Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Impairment of bile flow in the large BILE DUCTS by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes.
The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.
A congenital anatomic malformation of a bile duct, including cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct or the large intrahepatic bile duct. Classification is based on the site and type of dilatation. Type I is most common.
Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the COMMON BILE DUCT for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the DUODENUM or JEJUNUM.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.
Abdominal symptoms after removal of the GALLBLADDER. The common postoperative symptoms are often the same as those present before the operation, such as COLIC, bloating, NAUSEA, and VOMITING. There is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes JAUNDICE. The term is often used, inaccurately, to describe such postoperative symptoms not due to gallbladder removal.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
Instruments for the visual examination of the interior of the gastrointestinal tract.
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Endoscopy of the small intestines accomplished while advancing the endoscope into the intestines from the stomach by alternating the inflation of two balloons, one on an innertube of the endoscope and the other on an overtube.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
Complication of CHOLELITHIASIS characterized by OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; abdominal pain, and fever.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.
A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.
Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.
A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.
Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in ENDOSCOPY.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.
An involuntary or voluntary pause in breathing, sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.
Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation that is commonly seen in infants. It is usually associated with obstruction of the INTESTINES; of the CYSTIC DUCT; or of the URINARY TRACT.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary.
Hemorrhage in or through the BILIARY TRACT due to trauma, inflammation, CHOLELITHIASIS, vascular disease, or neoplasms.
The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)
The fold of peritoneum by which the COLON is attached to the posterior ABDOMINAL WALL.
The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.
The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.
Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
A pouch or sac developed from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.
The period during a surgical operation.
The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.
Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature. (1/1054)

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.  (+info)

Carcinoids of the common bile duct: a case report and literature review. (2/1054)

Carcinoids of the extrahepatic bile ducts and particularly the common bile duct are extremely rare. A 65-year-old woman presented with obstructive jaundice. Laboratory and imaging studies gave results that were consistent with an obstructing lesion in the common bile duct. In this case, a stent was inserted initially to decompress the bile ducts. Subsequently a laparotomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy were performed and a tissue diagnosis of carcinoid of the common bile duct was made. The patient was well with no evidence of recurrence 17 months postoperatively. The authors believe this is the 19th reported case of an extrahepatic bile duct carcinoid.  (+info)

Review article: antibiotic prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). (3/1054)

This review examines the evidence for antibiotic prophylaxis in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography (ERCP), and provides detailed advice about suitable antibiotic regimens in appropriate high-risk patients. Ascending cholangitis and infective endocarditis are potential complications of endoscopic ERCP. The pathophysiology of these two complications is quite separate and different sub-groups of patients require prophylaxis with appropriate antibiotic regimens. Ascending cholangitis results from bacterial infection of an obstructed biliary system, usually from enteric Gram-negative microorganisms, resulting in bacteraemia. There is incomplete drainage of the biliary system after ERCP in up to 10% of patients who require stenting. Antibiotics started in these patients will probably reduce the frequency of cholangitis by 80%. If antibiotics are restricted to this group, approximately 90% of all patients having an ERCP will avoid antibiotics, but 80% of cholangitic episodes will be prevented. Infective endocarditis may result from the bacteraemia caused at the time of the ERCP in patients with an abnormal heart valve. Antibiotic prophylaxis, in particular covering alpha-haemolytic streptococci, should be started before the procedure in this defined high-risk group.  (+info)

Investigation of bile ducts before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (4/1054)

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been controversy about the investigation of the bile ducts and the management of common bile duct stones. Routine peroperative cholangiography (POC) in all cases has been recommended. We have adopted a policy of not performing routine POC, and the results of 700 cases are reported. METHODS: Since 1990, all patients have undergone preoperative ultrasound scan. We have performed selective preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because of a clinical history of jaundice and/or pancreatitis, abnormal liver function tests and ultrasound evidence of dilated bile ducts (N=78, 11.1%). The remaining 622 patients did not have a routine POC, but selective peroperative cholangiogram (POC) was performed only in 42 patients (6%) because of unsuccessful ERCP or mild alteration in the criteria for the presence of bile duct stones. The remaining 580 patients did not undergo POC. Careful dissection of Calot's triangle was performed in all cases to reduce the risk of bile duct injuries. RESULTS: The overall operative complications, postoperative morbidity and mortality was 1.71%, 2.14% and 0.43%, respectively. Bile duct injuries occurred in two patients (0.26%) and both were recognized during the operation and repaired. There was a single incidence of retained stone in this series of 700 cases (0.14%), which required postoperative ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: This policy of selective preoperative ERCP, and not routine peroperative cholangiogram, is cost effective and not associated with significant incidence of retained stones or bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  (+info)

Gastrointestinal surgical workload in the DGH and the upper gastrointestinal surgeon. (5/1054)

Workload implications of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) subspecialisation within the district general hospital (DGH) have been assessed by prospective data collection over a 12-month period in a DGH with six general surgeons serving a population of 320,000. The single UGI surgeon (UGIS) performed all ten oesophageal resections, ten of 11 gastric resections for malignancy and all eight pancreatic operations. He also performed 91 of the 182 cholecystectomies, 164 of the 250 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms (ERCP) and all endoscopic procedures for the palliation of unresected oesophageal tumours. The UGIS was responsible for the management of all patients with severe pancreatitis, yet he also performed 51 colorectal resections over the 12-month period. Successful management of severely ill patients with upper GI disease requires consultant supervision on a day-to-day basis. If such UGI disease is to be managed in the DGH, two surgeons with UGI experience will be required if high quality care and reasonable working conditions are to be achieved. Such UGIS will continue to perform some colorectal surgery.  (+info)

Early ERCP is an essential part of the management of all cases of acute pancreatitis. (6/1054)

The role of early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterotomy in acute pancreatitis is controversial. Recent randomised controlled trials mostly support the value of this procedure, but concerns remain as to its safety, efficacy and practicability. This debate critically assesses the evidence for and against the use of early ERCP in acute pancreatitis.  (+info)

Syntactic analysis and languages of shape feature description in computer-aided diagnosis and recognition of cancerous and inflammatory lesions of organs in selected x-ray images. (7/1054)

We present new algorithms for the recognition of morphologic changes and shape feature analysis, which have been proposed to be used in a diagnosis of pathologic symptoms characteristic of cancerous and inflammatory lesions. These methods have been used so far for early detection and diagnosis of neoplastic changes in pancreas and chronic pancreatitis based on x-ray images acquired by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Preliminary processing of x-ray images involves binarization, and, subsequently, pancreatic ducts shown in the pictures are subjected to the straightening transformation, which enables obtaining two-dimensional width graphs that show contours of objects with their morphologic changes. Recognition of such changes was performed using attributed context-free grammars. Correct description and diagnosis of some symptoms (e.g., large cavitary projections) required two-dimensional analysis of width graphs. In such cases, languages of shape feature description with special multidirectional sinquad distribution were additionally applied.  (+info)

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the common bile duct in biliary acute pancreatitis patients: comparison with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. (8/1054)

We compared the morphologic findings of the common bile duct by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with biliary acute pancreatitis. Forty-five patients were studied. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was based on the presence of characteristic abdominal pain associated with an elevation of serum amylase and lipase concentrations. All patients underwent ultrasonography and subsequently urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and eventually endoscopic sphincterotomy. Ultrasonography showed gallstones in 33 patients and sludge of the gallbladder in seven patients. In the common bile duct, lithiasis was found in two patients and sludge in 25. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed choledocolithiasis in eight patients and sludge of the common bile duct in 32. In 27 cases (60%) concordance occurred between ultrasonographic and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic detection of lithiasis or sludge of the common bile duct. The average diameter of the common bile duct determined by sonography was significantly smaller (P < 0.001) than that obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The evaluation of this parameter indicated that a good correlation existed between the values obtained with the two techniques (r(s) = 0.765, P < 0.001). Both ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can provide reliable measurements of the common bile duct diameter. Ultrasonography is the technique of choice in the initial investigation of patients with biliary acute pancreatitis.  (+info)

The term choledocholithiasis is derived from the Greek words "chole" meaning bile, "dochos" meaning duct, and "-iasis" meaning condition or disease. It is used to describe a specific type of gallstone that forms within the common bile duct, rather than in the gallbladder or liver.

Choledocholithiasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis), and blockages within the ducts. Treatment options for choledocholithiasis include endoscopic therapy, surgery, and medications to dissolve the gallstones.

In summary, choledocholithiasis is a condition characterized by the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, which can cause a range of symptoms and may require medical intervention to treat.

There are several causes of pancreatitis, including:

1. Gallstones: These can block the pancreatic duct, causing inflammation.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use can damage the pancreas and lead to inflammation.
3. High triglycerides: Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood can cause pancreatitis.
4. Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can infect the pancreas and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to pancreatitis due to inherited genetic mutations.
6. Pancreatic trauma: Physical injury to the pancreas can cause inflammation.
7. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs, can cause pancreatitis as a side effect.

Symptoms of pancreatitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Diarrhea or bloating
5. Weight loss
6. Loss of appetite

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and address any complications. Treatment options may include:

1. Pain management: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids may be used to manage abdominal pain.
2. Fluid replacement: Intravenous fluids may be given to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
3. Antibiotics: If the pancreatitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
4. Nutritional support: Patients with pancreatitis may require nutritional support to ensure they are getting enough calories and nutrients.
5. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: In some cases, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy may be necessary to help the body digest food.
6. Surgery: In severe cases of pancreatitis, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair damaged blood vessels.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent abdominal pain or other symptoms of pancreatitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of biliary tract diseases, including:

1. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and blockages.
2. Cholangitis: An infection of the bile ducts that can cause fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
3. Biliary cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver and bile ducts that can lead to liver failure.
4. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas that can cause abdominal pain and digestive problems.
5. Cancer of the biliary tract: Cancer that affects the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts.

Biliary tract diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, obesity, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests and liver function tests.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve medications to dissolve gallstones or treat infections. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the gallbladder or repair damaged bile ducts.

Prevention is key in avoiding biliary tract diseases, and this includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, managing risk factors such as obesity and alcohol consumption, and getting regular medical check-ups. Early detection and treatment of biliary tract diseases can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

1. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can cause an increase in amylase levels.
2. Acute appendicitis: The inflamed appendix can release amylase into the bloodstream, leading to elevated levels.
3. Cholangitis: Bacterial infection of the bile ducts can cause hyperamylasemia.
4. Gallstones: The presence of gallstones can cause pancreatic inflammation and elevate amylase levels.
5. Chronic pancreatitis: A long-standing inflammation of the pancreas can lead to hyperamylasemia.
6. Gastrointestinal surgery: In some cases, hyperamylasemia may be seen after gastrointestinal surgery, particularly if the surgery involves the pancreas or bile ducts.
7. Tumors: Certain tumors, such as pancreatic cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, can secrete amylase into the bloodstream, leading to hyperamylasemia.
8. Burns: Severe burns can cause elevated levels of amylase in the blood due to the breakdown of muscle tissue.
9. Trauma: Injury or trauma to the pancreas or bile ducts can cause hyperamylasemia.

It's important to note that hyperamylasemia is not a disease itself, but rather a laboratory finding that may indicate an underlying condition or disease. A healthcare professional should be consulted to determine the cause of hyperamylasemia and appropriate treatment.

Examples:

1. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause blockages and inflammation.
2. Cholangitis: An infection of the bile ducts that can cause fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
3. Bile duct cancer: A type of cancer that affects the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Stricture: A narrowing of the bile duct that can cause obstruction and block the flow of bile.
5. Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can form in the bile ducts and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and jaundice.

Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances found in bile. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Abdominal pain (often in the upper right abdomen)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Tea-colored urine
* Pale or clay-colored stools

Gallstones can be classified into several types based on their composition, size, and location. The most common types are:

* Cholesterol gallstones: These are the most common type of gallstone and are usually yellow or green in color. They are made of cholesterol and other substances found in bile.
* Pigment gallstones: These stones are made of bilirubin, a yellow pigment found in bile. They are often smaller than cholesterol gallstones and may be more difficult to detect.
* Mixed gallstones: These stones are a combination of cholesterol and pigment gallstones.

Gallstones can cause a variety of complications, including:

* Gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis)
* Infection of the bile ducts (choledochalitis)
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Blockage of the common bile duct, which can cause jaundice and infection.

Treatment for gallstones usually involves surgery to remove the gallbladder, although in some cases, medications may be used to dissolve small stones. In severe cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to treat complications such as inflammation or infection.

Types of Cholangitis:
There are two types of cholangitis:

1. Acute cholangitis: This type of cholangitis occurs suddenly and is usually caused by a blockage in the bile ducts, such as a gallstone or a tumor.
2. Chronic cholangitis: This type of cholangitis develops gradually over time and can be caused by recurring inflammation or scarring of the bile ducts.

Causes and Risk Factors:
The most common cause of cholangitis is a blockage in the bile ducts, which allows bacteria to grow and multiply, leading to infection. Other causes include:

* Gallstones
* Tumors
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Trauma to the abdomen
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* HIV/AIDS
* Cancer

Symptoms:
The symptoms of cholangitis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis:
Cholangitis is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or endoscopic ultrasound, and laboratory tests to determine the presence of infection. A liver biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment:
The treatment of cholangitis depends on the cause and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Antibiotics to treat bacterial or fungal infections
* Supportive care, such as fluids and nutrition, to manage symptoms
* Surgical drainage of the bile ducts to relieve blockages
* Endoscopic therapy, such as stent placement or laser lithotripsy, to remove gallstones or other obstructions
* Liver transplantation in severe cases

Prognosis:
The prognosis for cholangitis depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying cause. If treated promptly and effectively, the prognosis is generally good. However, if left untreated or if there are complications, the prognosis can be poor.

Prevention:
Preventing cholangitis involves managing any underlying conditions that may increase the risk of infection, such as gallstones or liver disease. Other preventive measures include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause cholangitis
* Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or liver disease

Complications:
Cholangitis can lead to several complications, including:

* Bile duct damage, which can lead to bile leaking into the abdomen and causing an infection called peritonitis
* Spread of the infection to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or lungs
* Sepsis, a severe and life-threatening reaction to the infection
* Organ failure, particularly liver and kidney failure
* Death

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of cholangitis, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Exocrine disorders affect the pancreas' ability to produce digestive enzymes, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The most common exocrine disorder is chronic pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to permanent damage and scarring. Other exocrine disorders include acute pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic cancer.

Endocrine disorders affect the pancreas' ability to produce hormones, leading to symptoms such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and Cushing's syndrome. The most common endocrine disorder is diabetes mellitus, which is caused by a deficiency of insulin production or insulin resistance. Other endocrine disorders include hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors.

Pancreatic diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options for pancreatic diseases vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving outcomes in patients with pancreatic diseases.

Some of the most common types of pancreatic diseases include:

1. Diabetes mellitus: a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels.
2. Chronic pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to permanent damage and scarring.
3. Acute pancreatitis: sudden and severe inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption.
4. Pancreatic cancer: a malignancy that can arise in the pancreas and spread to other parts of the body.
5. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): tumors that arise in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms.
6. Pancreatic polypeptide-secreting tumors: rare tumors that produce excessive amounts of pancreatic polypeptide, leading to hypoglycemia and other symptoms.
7. Glucagonoma: a rare tumor that produces excessive amounts of glucagon, leading to high blood sugar levels and other symptoms.
8. Insulinoma: a rare tumor that produces excessive amounts of insulin, leading to low blood sugar levels and other symptoms.
9. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1: an inherited disorder characterized by multiple endocrine tumors, including those in the pancreas.
10. Familial pancreatico-ductal adenocarcinoma (FPDA): an inherited disorder characterized by a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

These are just some of the possible causes of pancreatic disease, and there may be others not listed here. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Examples of bile duct diseases include:

1. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): An inflammatory condition that damages the bile ducts, leading to scarring and narrowing of the ducts.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the bile ducts.
3. Gallstones: Small, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts and can cause blockages and inflammation.
4. Bile duct injuries: Damage to the bile ducts during surgery or other medical procedures.
5. Biliary atresia: A congenital condition where the bile ducts are blocked or absent, leading to jaundice and other symptoms in infants.

Treatment for bile duct diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, and in some cases, liver transplantation.

The most common types of biliary fistulas are:

1. Bile duct-enteric fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the small intestine.
2. Bile duct-skin fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the skin, which can lead to a bile leak and infection.
3. Bile duct-liver fistula: This type of fistula connects the bile ducts to the liver, which can cause bleeding and infection.

Symptoms of biliary fistula may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss

Diagnosis of biliary fistula is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, and MRI. Treatment options for biliary fistula include:

1. Endoscopic therapy: This may involve the use of an endoscope to repair or close off the fistula.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged bile ducts.
3. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile ducts to help keep them open and allow for proper drainage.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of biliary fistula, as it can lead to serious complications such as infection or bleeding.

The sphincter of Oddi is a ring-like muscle that controls the opening and closing of the common bile duct into the small intestine. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction refers to problems with the functioning of this muscle, which can lead to a range of symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

There are several possible causes of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, including:

1. Gallstones: Gallstones can block the common bile duct and cause inflammation and scarring of the sphincter, leading to dysfunction.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Conditions such as pancreatitis and cholangitis can cause inflammation and damage to the sphincter muscle.
3. Cancer: Bile duct cancer or pancreatic cancer can infiltrate and damage the sphincter muscle, leading to dysfunction.
4. Injury: Trauma to the abdomen or surgical damage to the bile ducts can cause dysfunction of the sphincter.
5. Neurological disorders: Certain neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and peripheral neuropathy can affect the nerves that control the sphincter muscle, leading to dysfunction.

The symptoms of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the dysfunction. They may include:

* Abdominal pain, often in the right upper quadrant or middle of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Pale or clay-colored stools
* Dark urine

If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform a series of tests to diagnose the underlying cause of the dysfunction and develop an appropriate treatment plan. These tests may include:

1. Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the mouth and into the bile ducts to visualize the sphincter and surrounding tissues.
2. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to evaluate the structure of the bile ducts and liver.
3. Blood tests: To check for signs of liver damage or pancreas inflammation.
4. ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography): A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera and a special tool is inserted through the mouth and into the bile ducts to diagnose and treat problems.
5. Sphincterotomy: A procedure in which the surgeon makes a small incision in the sphincter muscle to relieve pressure and allow normal flow of bile.
6. Stent placement: A small tube is placed inside the bile duct to keep it open and improve flow.
7. Biliary bypass surgery: A procedure in which the surgeon reroutes the bile flow around the blocked bile duct.
8. Liver transplantation: In severe cases of bile duct injuries, a liver transplant may be necessary.

It is important to note that the treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause of the dysfunction and the severity of the condition. A healthcare professional will be able to determine the best course of treatment based on individual circumstances.

There are several types of cholestasis, including:

1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.

Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.

The term "extrahepatic" refers to the fact that the obstruction occurs outside of the liver, as opposed to intrahepatic cholestasis, which occurs within the liver. Extrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by a variety of factors, including gallstones, pancreatitis, and cancer.

Treatment for extrahepatic cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction. In some cases, this may involve surgery to remove the blockage or other procedures such as stent placement or biliary bypass surgery. Medications such as bile salts and ursodeoxycholic acid may also be used to help improve liver function and reduce symptoms.

In summary, extrahepatic cholestasis is a type of bile duct obstruction that occurs outside of the liver, leading to bile buildup in the bloodstream and potentially causing a range of symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction.

The exact cause of choledochal cysts is not well understood, but they are believed to result from developmental abnormalities during fetal life. In some cases, there may be associated genetic mutations or other congenital anomalies. The diagnosis of a choledochal cyst is typically made using imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and the cyst may be removed surgically if it causes symptoms or if it becomes infected.

There are several types of choledochal cysts, including:

1. Type I: This is the most common type, where the cyst is located near the liver and has a distinctive "dome-shaped" appearance.
2. Type II: This type is located near the pancreas and has a more irregular shape.
3. Type III: This type is located near the gallbladder and has a small opening into the bile duct.
4. Type IV: This type is located further down the bile duct and has no opening into the duct.

Choledochal cysts are relatively rare, occurring in approximately 1 in 250,000 to 1 in 500,000 live births. They can be associated with other congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidney disease, Turner syndrome, and Down syndrome. The surgical removal of a choledochal cyst is typically curative, but long-term follow-up is often necessary to monitor for potential complications such as bile duct stricture or cancer.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 40 years old. Women are more likely to develop cholelithiasis than men, especially during pregnancy or after childbirth.

The symptoms of cholelithiasis can vary depending on the size and location of the gallstones. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may have:

* Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Shaking or chills
* Loss of appetite
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

If left untreated, cholelithiasis can lead to complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholangitis), infection of the bile ducts (biliary sepsis), or blockage of the common bile duct. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

The diagnosis of cholelithiasis is usually made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests to check for signs of inflammation and liver function. Treatment options for cholelithiasis include:

* Watchful waiting: If the gallstones are small and not causing any symptoms, doctors may recommend monitoring the condition without immediate treatment.
* Medications: Oral medications such as bile salts or ursodiol can dissolve small gallstones and relieve symptoms.
* Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder through small incisions.
* Open cholecystectomy: An open surgery to remove the gallbladder, usually performed when the gallstones are large or there are other complications.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of cholelithiasis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of PCS, including:

1. Bouveret's syndrome: This is a severe form of PCS that occurs within the first few days after cholecystectomy, characterized by intense abdominal pain, fever, and distension of the small intestine.
2. Mirizzi's syndrome: This type of PCS develops when the cystic duct remnant is obstructed, causing bile to accumulate in the gallbladder bed and leak into surrounding tissues, leading to inflammation and infection.
3. Acute pancreatitis: This condition occurs when the pancreatic duct becomes blocked or obstructed, causing pancreatic enzymes to build up and cause inflammation in the pancreas and surrounding tissues.
4. Chronic pancreatitis: This is a long-term form of PCS that can develop after cholecystectomy, characterized by persistent inflammation and damage to the pancreas, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
5. Biliary-pancreatic dyskinesia: This is a chronic form of PCS that occurs when the sphincter of Oddi, which regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine, becomes dysfunctional, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption.

The symptoms of PCS can be severe and debilitating, affecting quality of life and requiring ongoing medical management. Treatment options for PCS include medications to manage symptoms, endoscopic therapy to clear obstructions, and in some cases, further surgical intervention.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or severe abdominal pain, as early diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. A healthcare professional will perform a thorough physical examination and order imaging tests such as CT scans or endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis of PCS. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to manage pain, inflammation, and infection, as well as lifestyle modifications to ensure proper digestion and nutrition.

Here are some additional details about each of the gallbladder diseases mentioned in the definition:

* Gallstone disease: This is the most common gallbladder disease and occurs when small stones form in the gallbladder. The stones can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or other substances. They can cause pain, inflammation, and infection if left untreated.
* Cholecystitis: This is inflammation of the gallbladder that can occur when gallstones block the ducts and cause bile to build up. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, fever, and chills. If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to more serious complications such as gangrene or perforation of the gallbladder.
* Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. These stones can cause blockages and lead to inflammation, infection, and damage to the liver and pancreas.
* Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas that can occur when the pancreatic ducts become blocked by gallstones or other substances. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. If left untreated, pancreatitis can lead to serious complications such as infection, organ failure, and death.
* Gallbladder cancer: This is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, jaundice, and weight loss. If left untreated, gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body and lead to death.

Overall, these gallbladder diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life and can be fatal if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Bile duct neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Bile Duct Neoplasms:

There are several types of bile duct neoplasms, including:

1. Bile duct adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the bile ducts.
2. Bile duct carcinoma: A malignant tumor that grows in the bile ducts and can spread to other parts of the body.
3. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare type of bile duct cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts.
4. Gallbladder cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver that stores bile.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of bile duct neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing these tumors, including:

1. Age: Bile duct neoplasms are more common in people over the age of 50.
2. Gender: Women are more likely to develop bile duct neoplasms than men.
3. Family history: People with a family history of bile duct cancer or other liver diseases may be at increased risk.
4. Previous exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium, has been linked to an increased risk of developing bile duct neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bile duct neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
2. Fatigue
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal pain or discomfort
6. Weight loss
7. Itching all over the body
8. Dark urine
9. Pale stools

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests and biopsy. The following tests may be used to diagnose bile duct neoplasms:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the liver and bile ducts.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This imaging test uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the liver and bile ducts.
4. Endoscopic ultrasound: This test involves inserting an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a small ultrasound probe) into the bile ducts through the mouth or stomach to obtain images and samples of the bile ducts.
5. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed during an endoscopic ultrasound or during surgery to remove the tumor. The sample is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of bile duct neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the patient's preferences. The following are some common treatment options for bile duct neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery may be performed to remove the tumor or a portion of the bile duct. This may involve a Whipple procedure (a surgical procedure to remove the head of the pancreas, the gallbladder, and a portion of the bile duct), a bile duct resection, or a liver transplant.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells that cannot be removed by surgery or to relieve symptoms such as pain or blockage of the bile duct.
4. Stent placement: A stent may be placed in the bile duct to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the liver.
5. Ablation therapy: Ablation therapy may be used to destroy cancer cells by freezing or heating them with a probe inserted through an endoscope.
6. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy may be used to treat certain types of bile duct cancer, such as cholangiocarcinoma, by targeting specific molecules that promote the growth and spread of the cancer cells.
7. Clinical trials: Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments for bile duct neoplasms. These may be an option for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have advanced cancer.

The symptoms of Mirizzi syndrome can vary depending on the size and location of the gallstone and the extent of the pancreatic involvement. They may include abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes). If the pseudocyst or abscess becomes infected, there may be signs of sepsis, such as tachycardia (rapid heart rate), tachypnea (rapid breathing), and confusion.

Mirizzi syndrome is diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and laboratory tests, such as liver function tests and pancreatic enzyme levels. Treatment usually involves the surgical removal of the gallstone and any affected tissue, followed by antibiotics to treat any infection. In some cases, a drain may be placed in the pseudocyst or abscess to facilitate drainage and promote healing.

Overall, Mirizzi syndrome is a serious complication of gallstone disease that requires prompt recognition and treatment to prevent further complications and improve outcomes.

A persistent inflammation of the pancreas that can last for months or even years, leading to chronic pain, digestive problems, and other complications.

Pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed, which can be caused by various factors such as gallstones, alcohol consumption, certain medications, and genetics. Chronic pancreatitis is a type of pancreatitis that persists over time, leading to ongoing symptoms and complications.

The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis can vary but may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. The condition can also lead to complications such as infection, bleeding, and narrowing or blockage of the pancreatic ducts.

Chronic pancreatitis is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options for chronic pancreatitis may include medications to manage pain and inflammation, lifestyle changes such as avoiding alcohol and fatty foods, and in some cases, surgery to remove the damaged pancreatic tissue.

The prognosis for chronic pancreatitis varies depending on the underlying cause of the condition and the severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the condition can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes, while in others, surgery may be necessary to remove the damaged pancreatic tissue.

Preventing chronic pancreatitis is not always possible, but avoiding risk factors such as alcohol consumption and certain medications can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. Early diagnosis and treatment can also improve outcomes for individuals with chronic pancreatitis.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.




Some examples of pathologic constrictions include:

1. Stenosis: A narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel or other tubular structure, often caused by the buildup of plaque or scar tissue.
2. Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, which can make breathing difficult.
3. Esophageal stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing.
4. Gastric ring constriction: A narrowing of the stomach caused by a band of tissue that forms in the upper part of the stomach.
5. Anal fissure: A tear in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and difficulty passing stools.

Pathologic constrictions can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, infection, injury, or genetic disorders. They can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopies, and may require surgical treatment to relieve symptoms and improve function.

Pseudocysts are typically caused by inflammation or injury to the pancreas, which can lead to the formation of fluid-filled spaces within the organ. These spaces are not surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells, as is the case with true pancreatic cysts.

Pancreatic pseudocysts may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during diagnostic imaging studies. However, they can also cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and other symptoms depending on their size and location.

Treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts is usually conservative, involving observation, fluid drainage, and management of any underlying causes such as infection or inflammation. Surgical intervention may be necessary if the pseudocyst becomes infected, bleeds, or causes other complications.

It's important to note that while pancreatic pseudocysts are generally less serious than true cysts, they can still cause significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated or if there is a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it's important for healthcare providers to be aware of the differences between pseudocysts and true pancreatic cysts, as well as the appropriate diagnostic and treatment approaches for each condition.

Jaundice is typically diagnosed through physical examination and laboratory tests such as blood tests to measure bilirubin levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to reduce bilirubin production or increase its excretion, or surgery to remove blockages in the bile ducts.

Here are some of the synonyms for Jaundice:

1. Yellow fever
2. Yellow jaundice
3. Hepatitis
4. Gallstones
5. Cholestasis
6. Obstruction of the bile ducts
7. Biliary tract disease
8. Hemochromatosis
9. Sickle cell anemia
10. Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Here are some of the antonyms for Jaundice:

1. Pinkness
2. Normal skin color
3. Healthy liver function
4. Bilirubin levels within normal range
5. No signs of liver disease or obstruction of bile ducts.

Symptoms of lithiasis may include pain in the affected area, nausea and vomiting, fever, and changes in urination patterns. Treatment for lithiasis depends on the location and size of the stone, and may involve medications to help break down the stone or surgery to remove it.

Prevention strategies for lithiasis include staying hydrated to maintain adequate fluid intake, limiting dietary oxalate intake in cases of calcium oxalate stones, and avoiding foods high in animal protein and salt in cases of uric acid stones. In some cases, medications such as allopurinol or potassium citrate may be prescribed to help prevent stone formation.

In summary, lithiasis is the formation of stones or calculi within the body, typically in the urinary tract or biliary system, and can be caused by a variety of factors. Treatment and prevention strategies vary depending on the location and type of stone, but may include medications to break down the stone or surgery to remove it.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the biliary tract, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

There are several types of biliary tract neoplasms, including:

1. Cholangiocarcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts. It can occur in the liver or outside the liver.
2. Gallbladder cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the gallbladder and is relatively rare.
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which means it originates in the liver rather than spreading from another part of the body.
4. Bile duct cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

Biliary tract neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), weight loss, fatigue, and itching. These symptoms can be non-specific and may resemble those of other conditions, making diagnosis challenging.

Diagnosis of biliary tract neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for biliary tract neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

Some common examples of duodenal diseases include:

1. Peptic ulcers: These are open sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum and can be caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
2. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the lining of the duodenum. It can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This is a chronic condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, including the duodenum. Symptoms of IBD include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Duodenal webs or rings: These are congenital abnormalities that can cause blockages or narrowing in the duodenum.
5. Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas, which can spread to the duodenum and cause damage to the lining of the duodenum.
6. Gastrointestinal hormone deficiency: This is a condition where the body does not produce enough gastrointestinal hormones, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
7. Duodenal polyps: These are growths that develop in the lining of the duodenum and can be benign or cancerous.
8. Duodenal obstruction: This is a blockage that develops in the duodenum and can be caused by a variety of factors, including tumors, adhesions, and inflammation.

Duodenal diseases can be diagnosed through a range of tests, including:

1. Endoscopy: This is a procedure where a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted into the duodenum to visualize the inside of the duodenum and collect tissue samples.
2. Biopsy: This is a procedure where a small sample of tissue is removed from the duodenum and examined under a microscope for signs of disease.
3. CT scan or MRI: These are imaging tests that use X-rays or magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the duodenum and surrounding tissues.
4. Blood tests: These can be used to check for signs of infection, inflammation, or other conditions affecting the duodenum.
5. Stool tests: These can be used to check for signs of infection or inflammation in the duodenum.

Treatment for duodenal diseases will depend on the specific condition and its cause, but may include:

1. Medications: Such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and acid-suppressing medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation.
2. Lifestyle changes: Such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and managing stress.
3. Endoscopy: To remove any blockages or abnormal growths in the duodenum.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or remove affected tissue.
5. Nutritional support: To ensure that the patient is getting enough nutrients and electrolytes.

It's important to note that a proper diagnosis from a medical professional is essential for effective treatment of duodenal diseases.

The term "adenomyoma" is derived from the Greek words "adene," meaning gland, and "omyoma," meaning tumor. This refers to the fact that these tumors are made up of glandular tissue, which is responsible for the production of mucus and other fluids in the body.

Adenomyomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in their early stages. However, they can eventually become large enough to cause abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and other problems. If left untreated, adenomyomas can become cancerous over time, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have one.

Treatment options for adenomyoma include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), endometrial ablation (destruction of the uterine lining), and medications to shrink the tumor. In some cases, a minimally invasive procedure called a laparoscopy may be used to remove the tumor.

In summary, adenomyoma is a type of benign tumor that develops in the muscular layer of the uterus and can cause abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and other symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have an adenomyoma to prevent it from becoming cancerous over time.

Treatment for biliary dyskinesia typically involves medications to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged or diseased bile ducts.

Biliary dyskinesia is also known as biliary contractility disorder or biliary spasm. It is important to note that this condition is relatively rare and typically affects individuals with pre-existing liver disease.

The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to the development of the disease. These include:

1. Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts (cholangitis)
2. Infection with certain viruses, such as hepatitis B and C
3. Genetic conditions, such as inherited syndromes that affect the liver and bile ducts
4. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium dioxide
5. Obesity and metabolic disorders

The symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
2. Itching all over the body
3. Fatigue
4. Loss of appetite
5. Abdominal pain and swelling
6. Weight loss
7. Nausea and vomiting

If cholangiocarcinoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis. These may include:

1. Imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans
2. Blood tests to check for certain liver enzymes and bilirubin levels
3. Endoscopic ultrasound to examine the bile ducts
4. Biopsy to collect a sample of tissue from the suspected tumor

Treatment for cholangiocarcinoma depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the tumor and a portion of the bile ducts. In more advanced cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to relieve symptoms.

It's important for patients with cholangiocarcinoma to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan and to monitor their condition regularly. With prompt and appropriate treatment, some patients with cholangiocarcinoma may experience long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Calculi are typically classified into three types based on their composition:

1. Calcium oxalate calculi: These are the most common type of calculus and are often found in the kidneys and urinary tract. They are more likely to occur in people with a history of kidney stones or other conditions that affect calcium metabolism.
2. Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi: These calculi are less common and typically form in the kidneys or bladder. They are often associated with chronic kidney disease or other underlying medical conditions.
3. Uric acid calculi: These calculi are rare and often form in the joints, but can also occur in the urinary tract. They are more common in people with gout or other conditions that affect uric acid metabolism.

Calculi can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size and location, including:

* Pain in the abdomen, flank, or back
* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Frequent urination or difficulty urinating
* Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
* Fever or chills
* Nausea and vomiting

If calculi are small and do not cause any symptoms, they may not require treatment. However, if they grow large enough to block the flow of urine or cause pain, treatment may be necessary. Treatment options for calculi include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as alpha-blockers and potassium citrate can help to dissolve calculi and reduce symptoms.
2. Shock wave lithotripsy: This is a non-invasive procedure that uses high-energy shock waves to break up calculi into smaller pieces that can be passed more easily.
3. Endoscopic surgery: A small, flexible tube with a camera and specialized tools can be inserted through the ureter or bladder to remove calculi.
4. Open surgery: In some cases, open surgery may be necessary to remove large or complex calculi.

Prevention is key in avoiding calculi. Here are some tips for preventing calculi:

1. Drink plenty of water: Adequate hydration helps to dilute uric acid and other substances in the urine, reducing the risk of calculi formation.
2. Limit alcohol intake: Alcohol can increase levels of uric acid in the blood, which can contribute to calculi formation.
3. Maintain a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is low in purines and high in fruits and vegetables can help to reduce the risk of calculi.
4. Manage underlying conditions: Conditions such as gout, hyperparathyroidism, and kidney disease can increase the risk of calculi. Managing these conditions with medication and lifestyle changes can help to reduce the risk of calculi.
5. Avoid certain medications: Certain medications, such as some antibiotics and diuretics, can increase the risk of calculi formation.
6. Monitor urine output: If you have a medical condition that affects your urinary tract, such as a blockage or an obstruction, it is important to monitor your urine output to ensure that your kidneys are functioning properly.
7. Avoid prolonged bed rest: Prolonged bed rest can increase the risk of calculi formation by slowing down urine flow and allowing minerals to accumulate in the urinary tract.
8. Stay active: Regular exercise can help to improve circulation and maintain a healthy weight, which can reduce the risk of calculi formation.
9. Avoid smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of calculi formation by reducing blood flow to the kidneys and increasing the amount of oxalate in the urine.
10. Consider medications: In some cases, medications such as allopurinol or potassium citrate may be prescribed to help prevent calculi formation. These medications can help to reduce the levels of uric acid or calcium oxalate in the urine.
It is important to note that not all kidney stones are the same, and the underlying cause may vary depending on the type of stone. For example, if you have a history of gout, you may be more likely to develop uric acid stones. In this case, medications such as allopurinol or probenecid may be prescribed to help reduce the levels of uric acid in your blood and prevent calculi formation.


Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): This is a chronic condition characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as constipation or diarrhea.
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation in the digestive tract.
3. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): This is a condition where stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
4. Peptic Ulcer: This is a sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) that can cause pain, nausea, and vomiting.
5. Diverticulosis: This is a condition where small pouches form in the wall of the colon, which can become inflamed and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
6. Constipation: This is a common condition where the stool is hard and difficult to pass, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as poor diet, dehydration, or certain medications.
7. Diabetes: This is a chronic condition that affects how the body regulates blood sugar levels, which can also affect the digestive system and cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
8. Celiac Disease: This is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, causing inflammation and damage to the small intestine.
9. Lipidosis: This is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fat in the body, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
10. Sarcoidosis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various organs in the body, including the digestive system, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there are many other conditions that can cause abdominal pain. If you are experiencing persistent or severe abdominal pain, it's important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment.

The causes of abdominal pain are numerous and can include:

1. Gastrointestinal disorders: Ulcers, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, and appendicitis.
2. Infections: Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
3. Obstruction: Blockages in the intestines or other hollow organs.
4. Pancreatic disorders: Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
5. Kidney stones or other kidney disorders.
6. Liver disease: Hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
7. Hernias: Inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, and hiatal hernia.
8. Splenic disorders: Enlarged spleen, splenic rupture, and splenectomy.
9. Cancer: Colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer.
10. Reproductive system disorders: Ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts, and testicular torsion.

The symptoms of abdominal pain can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Localized or generalized pain in the abdomen
* Cramping or sharp pain
* Difficulty breathing or swallowing
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Fever and chills
* Abdominal tenderness or guarding (muscle tension)

Abdominal pain can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans
3. Blood tests and urinalysis
4. Endoscopy and laparoscopy
5. Biopsy

Treatment for abdominal pain depends on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Medications such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and pain relievers
2. Surgery to repair hernias or remove tumors
3. Endoscopy to remove blockages or treat ulcers
4. Supportive care such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy
5. Lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes and stress management techniques.

The severity and impact of pancreatic fistula can vary depending on factors such as the size and location of the fistula, the extent of the pancreatectomy, and the overall health status of the individual. Treatment options for pancreatic fistula may include conservative management with supportive care, surgical repair or revision of the pancreatectomy, or other interventional procedures to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Cystic neoplasms are fluid-filled sacs that grow in the body. They can be benign or malignant and can arise from a variety of tissues, including the ovaries, pancreas, and lungs. Mucinous neoplasms are tumors that produce mucin, a type of protein found in mucus. These tumors can occur in the breast, ovary, or colon, and are often benign.

Serous neoplasms are tumors that arise from the serous membranes, which are the thin layers of tissue that line the cavities of the body. Examples of serous neoplasms include ovarian cancer and mesothelioma. These tumors can be benign or malignant.

In summary, neoplasms, cystic, mucinous, and serous are different types of tumors that can occur in various organs and tissues throughout the body. While they can be benign, many of these tumors are malignant and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

The exact cause of sclerosing cholangitis is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune condition, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy bile duct cells, leading to inflammation and scarring.

Symptoms of sclerosing cholangitis can include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Itching all over the body
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss

If sclerosing cholangitis is not treated, it can lead to complications such as:

* Bile duct cancer
* Intestinal obstruction
* Sepsis (a potentially life-threatening infection of the bloodstream)

Treatment for sclerosing cholangitis typically involves a combination of medications and surgery. Medications used to treat the condition include:

* Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which helps to dissolve bile stones and reduce inflammation
* Antibiotics, which help to prevent or treat infections
* Immunosuppressive drugs, which help to suppress the immune system and prevent further damage to the bile ducts

Surgery may be necessary to remove damaged or blocked bile ducts. In some cases, a liver transplant may be required if the condition is severe and there is significant liver damage.

The term "papillary" refers to the fact that the cancer cells grow in a finger-like shape, with each cell forming a small papilla (bump) on the surface of the tumor. APC is often slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages.

APC is generally considered to be less aggressive than other types of cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. However, it can still spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment options for APC may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or hormone therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

It's worth noting that APC is sometimes referred to as "papillary adenocarcinoma" or simply "papillary cancer." However, these terms are often used interchangeably with "adenocarcinoma, papillary" in medical literature and clinical practice.

There are several types of cholecystolithiasis:

* Pigmented stones (made from bilirubin)
* Cholesterol stones (made from cholesterol and other substances in the bile)
* Mixed stones (a combination of pigmented and cholesterol stones)

Symptoms:

* Abdominal pain (especially after meals)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Causes:

* Genetics
* Obesity
* Rapid weight loss
* High cholesterol levels
* Low HDL (good) cholesterol levels
* High triglycerides
* Diabetes

Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans. Treatment options include medication to dissolve small stones, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder through small incisions).

Prevention includes maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Causes of Colic:

1. Gas and bloating: Gas and bloating are common causes of colic. This can occur when gas builds up in the digestive tract or when the body has difficulty processing certain types of food.
2. Constipation: Constipation can cause colic, as hard stool can put pressure on the intestines and lead to pain.
3. Diarrhea: Diarrhea can also cause colic, as loose stool can irritate the intestines and lead to pain.
4. Eating certain foods: Some foods, such as dairy or gluten, can be difficult for the body to digest and may cause colic.
5. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as IBS, GERD, or IBD, can cause colic.

Symptoms of Colic:

1. Abdominal pain or discomfort: This is the most common symptom of colic and can be described as crampy, gnawing, or sharp.
2. Gas and bloating: Patients with colic may experience gas and bloating, which can lead to discomfort and abdominal distension.
3. Diarrhea or constipation: Depending on the underlying cause of colic, patients may experience diarrhea or constipation.
4. Nausea and vomiting: Some patients with colic may experience nausea and vomiting.
5. Abdominal tenderness: The abdomen may be tender to the touch, especially in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

Treatment for Colic:

1. Dietary changes: Patients with colic may benefit from making dietary changes such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and increasing fiber intake.
2. Probiotics: Probiotics can help to regulate the gut microbiome and reduce symptoms of colic.
3. Antispasmodics: Antispasmodics, such as dicyclomine, can help to reduce abdominal pain and cramping associated with colic.
4. Simethicone: Simethicone is an antigas medication that can help to reduce bloating and discomfort associated with colic.
5. Antidepressants: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of colic in some patients.
6. Psychological support: Colic can be stressful and emotionally challenging for both patients and their caregivers. Psychological support and counseling may be beneficial in managing the emotional impact of colic.

It is important to note that while these treatments may help to reduce symptoms of colic, there is no cure for this condition. In most cases, colic will resolve on its own within a few months. However, if you suspect that your baby has colic, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider to rule out any other underlying medical conditions and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic. Acute cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed suddenly, usually due to a blockage in the bile ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammation of the gallbladder that can lead to scarring and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

The causes of cholecystitis include:

1. Gallstones: The most common cause of cholecystitis is the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. These stones can block the bile ducts and cause inflammation.
2. Infection: Bacterial infection can spread to the gallbladder from other parts of the body, causing cholecystitis.
3. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can spread to the gallbladder and cause cholecystitis.
4. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder: If the gallbladder does not empty properly, bile can become stagnant and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to developing cholecystitis due to genetic factors.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Loss of appetite
5. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
6. Tea-colored urine
7. Pale or clay-colored stools

If you suspect that you or someone else may have cholecystitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider can diagnose cholecystitis based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment for cholecystitis usually involves antibiotics to clear up any infection, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be necessary.

Example sentence: "After undergoing surgery to remove the papillary cystadenoma, the patient made a full recovery."

1. Gallstones: Gallstones can block the flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine, causing bile to back up into the bloodstream and leading to hemobilia.
2. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) can cause bleeding in the bile ducts, leading to hemobilia.
3. Cancer: Bile duct cancer or other types of cancer that have spread to the bile ducts can cause hemobilia.
4. Trauma: Injury to the bile ducts, such as from a car accident or fall, can cause bleeding and lead to hemobilia.
5. Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) can cause bleeding in the bile ducts and lead to hemobilia.

Hemobilia is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention, especially if it is caused by a serious underlying condition such as gallstones or cancer. Treatment options for hemobilia will depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery, medication, or endoscopy.

The exact cause of Biliary Atresia is unknown, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development. Symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), poor feeding, and a large liver size. If left untreated, Biliary Atresia can lead to long-term complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer.

Treatment for Biliary Atresia usually involves a surgical procedure called the Kasai procedure, where the damaged bile ducts are removed and replaced with a section of the small intestine. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease is advanced or if there are complications such as liver cirrhosis.

Overall, Biliary Atresia is a rare and complex condition that requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes for affected individuals.

Inflammation of the gallbladder that develops rapidly and usually as a result of obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone or rarely by tumors, parasites, or external pressure. Symptoms include right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and Murphy's sign (tenderness over the gallbladder). Treatment is with antibiotics, analgesics, and supportive care; surgical intervention may be required in severe cases or if there are complications. See: biliary colic; cholelithiasis; cholangitis.

1. Pancreatic mucinous cysts: These are the most common type of pancreatic cyst and are usually benign (non-cancerous). They can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters and may contain mucin, a type of protein.
2. Pancreatic pseudocysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that develop after pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas. Pseudocysts are usually more solid than mucinous cysts and can be filled with pancreatic tissue, blood, and other debris.
3. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs): These are precancerous growths that develop in the pancreatic ducts and can progress to pancreatic cancer if left untreated.
4. Other rare types of pancreatic cysts include serous cystic neoplasms, clear cell cysts, and oncocytic cysts.

Pancreatic cysts may not cause any symptoms in their early stages, but as they grow, they can press on nearby organs and cause pain, nausea, vomiting, and other digestive problems. Large cysts can also block the pancreatic ducts, leading to pancreatitis.

Diagnosis of pancreatic cysts typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or endoscopic ultrasound. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy may also be performed to collect a sample of the cyst fluid for further examination.

Treatment of pancreatic cysts depends on their type, size, and location. Small, benign cysts may not require treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging tests. Larger cysts may need to be drained or removed surgically, especially if they are causing symptoms or increasing in size.

It is essential for individuals with a history of pancreatic cysts to follow up regularly with their healthcare provider to monitor for any changes in the cysts and to ensure early detection of any potential cancerous changes.

Some common types of pleural diseases include:

1. Pleurisy: This is an inflammation of the pleura that can be caused by infection, injury, or cancer. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
2. Pneumothorax: This is a collection of air or gas between the pleural membranes that can cause the lung to collapse. Symptoms include sudden severe chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood.
3. Empyema: This is an infection of the pleural space that can cause the accumulation of pus and fluid. Symptoms include fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Mesothelioma: This is a type of cancer that affects the pleura and can cause symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss.
5. Pleural effusion: This is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that can be caused by various conditions such as infection, heart failure, or cancer. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up fluid.

Pleural diseases can be diagnosed through various tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and pleuroscopy (a minimally invasive procedure that uses a thin tube with a camera and light on the end to examine the pleura). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease and can include antibiotics, surgery, or radiation therapy.

There are many different causes of pathological dilatation, including:

1. Infection: Infections like tuberculosis or abscesses can cause inflammation and swelling in affected tissues, leading to dilatation.
2. Inflammation: Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease can cause dilatation of blood vessels and organs.
3. Heart disease: Conditions like heart failure or coronary artery disease can lead to dilatation of the heart chambers or vessels.
4. Liver or spleen disease: Dilatation of the liver or spleen can occur due to conditions like cirrhosis or splenomegaly.
5. Neoplasms: Tumors can cause dilatation of affected structures, such as blood vessels or organs.

Pathological dilatation can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the condition. These may include:

1. Swelling or distension of the affected structure
2. Pain or discomfort in the affected area
3. Difficulty breathing or swallowing (in the case of dilatation in the throat or airways)
4. Fatigue or weakness
5. Pale or clammy skin
6. Rapid heart rate or palpitations
7. Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Diagnosis of pathological dilatation typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying cause and relieve symptoms.

Examples of 'Diverticulum' in sentence:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a diverticulum in her colon, which was causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
2. The doctor recommended that the patient avoid fatty foods and drink plenty of fluids to help manage her diverticulum.
3. The diverticulum was successfully treated with antibiotics, but the patient had to make some lifestyle changes to prevent future complications.

The carcinogenesis process of PDAC usually starts with the accumulation of genetic mutations in the pancreatic duct cells, which progressively leads to the formation of a premalignant lesion called PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia). Over time, these lesions can develop into invasive adenocarcinoma, which is PDAC.

The main risk factor for developing PDAC is smoking, but other factors such as obesity, diabetes, and family history of pancreatic cancer also contribute to the development of the disease. Symptoms of PDAC are often non-specific and late-stage, which makes early diagnosis challenging.

The treatment options for PDAC are limited, and the prognosis is generally poor. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, but only a small percentage of patients are eligible for surgical resection due to the locally advanced nature of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies are used to palliate symptoms and improve survival in non-surgical cases.

PDAC is an aggressive and lethal cancer, and there is a need for better diagnostic tools and more effective treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Learn More:

Bile Reflux | Symptoms, Causes, Treatments | American ...
https://www.gi.org/topics/bile-reflux/

Examples of 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' in medical literature:

* The patient was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their colon after undergoing a colonoscopy and biopsy. (From the Journal of Clinical Oncology)

* The patient had a history of adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, in their breast and was being monitored for potential recurrence. (From the Journal of Surgical Oncology)

* The tumor was found to be an adenocarcinoma, mucinous type, with a high grade and was treated with surgery and chemotherapy. (From the Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology)

Synonyms for 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous' include:

* Mucinous adenocarcinoma
* Colon adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Rectal adenocarcinoma, mucinous type
* Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, mucinous type.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

The symptoms of ANP can include:

1. Severe abdominal pain that worsens rapidly within a few days
2. Fever
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Diarrhea or constipation
5. Blood in stools or vomitus
6. Signs of organ failure, such as decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, and tachypnea
7. Sepsis or infection
8. Pleural effusion or ascites
9. Rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle tissue)
10. Elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers, such as CRP and WBC.

The diagnosis of ANP is based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

1. Elevated serum levels of amylase and lipase
2. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
3. Increased white blood cell count and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)
4. Electrolyte imbalance
5. Renal failure
6. Hepatic dysfunction
7. Cardiovascular instability
8. Coagulopathy
9. Hypocalcemia
10. Hyperglycemia

Imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI, may show:

1. Widespread pancreatic necrosis
2. Inflammation in the surrounding tissues
3. Abscesses or fluid collections in the pancreas or peripancreatic tissues
4. Obstruction of the pancreatic duct
5. Intestinal ischemia or perforation
6. Peritonitis or retroperitoneal abscess

The treatment of ANP involves a multidisciplinary approach, including surgical, medical, and radiological interventions. The goals of treatment are to:

1. Stabilize the patient's vital signs and correct any electrolyte imbalances
2. Manage infection and sepsis
3. Provide supportive care for any organ dysfunction or failure
4. Remove any obstructions or necrotic tissue from the pancreas
5. Promote pancreatic tissue healing and regeneration
6. Prevent further complications, such as pancreatic fibrosis or pseudocyst formation

Surgical interventions may include:

1. Pancreatectomy: removal of the necrotic or infarcted pancreatic tissue
2. Drainage of abscesses or fluid collections
3. Repair of any obstructions in the pancreatic duct
4. Debridement of any infected or necrotic tissue
5. Reconstruction of the pancreas and surrounding tissues

Medical interventions may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat infection and sepsis
2. Pain management with analgesics and sedatives
3. Management of diabetes or other endocrine disorders
4. Supportive care for any organ dysfunction or failure
5. Monitoring of vital signs and laboratory values

Radiological interventions may include:

1. Imaging studies to evaluate the extent of the inflammation and assess the response to treatment
2. Therapeutic interventions, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or percutaneous drainage of abscesses

The prognosis for ANP depends on several factors, including the severity of the inflammation, the presence of any complications, and the timeliness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the sooner treatment is initiated, the better the prognosis. Mortality rates for ANP have been reported to range from 5-20%, with higher mortality rates associated with more severe disease and delayed treatment.

Prevention of ANP involves prompt management of any underlying conditions or risk factors that may lead to pancreatitis. This includes:

1. Proper management of gallstones, including cholecystectomy if necessary
2. Treatment of chronic alcoholism and cessation of alcohol consumption
3. Management of hyperlipidemia with appropriate medications and lifestyle modifications
4. Avoiding certain medications that may increase the risk of pancreatitis, such as certain antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
5. Maintaining good overall health and avoiding any other potential risk factors for pancreatitis, such as smoking and excessive physical activity.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

"ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) , MNGI". "Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) , NIDDK ... "Successful Endoscopic Management of Fractured Dormia Basket During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography for ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that combines the use of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to ... "Design of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Duodenoscopes May Impede Effective Cleaning: FDA Safety ...
Singla S, Piraka C (December 2014). "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography". Clinical Liver Disease. 4 (6): 133-137. ... "Temporal trends in utilization and outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute cholangitis due to ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography may be useful to visualize the extrahepatic biliary ducts. In case of anatomical ... August 2018). "Comparison between endoscopic sphincterotomy vs endoscopic sphincterotomy associated with balloon dilation for ...
Cotton, P. B. (2012). "Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 22 ... "A lexicon for endoscopic adverse events: Report of an ASGE workshop". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 71 (3): 446-454. doi:10.1016/ ... "Long-Term Clinical Outcomes After Endoscopic Minor Papilla Therapy in Symptomatic Patients with Pancreas Divisum". Pancreas. 38 ... "Grading the complexity of endoscopic procedures: Results of an ASGE working party". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 73 (5): 868-874 ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Although this is a form of imaging, it is both diagnostic and ... Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is another cholangiography method. "Cholangiography , Gallbladder cancer , ...
Morgan, K. A.; Fontenot, B. B.; Ruddy, J. M.; Mickey, S.; Adams, D. B. (2009). "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ... Pitfalls in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography diagnosis". The American Surgeon. 76 (7): 725-730. doi:10.1177/ ... College of Surgeons American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic ...
In addition, it is commonly performed during an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and it may be used for ... Rustagi, Tarun; Jamidar, Priya A. (January 2015). "Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography-Related Adverse Events". ... "Impact of Periampullary Duodenal Diverticula at Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Proposed Classification of ... Biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy is a procedure where the sphincter of Oddi and the segment of the common bile duct where it ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography India portal "Call Life". Call Life. 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014. "ND TV". ... He is also reported to have done path breaking work on therapeutic endoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ... known for his pioneering efforts on therapeutic endoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). He was ... Maydeo is credited with the establishment of the first endoscopic centre in India, Baldota Institute of Digestive Sciences, ...
Canlas KR, Branch MS (December 2007). "Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute pancreatitis". World ...
... impacted at ampulla of Vater seen at time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) ... Treatments include choledocholithotomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Murphy's sign is commonly ... an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), or an intraoperative cholangiogram. If the patient must have the ... ultrasonography of a common bile duct stone Fluoroscopic image taken during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ...
The gold standard test for biliary obstruction is still endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This involves ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the most common approach in unblocking the bile duct. This involves ... "Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing elective endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography". The Cochrane Database ... In cases where a person is too ill to tolerate endoscopy or when a retrograde endoscopic approach fails to access the ...
ERCP, short for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, is an endoscopic procedure that can remove gallstones or ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with rendezvous cannulation reduces pancreatic injury. World J Gastroenterol. ... Two-stage treatment with preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) compared with single-stage ... Peroperative Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticography (ERCP)/ Laparo-endoscopic rendezvous (LERV) technique CBDS are ...
In Japan, It is clinically used to treat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-induced pancreatitis. Studies in ... "Ulinastatin for pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized, controlled trial". Clinical ...
"Gabexate for the prevention of pancreatic damage related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Gabexate in ...
"Anesthetic management for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in bronchobiliary fistula: a case report". Anaesthesia ... whereas the bile duct drainage or the endoscopic stenting is the best choice in case of minor iatrogenic bile duct injuries.[ ...
"Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography under Ultrasound Guidance without Fluoroscopy in a pregnant woman". Annals of ... He is one of the pioneers of Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy in India, an endoscopic surgical technique involving the insertion of a ... for use by the visually impaired people and has prepared fourteen CD-ROMs for teaching endoscopic surgical procedures. ... "Novel predictors for immediate puncture site bleed during endoscopic glue injection for gastric varices without using lipiodol ...
The Trendelenburg position may be used for drainage images during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The ...
MRCP has been slowly replacing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as investigation of choice. MRCP is highly ... Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a medical imaging technique. It uses magnetic resonance imaging to ... Prasad, SR; D. Sahani; S. Saini (November 2001). "Clinical applications of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography". ... Griffin, Nyree; Charles-Edwards, Geoff; Grant, Lee Alexander (2011-09-28). "Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: the ...
... can also be used in conjunction with endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP). The ... An endoscopic ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus can also be used to visualize lymph nodes in the chest surrounding the ... Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or echo-endoscopy is a medical procedure in which endoscopy (insertion of a probe into a hollow ... For endoscopic ultrasound of the upper digestive tract, a probe is inserted into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum during a ...
"Design of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Duodenoscopes May Impede Effective Cleaning: FDA Safety ... a transmission risk when people undergo a gastroenterology procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ...
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography) or ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography). This test can ... In some cases, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed, revealing the diagnosis of pancreas divisum ... Endoscopic approaches (ERCP) are sometimes used for symptomatic pancreas divisum, which offers the benefit of a less invasive ... Zippi, M; Familiari, P; Traversa, G; De Felici, I; Febbraro, I; Occhigrossi, G; Severi, C (2014). "Role of endoscopic ...
If that returns normal results, the next step would be to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Many ...
It can also be used to image joint spaces and in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).[citation needed] ...
It allows access to the biliary tree in cases where endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has been unsuccessful. ... This procedure is indicated when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), papillotomy (cutting through major ... Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is often performed if endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) is ... This procedure is also indicated when endoscopic access is difficult in case where there is major modification of the stomach ...
... trauma to the sphincter from procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or biliary surgery, or ... normally by performing an abdominal ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Measurements of bile ... The EPISOD trial has substantiated the ineffectiveness of endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with these symptoms and SOD ... "Effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on pain-related disability following ...
... duct disruption based on the results of thin-cut computed tomography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). ...
A CT scan or an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ECRP) could be performed to determine the site of inflammation ... It also has better endoscopic access to the biliary tree and more physiologic bile drainage. CDD is used in the treatment of ... Endoscopic Emergencies. 17 (2): 289-306, vi. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2007.03.006. PMID 17556149. Baert AL, ed. (2008), "Sump ... A CDD allows for the passage of any retained gallstones, such as impacted stones, or stones where endoscopic treatments of ...
Stones in the common bile duct can be removed before surgery by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or during ...
... and stenosis of the intrapancreatic bile duct on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Rare pancreatic ... The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in the diagnosis of AIP is not well ...
... can refer to: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Magnetic resonance ... cholangiopancreatography This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cholangiopancreatography. If an ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) should be used only if lab tests suggest the existence of a gallstone in ...
Retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Analysis of biliary sludge obtained through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ...
Is rectal indomethacin effective in preventing of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis?, WORLD ... Association of Pancreatology European Pancreatic Club American Pancreatic Association European Group of Endoscopic ...
In 1980, he presented the first use of a biliary stent, a device inserted via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ... He subsequently developed Endo Club Nord, a society for live endoscopy, wherein endoscopic procedures are performed live and ... Soehendra was appointed as Full Professor and Director of the Department of Endoscopic Surgery at University Hospital Eppendorf ... Soehendra N, Reynders-Frederix V (1980). "Palliative bile duct drainage - a new endoscopic method of introducing a ...
Binmoeller KF (January 2017). "Nonradiation, Endoscopic Ultrasound-Based Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography". ... endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal defects, and endoscopic therapy of subepithelial lesions, among other procedures. ... Where the novel endoscopic tissue closure device was developed. Xlumena - Founded in 2004 by Binmoeller (Chief Medical Officer/ ... Binmoeller is owner of over 100 Endoscopic Technology patents. His first patent was filed in 1998 for an endosonographic guided ...
... and to orient the bile duct to assist with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, a procedure used to image to bile ... "TriClip Endoscopic Clipping Device". Retrieved 2007-05-15. Lin HJ, Lo WC, Cheng YC, Perng CL (2007). "Endoscopic hemoclip ... or by the endoscopic procedure itself. Clips have also been used to secure the placement of endoscopic feeding tubes, ... The alternatives to endoscopic clipping of peptic ulcers are thermal therapy (such as electrocautery to burn the vessel causing ...
... baskets used to remove stones from the common bile duct in a procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ... Traditional endoscopic techniques involved the use of an overtube, a plastic tube inserted into the esophagus prior to the ... Cohen MS, Kaufman AB, Palazzo JP, Nevin D, Dimarino AJ, Cohen S (2007). "An audit of endoscopic complications in adult ... Chauvin, A; Viala, J; Marteau, P; Hermann, P; Dray, X (Jul 2013). "Management and endoscopic techniques for digestive foreign ...
A side-viewing endoscope (known as a duodenoscope, or side-viewer) used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ... The source of hemorrhage is usually not determined by standard endoscopic techniques, and the symptoms of the condition are ... Most patients who develop bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract have endoscopic procedures done to visualize the bowel in ...
... a cholangiogram would be obtained via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which typically reveals "beading ... until the 1970s with the advent of improved medical-imaging techniques such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. ... June 2009). "Endoscopic treatment with multiple stents for post-liver-transplantation nonanastomotic biliary strictures". ... Tabibian JH, Visrodia KH, Levy MJ, Gostout CJ (December 2015). "Advanced endoscopic imaging of indeterminate biliary strictures ...
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography) Patient Information from SAGES (March 2015) Diagnostic Laparoscopy Patient ... Guidelines for Training in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (July 2010) ... and endoscopic (Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery) surgical techniques. In 2014, SAGES added the Fundamental Use of Surgical ... With support from Springer-Verlag, publisher of Surgical Endoscopy, the 1st World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery was held in ...
... obstructions in altered anatomy patients called EUS-directed transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (EDGE ... He is the Founder and Director of the Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound Society. He is the Founder and CEO of the non-profit ... He was the first to conduct a pre-clinical study of a radio frequency ablation probe using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS-RFA) ... Kahaleh is the Founder and Director of the Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound Society. He is the Founder and CEO of the non- ...
In regards to a suspected choledocholithiasis, a endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used in both the ...
A procedure known as an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be done to examine the distal common bile ... and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Pancreas divisum is a common congenital malformation of the pancreas ... E-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, D-drugs (commonly azathioprine, valproic acid, liraglutide). The differential ... CT scanning earlier can be falsely reassuring.[citation needed] ERCP or an endoscopic ultrasound can also be used if a biliary ...
... allowing cannulation of the duodenum during the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure. Glucagon acts ... Chauvin A, Viala J, Marteau P, Hermann P, Dray X (July 2013). "Management and endoscopic techniques for digestive foreign body ...
... and biliary tree Diseases WI 800-830 Pancrease Also see Hepato-biliary diseases Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ...
... endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP; imaging of bile and pancreatic duct), hysterosalpingography (imaging of ...
... endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), ultrasound, CT, MRI and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ( ...
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may also assist in diagnosis, ... If no improvement is seen, the patient may receive endoscopic or surgical treatment. If surgical treatment is followed, an ERCP ...
... and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP; imaging of the biliary and pancreatic ducts). Ioxaglic acid is ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and x- ... Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: how to avoid and manage them. Gastroenterology and Hepatology ... Noninvasive tests such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)-a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-are ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) - series-Indication. To use the sharing features on this page, please ...
A history of undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)† at hospital A was strongly associated with case ... Investigation and prevention of infectious outbreaks during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopy 2010;42: ... New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Associated with Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography - ... An endoscopic procedure used to diagnose and treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. ...
Propofol-induced acute toxic hepatitis after brief sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ... Propofol use in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound. Cheriyan DG, Byrne MF. Cheriyan DG, ... Propofol-induced acute toxic hepatitis after brief sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography F J Polo-Romero ... Propofol-induced acute toxic hepatitis after brief sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography F J Polo-Romero ...
Endoscopic ultrasound scan (EUS) and Endobronchial ultrasound scan (EBUS). * Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ...
Posts about endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography written by bostonboomer ... The procedure in question is known as ERCP, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The superbug is carbapenem- ... endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP, Ferguson MO, George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, Loon Mountain, Mayor Marty Walsh, ... They were exposed to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae, or CRE, during endoscopic procedures between October and January ...
Learn more about Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography at Hackensack Meridian Health, treating patients in New Jersey ... What is an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)? As hard as this is to say, an Endoscopic Retrograde ... Cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, is a simple outpatient exam. The exam typically takes 20 to 40 minutes, after which you will ...
... passage into the Pancreatic duct is an independent risk factor for Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) ...
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A way to diagnose problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts and pancreas. ...
Temukan Dokter untuk Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) di Bangka Tengah, Bangka Belitung, Rumah sakit ...
ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography). ERCP is used for both diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease. Our ... Endoscopic therapies can also help treat patients without surgery. Endoscopic treatment techniques include:. *ERCP (endoscopic ... EUS (Endoscopic Ultrasound). EUS uses sound waves to create detailed images of the pancreas. Specialists use EUS for:. * ... Endoscopic Necrosectomy. Patients with acute pancreatitis may need surgery to remove infected pancreatic tissue. In some cases ...
Note.-ERCP = endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; IV = intravenous.. * Diagnostic findings on bronchoalveolar lavage ...
Findings at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after endoscopic treatment of postcholecystectomy bile leaks.. ... the yield of a routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERC) with a bile duct sweep at the time of stent removal is unclear ... CONCLUSION: After endoscopic treatment of a bile leak, the prevalence of abnormalities at follow-up ERC is significant. A ... BACKGROUND: Although the endoscopic management of bile leaks after cholecystectomy (CCY) is well established, ...
ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY - ERCP *From a convenient medical device organizer to an ideal pair of ... help to address the challenges encountered during an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure ... ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND PROCEDURE DEVICES - EUS *STERIS offers product solutions specifically designed for endoscopic ultrasound ... Our line of Oracle® EUS balloons provide a clear view throughout endoscopic procedures and complement our Moray® micro forceps ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with stenting was performed. Stent block and fever occurred, necessitating a ... KnPa1B was isolated from endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) collected from a man, 57 years of age, who had extrahepatic ...
There are limited data regarding the safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in cirrhosis. The c... ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the mainstay for the management of common bile duct disorders ... Pregnancy is a Risk Factor for Pancreatitis After Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in a National Cohort Study. ... Pregnancy is a Risk Factor for Pancreatitis After Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in a National Cohort Study.. ...
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography (PTC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is required ... Some can be treated by using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). With a combination of these tools, many ... However, in most patients, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography (PTC), endoscopic retrograde ... Because of inadequate resolution of peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts, even magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP ...
With endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), contrast dye is injected into the biliary ducts and pancreatic duct ... Endoscopic retrograde placement of a fully covered metal stent is preferred. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided stent placement ... Endoscopic retrograde stenting is superior to surgical or percutaneous approaches to address bile duct obstruction because of a ... Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) also allows for tissue sampling at the time of endoscopic ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A small camera on the tip of a thin tube is passed down the throat, into ... Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the inside of the body. A small ultrasound on the ...
Prophylactic Pancreatic Stents in High-Risk Population and Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis ...
Factors associated with post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cholangitis in patients undergoing endoscopic stone ... Factors associated with post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cholangitis in patients undergoing endoscopic stone ... Aim: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays an important role in the management of patients with ... Meta-analysis comparison of endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation and endoscopic sphincteropapillotomy. World Journal of ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in the diagnosis of biliary tract diseases].. Deyhle P; Nette L; Ammann R. Helv ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.. Roberts-Thomson IC. Aust N Z J Surg; 1978 Jun; 48(3):247-51. PubMed ID: 281214 ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of pancreatic and biliary disease.. Mullens JE; Laufer I. Can ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography and sphincterotomy of the papilla of Vater.. Classen M. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen ...
Quality indicators for endo-scopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:892-897.. * Cited Here , ... Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: toward a better understanding of competence. Endoscopy 1999;31:755-757.. * ... A prospective study of training in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:983-989.. * Cited ... Intraprocedural quality in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1696- ...
It examines the current state of knowledge regarding the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in ...
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate. FDA Food and Drug Administration ...
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A scope is passed through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach, and it is ... Endoscopic Stent: A stent may be placed in the bile duct to allow bile drainage. This is done when there is a tumor blocking ... Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): During an MRCP, the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and ...
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Doctors insert a narrow, flexible tube into your throat to your stomach ... Endoscopic ultrasound: Doctors insert a thin tube called an endoscope into the digestive tract and take pictures of the liver ...
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and x-rays to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. (nih.gov)
  • What is an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)? (hackensackmeridianhealth.org)
  • As hard as this is to say, an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, is a simple outpatient exam. (hackensackmeridianhealth.org)
  • Frequent Guidewire passage into the Pancreatic duct is an independent risk factor for Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) among high risk individuals: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial data. (bvsalud.org)
  • Abstract Background and Aims: There are limited data regarding the safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in cirrhosis. (docksci.com)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the mainstay for the management of common bile duct disorders and common bile duct (CBD) obstruction (1). (docksci.com)
  • There are limited data on the safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with cirrhosis. (docksci.com)
  • Background and Objective : Common bile duct stone typically requires surgical intervention, which primarily involves open CBD exploration + Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic CBD exploration. (who.int)
  • Consultation with a gastroenterologist for consideration of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may also be appropriate if concern exists about the presence of choledocholithiasis . (medscape.com)
  • Aim: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays an important role in the management of patients with pancreaticobiliary disorders, including cholangitis. (ghrnet.org)
  • Although complications of ERCP can develop even when skilled physicians perform the procedure, there are few studies on the association between endoscopic stone extraction and post-ERCP cholangitis. (ghrnet.org)
  • Conclusions: The risk of post-ERCP cholangitis can be reduced by performing endoscopic stone extraction as soon as the patient achieves clinical stability after biliary stent insertion and by using endoscopic sphincterotomy instead of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation. (ghrnet.org)
  • Some can be treated by using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). (medscape.com)
  • It examines the current state of knowledge regarding the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in clinical practice, and identifies directions for future research. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) carries a substantial risk of recurrent choledocholithiasis but retreatment with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is safe and feasible. (bmj.com)
  • Although the complication rate is not negligible (5.8-24% for a mean follow up period exceeding 10 years), 1- 6 retreatment with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), whether combined with repeat ES or not, has been reported to be safe and feasible. (bmj.com)
  • Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) has been widely accepted as an effective and minimally invasive treatment for choledocholithiasis. (bmj.com)
  • Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy ( SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC ) may be performed during this procedure. (nih.gov)
  • Propofol use in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound. (nih.gov)
  • STERIS offers product solutions specifically designed for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures. (steris.com)
  • The following endoscopy products include clinically superior polypectomy snares, hemostatic clips, tissue acquisition endoscopy devices and trusted endoscopic tools for retrieval. (steris.com)
  • In 2006, the ASGE/American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Task Force on Quality in Endoscopy published the first version of quality indicators common to all endoscopic procedures ( 10 ). (lww.com)
  • Endoscopic management of subepithelial lesions including neuroendocrine neoplasms: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. (nih.gov)
  • Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA , in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. (nih.gov)
  • Noninvasive tests such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)-a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -are safer and can also diagnose many problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. (nih.gov)
  • Vaidya Apurva P, Mukadam Prashant N,Patel Dhaval V, Shukla Vineet V, Vansdadia Rushi R. Management Modalities of Choledocholithiasis: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Versus Open Common Bile Duct Exploration and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. (who.int)
  • Safety of propofol in cirrhotic patients undergoing colonoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography: results of a prospective controlled study. (nih.gov)
  • 23. [Retrograde pancreato-cholangiography]. (nih.gov)
  • 30. [Retrograde cholangiography in obstructive jaundice]. (nih.gov)
  • 40. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. (nih.gov)
  • 33. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic pancreatitis. (nih.gov)
  • Confirmation by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and liver biopsy. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the endoscopic management of bile leaks after cholecystectomy (CCY) is well established, the yield of a routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERC) with a bile duct sweep at the time of stent removal is unclear. (qxmd.com)
  • 31. [Modern biliary tract diagnosis: endoscopic-retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography and cholangioscopy]. (nih.gov)
  • 35. [Retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of biliary tract and pancreatic duct diseases]. (nih.gov)
  • technics and results of endoscopic radiography of the pancreas and the bile ducts]. (nih.gov)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is the gold standard method for identifying and removing the nematode from the duodenal, biliary or pancreatic tract [3]. (who.int)
  • To investigate changes in sedation practice during 2012-2015, using a large health claims database, for catheter ablation (CA), gastrointestinal endoscopic examination (EE), and surgery (ES) after dexmedetomidine (DEX) was approved for procedural sedation in 2013. (springer.com)
  • Sedation practice has changed for catheter ablation after 2013, but not for gastrointestinal endoscopic examination or surgery. (springer.com)
  • 25. Endoscopic retrograde pancreaticocholangiography in chronic diseases of the pancreas and in papillary stenoses. (nih.gov)
  • Endoscopic therapies can also help treat patients without surgery. (uclahealth.org)
  • Our patented retrieval nets offer a flexible, durable basket for the most challenging endoscopic retrieval procedures, including food bolus, foreign body retrieval, tissue collection, and polyp removal. (steris.com)
  • benzodiazepines predominated the sedative utilization for endoscopic examination and surgery without change in the order of utilization proportion. (springer.com)
  • Decompensated cirrhosis may be a risk factor for adverse events in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. (docksci.com)
  • Findings at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after endoscopic treatment of postcholecystectomy bile leaks. (qxmd.com)
  • After endoscopic treatment of a bile leak, the prevalence of abnormalities at follow-up ERC is significant. (qxmd.com)
  • Endoscopic ultrasonography uses a tiny probe on the tip of an endoscope that is passed through the mouth into the stomach and the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum), bringing the probe closer to the liver and its surrounding organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy ( SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC ) may be performed during this procedure. (nih.gov)
  • Utility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in management of pediatric pancreaticobiliary disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pitfalls in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • Noninvasive tests such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)-a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -are safer and can also diagnose many problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. (nih.gov)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is the gold standard method for identifying and removing the nematode from the duodenal, biliary or pancreatic tract [3]. (who.int)
  • Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA , in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. (nih.gov)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a dilated bile duct with a patent ampulla with no lithiasis. (who.int)