for an urgent intensification of efforts to fight against the cholera outbreak. .css-3mho53{background-color:var(-- ... MSF calls for an urgent intensification of efforts to fight against the cholera outbreak ...
https://flipboard.com/article/msf-calls-for-an-urgent-intensification-of-efforts-to-fight-against-the-cholera-/a-BpJx4vGWTiKi_hyMcKzFsA%3Aa%3A63315811-5848d7b5df%2Fmsf.org
Mozambique Records Rise in Cholera Cases, Malawi Sees Decline: WHOMozambique Records Rise in Cholera Cases, Malawi Sees Decline: WHO
Mozambique recorded an increase in the number of cholera cases in the last few weeks, the World Health Organization said on ... Mozambique Records Rise in Cholera Cases, Malawi Sees Decline: WHO * Federal Workers Not Entitled to COVID Hazard Pay: US ... Reuters) - Mozambique recorded an increase in the number of cholera cases in the last few weeks, the World Health Organization ... The country has received approval for an additional 1.3 million cholera vaccine doses to help control the spread, the agency ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989683
CholeraCholera
JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...
https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/140912
The Cholera - Scientific AmericanThe Cholera - Scientific American
Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-cholera-1866-04-21/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=6cbabd22-08a5-406e-9d43-5f3c3ce8631d
Cholera - Oxford ReferenceCholera - Oxford Reference
Cholera often occurs in epidemics; outbreaks are rare in good sanitary conditions. After an incubation period of 1-5days ... The mortality rate in untreated cases is over 50%. Vaccination against cholera is effective for only 6-9 months. ... cholera. in Food and Fitness: A Dictionary of Diet and Exercise Length: 83 words ... Cholera often occurs in epidemics; outbreaks are rare in good sanitary conditions. After an incubation period of 1-5days ...
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095609574?rskey=vEHh8a&result=1&print
choleracholera
... cholera - Raising our voices to improve health around the world. ... Water Is Life: Combatting Cholera in Haiti. At the small water ... Tags cholera, Contaminated, Day, Epidemic, Global, Haiti, Public, sanitation, sewage, water, World ... and to prevent sickness and death from waterborne diseases such as cholera. Read More , ...
https://blogs.cdc.gov/global/tag/cholera/
Cholera | WHO | Regional Office for AfricaCholera | WHO | Regional Office for Africa
Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhoea, and can lead to dehydration and kill within hours if left ... Cholera can be endemic or epidemic. A cholera-endemic area is an area where confirmed cholera cases were detected during 3 out ... The revised cholera kits are designed to help prepare for a potential cholera outbreak and to support the first month of the ... Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water or food.. *Cholera can rapidly lead to severe dehydration and death if left ...
https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/cholera
Vibriosis Non-CholeraVibriosis Non-Cholera
Infectious agent: : Vibriosis is caused by bacteria from the Vibrionaceae family, most commonly Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus.. Description of illness: Vibrio bacteria naturally live in coastal waters and are transmitted to humans through consumption of uncooked shellfish, particularly oysters. Common symptoms of infection include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea, fever, vomiting and chills. In addition, skin infections can result from exposure of open wounds to brackish or salt water. Bloodstream infections can also occur.. ...
https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/health/cedep/reportable-diseases/vibriosis-non-cholera.html
Stopping the spread of cholera in North Katanga - Global MinistriesStopping the spread of cholera in North Katanga - Global Ministries
If he suspects cholera, he may request that the family pray with him outside the house without making direct contact with the ... The current cholera project has completed its second phase. Through monitoring and evaluation, the health board estimates that ... Suzanne summed up their philosophy this way: "It was better to flee than to wait and catch cholera, which can take many members ... She is married with 12 children of her own, but her family no longer flees to avoid exposure to cholera and other waterborne ...
https://umcmission.org/september-2022/stopping-the-spread-of-cholera-in-north-katanga/
Yemen: War in the time of cholera | ICRCYemen: War in the time of cholera | ICRC
Preventing cholera is pretty simple in theory: wash your hands with clean water, drink clean water, and eat food that has been ... Now its in the grip of a deadly cholera outbreak.. On 5 May, the Ministry of Health and Population in Sanaa declared a state ... Nearly four months on, over 500,000 people are suspected to be ill with cholera, while around 2,000 people have lost their ... Today, we are providing care to nearly one in five cholera cases in Yemen - the biggest single provider of case management and ...
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/yemen-war-time-cholera
UNHCR - Cholera Strikes Burundians Seeking Safety in TanzaniaUNHCR - Cholera Strikes Burundians Seeking Safety in Tanzania
Doctors first suspected cholera when many cases of acute, watery diarrhoea were reported in Kagunga. Samples were sent to a ... Cholera Strikes Burundians Seeking Safety in Tanzania: Refugees from Burundi prepare to board a ferryboat that will take them ... "Its a dedicated cholera treatment centre here," says Dr. Godfrey Kahabi, who is coordinating the medical response at Kigoma ... Cholera Strikes Burundians Seeking Safety in Tanzania. After fleeing violence back home, thousands of refugees have fallen ill ...
https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2015/5/56ec1e979/cholera-strikes-burundians-seeking-safety-tanzania.html?ref=tracks
Conflict Driving Cholera Outbreak, Food Insecurity In Yemen | KFFConflict Driving Cholera Outbreak, Food Insecurity In Yemen | KFF
From destruction to cholera, Yemen war brings disasters ... ScienceInsider: Cholera vaccine faces major test in war-torn ... USA TODAY: Yemen faces worst cholera outbreak in the world, health authorities say. "…The [cholera] outbreak has surpassed ... The World Health Organization said Yemen faced the worst cholera outbreak in the world. … Those nightmares come on top of ... Associated Press: From destruction to cholera, Yemen war brings disasters. "…In May, a senior U.N. humanitarian official ...
https://www.kff.org/news-summary/conflict-driving-cholera-outbreak-food-insecurity-in-yemen/
Cholera: Symptoms, Causes, Vaccine, Treatment, and MoreCholera: Symptoms, Causes, Vaccine, Treatment, and More
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It can sometimes lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration. Learn about risk ... Causes of cholera. Cholera is caused by the bacteria V. cholerae. The diseases deadly effects are the result of cholera toxin ... Cholera. (2021).. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera. *. Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection. (2020).. cdc.gov/ ... Diagnosis of cholera. If you have symptoms of cholera, contact a doctor. They can confirm whether you have cholera by ...
https://www.healthline.com/health/cholera
Haiti polio scare may be rare complication of cholera | New ScientistHaiti polio scare may be rare complication of cholera | New Scientist
With the cholera epidemic subsiding, fears that polio had broken out may be premature ... Like cholera, polio - which causes paralysis - is carried in water and human faeces, and an outbreak would wreak havoc in Haiti ... Both cholera and rehydration treatment cause low blood sodium which can last for several days, says Danielsson. ODS could be ... "This has never been reported in cholera before, but I think it is a real possibility," says Mitchell Rosner, an ODS expert at ...
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20050-haiti-polio-scare-may-be-rare-complication-of-cholera/
Haitians receiving treatment for cholera. | Blogs | CDCHaitians receiving treatment for cholera. | Blogs | CDC
Haitians receiving treatment for cholera. - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ... Haitians receiving treatment for cholera.. Posted on December 16, 2010. by Meredith KanagoFull size 2048 × 1536 ...
https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2010/12/haiti-cholera-response-stories-from-the-field/haiti-pics-141/
UN Chief Makes Pilgrimage to Haiti to Address Cholera CrisisUN Chief Makes 'Pilgrimage' to Haiti to Address Cholera Crisis
Ban Ki-moons trip to promote efforts to alleviate a cholera epidemic that has killed thousands and has been linked to the U.N ... Cholera, which had not been documented in Haiti in almost 100 years prior to the outbreak, is an infection that causes severe ... U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon walks out after visiting the house of a cholera victim during the launching of sanitation ... Accompanied by his wife, Ban told a church service in the cholera-afflicted rural village of Los Palmas in Haitis central ...
https://www.voanews.com/a/ban-ki-moon-haiti-cholera-crisis/1957552.html
Cholera Bacteria Spear Theirs Prey to Grab Genes | Live ScienceCholera Bacteria Spear Theirs Prey to Grab Genes | Live Science
Cholera bacteria grab genes from other cells by spearing them with a kind of poison-tipped spike. ... Cholera might be spearing neighboring cells, killing them and exacerbating the problems it causes. (Cholera wont pick up human ... Not every kind of cell can contribute DNA to cholera, as there has to be some similarity between the cholera cell and its ... Cholera is usually found in water, and it feeds on chitin, the stuff that makes up crustaceans shells. In the new study, the ...
https://www.livescience.com/49303-cholera-bacteria-gene-transfer.html
Syria cholera outbreak worsened by regime, Turkey: HRWSyria cholera outbreak worsened by regime, Turkey: HRW
Human Rights Watch Monday accused the government in Damascus and Turkey of exacerbating Syrias deadly cholera outbreak by ... Syria cholera outbreak worsened by regime, Turkey: HRW. Ankara has "failed to ensure" adequate water flow down Euphrates river ... "This devastating cholera outbreak will not be the last waterborne disease to impact Syrians if the countrys severe water ... A medic treats a baby at a medical center for cholera cases in the Syrian town of Darkush, on the outskirts of the northwestern ...
https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1007625-syria-cholera-outbreak-worsened-by-regime-turkey-hrw
Broken health system aggravates cholera outbreak in ZimbabweBroken health system aggravates cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe
As of 9 December, 16,141 suspected cases of cholera and 775 resultant deaths (case fatality rate of 4.8%) had been recorded ... A widespread cholera outbreak, under-resourced and under-staffed health system, and inadequate access to safe drinking water ... potentially being at risk of contracting cholera, with an estimated 1% of those at risk of actually suffering from cholera. ... Approximately half of cholera cases have been recorded in Budiriro, a heavily populated suburb on the western outskirts of the ...
https://www.news-medical.net/news/2008/12/10/44021.aspx
EpidemicVaccineVibrioOutbreak of cholera2022SanitationInfectionBacteriaBacteriumCentersVaccinationSpread of cholera2019HaitiAcuteVaccinesDiarrheaAreas where choleraHaiti'sSymptomsWorld Health OrganPrevent choleraEliminate choleraSeverePreventionInfectionsAvoid gettingDiarrhoeaTime of choleraDehydrationCountry'sOutbreaks of choleraExtremely virulent diseaseRisk of a cholera outbreakFighting an explosive cholera outbreakWaterborne diseasesIllnessToxinEndemicInfectiousHealth2018Cases of cholera worldwideDealing with cholera outbreaksDedicated cholera treatment centreCrisisEpidemicsCause of the choleraMillion cases of choleraAfrica10,000 peopleMajor cholera outbreakConfirmed cholera caseDeadly cholera outbreakActive cholera outbreakStrainsTreatmentCase of choleraDeaths from cholera
Epidemic26
  • More than half (70/117, ≈60%) of US cases during 2007-2017 were linked to travel to Haiti, the Dominican Republic, or Cuba, the 3 Caribbean countries affected by a large cholera epidemic that began in Haiti in October 2010. (cdc.gov)
  • Travelers to areas where cholera is endemic or where an active epidemic is occurring are at risk for cholera infection. (cdc.gov)
  • In January 1991, epidemic cholera appeared in South America and quickly spread to several countries. (cdc.gov)
  • However, as a result of improved transportation, more persons from the United States travel to parts of Latin America, Africa, or Asia where epidemic cholera is occurring. (cdc.gov)
  • U.S. travelers to areas with epidemic cholera may be exposed to the cholera bacterium. (cdc.gov)
  • The risk for cholera is very low for U.S. travelers visiting areas with epidemic cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • In August 2016, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon acknowledged the UN's role in Haiti's cholera epidemic, accepting moral but not legal responsibility. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Haiti's cholera epidemic began in October 2010, as the country was still reeling from the devastation of the January 2010 earthquake. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Just a few hours later, on 19 May, the Tanzanian Government declared a cholera epidemic, signalling the need for emergency measures to improve health and sanitation. (unhcr.org)
  • after three months, the cholera epidemic is starting to subside. (newscientist.com)
  • United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon flew to Haiti on Monday for what he called a 'necessary pilgrimage' to promote efforts to alleviate a cholera epidemic that has killed thousands and has been linked to the U.N.'s own peacekeepers. (voanews.com)
  • The Nepalese troops were stationed near a tributary of the Artibonite River and discharged raw sewage that carried a strain of cholera, sparking the epidemic, the lawsuit said. (voanews.com)
  • An independent panel appointed by Ban to study the epidemic issued a 2011 report that did not determine conclusively how the cholera was introduced to Haiti. (voanews.com)
  • This kind of gene transfer might well have been involved in a cholera epidemic that hit Southeast Asia in the early 1990s, Blokesch said. (livescience.com)
  • During the last decade, at least 14 out of 22 countries in the Region have reported cholera cases, often in epidemic proportions. (who.int)
  • The Dominican Republic shares a porous border with Haiti, where more than 4,000 people have died and 209,000 have been infected in a cholera epidemic since October. (medindia.net)
  • Batticaloa might be on the verge of being hit by a severe epidemic of Cholera said a public health official in the eastern district today. (tamilnet.com)
  • Mozambique's national director of medical assistance described cholera as an 'epidemic situation' with more cases expected, according to AP. (axios.com)
  • The crisis-wracked Caribbean nation said Sunday that at least seven people had died from cholera, raising fresh fears of a resurgent epidemic nearly three years after Haiti's last confirmed case. (arabnews.com)
  • The cholera epidemic has continued to spread even until today. (cnn.com)
  • For the first time in three years, people in Haiti have been dying of cholera, raising concerns about a potentially fast-spreading scenario and reviving memories of an epidemic that killed nearly 10,000 people a decade ago. (wreg.com)
  • The United States is providing Haiti with an additional $56.5 million in urgent assistance to help with its deteriorating humanitarian crisis and ongoing cholera epidemic. (swoknews.com)
  • Despite challenges, we successfully implemented targeted interventions at the tail -end of a cholera epidemic , after which no further cases were reported in Kribi up until week 49 of 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, cholera emerged as an epidemic threat and spread worldwide in six pandemics in the nineteenth century. (yahoo.com)
  • That was the direct cause of the cholera epidemic," Hemson said. (icij.org)
  • about airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in this issue of the Journal (pages 1731-1739) and John Snow's investigation of a cholera epidemic 150 years ago. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine23
  • A child receives an oral cholera vaccine in Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? (cdc.gov)
  • There's a vaccine for cholera, but most people do not need it. (www.nhs.uk)
  • If you need the cholera vaccine, you may be able to get it for free on the NHS. (www.nhs.uk)
  • The country has received approval for an additional 1.3 million cholera vaccine doses to help control the spread, the agency said, but the shortage of vaccines still remains to be addressed. (medscape.com)
  • If you've already had the vaccine and are going to be in a country that's experiencing an active cholera outbreak, you may need a booster. (healthline.com)
  • Due to the consistent epidemiological pattern and the relatively small area affected by cholera, control and elimination are feasible with an integrated program of campaigns using oral cholera vaccine over the short term and community-based interventions including WASH activities for sustained control. (nih.gov)
  • oral cholera vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors without Borders reports they will be scaling up their operations, while the World Health Organization also plans to send 900,000 doses of oral cholera vaccine from the global stockpile later this week, perAl Jazeera . (axios.com)
  • As an integrated part of the current outbreak response strategy, oral cholera vaccine (OCV) has been mobilized by the the Federal Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF through coordination with the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision for Cholera. (who.int)
  • WHO support to the campaign was made possible with generous contributions from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision for Cholera. (who.int)
  • From 2012 onward, the MOH and its partners have organized several oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaigns using 2-dose killed whole-cell OCVs: Shanchol (Shantha Biotechnics, https://www.sanofi.in), then Euvichol (Eubiologics, http://eubiologics.com). (cdc.gov)
  • The vaccine scheduler table summarizes the current vaccination schedule for young children, adolescents, and adults for Cholera. (who.int)
  • Santo Domingo, DR With the introduction of the cholera vaccine, it can be expected. (dominicantoday.com)
  • Currently, the only cholera vaccine approved in the United States for use ( Vaxchora , an oral vaccine for those 2-64 years of age) is not available. (cdc.gov)
  • Updated cholera vaccine recommendations and a restart of Vaxchora manufacturing and distribution. (medscape.com)
  • Cholera can be prevented by heeding food and water precautions and receiving cholera vaccine before travel. (cdc.gov)
  • Review CDC resources on the epidemiology of cholera vaccine to use in clinical decision making about offering vaccine to patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Discuss cholera vaccine recommendations and CDC resources for cholera vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • HARARE, Zimbabwe, 16 April 2019 - An oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaign targeting some 487 825 people began Tuesday in Zimbabwe in the two districts most affected by cyclone Idai. (who.int)
  • During the campaign all residents of Chimanimani and Chipinge districts aged 12 months and older will receive the vaccine to protect them against cholera. (who.int)
  • We are on high alert to detect cholera in the cyclone Idai affected areas, and to further protect the people, we have decided to introduce the oral cholera vaccine as a preventive measure in the affected areas, while at the same time promoting good hygiene," said Dr Obadiah Moyo, Minister of Health and Child Care. (who.int)
  • Scientists testing a new vaccine and probiotic treatment have found that both reduce the severity of cholera infections in rabbits and mice. (aaas.org)
Vibrio16
  • Cholera is a disease of severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Cholera is an acute bacterial intestinal infection caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O-group 1 (O1) or O-group 139 (O139). (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by toxin-producing strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 or O139, which infects the small intestine. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . (who.int)
  • Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae . (healthline.com)
  • But researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, found that cholera (formally called Vibrio cholerae ) have a unique way of doing so. (livescience.com)
  • The bacterium Vibrio cholera causes the human intestinal disease cholera. (icr.org)
  • Cholera is an infection of the small intestine and is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (medindia.net)
  • The study analysed samples of O139 Vibrio cholerae , a variant of the bacteria that causes cholera, and discovered significant changes in its genome over time that led to its unexpected decline. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The dominant variant of Vibrio cholerae , the bacteria that causes cholera outbreaks today, is called O1 and arose in the 1960s - replacing all pre-existing variants. (cam.ac.uk)
  • There have been seven pandemics of cholera, all of which have been caused by O1 variant of Vibrio cholerae , with the first one documented in 1817. (cam.ac.uk)
  • A cholera infection is caused by consuming food or water infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. (ktar.com)
  • Of the 193 stool samples so far collected from six cholera treatment centers (CTCs) in four regions since the beginning of the year, 63 tested positive for Vibrio cholera. (who.int)
  • Cholera is a disease spread by drinking water or eating food contaminated with toxigenic Vibrio cholerae bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera and is responsible for seven known pandemics. (phys.org)
Outbreak of cholera4
  • Cholera should be suspected when a patient older than 5 years develops severe dehydration from acute, severe, watery diarrhea (usually without vomiting) or in any patient older than 2 years who has acute watery diarrhea and is in an area where an outbreak of cholera has occurred. (medscape.com)
  • It is the first major outbreak of cholera in Syria in over a decade. (gulfnews.com)
  • Khartoum, 29 October 2019 - Sudan declared an outbreak of cholera on 8 September 2019 after a noticeable increase in the number of cholera cases reported in the two states of Sinnar and Blue Nile, in the centre and south of the country. (who.int)
  • The water cutoffs have forced thousands of poor people to seek water from polluted rivers and lakes and led to South Africa's worst outbreak of cholera, in which thousands of people were sickened and hundreds died. (icij.org)
20227
  • Although efforts were underway to eliminate cholera from Hispaniola, in October 2022, the Pan American Health Organization reported a resurgence of the disease in Haiti. (cdc.gov)
  • Before 2022, the last confirmed case of cholera in Haiti was in 2019, and in the Dominican Republic in 2018. (cdc.gov)
  • In February this year, Haiti celebrated three years without a single confirmed cholera case and was preparing to submit its case for cholera-free status certification at the end of 2022. (arabnews.com)
  • Patients with cholera symptoms sit in an observation center at a cholera clinic run by Doctors Without Borders in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Friday, Oct. 7, 2022. (ktla.com)
  • As of 2 October 2022, more than 20 suspected cases of cholera, including 7 fatalities … were detected by healthcare personnel," PAHO said. (aljazeera.com)
  • A youth suffering from cholera symptoms is helped upon arrival at a clinic run by Doctors Without Borders in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Thursday, Oct. 27, 2022. (wreg.com)
  • According to the Ministry of Health of Nepal , there have been 27 cases of cholera in the Kathmandu Valley between 16 June 2022 and 11 July 2022. (fitfortravel.nhs.uk)
Sanitation24
  • Similar to Africa, improving global access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a critical step to reducing cholera in the Southeast Asia region. (cdc.gov)
  • When in countries affected by cholera, travelers who consistently observe recommendations regarding safe drinking water, food preparation and consumption, handwashing, and sanitation have virtually no risk of acquiring the disease. (cdc.gov)
  • There are several vaccines that can be used to help prevent cholera and improve health outcomes, in combination with standard cholera prevention measures like access to safe water and improved sanitation. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC's Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases cholera website has additional information about other measures to prevent cholera including global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera is perhaps the most common and serious water-related disease, directly associated with the failure to provide safe drinking water and adequate sanitation to billions of people. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Evidence suggests the cholera bacteria arrived in Haiti via UN peacekeepers from Nepal and spread because of an inadequate sanitation system in peacekeeper housing. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to control the transmission of cholera and other waterborne diseases. (who.int)
  • Safe oral cholera vaccines should be used in conjunction with improvements in water and sanitation to control cholera outbreaks and for prevention in areas known to be high risk for cholera. (who.int)
  • Cholera is present in places with poor sanitation and contaminated water. (healthline.com)
  • Like cholera, polio - which causes paralysis - is carried in water and human faeces, and an outbreak would wreak havoc in Haiti, where sanitation is poor and diarrhoea and extreme poverty would help spread the virus. (newscientist.com)
  • U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon walks out after visiting the house of a cholera victim during the launching of sanitation campaign in Hinche, Haiti, July 14, 2014. (voanews.com)
  • Cholera, which had not been documented in Haiti in almost 100 years prior to the outbreak, is an infection that causes severe diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death, and is caused by poor sanitation. (voanews.com)
  • Effective and proven prevention and control measure for cholera are dependent on provision of adequate environmental health services, such as safe drinking-water, improved access to safe sanitation and health hygiene measure. (who.int)
  • The availability of oral cholera vaccines is offering hope for cholera prevention and control, particularly in situations where other conventional public health measures, such as improving the access to safe water and sanitation, cannot be scaled up rapidly due to conflict or other environmental factors. (who.int)
  • If more land is not urgently provided for camp decongestion and construction of health and sanitation facilities, Nigeria is steering towards yet another cholera outbreak in 2019. (ipsnews.net)
  • While cholera no longer poses a threat to countries with high standards of hygiene, it remains a challenge in countries with limited access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. (newsblaze.com)
  • Lebanese Health Minister Firas Abiad told CBC News the current cholera outbreak "is a reflection of the status of our water and sanitation in Lebanon because of years of low investment. (yahoo.com)
  • Anti-cholera efforts focus on vaccination, clean water and sanitation. (ktar.com)
  • The Taskforce has since said the Ministries of Health, Education and Water and Sanitation to intensify initiatives to scale up coverage with safe water adequate food hygiene, sanitation and cholera vaccination in hot spot areas. (nyasatimes.com)
  • The best way to prevent cholera is to get clean water and better sanitation. (cnn.com)
  • MSF is supporting the Ministry of Health by providing materials such as tents, water, and sanitation equipment for a cholera treatment center in Pemba and is also preparing to respond to cholera or cholera-like symptoms and support the health infrastructure in Mecufi. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • Provision of safe water, sanitation and personal hygiene will continue to be the critical cholera prevention and control measures. (who.int)
  • Cholera is often predictable, preventable and can ultimately be eliminated where access to clean water and sanitation facilities, and satisfactory hygiene conditions are ensured and sustained for the whole population. (who.int)
  • The Integrated Humanitarian Assistance to Yemen project is fighting a dangerous cholera outbreak by providing critical water, sanitation and hygiene support to primary health care facilities. (fhi360.org)
Infection11
  • Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes diarrhea . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cholera is an infection that can cause severe diarrhoea. (www.nhs.uk)
  • Only about 1 in 10 infected people develop the typical signs and symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days of infection. (who.int)
  • Today, we are providing care to nearly one in five cholera cases in Yemen - the biggest single provider of case management and infection control in the country. (icrc.org)
  • Dr. Kahindo Maina, a senior public health officer with UNHCR, worries that the ailing passengers may have contracted cholera, a deadly bacterial infection that has claimed the lives of 29 refugees and two locals amid this month's influx from Burundi. (unhcr.org)
  • That said, if you observe proper food safety practices or take preventive measures, the risk of infection is minor, even in places where cholera is endemic . (healthline.com)
  • Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection in the small intestine causing sometimes fatal dehydration. (arabnews.com)
  • But instead of celebrating, she and her mother, Amini Walid Aysa, are fighting off a cholera infection in a hospital in Akkar, in northern Lebanon. (yahoo.com)
  • Cholera is a highly contagious bacterial infection that spreads through contaminated food or water. (europa.eu)
  • Currently, the risk of infection to the EU and EEA countries is very low although the risk of importation of a cholera case cannot be ruled out. (europa.eu)
  • Cholera is an infection spread mainly through food and water that can cause sudden watery diarrhoea. (fitfortravel.nhs.uk)
Bacteria18
  • People can get sick when they swallow food or water contaminated with the cholera bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • The majority of people exposed to cholera bacteria never become ill. (healthline.com)
  • According to the WHO , people who are symptomatic typically develop symptoms 12 hours to 5 days after ingesting cholera bacteria. (healthline.com)
  • Once you've contracted cholera, you'll continue to shed the bacteria in your stools for 1 to 10 days, regardless of whether you have symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Cholera is caused by the bacteria V. cholerae . (healthline.com)
  • Cholera bacteria cannot live in highly acidic environments. (healthline.com)
  • If you eat shellfish that come from waters contaminated with cholera bacteria, there's a greater chance of you contracting cholera. (healthline.com)
  • The bacteria that cause cholera grab genes from other organisms in a particularly predatory way, new research finds. (livescience.com)
  • This is, however, the first time anyone has observed cholera bacteria - or any bacteria - using this system to gather up new genes. (livescience.com)
  • But sometimes, new strains appear, and the transfer of genes from other species of bacteria (including other kinds of cholera) might be one reason these new strains arrive. (livescience.com)
  • Residents of this area are facing waning river flow from the Euphrates, where water testing in September proved the presence of bacteria responsible for cholera, a Kurdish health official told reporters at the time. (com.pk)
  • When the bacteria get hungry, they secrete the cholera-like toxin that doesn't sicken the squid but rather informs it -- they need food, which the squid then provides. (icr.org)
  • Besides the cholera patients in Caracas, another 12 Venezuelans infected with the bacteria were still in the Dominican Republic and four others traveled on to Spain, Mexico and the United States. (medindia.net)
  • Venezuela has had no cholera in a decade, and health officials have emphasized that it is crucial to gain control of the outbreak in the first 24 to 48 hours to prevent the imported bacteria from becoming established here. (medindia.net)
  • The cholera bacteria spreads easily and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be deadly. (ktla.com)
  • Cholera is an illness that is caused by drinking water or eating food contaminated with cholera bacteria. (aljazeera.com)
  • Cholera is a bacteria that sickens people who swallow contaminated food or water, and it can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea, in some cases leading to death. (wreg.com)
  • Haiti's first major brush with cholera occurred more than a decade ago when U.N. peacekeepers introduced the bacteria into the country's biggest river via sewage runoff at their base. (wreg.com)
Bacterium6
  • Most persons infected with the cholera bacterium have mild diarrhea or no symptoms at all. (cdc.gov)
  • The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or food that has been contaminated by feces (poop). (medlineplus.gov)
  • A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. (cdc.gov)
  • The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in brackish rivers and coastal waters. (cdc.gov)
  • Once the membranes are dissolved, the target cell bursts, releasing its DNA, and the cholera bacterium absorbs the freed genetic material. (livescience.com)
  • Blokesch added that the spearing mechanism might be one more reason the cholera bacterium is so virulent in the human gut . (livescience.com)
Centers6
  • A population that would otherwise have tried to leave their communities to escape the disease visited the health centers instead, where cholera treatment was offered without charge. (umcmission.org)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), only around 10 percent of people with cholera have severe symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Partners have set up several cholera treatment centers to handle the most severe cases, and surveillance teams are going door-to-door to find people in need of treatment. (unfpa.org)
  • In a statement, USAID said the additional funding - which will not go to the government but to organizations - will help partners meet urgent humanitarian needs of more than 868,800 people across Haiti by distributing medical supplies and medicines, improving access to safe water and bolstering health facility operations, including cholera treatment centers. (swoknews.com)
  • Since October 2010, cholera treatment facilities (between 136 and 262 cholera treatment centers, cholera treatment units, and acute diarrhea treatment centers, depending on the period) routinely recorded and notified cholera-associated illnesses and deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • For this purpose, rapid response teams were encouraged to obtain lists of cholera cases on a daily basis from department health directorates and treatment centers ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Vaccination14
  • There are no cholera vaccination requirements for entry or exit in any Latin American country or the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination against cholera is effective for only 6-9 months. (oxfordreference.com)
  • For all other learners in all health districts, the respective authorities should enhance compliance with recommended cholera control measures, including cholera vaccination for those that have not yet been vaccinated. (nyasatimes.com)
  • Sudden, unexpected death following typhoid-cholera vaccination. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • A case report of sudden, unexpected death 8 hours following typhoid-cholera vaccination in a previously health male. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • A previously healthy 33-year-old Australian male died suddenly and unexpectedly 8 h after a typhoid-cholera vaccination. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The current recommendations for the vaccination of international travellers against typhoid and cholera are discussed. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • A cholera vaccination campaign is being planned by the authorities. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • To prevent further spread of the disease, travellers to, and residents in cholera-affected areas should consider taking preventive measures, such as vaccination and sound hygiene practices. (europa.eu)
  • Cholera vaccination is a safe and effective additional tool that can be used under the right conditions to supplement existing priority cholera control measures, not to replace them. (who.int)
  • The Ministry of Public Health began the process of cholera vaccination in schools in. (dominicantoday.com)
  • Visit a doctor or travel clinic to talk about cholera vaccination if you will be traveling to or living in an area of active cholera transmission . (cdc.gov)
  • The interventions package included health promotion , oral cholera vaccination , antibiotic chemoprophylaxis for nonimmunized direct contacts, point-of-use water treatment and active case-finding. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oral cholera vaccination increased overall immunization coverage in Kribi from 49.2% (2771/5621 people) to 79.3% (4456/5621 people). (bvsalud.org)
Spread of cholera3
  • Collecting water from the source and treating it with chlorine tablets decreases the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases. (umcmission.org)
  • With the rainy season commencing and increased transit of people likely due to the Christmas season, there are risks for further spread of cholera if strong measures are not taken. (news-medical.net)
  • Do you think this would have stopped the spread of cholera? (ncl.ac.uk)
20192
  • In 2018 and 2019, the most recent years for which data are available, no cholera cases in the United States were associated with travel to Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and those 2 countries reported far fewer cholera cases to WHO during these 2 years than in previous years. (cdc.gov)
  • Haiti last reported a case of cholera in January 2019, after a 2010 outbreak linked to a United Nations peacekeeping mission killed approximately 10,000 people and infected about 820,000. (aljazeera.com)
Haiti19
  • Cholera outbreak in Haiti, following a devastating earthquake. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Months after a severe earthquake devastated Haiti in 2010, UN peacekeeping troops exacerbated Haitians' suffering by introducing cholera to the country, via waste that leaked from a UN housing base into the Artibonite river. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Protesters threw rocks at a cholera treatment center as it was preparing to open in the city of St. Marc on Tuesday, highlighting the fear surrounding a disease that was almost unknown in Haiti before it began spreading through the countryside, aid workers said. (pravda.ru)
  • Ban is seeking support for a $2.2 billion, 10-year cholera-elimination campaign that he launched in December 2012 with the presidents of Haiti and the neighboring Dominican Republic. (voanews.com)
  • PORT-AU-PRINCE (Reuters) -Haiti on Sunday said at least seven people have died of cholera in a surprise return of the disease that comes as the nation is paralyzed by a gang blockade that has triggered shortages of fuel and clean drinking water. (thestar.com.my)
  • The Pan American Health Organization in 2020 said Haiti had gone a year with no confirmed cholera cases. (thestar.com.my)
  • Troops from Nepal, where cholera is endemic, were in Haiti as part of a U.N. peacekeeping force established in 2004 after the overthrow of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. (thestar.com.my)
  • Overall, Haiti has reported at least 18 cholera deaths with more than 200 people hospitalized after announcing last week the first cholera deaths reported in three years. (ktla.com)
  • Port-au-Prince - A cholera outbreak has killed scores of people in central Haiti, President Rene Preval has confirmed. (nationnews.com)
  • In an article published in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine Monday, the authors identified who they believe to be the first to get cholera in Haiti after the earthquake. (cnn.com)
  • According to the report, fecal matter from the U.N. camp where the Nepalese were based was improperly routed by a contractor and 'this contamination initiated an explosive cholera outbreak downstream in the Artibonite River Delta and eventually throughout Haiti. (cnn.com)
  • Haiti has reported at least two confirmed cases of cholera, local health officials and the World Health Organization (WHO) said, raising concerns that the disease will spread amid worsening gang violence and insecurity in the Caribbean nation. (aljazeera.com)
  • Haiti has ONLY 2 confirmed cases of cholera according to the Health Ministry General Director, Laure Adrien, who spoke to me on the phone at 11:28 PM on Sunday. (aljazeera.com)
  • #Haiti has detected CHOLERA in our midst. (aljazeera.com)
  • The cases eventually dwindled to the point where the World Health Organization was expected to declare Haiti cholera-free this year. (wreg.com)
  • Haiti has been seeing a rapid increase in cholera, with the country reporting 25,275 suspected cases as of Friday. (swoknews.com)
  • In addition to the cholera crisis and the unprecedented levels of violence, Haiti is also dealing with the fallout of a disastrous economy. (swoknews.com)
  • Európska komisia obhajuje svoje humanitárne pôsobenie na Haiti, kde v hlavnom meste Port au- Prince prepukla cholera. (euractiv.sk)
  • By January 2020, a total of 820,497 suspected cholera cases and 9,582 associated deaths had been recorded by the Ministry of Public Health and Population of Haiti (MOH). (cdc.gov)
Acute10
  • Cases of cholera officially reported to WHO in Southeast Asia do not include an estimated 500,000-700,000 cases labeled as acute watery diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated. (who.int)
  • Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea. (who.int)
  • Doctors first suspected cholera when many cases of acute, watery diarrhoea were reported in Kagunga. (unhcr.org)
  • These factors would have an impact on the dynamics of the cholera resurgence and on the severity of the disease in patients with acute diarrhea. (aljazeera.com)
  • In its statement on Saturday, Haiti's public health and population ministry said it was actively investigating the cholera outbreak and urged any residents who develop acute diarrhoea to immediately seek medical attention. (aljazeera.com)
  • In acute fowl cholera, finding a large number of dead birds without previous signs is usually the first indication of disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Over the last few weeks, Djiboutians have been alarmed by the rise of cholera and acute diarrhoea in the northern town of Obock, where hundreds of migrants arrive each week as a stopping point before trying to get to neighbouring Yemen. (somalilandstandard.com)
  • The government and the International Organization for Migration have identified the cases as "acute diarrhoea" rather than cholera. (somalilandstandard.com)
  • In 2017, cases of both acute diarrhoea and cholera were reported in Obock, according to Middle East Eye .Inhabitants of Obock told the FRANCE 24 Observers that between 30 and 50 migrants and at least three local inhabitants had died - according to them from cholera - during June. (somalilandstandard.com)
Vaccines9
  • There are vaccines to prevent cholera. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends external icon that cholera vaccines be used in areas where local transmission of cholera occurs, during humanitarian crises with a high risk of cholera, and during cholera outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera vaccines are important tools for helping to prevent cholera and control cholera outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Oral cholera vaccines are an additional way to control cholera, but should not replace conventional control measures. (who.int)
  • Cholera vaccines are available. (healthline.com)
  • Lindmeier said a request was being prepared to be submitted to the international coordination group for the procurement of oral cholera vaccines. (arabnews.com)
  • In particular, this will help to plan changes to vaccines and appropriate public health responses to prevent future cholera outbreaks. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The rapid spread of O139 across Asia surprised scientists, who feared it would cause the eighth cholera pandemic - and as a result cholera vaccines were modified accordingly. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Three other oral cholera vaccines are approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and may be available at your travel destination or if you are living outside of the United States. (cdc.gov)
Diarrhea8
  • Cholera can be simply and successfully treated by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • Most people with cholera have few or no symptoms, but some will experience severe diarrhea and dehydration. (healthline.com)
  • Profuse watery diarrhea is a hallmark of cholera. (medscape.com)
  • Stool volume during cholera is more than that of any other infectious diarrhea. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the large volume of diarrhea, patients with cholera have frequent and often uncontrolled bowel movements. (medscape.com)
  • Cholera causes uncontrollable diarrhea. (thestar.com.my)
  • Includes an animated PowerPoint and a dialysis membrane activity to illustrate how cholera results in diarrhea. (rochester.edu)
  • Severe cholera is characterized by large amounts of watery diarrhea, often described as "rice-water stool" because it can have a pale, milky appearance. (cdc.gov)
Areas where cholera1
  • Good hygiene can help stop you getting ill while travelling in areas where cholera is found. (www.nhs.uk)
Haiti's7
  • Deborah Sontag's New York Times piece "Haiti's Cholera Outraced the Experts and Tainted the UN" is a reminder that while public attention to the earthquake-ravaged country has waned, cholera still presents a major threat to the country's people. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Accompanied by his wife, Ban told a church service in the cholera-afflicted rural village of Los Palmas in Haiti's central Plateau region that they had come to 'express our solidarity' with the families of those who lost their lives. (voanews.com)
  • Some senior U.N. officials, including human rights chief Navi Pillay, have said Haiti's cholera victims should be compensated. (voanews.com)
  • GENEVA: Haiti's cholera outbreak death toll is likely "much higher" than reported and cases are expected to rise, the WHO said Tuesday, warning the country's multiple crises would complicate response efforts. (arabnews.com)
  • Cholera killed nearly 10,000 people in the wake of Haiti's 2010 earthquake, when United Nations workers helping with the response introduced it to the country. (arabnews.com)
  • SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico (AP) - A nonprofit organization on Tuesday called on Haiti's government to release certain inmates amid a swift rise in cholera cases throughout the country's severely crowded prison system and dwindling supplies of clean water. (ktla.com)
  • Cholera is something that can spread very, very quickly," Laure Adrien, director-general of Haiti's health ministry, warned during a news conference. (aljazeera.com)
Symptoms12
  • Cholera infections are often mild, but about 1 in 10 people will develop life-threatening symptoms that can lead to shock, coma, and death within hours, if left untreated. (cdc.gov)
  • The symptoms of cholera include diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, and severe dehydration. (who.int)
  • The signs and symptoms of cholera in children are similar to adults but they may also experience fever, extreme drowsiness, convulsions or even coma. (who.int)
  • Most people with cholera have no symptoms at all or mild to moderate ones. (healthline.com)
  • Children with cholera usually have the same symptoms as adults. (healthline.com)
  • A handful of people with polio-like symptoms may instead have had a previously unreported complication of cholera treatment. (newscientist.com)
  • Cholera can kill within hours if left untreated, according to the WHO, but many of those infected will have no or mild symptoms. (gulfnews.com)
  • This patient's case is the first in the community's collective memory to have had symptoms that are recognizable, in retrospect, to be those of cholera," according to the study released Monday. (cnn.com)
  • 5 years old with similar symptoms were also separately recorded and included in the global cholera toll. (cdc.gov)
  • The average time from onset of symptoms to admission of a person with cholera to a health facility was 1.2 days. (bvsalud.org)
  • The provers were children, and well have they portrayed a very common group of cholera infantum symptoms. (hpathy.com)
  • Kali Bromatum has been several times given successfully in cholera infantum when there were great prostration, cool surface, and symptoms of hydrocephaloid. (hpathy.com)
World Health Organ11
  • The World Health Organization estimates that officially reported cases of cholera represent only 5-10% of the actual number occurring annually worldwide because of inadequate laboratory and epidemiological surveillance systems and economic, social and political disincentives to case reporting. (cdc.gov)
  • Only toxigenic strains of serogroups O1 and O139 have caused widespread epidemics and are reportable to the World Health Organization (WHO) as "cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • Reuters) - Mozambique recorded an increase in the number of cholera cases in the last few weeks, the World Health Organization said on Wednesday, even as many other African countries reported a decline. (medscape.com)
  • The World Health Organization said Yemen faced 'the worst cholera outbreak in the world. (kff.org)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) , there are between 1.3 and 4 million cases of cholera worldwide each year, leading to between 21,000 and 143,000 deaths. (healthline.com)
  • By 7th November, the cholera outbreak in northeast Nigeria includes 1762 registered cases and 61 deaths in Yobe State, 2737 registered cases and 41 deaths in Adamawa State , and 5845 and 73 deathsin Borno State , according to figures from the World Health Organization and the Government of Nigeria. (ipsnews.net)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that globally there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, with 21,000 to 143,000 deaths, every year. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In October, the World Health Organization warned that they've seen an "unprecedented rise" in Cholera outbreaks this year, due to floods, droughts, conflict, population movements and "other factors that limit access to clean water. (yahoo.com)
  • Cholera thrives in poverty and conflict but is now turbocharged by climate change," said Inas Hamam, a regional spokeswoman for the World Health Organization. (ktar.com)
  • COX'S BAZAR, Bangladesh: The World Health Organization warned Monday of a growing cholera risk in the makeshift refugee camps in Bangladesh where more than 435,000 Rohingya Muslims have sought shelter from unrest in Myanmar. (com.pk)
  • While there have been no reported cases of cholera in the cyclone-affected areas in Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care is launching the campaign, with support from UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO), as a proactive, preventative measure. (who.int)
Prevent cholera1
  • To prevent cholera, you should wash your hands often and take steps to ensure your food and water are safe for use. (cdc.gov)
Eliminate cholera1
  • To evaluate Burundi's potential to eliminate cholera, we identified hotspots using cholera incidence and disease persistence as suggested by the Global Task Force for Cholera Control. (nih.gov)
Severe5
  • compared to older El Tor strains, this newer variant appears to be more virulent, causing a greater proportion of severe episodes of cholera with the potential for higher death rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhoea, and can lead to dehydration and kill within hours if left untreated. (who.int)
  • This devastating cholera outbreak will not be the last waterborne disease to impact Syrians if the country's severe water problems are not immediately addressed. (com.pk)
  • Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhoea, leading to chronic dehydration and even death if left untreated. (somalilandstandard.com)
  • Interventions also led to the detection and prompt management of eight suspected cases of cholera , five of whom had severe dehydration . (bvsalud.org)
Prevention5
  • As a result of these various efforts, Suzanne has learned how to protect her family and where to receive treatment, medicine, and prevention and hygiene supplies during cholera outbreaks. (umcmission.org)
  • NRC has responded to the cholera outbreak by transporting at least 180,000 liters of clean water daily from Maiduguri to communities around Tungushe and Konduga towns, constructing more latrines where there are space and by sharing information about hygiene and cholera prevention with affected communities. (ipsnews.net)
  • Dr. Mohammed Aminu Ghuluze, the State Ministry of Health's director of medical emergency response, explained that women's and girls' domestic responsibilities in the home mean they are less likely to participate in awareness-raising activities about cholera prevention. (unfpa.org)
  • Special efforts need to be undertaken to include them in the information efforts around cholera prevention and response. (unfpa.org)
  • List recommendations for prevention strategies for cholera. (cdc.gov)
Infections4
  • Cholera infections are often mild. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cholera infections are acquired most often from untreated drinking water in which toxigenic V. cholerae naturally occurs or has been introduced from the feces of an infected person. (cdc.gov)
  • In the country's 2010 cholera outbreak , the first viral infections were detected around the Artibonite River, where UN peacekeepers had dumped fecal matter. (aljazeera.com)
  • Studies show that cholera infections during pregnancy can lead to sudden loss of the fetus, premature delivery, stillbirth and an increased mortality and morbidity, both for the baby and the mother. (unfpa.org)
Avoid getting1
  • What should travelers do to avoid getting cholera? (cdc.gov)
Diarrhoea1
  • Diarrhoea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed, also known as rice-water stool. (who.int)
Time of cholera4
  • In many parts of the world, it's still a time of Cholera. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Love in the Time of Cholera", a novel written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, actually had very little to do with the disease. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • The complex relations among disease, science, attitudes, beliefs, and society are richly documented in Frank Snowden's fascinating book Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884-1911. (cambridge.org)
  • A brilliant book, Naples in the Time of Cholera deserves to be acknowledged as a model of interpretive history. (cambridge.org)
Dehydration1
  • WHO is advocating for improved access to oral rehydration salts for treating moderate dehydration, which is a symptom of cholera. (news-medical.net)
Country's3
  • BEIRUT: Human Rights Watch Monday accused the government in Damascus and Turkey of exacerbating Syria's deadly cholera outbreak by restricting aid and water-flow to the country's Kurdish-held northeast. (com.pk)
  • As of 9 December, 16,141 suspected cases of cholera and 775 resultant deaths (case fatality rate of 4.8%) had been recorded since August in two-thirds of the country's 62 districts. (news-medical.net)
  • In the government-held areas of Syria and in the country's northeast, held by U.S.-backed Kurdish-led forces, there have since been roughly 17,000 cases of cholera and 29 deaths. (ktar.com)
Outbreaks of cholera2
  • Yet, a historical perspective of quarantine can contribute to a better understanding of its applications and can help trace the long roots of stigma and prejudice from the time of the Black Death and early outbreaks of cholera to the 1918 influenza pandemic and to the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century, the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • The result: one of the largest outbreaks of cholera. (icij.org)
Extremely virulent disease1
  • Cholera is an extremely virulent disease. (who.int)
Risk of a cholera outbreak2
  • Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters are at the greatest risk of a cholera outbreak. (healthline.com)
  • The campaign is a preventive move to reduce the risk of a cholera outbreak, and UNICEF has been working with civil society partners and communities to raise public awareness in advance of the campaign," said UNICEF Representative in Zimbabwe, Laylee Moshiri. (who.int)
Fighting an explosive cholera outbreak1
  • That's the question facing public health experts and international groups fighting an explosive cholera outbreak in Yemen…" (Kupferschmidt, 6/28). (kff.org)
Waterborne diseases2
  • CDC highlights the need for all people to have access to safe water, and to prevent sickness and death from waterborne diseases such as cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • She is married with 12 children of her own, but her family no longer flees to avoid exposure to cholera and other waterborne diseases. (umcmission.org)
Illness2
  • Many other serogroups of V. cholerae , with or without the cholera toxin gene (including the nontoxigenic strains of the O1 and O139 serogroups), can cause a cholera-like illness. (cdc.gov)
  • From 2010 through 2014, 91 cases of cholera were confirmed in the United States among people who had traveled internationally in the week before illness onset. (cdc.gov)
Toxin3
  • The disease's deadly effects are the result of cholera toxin (CTX), a strong toxin that's produced in the small intestine by V. cholerae . (healthline.com)
  • These genetic changes resulted in a gradual loss of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and a change in the types of toxin produced by the cholera bug. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Scientists say continuous monitoring of the genes underlying AMR and toxin production is key to keeping ahead of the cholera bug as it evolves. (cam.ac.uk)
Endemic3
  • Cholera is endemic to ≈50 countries, primarily in South and Southeast Asia and Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • The full extent of the burden of cholera in the Region is difficult to estimate due to weak surveillance systems in some endemic countries, in addition to underreporting of cases, although it is estimated that the number of cases may be around 188 000 per annum. (who.int)
  • He has recently warned that, if not stopped soon, cholera could become endemic to Lebanon, meaning it would become consistently present in the country. (yahoo.com)
Infectious3
  • A new study reveals why a highly infectious variant of the cholera bug, which caused large disease outbreaks in the early 1990s, did not cause the eighth cholera pandemic as feared - but instead unexpectedly disappeared. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Cholera is a life-threatening infectious disease, usually caught by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Describe cholera as an infectious agent. (cdc.gov)
Health31
  • Health care and response workers in cholera-affected areas (e.g., during an outbreak, after a disaster) also might be at increased risk for cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. (who.int)
  • Global Ministries' Global Health program has been working on cholera with the United Methodist North Katanga Health Board for several years, supporting several communities like Mulongo. (umcmission.org)
  • Our health staff and engineers are supporting 17 cholera treatment facilities around the country. (icrc.org)
  • The [cholera] outbreak has surpassed 200,000 cases, and that number is growing by 5,000 a day, [international health authorities] say. (kff.org)
  • A widespread cholera outbreak, under-resourced and under-staffed health system, and inadequate access to safe drinking water and hygiene are threatening the wellbeing of thousands of Zimbabweans. (news-medical.net)
  • WHO is establishing a cholera control and command centre, in conjunction with the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW) and other health partners, to respond in a coordinated manner to Zimbabwe's health challenges. (news-medical.net)
  • On 2 December, South African health authorities said the country had recorded 460 cholera cases and nine related deaths, mostly in border areas near Zimbabwe. (news-medical.net)
  • To help Zimbabwean authorities and partners respond to the health emergency, WHO has sent medical supplies to treat 50 000 people for common conditions for three months, as well as 3200 moderate cases of cholera. (news-medical.net)
  • Cholera remains a major public health risk in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
  • Ten of 12 Health Districts which recorded cholera cases reported a mean annual incidence ≥5 per 100,000 for this time period. (nih.gov)
  • Most cases of cholera have been detected in refugee camps, Lebanon's Health Ministry says. (ktar.com)
  • Minister of Health and Khumbize Kandodo-Chiponda and her fellow Presidential Taskforce on Coronavirus and Cholera co-chairperson Dr Wilfred Chalamira Nkhoma said in a statement that schools from the two cities would not open as scheduled as a measure to contain the outbreak. (nyasatimes.com)
  • In the recovery tent of the cholera treatment centre at the Qaeda/Thawra hospital, MSF health promotion team teaches former patients and caretakers some good practices to avoid cholera. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • After the earthquake on January 12, another health crisis struck about 10 months later: cholera. (cnn.com)
  • So far, cholera has killed 7,000 people and infected 520,000 people, according to the Pan American Health Organization. (cnn.com)
  • BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Iraq's first major cholera outbreak since 2012 has risen to more than 1,800 cases, including six deaths, and spread to the northern Kurdistan region, a health ministry spokesmen said on Wednesday. (medicaldaily.com)
  • The health ministry has blamed the cholera outbreak on low water levels in the Euphrates, from where locals extract water for drinking or farming, and winter flooding that contaminated the river and shallow wells with sewage water. (medicaldaily.com)
  • The cholera outbreak was officially declared on May 2 by the health authorities, with 25 cholera patients reported in Pemba and five in Mecufi district, to the south of Pemba, so far. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • Cholera puts an enormous extra stress on the body of the pregnant woman and on the unborn baby," said Dr. Homsuk Swomen, a UNFPA reproductive health specialist in Maiduguri. (unfpa.org)
  • UNFPA is working with health staff, the community and social workers in the displacement camps to include women and girls in education messages on cholera, with a special emphasis on targeting pregnant women. (unfpa.org)
  • Algerian health authorities reported over 160 cholera cases, with two fatalities, in five areas namely Algeirs, Bouira, Bilda, Medea and Tipaza in the northern part of the country. (europa.eu)
  • 14 June 2018 - The Ministry of Health of Somalia has announced 396 new cases of cholera, including one associated deaths for week 22 (28 May to 3 June) of 2018. (who.int)
  • Floods contribute to contamination of water sources as well as disruption of health services which are precursors of cholera outbreaks. (who.int)
  • On-the-job training was conducted for health workers in cholera treatment centres in Kismayo,Farjano, and Banadir Merka (Ayuub Health Centre, and Afgoye Hospital CTCs. (who.int)
  • Based on a public health risk assessment, 14 localities in the states of Sinnar and Blue Nile have been determined to be at high risk for further spread of the cholera outbreak. (who.int)
  • Additional staff from WHO and health partners have been deployed to affected localities in order to support the Ministry of Health in the cholera response measures and facilitate the logistics of the campaign in affected locations to ensure the protection of as many people as possible," said Dr Naeema Al Gasseer, WHO Representative in Sudan. (who.int)
  • Daily suspected cases (both hospitalized and nonhospitalized), as well as daily suspected cholera deaths in health facilities and the community, were anonymously transmitted to 1 of the 10 department health directorates through formatted text message ( 2 ) or telephone call. (cdc.gov)
  • The Ministry of Public Health notified yesterday of seven new cholera cases, six Dominican. (dominicantoday.com)
  • A Board of Health request for local authorities to provide their cholera statistics. (nationalarchives.gov.uk)
  • The Central Board of Health being anxious to obtain as correct a statistic Account as possible of the Cases of Cholera which have occurred in the Metropolitan Districts during the Two Visitations of that Disease, I am directed to request that you will have the goodness to fill up, and forward to me, the accompanying Form of Return, at your earliest Convenience. (nationalarchives.gov.uk)
20182
  • MAIDUGURI, Nigeria, Nov 12 2018 (IPS) - The number of people who have been affected by cholera in northeast Nigeria has increased to 10,000. (ipsnews.net)
  • Dozens of Ethiopian migrants died of cholera in Djibouti in June 2018. (somalilandstandard.com)
Cases of cholera worldwide1
Dealing with cholera outbreaks1
  • However, the cholera-related information might still be relevant for cholera treatment or dealing with cholera outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Dedicated cholera treatment centre2
  • It's a dedicated cholera treatment centre here," says Dr. Godfrey Kahabi, who is coordinating the medical response at Kigoma stadium. (unhcr.org)
  • The Congolese committee has decided to close a dedicated cholera treatment centre in Mbandaka, the provincial capital, this month and has identified a hospital in the same city to house a treatment unit to deal with other cases. (newsblaze.com)
Crisis3
  • In recent weeks, thousands of cholera cases have swept across the crisis-stricken countries of Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. (ktar.com)
  • In August, a cholera outbreak took hold in Borno, further threatening communities already upended by the humanitarian crisis. (unfpa.org)
  • Gang-related violence has reached unprecedented levels, which has only exacerbated the ongoing humanitarian crisis and hampered the ability to address the cholera outbreak, which has disproportionately impacted children and youth," U.S. Ambassador Robert Wood, who serves as alternate representative for Special Political Affairs at the U.N., said in New York during the public hearing, which was followed by closed-door consultations. (swoknews.com)
Epidemics2
  • Suzanne has lived in the Mulongo community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) all her life - except for the time of year when epidemics such as cholera broke out. (umcmission.org)
  • This is a medical and social history of Italy's largest city during the cholera epidemics of 1884 and 1910-11. (cambridge.org)
Cause of the cholera1
  • The major cause of the cholera outbreak is the inadequate supply of clean drinking water and poor levels of hygiene. (news-medical.net)
Million cases of cholera1
  • Researchers have estimated that each year there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera 1 . (who.int)
Africa4
  • Sporadic cases in the United States associated with travel to or from cholera-affected countries in Asia and Africa continue to occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, cholera cases and deaths in Africa have been declining over recent weeks. (medscape.com)
  • There are also serious regional implications, with cholera cases crossing into South Africa and Botswana. (news-medical.net)
  • Globally, cholera incidence has increased steadily since the beginning of the millenium with cholera outbreaks persisting in Sub-Saharan Africa. (who.int)
10,000 people1
  • More than 10,000 people have been afflicted by the ongoing cholera outbreak in Nigeria, according to the government. (ipsnews.net)
Major cholera outbreak1
  • Recent news reports have warned that the Ukrainian city of Mariupol, all but destroyed by weeks of Russian shelling, is now at risk of a major cholera outbreak. (cam.ac.uk)
Confirmed cholera case1
  • she was the only confirmed cholera case in the family. (ktar.com)
Deadly cholera outbreak1
  • Now it's in the grip of a deadly cholera outbreak. (icrc.org)
Active cholera outbreak1
  • One of them is available for adults in the U.S. Very few Americans need it, because most people do not visit areas that have an active cholera outbreak. (medlineplus.gov)
Strains4
  • Humans can build immunity to some strains of cholera. (livescience.com)
  • By sequencing the genome of the cholera strain , researchers found that it was nearly identical to strains circulating in South Asia, according to a study published online in the New England Journal of Medicine last year. (cnn.com)
  • Although P multocida may infect a wide variety of animals, strains isolated from nonavian hosts generally do not produce fowl cholera. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Strains that cause fowl cholera represent a number of immunotypes (or serotypes). (merckvetmanual.com)
Treatment14
  • This video illustrates clinical management and treatment of cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, cholera was prevalent in the 1800s but has been virtually eliminated by modern sewage and water treatment systems. (cdc.gov)
  • In a previous post here, I discussed the scourge of cholera - a waterborne disease largely vanquished in the wealthier nations by our water and wastewater treatment systems. (scienceblogs.com)
  • UNHCR, which is leading the humanitarian response to the refugee influx in Tanzania, has established three cholera treatment sites: one in Kagunga, one at the stadium in Kigoma and one at Nyarugusu refugee camp. (unhcr.org)
  • Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. (healthline.com)
  • The people developed paralysis one to three days after finishing cholera treatment. (newscientist.com)
  • Both cholera and rehydration treatment cause low blood sodium which can last for several days, says Danielsson. (newscientist.com)
  • Haitians receiving treatment for cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • Without treatment, cholera can be deadly . (livescience.com)
  • An Iraqi man suffering from cholera waits for medical treatment at a hospital in Baghdad, September 21, 2015. (medicaldaily.com)
  • MSF will provide tents and medical equipment to build a temporary cholera treatment unit with a 10 to 15 bed capacity, said Danielle Borges, MSF project coordinator in Pemba. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • The tent where Yana receives treatment currently has around 15 cholera patients - all of them are women and girls. (unfpa.org)
  • This morning we received around 13 new cholera cases from new areas," said Dr. Ghuluze in front of the UNFPA treatment tent on 20 September. (unfpa.org)
  • Commune records noted the treatment facility of cholera patients, not their place of residence. (cdc.gov)
Case of cholera2
  • We offer the widest variety in Cholera Bed, which has already been widely utilized by disaster management and relief aid organizations to support the sick and facilitate medical aid in case of Cholera. (descomedicalindia.com)
  • We initiated interventions after rapid diagnostic test confirmation of a case of cholera . (bvsalud.org)
Deaths from cholera1
  • While reported cases decreased by 72% from 2015 to 2016, reported deaths from cholera in Asia increased sixfold. (cdc.gov)
Cholera - Auswärtiges Amt
Cholera - Auswärtiges Amt (auswaertiges-amt.de)
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WHO EMRO | Ressources | Cholera outbreak | Thèmes de santé (emro.who.int)
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WHO EMRO | Rapport de situation | Cholera outbreak | Thèmes de santé (emro.who.int)
Cholera - MedienLabor MeLab
Cholera - MedienLabor MeLab (userpage.fu-berlin.de)
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2005
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2005 (cdc.gov)
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Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2003 (cdc.gov)
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World Health Day (April 7) Social Media Toolkit (cdc.gov)
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Global Cholera (cdc.gov)
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