Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust that contains both CARBON and crystalline SILICON DIOXIDE. These foreign matters induce fibrous nodule formation in the lung.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.
A benign familial disorder, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia with considerable daily fluctuations of the bilirubin level.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.
Particular categories of body build, determined on the basis of certain physical characteristics. The three basic body types are ectomorph (thin physique), endomorph (rounded physique), and mesomorph (athletic physique).
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Created as a republic in 1918 by Czechs and Slovaks from territories formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
An abnormal anatomical passage between the INTESTINE, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. External intestinal fistula is connected to the SKIN (enterocutaneous fistula). Internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as STOMACH (gastrocolic fistula), the BILIARY TRACT (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the URINARY BLADDER of the URINARY TRACT (colovesical fistula). Risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (MEDICAL ERRORS).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
Created 1 January 1993 as a result of the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.
A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. It has been associated with PEPTIC ULCER.
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.
Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created.

Gallstones: an intestinal disease? (1/1118)

Current evidence suggests that impaired intestinal motility may facilitate gallstone formation by influencing biliary deoxycholate levels or by modulating interdigestive gall bladder motility (fig 2), although a primary intestinal defect in gallstone pathogenesis has not yet been demonstrated. In the cold war period, most interesting events, from a political point of view, occurred at the border between capitalist and communist systems, near the iron curtain. Similarly, the gall bladder and biliary tract can be viewed as the border between liver and intestinal tract, where many interesting things occur with profound impact on both systems. Combined efforts by researchers in the field of hepatology and gastrointestinal motility should brake down the Berlin wall of ignorance of one of the most common diseases in the Western world.  (+info)

Gallstones, cholecystectomy and risk of cancers of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. (2/1118)

To examine the association between gallstones and cholecystectomy, we conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study in Denmark. Patients with a discharge diagnosis of gallstones from 1977 to 1989 were identified from the Danish National Registry of Patients and followed up for cancer occurrence until death or the end of 1993 by record linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry. Included in the cohort were 60 176 patients, with 471 450 person-years of follow-up. Cancer risks were estimated by standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) stratified by years of follow-up and by cholecystectomy status. Among patients without cholecystectomy, the risks at 5 or more years of follow-up were significantly elevated for cancers of liver (SIR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.1) and gallbladder (SIR = 2.7, CI = 1.5-4.4) and near unity for cancers of extrahepatic bile duct (SIR = 1.1), ampulla of Vater (SIR = 1.0) and pancreas (SIR = 1.1). The excess risk of liver cancer was seen only among patients with a history of hepatic disease. Among cholecystectomy patients, the risks at 5 or more years of follow-up declined for cancers of liver (SIR = 1.1) and extrahepatic bile duct (SIR = 0.7), but were elevated for cancers of ampulla of Vater (SIR = 2.0, CI = 1.0-3.7) and pancreas (SIR = 1.3, CI = 1.1-1.6). These findings confirm that gallstone disease increases the risk of gallbladder cancer, whereas cholecystectomy appears to increase the risk of cancers of ampulla of Vater and pancreas. Further research is needed to clarify the carcinogenic risks associated with gallstones and cholecystectomy and to define the mechanisms involved.  (+info)

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature. (3/1118)

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.  (+info)

Cryoelectron microscopy of a nucleating model bile in vitreous ice: formation of primordial vesicles. (4/1118)

Because gallstones form so frequently in human bile, pathophysiologically relevant supersaturated model biles are commonly employed to study cholesterol crystal formation. We used cryo-transmission electron microscopy, complemented by polarizing light microscopy, to investigate early stages of cholesterol nucleation in model bile. In the system studied, the proposed microscopic sequence involves the evolution of small unilamellar to multilamellar vesicles to lamellar liquid crystals and finally to cholesterol crystals. Small aliquots of a concentrated (total lipid concentration = 29.2 g/dl) model bile containing 8.5% cholesterol, 22.9% egg yolk lecithin, and 68.6% taurocholate (all mole %) were vitrified at 2 min to 20 days after fourfold dilution to induce supersaturation. Mixed micelles together with a category of vesicles denoted primordial, small unilamellar vesicles of two distinct morphologies (sphere/ellipsoid and cylinder/arachoid), large unilamellar vesicles, multilamellar vesicles, and cholesterol monohydrate crystals were imaged. No evidence of aggregation/fusion of small unilamellar vesicles to form multilamellar vesicles was detected. Low numbers of multilamellar vesicles were present, some of which were sufficiently large to be identified as liquid crystals by polarizing light microscopy. Dimensions, surface areas, and volumes of spherical/ellipsoidal and cylindrical/arachoidal vesicles were quantified. Early stages in the separation of vesicles from micelles, referred to as primordial vesicles, were imaged 23-31 min after dilution. Observed structures such as enlarged micelles in primordial vesicle interiors, segments of bilayer, and faceted edges at primordial vesicle peripheries are probably early stages of small unilamellar vesicle assembly. A decrease in the mean surface area of spherical/ellipsoidal vesicles was correlated with the increased production of cholesterol crystals at 10-20 days after supersaturation by dilution, supporting the role of small unilamellar vesicles as key players in cholesterol nucleation and as cholesterol donors to crystals. This is the first visualization of an intermediate structure that has been temporally linked to the development of small unilamellar vesicles in the separation of vesicles from micelles in a model bile and suggests a time-resolved system for further investigation.  (+info)

No pathophysiologic relationship of soluble biliary proteins to cholesterol crystallization in human bile. (5/1118)

This study explores the pathophysiologic effects of soluble biliary glycoproteins in comparison to mucin gel and cholesterol content on microscopic crystal and liquid crystal detection times as well as crystallization sequences in lithogenic human biles incubated at 37 degrees C. Gallbladder biles from 13 cholesterol gallstone patients were ultracentrifuged and microfiltered (samples I). Total biliary lipids were extracted from portions of samples I, and reconstituted with 0.15 m NaCl (pH 7.0) (samples II). Portions of samples II were supplemented with purified concanavalin A-binding biliary glycoproteins (final concentration = 1 mg/mL) (samples III), or mucin gel (samples IV), respectively, isolated from the same cholesterol gallstone biles. Samples V consisted of extracted biliary lipids from uncentrifuged and unfiltered bile samples reconstituted with 0.15 m NaCl (pH 7.0). Analytic lipid compositions of samples I through IV were identical for individual biles but, as anticipated, samples V displayed significantly higher cholesterol saturation indexes. Detection times of cholesterol crystals and liquid crystals were accelerated in the rank order of samples: IV > V > I = II = III, indicating that total soluble biliary glycoproteins in pathophysiologic concentration had no appreciable effect. Crystallization sequences (D. Q-H. Wang and M. C. Carey. J. Lipid Res. 1996. 37: 606-630; and 2539-2549) were similar among samples I through V. Crystal detection times and numbers of solid cholesterol crystals were accelerated in proportion to added mucin gel and the cholesterol saturation of bile only. For pathophysiologically relevant conditions, our results clarify that mucin gel and cholesterol content, but not soluble biliary glycoproteins, promote cholesterol crystallization in human gallbladder bile.  (+info)

Liver disease in pregnancy. (6/1118)

Acute viral hepatitis is the most common cause of jaundice in pregnancy. The course of acute hepatitis is unaffected by pregnancy, except in patients with hepatitis E and disseminated herpes simplex infections, in which maternal and fetal mortality rates are significantly increased. Chronic hepatitis B or C infections may be transmitted to neonates; however, hepatitis B virus transmission is effectively prevented with perinatal hepatitis B vaccination and prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin. Cholelithiasis occurs in 6 percent of pregnancies; complications can safely be treated with surgery. Women with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis exhibit a higher risk of fetal loss during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is associated with HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) syndrome, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and hepatic infarction and rupture. These rare diseases result in increased maternal and fetal mortality. Treatment involves prompt delivery, whereupon the liver disease quickly reverses. Therapy with penicillamine, trientine, prednisone or azathioprine can be safely continued during pregnancy.  (+info)

Cholic acid aids absorption, biliary secretion, and phase transitions of cholesterol in murine cholelithogenesis. (7/1118)

Cholic acid is a critical component of the lithogenic diet in mice. To determine its pathogenetic roles, we fed chow or 1% cholesterol with or without 0.5% cholic acid to C57L/J male mice, which because of lith genes have 100% gallstone prevalence rates. After 1 yr on the diets, we measured bile flow, biliary lipid secretion rates, hepatic cholesterol and bile salt synthesis, and intestinal cholesterol absorption. After hepatic conjugation with taurine, cholate replaced most tauro-beta-muricholate in bile. Dietary cholic acid plus cholesterol increased bile flow and biliary lipid secretion rates and reduced cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity significantly mostly via deoxycholic acid, cholate's bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylation product but did not downregulate cholesterol biosynthesis. Intestinal cholesterol absorption doubled, and biliary cholesterol crystallized as phase boundaries shifted. Feeding mice 1% cholesterol alone produced no lithogenic or homeostatic effects. We conclude that in mice cholic acid promotes biliary cholesterol hypersecretion and cholelithogenesis by enhancing intestinal absorption, hepatic bioavailability, and phase separation of cholesterol in bile.  (+info)

The role of apolipoprotein E and glucose intolerance in gallstone disease in middle aged subjects. (8/1118)

BACKGROUND: The polymorphism of apolipoprotein E has been suggested to be associated with the cholesterol content of gallstones, the crystallisation rate of gall bladder bile, and the prevalence of gallstone disease (GSD). AIMS: To investigate whether apolipoprotein E polymorphism modulates the susceptibility to GSD at the population level and to study the possible associations between impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, and GSD. METHODS: Apolipoprotein E phenotypes were determined in a middle aged cohort of 261 randomly selected hypertensive men, 259 control men, 257 hypertensive women, and 267 control women. All subjects without a documented history of diabetes were submitted to a two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). GSD was verified by ultrasonography. RESULTS: In women with apolipoprotein E2 (phenotypes E2/2, 2/3, and 2/4) compared with women without E2 (E3/3, 4/3, and 4/4), the odds ratio for GSD was 0. 28 (95% confidence interval 0.08-0.92). There was no protective effect in men. The relative risk for GSD was 1.2 (0.8-1.7) for hypertensive women and 1.8 (1.0-2.7) for hypertensive men. In a stepwise multiple logistic regression model, E2 protected against GSD in women, whereas two hour blood glucose in the OGTT, serum insulin, and plasma triglycerides were risk factors. Elevated blood glucose during the OGTT was also a significant risk factor for GSD in men. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that apolipoprotein E2 is a genetic factor providing protection against GSD in women. In contrast, impaired glucose tolerance and frank diabetes are associated with the risk of GSD.  (+info)

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 40 years old. Women are more likely to develop cholelithiasis than men, especially during pregnancy or after childbirth.

The symptoms of cholelithiasis can vary depending on the size and location of the gallstones. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may have:

* Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Shaking or chills
* Loss of appetite
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

If left untreated, cholelithiasis can lead to complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholangitis), infection of the bile ducts (biliary sepsis), or blockage of the common bile duct. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

The diagnosis of cholelithiasis is usually made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests to check for signs of inflammation and liver function. Treatment options for cholelithiasis include:

* Watchful waiting: If the gallstones are small and not causing any symptoms, doctors may recommend monitoring the condition without immediate treatment.
* Medications: Oral medications such as bile salts or ursodiol can dissolve small gallstones and relieve symptoms.
* Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder through small incisions.
* Open cholecystectomy: An open surgery to remove the gallbladder, usually performed when the gallstones are large or there are other complications.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of cholelithiasis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic. Acute cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed suddenly, usually due to a blockage in the bile ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammation of the gallbladder that can lead to scarring and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

The causes of cholecystitis include:

1. Gallstones: The most common cause of cholecystitis is the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. These stones can block the bile ducts and cause inflammation.
2. Infection: Bacterial infection can spread to the gallbladder from other parts of the body, causing cholecystitis.
3. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can spread to the gallbladder and cause cholecystitis.
4. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder: If the gallbladder does not empty properly, bile can become stagnant and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to developing cholecystitis due to genetic factors.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Loss of appetite
5. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
6. Tea-colored urine
7. Pale or clay-colored stools

If you suspect that you or someone else may have cholecystitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider can diagnose cholecystitis based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment for cholecystitis usually involves antibiotics to clear up any infection, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be necessary.

Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances found in bile. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Abdominal pain (often in the upper right abdomen)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Tea-colored urine
* Pale or clay-colored stools

Gallstones can be classified into several types based on their composition, size, and location. The most common types are:

* Cholesterol gallstones: These are the most common type of gallstone and are usually yellow or green in color. They are made of cholesterol and other substances found in bile.
* Pigment gallstones: These stones are made of bilirubin, a yellow pigment found in bile. They are often smaller than cholesterol gallstones and may be more difficult to detect.
* Mixed gallstones: These stones are a combination of cholesterol and pigment gallstones.

Gallstones can cause a variety of complications, including:

* Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis)
* Infection of the bile ducts (choledochalitis)
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Blockage of the common bile duct, which can cause jaundice and infection.

Treatment for gallstones usually involves surgery to remove the gallbladder, although in some cases, medications may be used to dissolve small stones. In severe cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to treat complications such as inflammation or infection.

Here are some additional details about each of the gallbladder diseases mentioned in the definition:

* Gallstone disease: This is the most common gallbladder disease and occurs when small stones form in the gallbladder. The stones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances. They can cause pain, inflammation, and infection if left untreated.
* Cholecystitis: This is inflammation of the gallbladder that can occur when gallstones block the ducts and cause bile to build up. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, fever, and chills. If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to more serious complications such as gangrene or perforation of the gallbladder.
* Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. These stones can cause blockages and lead to inflammation, infection, and damage to the liver and pancreas.
* Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas that can occur when the pancreatic ducts become blocked by gallstones or other substances. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. If left untreated, pancreatitis can lead to serious complications such as infection, organ failure, and death.
* Gallbladder cancer: This is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, jaundice, and weight loss. If left untreated, gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body and lead to death.

Overall, these gallbladder diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life and can be fatal if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of cholecystolithiasis:

* Pigmented stones (made from bilirubin)
* Cholesterol stones (made from cholesterol and other substances in the bile)
* Mixed stones (a combination of pigmented and cholesterol stones)

Symptoms:

* Abdominal pain (especially after meals)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Causes:

* Genetics
* Obesity
* Rapid weight loss
* High cholesterol levels
* Low HDL (good) cholesterol levels
* High triglycerides
* Diabetes

Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans. Treatment options include medication to dissolve small stones, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder through small incisions).

Prevention includes maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The term choledocholithiasis is derived from the Greek words "chole" meaning bile, "dochos" meaning duct, and "-iasis" meaning condition or disease. It is used to describe a specific type of gallstone that forms within the common bile duct, rather than in the gallbladder or liver.

Choledocholithiasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis), and blockages within the ducts. Treatment options for choledocholithiasis include endoscopic therapy, surgery, and medications to dissolve the gallstones.

In summary, choledocholithiasis is a condition characterized by the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, which can cause a range of symptoms and may require medical intervention to treat.

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

Silicosis is a type of lung disease caused by inhaling dust that contains silica particles, and anthracosilicosis is a specific type of silicosis that is caused by the presence of Bacillus anthracis bacteria in the inhaled silica particles. This can occur in people who work with silica-containing materials, such as miners or quarry workers.

The symptoms of anthracosilicosis are similar to those of other types of silicosis, and may include coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, and weight loss. The disease can progress over time and can be fatal if left untreated. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment may involve antibiotics to kill the bacteria and medications to manage symptoms. Prevention involves avoiding exposure to silica dust and using appropriate safety measures when working with silica-containing materials.

In summary, anthracosilicosis is a rare but potentially serious lung disease caused by the ingestion of infected silica particles, which can be fatal if left untreated. It is important for people who work with silica-containing materials to take appropriate safety precautions and seek medical attention if they experience symptoms of the disease.

The most common types of biliary fistulas are:

1. Bile duct-enteric fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the small intestine.
2. Bile duct-skin fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the skin, which can lead to a bile leak and infection.
3. Bile duct-liver fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the liver, which can cause bleeding and infection.

Symptoms of biliary fistula may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss

Diagnosis of biliary fistula is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, and MRI. Treatment options for biliary fistula include:

1. Endoscopic therapy: This may involve the use of an endoscope to repair or close off the fistula.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged bile ducts.
3. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile ducts to help keep them open and allow for proper drainage.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of biliary fistula, as it can lead to serious complications such as infection or bleeding.

The symptoms of situs inversus totalis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. Some common symptoms include:

* Chest pain or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fatigue or weakness
* Swelling in the legs or feet
* Pale or blue-tinged skin

The exact cause of situs inversus totalis is not known, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is usually diagnosed during fetal development, and it can be detected through ultrasound imaging.

Treatment for situs inversus totalis typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs. In some cases, a heart-lung transplant may be necessary. Medications such as antibiotics and pain relievers may also be prescribed to manage symptoms.

The prognosis for situs inversus totalis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. However, the condition can be life-threatening, and some individuals with situs inversus totalis may not survive beyond infancy or childhood.

In summary, situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital condition where all the major organs in the chest and abdomen are inverted or mirrored from their normal positions. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs, and medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved.

The primary symptom of Gilbert disease is jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), which can be triggered by alcohol consumption or certain medications. Other symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and joint pain. If left untreated, the condition can lead to more serious complications such as liver damage, heart problems, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

Treatment for Gilbert disease typically involves avoiding alcohol and taking vitamin supplements to reduce iron levels in the body. In severe cases, medications such as deferoxamine may be prescribed to remove excess iron from the body. Regular monitoring of iron levels and liver function is also important to prevent complications.

Gilbert disease is relatively rare, affecting about one in 100 people of Northern European ancestry. However, it is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, as its symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions such as anemia or liver disease. A blood test can confirm the presence of the HFE gene mutation and diagnose Gilbert disease.

Overall, while Gilbert disease can cause significant discomfort and health risks if left untreated, it is a manageable condition with proper medical care and lifestyle adjustments.

There are several types of biliary tract diseases, including:

1. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and blockages.
2. Cholangitis: An infection of the bile ducts that can cause fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
3. Biliary cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver and bile ducts that can lead to liver failure.
4. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas that can cause abdominal pain and digestive problems.
5. Cancer of the biliary tract: Cancer that affects the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts.

Biliary tract diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, obesity, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests and liver function tests.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve medications to dissolve gallstones or treat infections. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the gallbladder or repair damaged bile ducts.

Prevention is key in avoiding biliary tract diseases, and this includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, managing risk factors such as obesity and alcohol consumption, and getting regular medical check-ups. Early detection and treatment of biliary tract diseases can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by mutations in the HBB gene that codes for hemoglobin. The most common mutation is a point mutation at position 6, which replaces the glutamic acid amino acid with a valine (Glu6Val). This substitution causes the hemoglobin molecule to be unstable and prone to forming sickle-shaped cells.

The hallmark symptom of sickle cell anemia is anemia, which is a low number of healthy red blood cells. People with the condition may also experience fatigue, weakness, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), infections, and episodes of severe pain. Sickle cell anemia can also increase the risk of stroke, heart disease, and other complications.

Sickle cell anemia is diagnosed through blood tests that measure hemoglobin levels and the presence of sickle cells. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and preventing complications with medications, blood transfusions, and antibiotics. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Prevention of sickle cell anemia primarily involves avoiding the genetic mutations that cause the condition. This can be done through genetic counseling and testing for individuals who have a family history of the condition or are at risk of inheriting it. Prenatal testing is also available for pregnant women who may be carriers of the condition.

Overall, sickle cell anemia is a serious genetic disorder that can significantly impact quality of life and life expectancy if left untreated. However, with proper management and care, individuals with the condition can lead fulfilling lives and manage their symptoms effectively.

Types of Cholangitis:
There are two types of cholangitis:

1. Acute cholangitis: This type of cholangitis occurs suddenly and is usually caused by a blockage in the bile ducts, such as a gallstone or a tumor.
2. Chronic cholangitis: This type of cholangitis develops gradually over time and can be caused by recurring inflammation or scarring of the bile ducts.

Causes and Risk Factors:
The most common cause of cholangitis is a blockage in the bile ducts, which allows bacteria to grow and multiply, leading to infection. Other causes include:

* Gallstones
* Tumors
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Trauma to the abdomen
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* HIV/AIDS
* Cancer

Symptoms:
The symptoms of cholangitis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis:
Cholangitis is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests to determine the presence of infection. A liver biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment:
The treatment of cholangitis depends on the cause and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Antibiotics to treat bacterial or fungal infections
* Supportive care, such as fluids and nutrition, to manage symptoms
* Surgical drainage of the bile ducts to relieve blockages
* Endoscopic therapy, such as stent placement or laser lithotripsy, to remove gallstones or other obstructions
* Liver transplantation in severe cases

Prognosis:
The prognosis for cholangitis depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying cause. If treated promptly and effectively, the prognosis is generally good. However, if left untreated or if there are complications, the prognosis can be poor.

Prevention:
Preventing cholangitis involves managing any underlying conditions that may increase the risk of infection, such as gallstones or liver disease. Other preventive measures include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause cholangitis
* Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or liver disease

Complications:
Cholangitis can lead to several complications, including:

* Bile duct damage, which can lead to bile leaking into the abdomen and causing an infection called peritonitis
* Spread of the infection to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or lungs
* Sepsis, a severe and life-threatening reaction to the infection
* Organ failure, particularly liver and kidney failure
* Death

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of cholangitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several causes of pancreatitis, including:

1. Gallstones: These can block the pancreatic duct, causing inflammation.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use can damage the pancreas and lead to inflammation.
3. High triglycerides: Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood can cause pancreatitis.
4. Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can infect the pancreas and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to pancreatitis due to inherited genetic mutations.
6. Pancreatic trauma: Physical injury to the pancreas can cause inflammation.
7. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs, can cause pancreatitis as a side effect.

Symptoms of pancreatitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea or bloating
5. Weight loss
6. Loss of appetite

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and address any complications. Treatment options may include:

1. Pain management: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids may be used to manage abdominal pain.
2. Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids may be given to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
3. Antibiotics: If the pancreatitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
4. Nutritional support: Patients with pancreatitis may require nutritional support to ensure they are getting enough calories and nutrients.
5. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: In some cases, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy may be necessary to help the body digest food.
6. Surgery: In severe cases of pancreatitis, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair damaged blood vessels.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent abdominal pain or other symptoms of pancreatitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Examples of bile duct diseases include:

1. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): An inflammatory condition that damages the bile ducts, leading to scarring and narrowing of the ducts.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the bile ducts.
3. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause blockages and inflammation.
4. Bile duct injuries: Damage to the bile ducts during surgery or other medical procedures.
5. Biliary atresia: A congenital condition where the bile ducts are blocked or absent, leading to jaundice and other symptoms in infants.

Treatment for bile duct diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, and in some cases, liver transplantation.

The term "intestinal fistula" encompasses several different types of fistulas that can occur in the gastrointestinal tract, including:

1. Enterocutaneous fistula: This type of fistula occurs between the intestine and the skin, typically on the abdominal wall.
2. Enteroenteric fistula: This type of fistula occurs between two segments of the intestine.
3. Enterofistulous intestinal tract: This type of fistula occurs when a segment of the intestine is replaced by a fistula.
4. Fecal fistula: This type of fistula occurs between the rectum and the skin, typically on the perineum.

The causes of intestinal fistulas are varied and can include:

1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can lead to the development of intestinal fistulas.
2. Diverticulitis: This condition can cause a fistula to form between the diverticula and the surrounding tissues.
3. Infection: Bacterial or parasitic infections can cause the formation of fistulas in the intestine.
4. Radiation therapy: This can damage the intestinal tissue and lead to the formation of a fistula.
5. Trauma: Blunt or penetrating trauma to the abdomen can cause a fistula to form between the intestine and surrounding tissues.
6. Cancer: Malignancies in the intestine or surrounding tissues can erode through the bowel wall and form a fistula.
7. Rare genetic conditions: Certain inherited conditions, such as familial polyposis syndrome, can increase the risk of developing intestinal fistulas.
8. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as tuberculosis or syphilis, can also cause intestinal fistulas.

The symptoms of intestinal fistulas can vary depending on the location and severity of the fistula. Common symptoms include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Diarrhea
3. Rectal bleeding
4. Infection (fever, chills, etc.)
5. Weakness and fatigue
6. Abdominal distension
7. Loss of appetite
8. Nausea and vomiting

The diagnosis of an intestinal fistula is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Imaging studies (X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans) to visualize the fistula and surrounding tissues.
2. Endoscopy to examine the inside of the intestine and identify any damage or abnormalities.
3. Biopsy to obtain a tissue sample for further examination.
4. Blood tests to check for signs of infection or inflammation.

Treatment of an intestinal fistula depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Treatment options may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections.
2. Surgery to repair the fistula and remove any damaged tissue.
3. Nutritional support to help the body heal and recover.
4. Management of any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or Crohn's disease.
5. Supportive care to manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and vomiting.

The prognosis for intestinal fistulas varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In general, with prompt and appropriate treatment, many people with intestinal fistulas can experience a good outcome and recover fully. However, in some cases, complications such as infection or bleeding may occur, and the condition may be challenging to treat.

The term "extrahepatic" refers to the fact that the obstruction occurs outside of the liver, as opposed to intrahepatic cholestasis, which occurs within the liver. Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including gallstones, pancreatitis, and cancer.

Treatment for extrahepatic cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction. In some cases, this may involve surgery to remove the blockage or other procedures such as stent placement or biliary bypass surgery. Medications such as bile salts and ursodeoxycholic acid may also be used to help improve liver function and reduce symptoms.

In summary, extrahepatic cholestasis is a type of bile duct obstruction that occurs outside of the liver, leading to bile buildup in the bloodstream and potentially causing a range of symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction.

There are several types of cholestasis, including:

1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.

Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.

The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.

In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.

There are two main types of beta-thalassemia:

1. Beta-thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia): This is the most severe form of the condition, and it can cause serious health problems and a shortened lifespan if left untreated. Children with this condition are typically diagnosed at birth or in early childhood, and they may require regular blood transfusions and other medical interventions to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.
2. Beta-thalassemia minor (also known as thalassemia trait): This is a milder form of the condition, and it may not cause any noticeable symptoms. People with beta-thalassemia minor have one mutated copy of the HBB gene and one healthy copy, which allows them to produce some normal hemoglobin. However, they may still be at risk for complications such as anemia, fatigue, and a higher risk of infections.

The symptoms of beta-thalassemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. Common symptoms include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Frequent infections
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Enlarged spleen

Beta-thalassemia is most commonly found in people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian ancestry. It is caused by mutations in the HBB gene, which is inherited from one's parents. There is no cure for beta-thalassemia, but it can be managed with blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and other medical interventions. Bone marrow transplantation may also be a viable option for some patients.

In conclusion, beta-thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia, fatigue, and other complications. While there is no cure for the condition, it can be managed with medical interventions and bone marrow transplantation may be a viable option for some patients. Early diagnosis and management are crucial in preventing or minimizing the complications of beta-thalassemia.

The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and choledocholithiasis ... The presence of stones in the gallbladder is referred to as cholelithiasis, from the Greek chol- (bile) + lith- (stone) + - ... Gallstones-Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Bile calculus; Biliary calculus Archived 2011- ... "Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination". emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the ...
Schirmer BD, Winters KL, Edlich RF (2005). "Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis". Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants ...
p. 6. "Clinical Cases Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)". University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 May 2015. Mega List of Mnemonics for ...
Ursodiol is given to treat cholelithiasis. In diffuse cases of Caroli disease, treatment options include conservative or ...
Busiri suffered from cholelithiasis. On 3 August 1982, Busiri, accompanied by his wife, his son, and his private secretary, ...
Cause of death cholelithiasis, cerebral hemorrhage. Randolph Thomas Edwards, known as Thomas R Edwards at the University of ...
Stinton LM, Shaffer EA (2012). "Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer". Gut Liver. 6 (2): 172-87. doi: ... "Is the oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy a risk factor for cholelithiasis: A systematic review and meta- ...
Cholelithiasis (gallstones) are typically asymptomatic but can cause biliary pain episodically combined with other signs and ... Stinton, Laura M.; Shaffer, Eldon A. (15 April 2012). "Epidemiology of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis and Cancer". Gut and ... Stinton LM, Shaffer EA (2012). "Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer". Gut Liver. 6 (2): 172-87. doi: ... cholelithiasis). The gallbladder is designed to aid in the digestion of fats by concentrating and storing the bile made in the ...
Hence, they are associated with gallstones (cholelithiasis). Cases of gall bladder cancer have also been reported to arise from ...
... , also known as symptomatic cholelithiasis, a gallbladder attack or gallstone attack, is when a colic (sudden pain ... Stinton, Laura M.; Shaffer, Eldon A. (15 April 2012). "Epidemiology of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis and Cancer". Gut and ... Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis ...
These include cholelithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Duodenal micro-inflammation caused by an altered ...
As mentioned, cholelithiasis is the most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia. Gallstones can be removed using acid or shock ... Infection caused by cholelithiasis has symptoms of jaundice, fever and pain, collectively labelled Charcot's triad. Secondary ... Gallstones in the gallbladder, known as cholelithiasis, are the most common finding and may progress to cholecystitis, ... Reshetnyak, Vasiliy Ivanovich (2012). "Concept of the pathogenesis and treatment of cholelithiasis". World Journal of ...
"Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved ... German surgeon Carl Langenbuch performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis. Before this, ... which is known as cholelithiasis. Blocked bile accumulates, and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of ...
48 (725-727), (1882) - A case of extirpation of the gallbladder for chronic cholelithiasis. Cure. Ueber die Principien des ... Ein Fall von Exstirpation der Gallenblase wegen chronischer Cholelithiasis. Heilung; In: Berliner klinische Wohenschrift. ...
Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis ...
WorldCat Search A treatise on cholelithiasis [1] Oskar Minkowski @ Who Named It Zinman et al. (2017). Diabetes Research and ... Naunyn made contributions in his research of cholelithiasis and diabetes. He published an important treatise on diabetes titled ... "A treatise on cholelithiasis" (1896). With Oskar Minkowski (1858-1931), he theorized that bile pigment formation was a function ... Der Diabetes mellitus (1898), and his Klinik der Cholelithiasis was translated into English by Archibald Garrod (1857-1936) as ...
Lee, Sum-ping (1981). "Acknowledgement". Mucous substances in experimental cholelithiasis (MD). University of Hong Kong. doi: ... Lee, Sum Ping (1977). "Acknowledgement" (PDF). The gallbladder epithelium in experimental cholelithiasis (PhD). University of ...
Other potential hepatobiliary dysfunctions include steatosis, steatohepatitis, cholestasis, and cholelithiasis. Six percent of ...
It can occur as a complication following biliary trauma (such as cholelithiasis), as an iatrogenic effect or as a result of a ... Duzgun, A. P.; Ozmen, M. M.; Ozer, M. V.; Coskun, F. (2007). "Internal biliary fistula due to cholelithiasis: a single-centre ...
Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (UK) (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, ... compared with single-stage treatment with intraoperative ERCP for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis with possible ...
Estimates for prevalence of symptomatic cholecystitis after Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass range from 3-13%. Cholelithiasis can be ...
The presence of gallstones (cholelithiasis) is not clearly associated with cholangiocarcinoma. However, intrahepatic stones ( ...
The Relation of the Reaction of the Bile to Experimental Cholelithiasis". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 39 (3): 403-423. ...
Gallstone disease, or cholelithiasis, is very common in the United States, impacting over 20 million people. Gallstones ... frequently occur without causing symptoms- this is known as asymptomatic cholelithiasis. Sometimes gallstones may get stuck in ...
Ann Hepatol Rosmorduc O, Poupon R (2007). "Low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis: association with mutation in the MDR3/ ... Other conditions that have been associated with mutations in this gene include low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis ... 2007). "MDR3 mutations associated with intrahepatic and gallbladder cholesterol cholelithiasis: an update". Annals of ... "MDR3 gene defect in adults with symptomatic intrahepatic and gallbladder cholesterol cholelithiasis". Gastroenterology. 120 (6 ...
"A contribution to the problems of the pathogenesis and microbial etiology of cholelithiasis". Acta Universitatis Palackianae ...
It is not tied to cholelithiasis (gallstones) or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). Micrograph of cholesterolosis ...
In the field of experimental pathology, he performed research of cholelithiasis and hepatic disease. Among his written works ...
Decreased GBEF may be indicative of asymptomatic cholelithiasis, which is usually without gallbladder pain. Only pain during ...
Conversely, moderate intake of alcohol may have some beneficial effects on gastritis and cholelithiasis. Chronic alcohol misuse ...
Cholelithiasis) form when substances in bile harden. Stones that block bile ducts can cause gallbladder attacks. Find out who ... Article: Causal association between serum total bilirubin and cholelithiasis: a bidirectional two-sample... ...
Cholelithiasis is the medical term for gallstone disease. Gallstones are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in ... encoded search term (Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)) and Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Gallstones (Cholelithiasis). Updated: Apr 01, 2019 * Author: Douglas M Heuman, MD, FACP, FACG, AGAF; Chief Editor: BS Anand, MD ... Low-phospholipid associated cholelithiasis (LPAC) syndrome: a synthetic review. J Visc Surg. 2019 Mar 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis]. Loginov AS. Loginov AS. Ter Arkh. 2001;73(2):5-6. Ter Arkh. 2001. ... New approaches to diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis in young occupational groups]. Preobrazhenskií VN, Vasilenko VV, ...
Cholelithiasis * Subject Areas on Research. * A genome-wide association study of total bilirubin and cholelithiasis risk in ... Symptomatic cholelithiasis and functional disorders of the biliary tract. * The laboratory method as a variable in the ... Management of cholelithiasis in pediatric patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation. * Mechanical property studies of ... Predicting the presence of choledocholithiasis in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. * Robotic cholecystectomy: first ...
Start Over You searched for: Subjects Cholelithiasis -- surgery ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Cholelithiasis -- surgery ... Cholelithiasis -- surgery 2. Cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy Publication: Don Mills, Ont. : Southam Business ... Cholelithiasis -- surgery. Symptom Assessment 5. A case of biliary calculus: cholecystotomy, duodenal fistula, recovery ... Cholelithiasis -- surgery. Rectal Neoplasms -- surgery 4. Some clinical features of diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts ...
An animation showcasing cholelithiasis, covering its types, symptoms, and treatment, can provide visual aid to learn about the ...
ANXIETY DISORDER Anxiety is your bodys natural response to stress. It is a feeling of fear or apprehension of what is about to come. Occasional anxiety is a normal part of life and it affects everyone in different ways.Many people worry about things such as health,.... ...
Cholelithiasis and Its Management: A Clinical Study Background: The goal of this study was to look into the clinical ... presentation, incidence, and differences in presentation of Cholelithiasis in different age/sex groups, as... ...
Cholelithiasis. Fenofibrate, like clofibrate and gemfibrozil, may increase cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to ... If cholelithiasis is suspected, gallbladder studies are indicated. Fenofibrate therapy should be discontinued if gallstones are ... There was however, a difference in the rate of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis requiring surgery between the two groups (3% vs ...
ASYMPTOMATIC CHOLELITHIASIS: EXPECTANT OR CHOLECYSTECTOMY. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. ASYMPTOMATIC CHOLELITHIASIS: EXPECTANT OR ... Asymptomatic cholelithiasis is a highly prevalent disease, and became more evident after the currently greater access to ... Most evidence point to the safety and feasibility of conservative treatment (clinical follow-up) of asymptomatic cholelithiasis ... gallstones OR cholelithiasis). RESULTS:. We selected 18 studies eligible for inference production after applying the inclusion ...
Chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: an experimental study.. Chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: an experimental ... "Chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: an experimental study." The Indian journal of medical research vol. 59,6 (1971): 873- ... Chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: an experimental study. Indian J Med Res. 1971;59(6):873-9 ... Chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: an experimental study. Indian J Med Res. 1971 Jun;59(6):873-9. PMID: 4941377. ...
Cholelithiasis - Gallstones just hanging out, not causing any problems. *Biliary colic - happens after a fatty meal, the GB ... Usually secondary to cholelithiasis, but can be a primary stone in cases of bile stasis or recurrent infection of the biliary ... Gallbladder Disease (cholelithiasis, biliary colic, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, cholangitis). Posted on May 2, 2012. by ... 7 thoughts on "Gallbladder Disease (cholelithiasis, biliary colic, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, cholangitis)" * skc on ...
A genome-wide association study of total bilirubin and cholelithiasis risk in sickle cell anemia.. ... A genome-wide association study of total bilirubin and cholelithiasis risk in sickle cell anemia. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e34741. ... Home Publications A genome-wide association study of total bilirubin and cholelithiasis risk in sickle cell anemia. ... We tested the association of the 15 SNPs with cholelithiasis in the discovery cohort and found a significant association (most ...
Cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis. *MedGen UID: 3039. *Concept ID: C0008350. *Finding: Disease or Syndrome ...
Cholelithiasis WI 755; Common Bile Duct Calculi WI 755;. Kidney Calculi WJ 356; Salivary Duct Calculi WI 230;. Ureteral Calculi ...
BACKGROUND: Cholelithiasis produces diverse histopathological changes in gallbladder mucosa namely acute inflammation, chronic ... Baig SJ, Biswas S, Das S, Basu K, Chattopadhyay G. Histopathological changes in gallbladder mucosa in cholelithiasis: ... METHODS: Between May 1997 and December 1997 we diagnosed and operated on 40 patients with cholelithiasis. Diagnosis was ... Histopathological changes in gallbladder mucosa in cholelithiasis: correlation with chemical composition of gallstones. ...
Among the major complications to monitor are hair loss, skin thinning, hypothermia, cholelithiasis, and electrolyte derangement ...
Cholelithiasis. 0.599. ,0.001. 0.530-0.676. 0.693. ,0.001. 0.608-0.790. Hepatobiliary malignancy. 1.745. ,0.001. 1.564-1.947. ...
2022). Cholelithiasis.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470440/. *. The scoop on poop. (2012).. https://www.badgut.org/ ...
Beta thalassemia syndromes are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by a genetic deficiency in the synthesis of beta-globin chains. In the homozygous state, beta thalassemia (ie, thalassemia major) causes severe, transfusion-dependent anemia.
Cholelithiasis And Cholecystitis. In glycemic control trials of Victoza, the incidence of cholelithiasis was 0.3% in both ... In the LEADER trial, the incidence of cholelithiasis was 1.5% (3.9 cases per 1000 patient years of observation) in Victoza- ...
If cholelithiasis is suspected in a patient receiving Zetia and fenofibrate, gallbladder studies are indicated and alternative ... Fibrates may increase cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to cholelithiasis. In a preclinical study in dogs, ezetimibe ...
Cospanon tablets 40 mg from Japan for effective treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and urinary calculus ( ... How effective are Cospanon tablets 40 mg from Japan for cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and urinary calculus ( ... Cospanon tablets are effective for the treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and urinary calculus. In Japan ... General information on Japanese Cospanon tablets 40 mg for cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and urinary calculus ( ...
Cholelithiasis and Gilberts syndrome in homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 2001; 115: 926-928. ... Borgna-Pignatti C, De Stefano P, Pajno D, Tomasi G, Gatti C . Cholelithiasis in children with thalassemia major: an ... Regular gallbladder echography for early detection of cholelithiasis,70 particularly in individuals with the Gilbert syndrome ... Dewey KW, Grossman H, Canale VC . Cholelithiasis in thalassemia major. Radiology 1970; 96: 385-388. ...
Liver and biliary:Cholelithiasis Hemic and lymphatic:Thrombocytopenia Nervous:Ataxia, suicide [ see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7.1)] ...
  • Buy Cospanon tablets 40 mg from Japan for cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and urinary calculus (flopropione) online. (bio-japan.net)
  • Cospanon tablets are effective for the treatment of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and urinary calculus. (bio-japan.net)
  • 7. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. (nih.gov)
  • Cholelithiasis involves the presence of gallstones (see the image below), which are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder. (medscape.com)
  • The following terms/ operators were used for search standardization (asymptomatic OR silent) AND ( gallstones OR cholelithiasis ). (bvsalud.org)
  • IMSEAR at SEARO: Histopathological changes in gallbladder mucosa in cholelithiasis: correlation with chemical composition of gallstones. (who.int)
  • Baig SJ, Biswas S, Das S, Basu K, Chattopadhyay G. Histopathological changes in gallbladder mucosa in cholelithiasis: correlation with chemical composition of gallstones. (who.int)
  • Asymptomatic cholelithiasis is a highly prevalent disease , and became more evident after the currently greater access to imaging tests. (bvsalud.org)
  • To seek the best evidence in order to indicate prophylactic cholecystectomy or conservative treatment (clinical follow-up) in patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Most evidence point to the safety and feasibility of conservative treatment (clinical follow-up) of asymptomatic cholelithiasis . (bvsalud.org)
  • 8. Gastrointestinal quality of life in patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic cholelithiasis before and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (nih.gov)
  • A genome-wide association study of total bilirubin and cholelithiasis risk in sickle cell anemia. (nih.gov)
  • When hemolysis occurs circulating heme increases, leading to elevated bilirubin levels and an increased incidence of cholelithiasis. (nih.gov)
  • We performed the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of bilirubin levels and cholelithiasis risk in a discovery cohort of 1,117 sickle cell anemia patients. (nih.gov)
  • New approaches to diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis in young occupational groups]. (nih.gov)
  • Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis]. (nih.gov)
  • Background: The goal of this study was to look into the clinical presentation, incidence, and differences in presentation of Cholelithiasis in different age/sex groups, as. (journalgazett.com)
  • The higher incidence laboratory tests as fasting plasma glucose, of cholelithiasis in CLD appears to be total cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate associated with HCV infection. (who.int)
  • METHODS: Between May 1997 and December 1997 we diagnosed and operated on 40 patients with cholelithiasis. (who.int)
  • The prevalence of cholelithiasis cholelithiasis in chronic liver disease was 50.4%% (66 of 131 patients). (who.int)
  • Cholelithiasis tends to occur etiological data were recorded, using a more frequently in patients with pre-coded questionnaire. (who.int)
  • C virus clinical, laboratory and Ultrasonographic risk factors for cholelithiasis. (who.int)
  • A lot of the western world have stones in their gallbladders (cholelithiasis) but for the most part they just grumble along with no trouble at all. (sketchymedicine.com)
  • Mona Ahmed risk factor for Cholelithiasis. (who.int)
  • Usually secondary to cholelithiasis, but can be a primary stone in cases of bile stasis or recurrent infection of the biliary tree. (sketchymedicine.com)
  • Ultrasound of ceftriaxone-associated reversible cholelithiasis. (nih.gov)
  • Biliary pseudolithiasis, or reversible cholelithiasis, has been identified with the use of certain medications, primarily ceftriaxone. (medscape.com)
  • A genome-wide association study of total bilirubin and cholelithiasis risk in sickle cell anemia. (nih.gov)
  • We performed the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of bilirubin levels and cholelithiasis risk in a discovery cohort of 1,117 sickle cell anemia patients. (nih.gov)
  • As in adults, treatment for simple cholelithiasis is largely symptomatic, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the criterion standard in treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis (see Treatment ). (medscape.com)
  • If cholelithiasis causes symptoms or complications, cholecystectomy is necessary. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genotype-phenotype relationships in the low-phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis syndrome: a study of 156 consecutive patients. (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasonography of the RUQ is the study of choice in patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis (see Workup ). (medscape.com)
  • This study aimed to detect the presence of Helicobacter in gallstone, gallbladder tissue and bile specimens from subjects with H. pylori-positive gastritis with cholelithiasis. (who.int)
  • Go to Cholelithiasis for more complete information on this topic. (medscape.com)