Chlorpyrifos
Insecticides
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Cholinesterases
Pesticide Residues
Parathion
Pesticides
Pest Control
Acetylcholinesterase
Dieldrin
Neurotoxicity Syndromes
Organophosphates
Carbaryl
Organophosphate Poisoning
Carboxylesterase
Acetylthiocholine
Methyl Parathion
Herbicides
Portraits as Topic
Interior Design and Furnishings
Organophosphorus Compounds
Agriculture
Pyrethrins
Cladosporium
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tritolyl Phosphates
Threshold Limit Values
Malathion
Comparison of two in vitro activation systems for protoxicant organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. (1/305)
In order to perform in vitro testing of esterase inhibition caused by organophosphorous (OP) protoxicants, simple, reliable methods are needed to convert protoxicants to their esterase-inhibiting forms. Incubation of parathion or chlorpyrifos with 0.05% bromine solution or uninduced rat liver microsomes (RLM) resulted in production of the corresponding oxygen analogs of these OP compounds and markedly increased esterase inhibition in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Neither activation system affected cell viability or the activity of AChE or NTE in the absence of OP compounds. Although parathion and chlorpyrifos were activated by RLM, bromine activation required fewer steps and produced more esterase inhibition for a given concentration of chlorpyrifos. However, RLM activation of OP protoxicants produced metabolites other than oxygen analogs and may, therefore, be more relevant as a surrogate for OP biotransformation in vivo. This methodology makes the use of intact cells for in vitro testing of esterase inhibition caused by protoxicant organophosphate compounds a viable alternative to in vivo tests. (+info)Developmental cholinotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos. (2/305)
The stimulation of cholinergic receptors in target cells during a critical developmental period provides signals that influence cell replication and differentiation. Accordingly, environmental agents that promote cholinergic activity evoke neurodevelopmental damage because of the inappropriate timing or intensity of stimulation. Nicotine evokes mitotic arrest in brain cells possessing high concentrations of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. In addition, the cholinergic overstimulation programs the expression of genes that evoke apoptosis and delayed cell loss. Effects of cholinesterase inhibitors exhibit many similarities to those of nicotine. Chlorpyrifos administered to developing rats in doses that do not evoke signs of overt toxicity decreased DNA synthesis and caused shortfalls in cell numbers in brain regions enriched in cholinergic innervation. In embryo cultures, chlorpyrifos also evoked apoptosis during neurulation. However, chlorpyrifos also evokes noncholinergic disruption of cell development by interfering with cell signaling via adenylyl cyclase, leading to widespread disruption that is not limited to cholinergic systems. We have tested this hypothesis in vitro with PC12 cells, which lack the enzymes necessary to produce chlorpyrifos oxon, the metabolite that inhibits cholinesterase. Chlorpyrifos inhibited DNA synthesis in undifferentiated PC12 cells, which have relatively few cholinergic receptors. Furthermore, chlorpyrifos was more effective than nicotine and its effects were not blocked by cholinergic antagonists. When cells were allowed to differentiate in the presence of chlorpyrifos, cell replication was inhibited even more profoundly and cell acquisition was arrested. At higher concentrations, chlorpyrifos also inhibited neuritic outgrowth. Thus, chlorpyrifos elicits damage by both noncholinergic and cholinergic mechanisms extending from early stages of neural cell replication through late stages of axonogenesis and terminal differentiation. Accordingly, the window of developmental vulnerability to chlorpyrifos is likely to extend from the embryonic period into postnatal life. (+info)Dermal transfer of chlorpyrifos residues from residential surfaces: comparison of hand press, hand drag, wipe, and polyurethane foam roller measurements after broadcast and aerosol pesticide applications. (3/305)
Indoor residential pesticide applications present the potential for human exposures, particularly for small children. Personal contact with target and nontarget surfaces can result in transfer of pesticides to the skin, but the magnitude of such transfer is uncertain. This research compared surface sampling techniques [wipe and polyurethane foam (PUF) roller] with the removal ability of human skin following broadcast and total aerosol release applications of Dursban (Dow Elanco, Midland, MI), a residential formulation containing the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Hands were washed immediately after surface contact, following a protocol that included a laboratory-generated adjustment factor to account for incomplete removal of chlorpyrifos from skin. Chlorpyrifos transfer was similar for hand press and hand drag techniques, averaging approximately 1-6 ng/cm2 of carpet contacted. These amounts represented < 1% of the amount of chlorpyrifos deposited on the surfaces 3.5 hr earlier. Chlorpyrifos transfer from carpet to skin was 23-24 times lower than for wipe sampling and 33-36 times lower than for PUF roller sampling (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0006 for broadcast and aerosol applications, respectively). Hand press sampling removed approximately 4.5 times less chlorpyrifos from nontarget furniture surfaces (12 ng/cm2) than did wipe sampling (56 ng/cm2; p = 0.009). Chlorpyrifos residues on carpet were substantially higher after broadcast applications than after aerosol applications, but residues on such nontarget surfaces as furniture were substantially higher for the aerosol application. This study indicates that human skin removes substantially less residue from carpets and furniture than either conventional wipe or PUF roller sampling methods following residential pest control applications of chlorpyrifos. Although this paper focuses on quantifying residue transfer from surface to skin using different surface sampling techniques, no attempt is made to quantify the amount of chlorpyrifos residue that is subsequently absorbed. (+info)Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. (4/305)
OBJECTIVES: To determine the kinetics of elimination of urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites after oral and dermally applied doses of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos to human volunteers and to determine whether these doses affected plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity. METHOD: Five volunteers ingested 1 mg (2852 nmol) of chlorpyrifos. Blood samples were taken over 24 hours and total void volumes of urine were collected over 100 hours. Four weeks later 28.59 mg (81567 nmol) of chlorpyrifos was administered dermally to each volunteer for 8 hours. Unabsorbed chlorpyrifos was washed from the skin and retained for subsequent measurement. The same blood and urine sampling regime was followed as for the oral administration. Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase concentrations were determined for each blood sample. The concentration of two urinary metabolites of chlorpyrifos--diethylphosphate and diethyl-thiophosphate--was determined for each urine sample. RESULTS: The apparent elimination half life of urinary dialkylphosphates after the oral dose was 15.5 hours and after the dermal dose it was 30 hours. Most of the oral dose (mean (range) 93% (55-115%)) and 1% of the applied dermal dose was recovered as urinary metabolites. About half (53%) of the dermal dose was recovered from the skin surface. The absorption rate through the skin, as measured by urinary metabolites was 456 ng/cm2/h. Blood plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity did not fall significantly during either dosing regime. CONCLUSION: An oral dose of chlorpyrifos was readily absorbed through the skin and almost all of the dose was recovered as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites. Excretion was delayed compared with the oral dose. Only a small proportion of the applied dose was recovered during the course of the experiment. The best time to collect urine samples for biological monitoring after dermal exposure is before the shift the next day. The amounts of chlorpyrifos used did not depress acetyl cholinesterase activity but could be readily detected as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites indicating that the urinary assay is a more sensitive indicator of exposure. (+info)Pitfalls when determining tissue distributions of organophosphorus chemicals: sodium fluoride accelerates chemical degradation. (5/305)
This paper describes the tissue distributions of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, and chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphorothioate, in a male individual who died after ingesting an insecticidal preparation containing these chemicals and the results of an in vitro stability study on dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos-methyl in blood and buffers. Tiny amounts of dichlorvos, 0.067 and 0.027 mg/L, were detected in the vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Although dichlorvos (0.082-8.99 mg/L or mg/kg) was detected in the thoracic aortic blood, thoracic inferior vena caval blood, pericardial fluid, bile, and spleen, it was strongly suggested that it had diffused postmortem from the stomach, which contained 879 mg, because no dichlorvos was detected in the other blood samples and tissues tested. Substantial amounts (0.615-4.15 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos-methyl were detected in all blood samples, and the order of its concentrations was as follows: pulmonary vessel blood > thoracic inferior vena caval blood > blood in the right cardiac chambers > blood in the left cardiac chambers approximately thoracic aortic blood > right femoral venous blood. The total amount of chlorpyrifos-methyl in the stomach was 612 mg. However, it was strongly suggested that virtually no chlorpyrifos-methyl diffused from the stomach into surrounding fluids and tissues postmortem because no chlorpyrifos-methyl was detected in the bile and little was found in the pericardial fluids. Neither compound was detected in the urine. In vitro experiments showed that dichlorvos (10 mg/L) almost disappeared from fresh (pH 7.4) and acidified (pH 6.2) blood samples within 24 and 72 h, respectively. However, 53 and 77% of the original amount of dichlorvos in 0.05M phosphate buffers at pH 7.4 and 6.2 were detected 72 h later. Chlorpyrifos-methyl (1 mg/L) was very stable in blood samples, regardless of the pH, during the 72-h study period, but in the pH 7.4 and 6.2 phosphate buffers, approximately 80% of the original amount had degraded after 72 h. These results indicate that organophosphates are degraded more rapidly by esterase activities than by chemical mechanisms and that organophosphorothioates are hydrolyzed chemically in aqueous solutions but are very stable in biological specimens and not metabolized by esterases. When sodium fluoride was added to blood samples, dichlorvos degraded completely within 15 min, and chlorpyrifos-methyl became very unstable. Thus, when analyzing samples to detect organophosphorus chemicals, this common preservative should not be added to fluid specimens. (+info)Changes in rat brain cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor density during and after repeated oral exposure to chlorpyrifos in early postnatal development. (6/305)
The effects of repeated oral exposures to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPS) on brain muscarinic receptor densities, together with cholinesterase (ChE) activity, were studied in early postnatal rats. Initially, the effects on esterases from lactational exposure to CPS were investigated in young rats by administering CPS (100, 150, or 200 mg/kg subcutaneously in corn oil) to dams 1 day postpartum, yielding a significant body burden of CPS in the dams for possible excretion in the milk. Brain ChE inhibition in pups was less severe than in dams, whereas liver carboxylesterase (CbxE) inhibition in pups was at the same level as in dams. Because of the limited brain ChE inhibition obtained following lactation, pups were exposed to CPS directly by gavage, using 3 dosing regimens to yield a dose response. The rats were gavaged with CPS in corn oil on alternate days from postnatal day (PND) 1 through PND 21. Rats in the low-dosage group received 11 treatments at 3 mg/kg, those in the medium-dosage group received 3 treatments at 3 mg/kg and 8 at 6 mg/kg, and those in the high dosage group received 3 treatments at 3 mg/kg, 4 at 6 mg/kg, and 4 at 12 mg/kg. ChE activity in brain homogenates were inhibited significantly by 29% and 63% in the low- and high-dosage groups, respectively, on PND 22 and by 17% in the high dosage group on PND 40. Muscarinic receptor densities in brain synaptosomes were reduced using 3H-N-methylscopolamine (NMS) and 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) as ligands, with the effects more prominent from 3H-NMS. Densities of both ligands recovered to the control level several days after terminating treatment. The results indicate that pups are apparently exposed to only limited amounts of chlorpyrifos and/or its oxon through the milk when dams are exposed to extremely high chlorpyrifos levels. In addition, repeated direct oral exposures of early postnatal rats to CPS will result in persistent brain ChE inhibition and will transiently reduce muscarinic receptor density. (+info)Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: dose response profiles for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity. (7/305)
This study investigates the in vivo dose response profiles of the target enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and the detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase (CaE) in the fetal and maternal compartments of pregnant rats dosed with chlorpyrifos [(O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothionate], a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide. Pregnant rats were dosed daily (po) with chlorpyrifos in corn oil (0, 3, 5, 7, or 10 mg/kg) on gestational days (GD) 14-18. Animals were sacrificed 5 h after the last chlorpyrifos dose (time of maximum brain cholinesterase inhibition) for analysis of ChE and CaE activity in maternal blood, liver, brain, placenta, and fetal liver and brain. The in vitro sensitivity (i.e., IC50, 30 min, 26 degrees C) of CaE also was determined by assaying the activity remaining after incubation with a range of chlorpyrifos-oxon concentrations. In vivo exposure to 10 mg/kg chlorpyrifos from GD14-18 caused overt maternal toxicity, with dose-related decreases in ChE activity more notable in maternal brain than fetal brain. Dose-related effects were also seen with chlorpyrifos-induced inhibition of fetal liver ChE and maternal brain CaE activities. Gestational exposure caused no inhibition of placental ChE or CaE, fetal brain CaE, or maternal blood CaE. ChE activities in the maternal blood and liver, as well as fetal and maternal liver CaE, however, were maximally inhibited by even the lowest dosage of chlorpyrifos. The in vitro sensitivity profiles of CaE to chlorpyrifos-oxon inhibition were valuable in predicting and verifying the in vivo CaE response profiles. Both the in vivo and in vitro findings indicated that fetal liver CaE inhibition was an extremely sensitive indicator of fetal chlorpyrifos exposure. (+info)Studies of toxicity of dermally-absorbed nurelle D 550 EC preparations. (8/305)
The aim of the study was the evaluation of the toxic effect of a two-component, preparation Nurelle D 550 EC (500 g of chlorpyrifos and 50 g cypermethrin per 1 l), administrated dermally. Toxicity was evaluated from histological and ultrastructural studies of the internal organs and immunotoxic effects (evaluation of phagocytical and bactericidal activity of neutrophils). The preparation for dermal application was applied in 2 concentrations (200 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos plus 20 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin or 1000 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos, plus 100 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin). The preparation was administrated on the tail skin of female Wistar rats for 4 hours daily for a period of 4 weeks. After 28 days of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetised and blood was taken from the heart to evaluate the granulocyte system. The following organs were taken for histological studies: liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. Ultrastructural studies were carried out on the lung, liver, kidney and heart. The results of the study showed that dermal application of the pesticide Nurelle D 550 EC resulted in slight morphological and ultrastructural changes in the liver, kidney, lung and heart. The preparation examined slightly elevated the bactericidal activity of neutrophils. The differences, however, were not statistically significant. The phagocytic reaction in animals of both experimental groups did not differ from that observed in control group (+info)Chlorpyrifos is a type of pesticide that belongs to the class of organophosphates. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and causes toxic effects in insects. Chlorpyrifos is used to control a wide variety of pests, including insects that infest crops, homes, and gardens. It is also used to protect wood from termites and other wood-boring insects.
Chlorpyrifos can be harmful to humans if it is ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Exposure to chlorpyrifos can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and muscle twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and even death. Chlorpyrifos has been linked to developmental problems in children, including reduced IQ and attention deficit disorder. As a result, the use of chlorpyrifos in residential settings has been restricted in many countries.
Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.
Diazinon is a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Diazinon is used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, horticulture, and residential settings. However, it is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and its use is regulated by environmental and public health agencies around the world. Exposure to diazinon can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause acute and chronic health effects depending on the level and duration of exposure.
In the medical field, diazinon poisoning is treated with atropine, which blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, and oximes, which reactivate acetylcholinesterase. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid replacement, may also be necessary in severe cases.
Cholinesterase inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. By inhibiting this enzyme, the levels of acetylcholine in the brain increase, which can help to improve symptoms of cognitive decline and memory loss associated with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
Cholinesterase inhibitors are also used to treat other medical conditions, including myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness, and glaucoma, a condition that affects the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss. Some examples of cholinesterase inhibitors include donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon).
It's important to note that while cholinesterase inhibitors can help to improve symptoms in some people with dementia, they do not cure the underlying condition or stop its progression. Side effects of these drugs may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased salivation. In rare cases, they may also cause seizures, fainting, or cardiac arrhythmias.
Pyridones are a class of organic compounds that contain a pyridone ring, which is a heterocyclic ring consisting of a six-membered ring with five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, with one oxygen atom attached to the nitrogen atom by a double bond. Pyridones can be found in various natural sources, including plants and microorganisms, and they also have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry as building blocks for drug design and synthesis. Some drugs that contain pyridone rings include antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiviral agents.
Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes that play an essential role in the nervous system by regulating the transmission of nerve impulses. They work by breaking down a type of chemical messenger called acetylcholine, which is released by nerves to transmit signals to other nerves or muscles.
There are two main types of cholinesterases: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). AChE is found primarily in the nervous system, where it rapidly breaks down acetylcholine to terminate nerve impulses. BChE, on the other hand, is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver and plasma, and plays a less specific role in breaking down various substances, including some drugs and toxins.
Inhibition of cholinesterases can lead to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, which can result in excessive stimulation of nerve impulses and muscle contractions. This effect is exploited by certain medications used to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and glaucoma, but can also be caused by exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, such as organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents.
Pesticide residues refer to the remaining pesticide chemicals, including their metabolites and degradation products, that are present in or on food commodities or environmental samples after a pesticide application has ended. These residues can result from agricultural use, such as spraying crops to control pests, or from non-agricultural uses, like treating buildings for termite control.
Regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits (MRLs) to ensure that the levels of pesticide residues in food and feed are below those that may pose a risk to human health. Monitoring programs are in place to check compliance with these MRLs, and enforcement actions can be taken if violations occur.
It's important to note that not all pesticide residues are harmful, as some pesticides degrade into harmless compounds over time or leave behind residues below levels of concern for human health. However, long-term exposure to even low levels of certain pesticide residues may still pose a risk and should be avoided when possible.
Parathion is not a medical term, but a chemical one. It refers to a type of organophosphate insecticide that is highly toxic and can be absorbed through the skin or ingested. Parathion works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an overstimulation of the nervous system and can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure, and death. Although parathion is not used in medical treatments, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of its potential health effects, particularly in cases of accidental or intentional exposure.
Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.
It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pest control" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Pest control refers to the regulation or management of species considered to be pests, which can include insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause damage to crops, transmit diseases, or otherwise negatively impact human activities.
In a medical context, you might be looking for information on "pesticide exposure" or "insect-borne diseases." Pesticide exposure refers to the contact with pesticides, which are substances used to control pests. These exposures can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact and may lead to a variety of health effects depending on the type and amount of pesticide involved. Insect-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans through the bite of infected insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. Examples include malaria, Lyme disease, and Zika virus infection.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid. This enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse, the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle fiber.
Acetylcholinesterase is located in the synaptic cleft, the narrow gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. When ACh is released from the presynaptic membrane and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, it triggers a response in the target cell. Acetylcholinesterase rapidly breaks down ACh, terminating its action and allowing for rapid cycling of neurotransmission.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads to an accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft, prolonging its effects on the postsynaptic membrane. This can result in excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors and overactivation of the cholinergic system, which may cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, fasciculations, sweating, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, bradycardia, and bronchoconstriction.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma. However, they can also be used as chemical weapons, such as nerve agents, due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system and cause severe toxicity.
Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.
Neurotoxicity syndromes refer to a group of conditions caused by exposure to neurotoxins, which are substances that can damage the structure or function of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity syndromes can affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems and may cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type and severity of the exposure.
Symptoms of neurotoxicity syndromes may include:
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Tremors or shaking
* Difficulty with coordination or balance
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
* Vision problems
* Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
* Seizures or convulsions
* Mood changes, such as depression or anxiety
Neurotoxicity syndromes can be caused by exposure to a variety of substances, including heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and arsenic), pesticides, solvents, and certain medications. In some cases, neurotoxicity syndromes may be reversible with treatment, while in other cases, the damage may be permanent.
Prevention is key in avoiding neurotoxicity syndromes, and it is important to follow safety guidelines when working with or around potential neurotoxins. If exposure does occur, prompt medical attention is necessary to minimize the risk of long-term health effects.
Paraoxon is the active metabolite of the organophosphate insecticide parathion. It functions as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it prevents the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a variety of symptoms such as muscle weakness, increased salivation, sweating, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, and potentially fatal respiratory failure.
Paraoxon is also used in research and diagnostic settings to measure acetylcholinesterase activity. It can be used to determine the degree of inhibition of this enzyme by various chemicals or toxins, including other organophosphate compounds.
Organophosphates are a group of chemicals that include insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases. They work by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse between nerves. This leads to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine, causing overstimulation of the nervous system and resulting in a wide range of symptoms such as muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, confusion, and potentially death due to respiratory failure. Organophosphates are highly toxic and their use is regulated due to the risks they pose to human health and the environment.
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters of choline, including butyrylcholine and acetylcholine. It is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, brain, and plasma. BChE plays a role in the metabolism of certain drugs and neurotransmitters, and its activity can be inhibited by certain chemicals, such as organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. Elevated levels of BChE have been found in some neurological disorders, while decreased levels have been associated with genetic deficiencies and liver disease.
Carbaryl is a carbamate pesticide that is used to control a wide variety of insects, including fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. It works by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called cholinesterase, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system in insects. This leads to paralysis and death of the pests. Carbaryl is also used in some veterinary products to treat parasitic infestations. It can be found in various forms, such as powders, granules, and solutions, and can be applied to plants, animals, and indoor/outdoor surfaces. However, it can be harmful to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is important to follow the label instructions carefully when using carbaryl products.
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning refers to the toxic effects that occur after exposure to organophosphate compounds, which are commonly used as pesticides, nerve agents, and plasticizers. These substances work by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. As a result, excessive accumulation of acetylcholine leads to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a wide range of symptoms.
The severity and type of symptoms depend on the dose, duration, and route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption). The primary manifestations of organophosphate poisoning are:
1. Muscarinic effects: Excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system results in symptoms such as narrowed pupils (miosis), increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, bronchorrhea (excessive respiratory secretions), diarrhea, bradycardia (decreased heart rate), and hypotension.
2. Nicotinic effects: Overstimulation of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction leads to muscle fasciculations, weakness, and paralysis. This can also cause tachycardia (increased heart rate) and hypertension.
3. Central nervous system effects: OP poisoning may result in headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and respiratory depression.
Treatment for organophosphate poisoning includes decontamination, supportive care, and administration of antidotes such as atropine (to block muscarinic effects) and pralidoxime (to reactivate acetylcholinesterase). Delayed treatment can lead to long-term neurological damage or even death.
Carboxylesterase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in carboxylic acid esters, producing alcohol and carboxylate products. These enzymes are widely distributed in various tissues, including the liver, intestines, and plasma. They play important roles in detoxification, metabolism, and the breakdown of xenobiotics (foreign substances) in the body.
Carboxylesterases can also catalyze the reverse reaction, forming esters from alcohols and carboxylates, which is known as transesterification or esterification. This activity has applications in industrial processes and biotechnology.
There are several families of carboxylesterases, with different substrate specificities, kinetic properties, and tissue distributions. These enzymes have been studied for their potential use in therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery systems.
Acetylthiocholine is a synthetic chemical compound that is widely used in scientific research, particularly in the field of neuroscience. It is the acetylated form of thiocholine, which is a choline ester. Acetylthiocholine is often used as a substrate for enzymes called cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).
When Acetylthiocholine is hydrolyzed by AChE, it produces choline and thioacetic acid. This reaction is important because it terminates the signal transduction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the synapse between neurons. Inhibition of AChE can lead to an accumulation of Acetylthiocholine and acetylcholine, which can have various effects on the nervous system, depending on the dose and duration of inhibition.
Acetylthiocholine is also used as a reagent in the Ellman's assay, a colorimetric method for measuring AChE activity. In this assay, Acetylthiocholine is hydrolyzed by AChE, releasing thiocholine, which then reacts with dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to produce a yellow color. The intensity of the color is proportional to the amount of thiocholine produced and can be used to quantify AChE activity.
Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It functions by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing nervous system excitation and ultimately damage or death in insects. However, it can also have toxic effects on mammals, including humans, if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It is classified as a highly hazardous pesticide by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its use is restricted or banned in many countries due to its high toxicity and environmental persistence.
Herbicides are a type of pesticide used to control or kill unwanted plants, also known as weeds. They work by interfering with the growth processes of the plant, such as inhibiting photosynthesis, disrupting cell division, or preventing the plant from producing certain essential proteins.
Herbicides can be classified based on their mode of action, chemical composition, and the timing of their application. Some herbicides are selective, meaning they target specific types of weeds while leaving crops unharmed, while others are non-selective and will kill any plant they come into contact with.
It's important to use herbicides responsibly and according to the manufacturer's instructions, as they can have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not used properly.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Portraits as Topic" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to portraits, which are visual representations or images of a person, usually showing the face and shoulders. The term "as Topic" indicates that it is the subject or theme being discussed. Therefore, "Portraits as Topic" generally relates to the study, analysis, or discussion of portraits in various contexts, such as art, psychology, sociology, or history. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like me to define, please don't hesitate to ask!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Interior Design and Furnishings" is not a term that has a medical definition. Interior design refers to the planning, designing, and coordinating of spaces in residential, commercial, or industrial buildings to create functional and aesthetically pleasing environments. This can include selecting colors, furniture, lighting, flooring, and other decorative materials. Furnishings generally refer to the items such as furniture, curtains, rugs, and other decorative elements that are used to make a space comfortable and attractive.
If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.
"Salix" is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as willows. These are deciduous trees and shrubs that belong to the family Salicaceae. While "Salix" is not a medical term itself, certain species of willow have been used in medicine for their medicinal properties.
For instance, the bark of white willow (Salix alba) contains salicin, which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects similar to aspirin. The use of willow bark extract as a natural pain reliever and fever reducer dates back thousands of years in various traditional medicine systems.
However, it's important to note that the modern medical definition of "salicylate" refers to a group of compounds that includes both naturally occurring substances like salicin found in willow bark and synthetic derivatives such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). These compounds share similar therapeutic properties and are used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever.
I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.
Pyrethrins are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. They have been used for centuries as insecticides due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Pyrethrins are composed of six esters, pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II, which have different insecticidal properties but share a similar mode of action. They are commonly used in household insect sprays, pet shampoos, and agricultural applications to control a wide range of pests. However, pyrethrins can be toxic to fish and some beneficial insects, so they must be used with caution.
Fenthion is a type of pesticide called an organophosphate insecticide. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and ultimately results in nervous system dysfunction in insects. Fenthion can be used to control a variety of pests, including flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. However, it is also toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, and has been linked to various health effects such as neurological damage and cancer. As a result, the use of fenthion has been restricted or banned in many countries.
'Cladosporium' is a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil, decaying plant material, and indoor air. These fungi are known for their dark-pigmented spores, which can be found in various shapes and sizes depending on the species. They are important causes of allergies and respiratory symptoms in humans, as well as plant diseases. Some species of Cladosporium can also produce toxins that may cause health problems in susceptible individuals. It is important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific diseases or conditions that affect human health, so 'Cladosporium' itself would not be considered a medical definition.
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide (TIPP) is not typically considered a medical compound, but rather a chemical reagent used in laboratory settings for various research purposes. However, I can provide a general chemical definition for you:
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide (C12H28N2O4P) is an organophosphorus compound with the molecular formula [(i-Pr)2P(O)]2. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, particularly for the preparation of phosphate esters and other organophosphorus compounds.
It's important to note that TIPP is highly toxic and should be handled with appropriate precautions in a laboratory setting. It can cause skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Therefore, it is not used in medical treatments or therapies for patients.
Tritolyl phosphates are not a medical term, but rather a class of industrial chemicals. They are organophosphate esters made from the reaction of toluene with phosphoric acid. These chemicals have various uses, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, and hydraulic fluids.
Exposure to high levels of tritolyl phosphates can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. However, they are not typically considered a significant health concern at the low levels encountered in most occupational or environmental settings. There is no known medical condition specifically associated with "tritolyl phosphates."
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as "airborne concentrations of substances and physical agents to which most workers can be exposed day after day for a normal 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek, without adverse health effects." TLVs are based on available scientific data and are designed to provide guidance to occupational health professionals in making decisions regarding safe levels of exposure to various workplace hazards.
TLVs are divided into three categories:
1. Time-weighted average (TWA): This is the average airborne concentration of a substance or physical agent to which a worker can be exposed for an 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek, without experiencing adverse health effects.
2. Short-term exposure limit (STEL): This is the maximum concentration of a substance or physical agent to which a worker can be exposed for a short period of time (usually 15 minutes) without experiencing significant irritation, narcosis, or other acute toxic effects. STELs are intended to protect workers from brief, but potentially hazardous, exposures.
3. Ceiling limit (CL): This is the concentration of a substance or physical agent that should not be exceeded at any time during the workday. Ceiling limits are designed to protect workers from the potential acute effects of high-concentration exposures.
It's important to note that TLVs are guidelines and not regulatory standards, meaning they do not have the force of law. However, many organizations and companies use TLVs as a basis for establishing their own exposure limits and workplace safety policies.
Malathion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for the control of various insect pests. It works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the insect.
In a medical context, malathion is also used as a topical treatment for head lice infestations. It is available in various forms, such as shampoos, lotions, and sprays, and works by killing the lice and their eggs on contact. However, it is important to follow the instructions carefully when using malathion products to avoid excessive exposure and potential health risks.
Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.
Chlorpyrifos
Jed S. Rakoff
Pesticide toxicity to bees
Thiophosphate
Agriculture in Thailand
Organophosphate poisoning
Oxon (chemical)
Fish acute toxicity syndrome
Scott Pruitt
Pseudomonas
Reference dose
Gina Lovasi
Cupriavidus
Nii Addy
Jack Thrasher
Earthjustice
Cupriavidus nantongensis
First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency
Political positions of Kamala Harris
Thalappil Pradeep
Dan Cox
Sugarcane
3-Methylpyridine
Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
Apogonia rauca
Psalis pennatula
Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1
Calleguas Creek
Achaea janata
Enzyme inhibitor
Chlorpyrifos - Wikipedia
Chlorpyrifos | ToxFAQsâ„¢ | ATSDR
Corteva to stop producing chlorpyrifos
Back to the drawing board: DPR ordered to strengthen chlorpyrifos Risk Assessment
Chlorpyrifos | C9H11Cl3NO3PS | CID 2730 - PubChem
DRP for chlorpyrifos, DRME for CPs and LC-PFCAs
It's time for a global ban on toxic chlorpyrifos
Why is the EPA Banning Chlorpyrifos Now? | Industrial Equipment News
View source for Chlorpyrifos - CAMEO
Court Ruling Allows EPA to Proceed with Chlorpyrifos Ban - AboutLawsuits.com
MDA launching "Chlorpyrifos Use in Minnesota" webinar - Minnesota Soybean
Health and Environment Alliance | Ban toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos from children's plates, consumers urge EU
Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Human Guarded Chlorpyrifos Urea Co-inclusion Complexes
California To Limit Chlorpyrifos' Food Production Use, Environmentalists Sue EPA - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog
Magiran | Toxicity Effects of Abamectin, Spinosad and Chlorpyrifos on Predatory Bug Orius albidipennis Reuter in Laboratory and...
As Expected, EPA Rejects Anti-Pesticide Activists' Petition to Ban Chlorpyrifos > Hawaii Free...
Kcat for the hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos by or - Bacteria Escherichia coli - BNID 105433
"Analysis of buffalo liver samples for the presence of chlorpyrifos res" by PRADEEP KUMAR, S.P. SINGH et al.
Chlorpyrifos Food-Use Tolerance Cancellation Imminent - AgFax
Evaluation of Post-Harvest Soil Applied Chlorpyrifos for Management of Cowpea Curculio (<em>Chalcodermus aeneus</em...
Ag Pushes Back on Chlorpyrifos Ban - CPDA
EPA denies petition to ban chlorpyrifos - Vegetable Growers News
Chlorpyrifos removal by Thiobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. in liquid medium | MATEC Web of Conferences
Cellular mechanisms for developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos: targeting the adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade.
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos Insecticide - Ergopathics
chlorpyrifos residues - Onion Business
Court Overturns EPA Ban of Toxic Pesticide Chlorpyrifos for Food Crops | Food Safety
Insecticides8
- There is a general test that can be used to determine if you have been exposed to a certain group of insecticides, including chlorpyrifos. (cdc.gov)
- Demand for chlorpyrifos has dwindled since the late 1990s, when the US Environmental Protection Agency began reassessing the human health risks of all organophosphate insecticides. (acs.org)
- Like other organophosphate insecticides , chlorpyrifos is designed to kill insects by blocking an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase . (ien.com)
- In October 2015, under the previous Administration, EPA proposed to revoke all food residue tolerances for chlorpyrifos, an active ingredient in insecticides. (hawaiifreepress.com)
- Chlorpyrifos is a common ingredient used in insecticides in United States agricultural operations. (alexanderlawgroupplc.com)
- Like the other OP insecticides, the most prominent toxicity of chlorpyrifos is associated with binding and inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in insects and mammals. (chemicalbook.com)
- In the 1990s, chlorpyrifos ranked as one of the top selling pesticides in the world, for the most part, replacing the persistent organochlorine insecticides. (chemicalbook.com)
- Chlorpyrifos is a chemical class of insecticides that has been in use since the '60s, treating pests on over 80 different crops. (agronewshubb.com)
Uses of chlorpyrifos4
- Most home uses of chlorpyrifos had already been banned in the U.S. and Canada since 2001. (wikipedia.org)
- Sixteen months after disgraced former EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt defied his own scientists and refused to ban the neurotoxic organophosphate chlorpyrifos, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) has concluded their own study by largely agreeing with the EPA scientists: current uses of chlorpyrifos put children at risk from unsafe levels of exposure from residues on food, contaminated water, and pesticide drift up to half a mile. (desdaughter.com)
- The state banned all uses of chlorpyrifos as of 2021 over health concerns. (waternewsnetwork.com)
- BISMARCK - The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has revoked all tolerances and filed their intent to cancel all registrations for food uses of chlorpyrifos. (nd.gov)
Tolerances10
- The court ordered the EPA to either conduct a safety evaluation proving the current tolerances for chlorpyrifos are safe for the general population, infants and children, ban the pesticide, or significantly reduce the amount of residue that is allowed in food. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- This frees American farmers from significant trade disruptions that could have been caused by an unnecessary, unilateral revocation of chlorpyrifos tolerances in the United States. (hawaiifreepress.com)
- Last August, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) announced that all food tolerances for chlorpyrifos would be revoked. (agfax.com)
- After the tolerances are revoked, applications of chlorpyrifos will render any food so treated as adulterated and unable to be sold. (agfax.com)
- EPA's decision to ban chlorpyrifos came after a prior court ruling from the 9th Circuit gave the agency 60 days to either modify or revoke the tolerances and approved uses for the pesticide. (food-safety.com)
- The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals believes the 60-day deadline pressured EPA to haphazardly revoke all tolerances for chlorpyrifos and ban the chemical, without fully considering whether any safe uses for the chemical might exist. (food-safety.com)
- EPA released an order on March 29 denying in full the petition requesting that the agency revoke all tolerances for chlorpyrifos. (cotton.org)
- Sheryl Kunickis, director of USDA's Office of Pest Management Policy, said, "This is a welcome decision grounded in evidence and science…This frees American farmers from significant trade disruptions that could have been caused by an unnecessary, unilateral revocation of chlorpyrifos tolerances in the United States. (cotton.org)
- In April, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the EPA to "issue a final rule in which the agency either modifies the chlorpyrifos tolerances with a supporting safety determination or revokes the tolerances and modifies or cancels food-use registrations of chlorpyrifos. (nd.gov)
- But in 2021, amid pressure from environmental organizations, the EPA revoked all "tolerances" for chlorpyrifos, which established a level of pesticide that is allowed on food, rather than opting to modify the tolerances. (agronewshubb.com)
Insecticide chlorpyrifos2
- Corteva Agriscience, the largest manufacturer of the top-selling organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, will phase out production of the agrochemical this year. (acs.org)
- A federal appeals court out of Arkansas has rejected the Environmental Protection Agency's ban on the insecticide chlorpyrifos, which had long been the target of dubious claims related to developmental delays in children. (agronewshubb.com)
20205
- As of 2020, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl were banned throughout the European Union, where they may no longer be used. (wikipedia.org)
- In October last year, Corteva, formerly Dow AgroSciences, struck a deal with regulators in California in which the company agreed to phase out the sale of chlorpyrifos by Feb. 6 and end nearly all uses of the pesticide in that state by the end of 2020. (acs.org)
- Demand for the pesticide took another hit when countries in the European Union voted in December to end the sales of chlorpyrifos in the EU after Jan. 31, 2020. (acs.org)
- Due to this reduced demand, Corteva has made the strategic business decision to phase out our production of chlorpyrifos in 2020," the company says in a statement. (acs.org)
- The Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) encourages pesticide applicators, farmers, and agricultural professionals to register for an upcoming webinar, " Chlorpyrifos Use in Minnesota " on April 8, 2020, at 12:00 (noon) CST. (mnsoybean.org)
Million pounds of chlorpyrifos3
- EPA estimated that, between 1987 and 1998, about 21 million pounds of chlorpyrifos were used annually in the US. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the EPA, approximately 5.1 million pounds of chlorpyrifos have been used annually in recent years (2014-2018) on a wide range of crops, including many different vegetables, corn, soybeans, cotton and fruit and nut trees. (ien.com)
- Chlorpyrifos , diazinon, and malathion are a group of pesticides that are a big money-maker for Dow Chemical, with the company selling approximately 5 million pounds of chlorpyrifos in the U.S. each year, according to the Associated Press. (der-malser-weg.com)
Pesticides10
- The Chlorpyrifos ban on food crops is the result of a 1999 lawsuit filed by NRDC to force the EPA to take action on the riskiest pesticides, as well as five additional successful court orders obtained by Earthjustice to force the EPA to take action on a 2007 petition to ban Chlorpyrifos filed by NRDC and the Pesticide Action Network of North America (PANNA). (wikipedia.org)
- In 2001, chlorpyrifos ranked 15th among pesticides used in the United States, with an estimated 8 to 11 million pounds applied. (wikipedia.org)
- Like other organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos acts by acetylcholinesterase inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
- Chlorpyrifos is one of the most commonly used pesticides in Europe and its residues are often present in fruits, vegetables, cereals and dairy products, as well as drinking water. (env-health.org)
- The petition - launched by international consumer watchdog SumOfUs, the Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), Générations Futures, Ecologistas en Acción, and the European and German branches of the Pesticides Action Network - is pressuring EU governments ahead of a critical meeting next week on renewing the license for the chemical. (env-health.org)
- Scientists made the discovery after studying 34 commonly used pesticides and herbicides in brown fat cells and testing the effects of chlorpyrifos in mice fed high calorie diets. (bariatricnews.net)
- Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, two pesticides harmful to the brains of fetuses and young children, are now undesirable in the European Union (EU). (ir-d.dk)
- In addition to banning chlorpyrifos, SB3095 requires all users of Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) to report usage of these pesticides, and mandates minimum 100-foot no-spray zones for RUPs around schools during school hours. (heleloa.com)
- The SRP formally accepted the risk assessment Monday, and unanimously agreed to designate chlorpyrifos a Toxic Air Contaminant, joining a list of 46 other chemicals including a number of fumigant pesticides. (desdaughter.com)
- While they have been banned from indoor use in the US for a decade due to adverse health effects, they are still the most prevalent pesticides in the EU, with Chlorpyrifos (CPF) being the most commonly applied. (bvsalud.org)
Exposure to chlorpyrifos3
- The metabolite TCP can usually be found in the urine for several days after the exposure to chlorpyrifos occurred. (cdc.gov)
- Children's exposure to chlorpyrifos and parathion in an agricultural community in central Washington State. (cdc.gov)
- Scientific evidence built over the past two decades shows that exposure to chlorpyrifos during pregnancy and in the early years of life causes significant developmental delays, autism spectrum disorders, IQ deficits of up to seven points, and attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity. (ir-d.dk)
Crops14
- Chlorpyrifos (CPS), also known as Chlorpyrifos ethyl, is an organophosphate pesticide that has been used on crops, animals, and buildings, and in other settings, to kill several pests, including insects and worms. (wikipedia.org)
- As of August 18, 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a ban on the use of chlorpyrifos on food crops in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
- Chlorpyrifos enters the environment through direct application to crops, lawns, houses and other buildings. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing air in a field where chlorpyrifos was sprayed on to crops. (cdc.gov)
- On the D Breathing air in a field where chlorpyrifos was sprayed on farm, it is used to control ticks on cattle and as a spray to con to crops. (cdc.gov)
- Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide that is used to control insects, worms and other pests, primarily on soybeans, fruit and nut trees, broccoli, cauliflower, and other row crops. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- In August 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved a chlorpyrifos ban which would prevent the pesticide from being used on all crops and food. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide (active ingredient in Lorsban, Cobalt, Warhawk, Govern and others) commonly used on a variety of crops, including soybeans, in the state of Minnesota. (mnsoybean.org)
- What this means is that producers will not be able to apply their chlorpyrifos to food crops after February 28, 2022. (agfax.com)
- Farmers nationwide depend on chlorpyrifos in managing their crops," said Farm Bureau President Zippy Duvall. (vegetablegrowersnews.com)
- A federal appeals court has overturned the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's (EPA's) 2021 ban on all uses of the pesticide chlorpyrifos in food crops. (food-safety.com)
- Chlorpyrifos is a kind of crystalline organophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used primarily for the control of foliage and soil-borne insect pests in many kinds of food and feed crops. (chemicalbook.com)
- Products with chlorpyrifos in them are used in agriculture for feed and food crops and in cattle ear tags. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- For some crops and target pests, chlorpyrifos is the only line of defense, with no viable alternatives. (nd.gov)
20214
- On Aug. 18, 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced that it will end use of chlorpyrifos - a pesticide associated with neurodevelopmental problems and impaired brain function in children - on all food products nationwide . (ien.com)
- The EPA's original decision to approve a ban on the pesticide came after a chlorpyrifos court order issued by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in early 2021, in which the court found the "EPA had abdicated its statutory duty under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act", to ensure the pesticide was safe for human exposure. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- For more information on this EPA decision and the actions that have led to this, visit the EPA website's press release, Frequent Questions about the Chlorpyrifos 2021 Final Rule . (agfax.com)
- Before the EPA's 2021 ban, agricultural use of chlorpyrifos had survived multiple safety reviews. (agronewshubb.com)
Harmed by chlorpyrifos exposure1
- In recent years, courts nationwide have seen several chlorpyrifos lawsuits pursuing claims for strict product liability, failure to warn, defective design, negligence, nuisance and trespass, indicating their own children were harmed by chlorpyrifos exposure. (aboutlawsuits.com)
Toxicity6
- Chlorpyrifos is considered moderately hazardous to humans (Class II) by the World Health Organization based on acute toxicity information dating to 1999. (wikipedia.org)
- Chlorpyrifos exposure may lead to acute toxicity at higher doses. (wikipedia.org)
- In this studu، investigations were performed on toxicity values of abamectin، spinosad and chlorpyrifos in laboratory (Petri dish) and greenhouse (clip cage) conditions. (magiran.com)
- Chlorpyrifos had the most toxicity in laboratory (LC50=0. (magiran.com)
- Scholars@Duke publication: Cellular mechanisms for developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos: targeting the adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade. (duke.edu)
- In 2017, they had exhumed the only study provided by Dow to the European authorities on the neurodevelopmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos, and found that it clearly showed adverse effects on the brain of rats. (ir-d.dk)
Pests2
- First sold in 1965, chlorpyrifos is used globally to control agricultural and structural pests and mosquitos. (chemicalbook.com)
- Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used primarily to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Agricultural use of chlorpyrifos1
- Environmental groups petitioned the EPA and in 2015, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the EPA to make a decision on the agricultural use of chlorpyrifos. (nd.gov)
Neurodevelopmental4
- Researchers have made strong connections that chlorpyrifos, along with other chemicals, may cause neurodevelopmental disabilities in children, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- The reason for this action relates to public health concerns (potential neurodevelopmental effects) and effects of aggregate chlorpyrifos exposure in food, water, and residential exposure. (agfax.com)
- Chlorpyrifos is acutely toxic and associated with neurodevelopmental harms in children. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- While we can't take away the decades of exposure to these substances and the associated neurodevelopmental impacts , Genon K. Jensen, Executive Director of the NGO Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL) said, The ban of both forms of chlorpyrifos is a major win for the healthy development of today's children and future generations. (ir-d.dk)
Organophosphorus4
- Cho CM, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Altering the substrate specificity of organophosphorus hydrolase for enhanced hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos. (harvard.edu)
- Researchers used two rounds of DNA shuffling and screened about 12,000 mutants to improve the hydrolytic activity of an organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) 725-fold toward the toxin chlorpyrifos. (harvard.edu)
- Chlorpyrifos is a chlorinated organophosphorus (OP) ester manufactured as an insecticide, acaricide, and miticide. (chemicalbook.com)
- We previously demonstrated that the organophosphorus pesticide (OP) chlorpyrifos (CPF) inhibits axonal growth in cultured neurons. (oregonstate.edu)
Active ingredient1
- What is the main active ingredient in chlorpyrifos? (darkskiesfilm.com)
20173
- DPR's highly anticipated but hugely disappointing draft risk assessment for chlorpyrifos was released in August and revised in December 2017, based on public comment and comment from Dow Chemical, the principal manufacturer of chlorpyrifos. (constantcontact.com)
- In November 2017, in a surprise move, the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) announced their decision to list chlorpyrifos as a reproductive toxicant under Proposition 65, a decision based in part on the same studies that the US EPA had relied on in proposing a federal ban - studies which DPR summarily dismissed for their draft risk assessment. (constantcontact.com)
- Lorsban® and Dursban® are two widely recognized trade names for chlorpyrifos from Corteva™ Agriscience (the agricultural division of the 2017 Dow-DuPont merger). (darkskiesfilm.com)
Toxic7
- Mass spectrum of chlorpyrifos]] == Description == Toxic, white granule crystals with a strong odor. (mfa.org)
- As evidence accumulated that low levels of chlorpyrifos were probably toxic to humans, regulatory scientists at the EPA and in California reviewed it - but they took very different paths. (ien.com)
- Hence, personnel engaged in handling of chlorpyrifos will not be exposed to its toxic effects after co-inclusion in hexagonal urea. (ijpsonline.com)
- Toxic pesticide residues on food will remain a threat to children's health as a result of the Trump administration's reversal of the proposed ban on chlorpyrifos - a pesticide linked to increased risk of learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and autism. (nrdc.org)
- Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl , EFSA concluded, have "potential" genotoxic effects (harmful to the DNA in cells), and are toxic to the developing brain. (ir-d.dk)
- The Center for Food Safety (CFS) reported on Tuesday that Hawaii made history this week, as it became "the first state in the U.S. to ban the pesticide chlorpyrifos, a highly toxic neurotoxin that causes significant damage to brain development in children. (heleloa.com)
- Nerve agent chlorpyrifos is a toxic air contaminant that threatens agricultural communities and harms children's developing brains, PAN North America reports , July 30, 2018. (desdaughter.com)
Malathion1
- Samples were analyzed for four types of OPs: azinphos-methyl, phosmet, malathion, and chlorpyrifos. (cdc.gov)
DPR's Risk Assessment1
- DPR's scientific conclusions were announced at a hearing convened Monday by the state's Scientific Review Panel (SRP), a body of independent scientists overseeing DPR's risk assessment of chlorpyrifos. (desdaughter.com)
20223
- However, in May 2022, lawsuits filed by the beet and soybean industry, backed by chlorpyrifos manufacturers, claimed the ban violated federal law. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- The ban on chlorpyrifos has been in place since before the 2022 growing season. (agronewshubb.com)
- Then in December 2022, the EPA issued a Notice of Intent to Cancel three chlorpyrifos pesticide products because they bear labeling for use on food. (agronewshubb.com)
EPA's2
- The latest draft ignores the US EPA's November 2016 scientific findings that chlorpyrifos causes developmental neurotoxicity even in tiny doses. (constantcontact.com)
- However, although EPA's sweeping ban of chlorpyrifos has been remanded, the 8th Circuit clarified that the agency remains "free to exercise its discretion as long as it considers all 'important aspect(s) of the problem' and gives a reasoned explanation for whichever option it chooses," meaning that EPA could reinstate its prohibition of the pesticide in the future after a more thorough review. (food-safety.com)
Lorsban1
- Chlorpyrifos is in common products such as Lorsban, Dursban, Cobalt and many others. (nd.gov)
Widely7
- Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide which has been widely used in homes and on farms. (cdc.gov)
- Over 37,000 people have backed a new campaign launched yesterday calling on EU governments to ban the widely used pesticide chlorpyrifos - known for its damaging effects on child brain development. (env-health.org)
- Chlorpyrifos a widely used organophosphate insecticide was co-included along with long linear chain rapidly complexing agent in urea lattice. (ijpsonline.com)
- Chlorpyrifos is widely used around the world to control pest insects in agricultural, residential and commercial settings. (chemicalbook.com)
- Today, chlorpyrifos is widely used in U.S. agriculture. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- The researchers discovered that chlorpyrifos, which is banned for use on foods in Canada but widely sprayed on fruits and vegetables in many other parts of the world, slows down the burning of calories in the brown adipose tissue of mice. (bariatricnews.net)
- Chlorpyrifos is a widely used insecticide in the Midwest and in North Dakota," Agriculture Commissioner Doug Goehring said. (nd.gov)
20162
- In the United Kingdom, the use of chlorpyrifos was banned as of 1 April 2016 (with one minor exception). (wikipedia.org)
- In 2016, the use of chlorpyrifos in the US fell below 2.3 million kg, down from a peak of about 6 million kg in 1994, according to data from the US Geological Survey. (acs.org)
DURSBAN1
- Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide sold under the trade names of Dursban, Empire 20, Equity, and Whitmire PT 270. (chemicalbook.com)
20184
- Between 2010 and 2018, chlorpyrifos has been detected seasonally in several rivers and streams located in agricultural areas of Minnesota ( 2018 monitoring results ). (mnsoybean.org)
- Based upon detections in 2018, and in previous years, the MPCA has proposed or listed 13 water bodies as impaired by chlorpyrifos. (mnsoybean.org)
- In August of 2018, a federal appeals court ordered the United States Environmental Protection Agency to ban the use of chlorpyrifos after reviewing evidence that the chemical is LINKED TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN . (alexanderlawgroupplc.com)
- The bill, which goes into effect in July 2018, will ban chlorpyrifos by January 2019. (heleloa.com)
Developmental3
- Researchers published the first study linking chlorpyrifos to potential developmental harm in children in 2003. (ien.com)
- Developmental neurotoxicity caused by chlorpyrifos exposure is generally thought to target cholinesterase but chlorpyrifos may also act on cellular intermediates, such as adenylyl cyclase, that serve global functions in the coordination of cell development. (duke.edu)
- Lack of selective developmental neurotoxicity in rat pups from dams treated by gavage with chlorpyrifos. (bvsalud.org)
Residues4
- Despite the ban on household use and the fact that chlorpyrifos doesn't linger in the body, over 75% of people in the U.S. still have traces of chlorpyrifos in their bodies , mostly due to residues on food. (ien.com)
- In the present study, 254 buffalo liver tissue samples were collected from 4 slaughterhouses and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of chlorpyrifos residues. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Chlorpyrifos residues in the samples were detected and quantified by employing high performance liquid chromatography. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Chlorpyrifos residues were detected in 9.05% of the samples. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Fenthion1
- Fenthion and Chlorpyrifos) were confirmed resistant (mortality below 80). (bvsalud.org)
Persistent organic p1
- The EU also applied to have chlorpyrifos listed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. (wikipedia.org)
20193
- The current EU authorisation for chlorpyrifos is set to expire on 31 January 2019. (env-health.org)
- On May 8, 2019, the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) announced that the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) would begin acting to ban the use of chlorpyrifos in California by initiating the cancellation of the pesticide. (cacitrusmutual.com)
- On August 14, 2019, CDFA and DPR announced its Alternatives to Chlorpyrifos Work Group. (cacitrusmutual.com)
California5
- California was the biggest market for chlorpyrifos in the US, representing 12-22% of US sales, according to usage estimates from the US Department of Agriculture. (acs.org)
- Five months after the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) issued its weak and inadequate draft Risk Assessment for the brain-harming pesticide chlorpyrifos, a group of independent scientists that make up the state's Scientific Review Panel (SRP) ordered DPR back to the drawing board to produce a much stronger draft that properly considers the risk of harm to the developing brain. (constantcontact.com)
- We're hopeful that DPR's next draft will lead to meaningful restrictions on the use of chlorpyrifos in California," said CPR Co-director Mark Weller. (constantcontact.com)
- For the months OR YEARS it takes California to review chlorpyrifos, we are calling on the Governor to immediately suspend its use. (constantcontact.com)
- State regulators would have to tell the California legislature about a limited use of chlorpyrifos, a powerful insecticide linked to brain damage in children, under a bill heading to the governor. (waternewsnetwork.com)
Insects3
- The industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos (3) is made by reacting 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) (1) with O,O-diethyl phosphorochloridothioate (2): Chlorpyrifos was used in about 100 countries around the world to control insects in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings. (wikipedia.org)
- Chlorpyrifos was first registered for use in the United States in 1965 for the control of foliage and soil-born insects. (wikipedia.org)
- Chlorpyrifos enters insects through several routes. (wikipedia.org)
Corteva1
- Revealed earlier this week by Le Monde and partners of the cross-border investigation on chlorpyrifos, the heavy lobbying of the manufacturers, Corteva and Ascenza, as well as their allies, to prevent the ban, has failed to convince the Member States. (ir-d.dk)
Oxon2
- Chlorpyrifos requires metabolic activation to chlorpyrifos oxon to yield anticholinesterase activity. (chemicalbook.com)
- Chlorpyrifos-oxon disrupts zebrafish axonal growth and motor behavior. (oregonstate.edu)
Inhibition2
- Scientists working under contract for Dow Chemical, which manufactured chlorpyrifos, published a complex model in 2014 to estimate how much of the pesticide a person would have to consume or inhale to trigger acetylcholinesterase inhibition. (ien.com)
- Both in vivo and in vitro AChE inhibition in brain was greater than that of the blood, indicating that blood AChE underestimates the inhibition of AChE in brain on chlorpyrifos (CPP) exposed Wistar rats, which is inconsistent with the earlier reports on organophosphorous pesticide (OP) exposures, where it was stated that blood AChE overestimate the inhibition of brain AChE. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
Chemical5
- Chlorpyrifos was patented in 1966 by Dow Chemical Company. (wikipedia.org)
- Growers needing to dispose of existing supplies of chlorpyrifos should contact the Kentucky Department of Agriculture about the Agricultural Chemical Collections Program. (agfax.com)
- In response to a lawsuit against EPA, the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the agency did not consider thoroughly enough whether there are any safe agricultural applications for chlorpyrifos when it enacted its ban on the chemical . (food-safety.com)
- Chemical Class and Type: Chlorpyrifos is the common name for the chemical 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)-phosphorothioate. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- Producers should consult with their local agronomists or chemical representatives to assess all available alternatives to use instead of chlorpyrifos," Goehring said. (nd.gov)
Petition1
- WASHINGTON -- Today, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Scott Pruitt signed an order denying a petition that sought to ban chlorpyrifos, a pesticide crucial to U.S. agriculture. (hawaiifreepress.com)
Soybean2
- This webinar will provide information on proper use of chlorpyrifos, label requirements, soybean aphid control, and pyrethroid-resistant soybean aphids to help you better manage soybean aphids. (mnsoybean.org)
- With development of pyrethroid resistance in some soybean aphid populations, the use of chlorpyrifos has increased in recent years. (mnsoybean.org)
Acetylcholinesterase1
- In vivo and in vitro determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was done at different time points in brain, whole blood and liver of VVistar rats treated with an organophosphorous pesticide (OP), chlorpyrifos 48% EC (CPP). (envirobiotechjournals.com)
Metabolite3
- There is also a test which measures a metabolite, or breakdown product (known as TCP), of chlorpyrifos in the urine. (cdc.gov)
- TCP: Metabolite of chlorpyrifos. (cdc.gov)
- They found that higher levels of a chlorpyrifos metabolite - a substance produced when the body breaks down the pesticide - in umbilical cord blood were significantly associated with smaller infant birth weight and length. (ien.com)
Rats2
- The 4-hour inhalation of LC50 for chlorpyrifos in rats is greater than 200 mg/m3. (wikipedia.org)
- In the current study, neonatal rats were exposed to apparently subtoxic doses of chlorpyrifos (no weight loss, no mortality) either on Postnatal Days 1-4 or on Postnatal Days 11-14, and the effects on components of the adenylyl cyclase cascade were evaluated in brain regions that are enriched (forebrain) or sparse (cerebellum) in cholinergic innervation, as well as in a nonneural tissue (heart). (duke.edu)
Odor3
- Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide that is a white crystal-like solid with a strong odor. (cdc.gov)
- Steep reduction in mercaptan like odor of chlorpyrifos was observed following engulfment of chlorpyrifos in hexagonal urea lattice. (ijpsonline.com)
- Chlorpyrifos (diethyl 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate) is a white crystal-like solid with a strong odor. (chemicalbook.com)
Residue1
- Of these, only 0.78% of the liver samples were found to exceed the Codex maximum residue limit (MRL) for chlorpyrifos. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Degradation2
- Thengodkar RRM, Sivakami S, Degradation of chlorpyrifos by an alkaline phosphatase from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. (matec-conferences.org)
- Chlorpyrifos degradation was rapid in the two alkaline soils (pH 7.7 and 8.4) (Fig. 1D and E), with a half-life of 16 days in both of them. (darkskiesfilm.com)
20002
Restrictions2
- For now, the EPA is still allowing chlorpyrifos for non-food use, such as mosquito control, but may still issue further restrictions in the near future. (nd.gov)
- During the cancellation process, DPR's recommendations to county agricultural commissioners for tighter permit restrictions on the use of chlorpyrifos will remain in place. (cacitrusmutual.com)
Widespread2
- Despite it's widespread use, potential side effects of chlorpyrifos exposure have been a concern for decades, and use of the product in household settings was banned in 2001. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- Hence, disruption of cell development by chlorpyrifos is likely to be more widespread than previously thought. (duke.edu)
Food8
- Putting food or other chlorpyrifos contaminated items in your mouth. (cdc.gov)
- Ingesting chlorpyrifos orally through contaminated food containers or, in the case of children, putting objects of hands in their mouth after touching chlorpyrifos, may cause similar symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- D Putting food or other chlorpyrifos contaminated items in What happens to chlorpyrifos when it enters the your mouth. (cdc.gov)
- 0.05 to 15 parts chlorpyrifos per million parts of food (0.05- sciousness (coma), or death. (cdc.gov)
- Corteva's decision to terminate the production of chlorpyrifos shows that grassroots campaigns and state-level victories can have far-reaching impacts," Andrew Kimbrell, executive director of the advocacy group Center for Food Safety, says in a statement . (acs.org)
- At next week's meeting, taking place 23 and 24 October, representatives of EU governments on the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (PAFF Committee) will start negotiations on whether to renew the license permitting the use of chlorpyrifos in the EU. (env-health.org)
- He said that while several environmental toxins including chlorpyrifos have been linked to rising obesity rates in both humans and animals, most of these studies have attributed weight gain to increases in food intake and not the burning of calories. (bariatricnews.net)
- According to Food Safety News , the Eighth Circuit decision noted chlorpyrifos' safety record. (agronewshubb.com)
Scientists1
- Some scientists were skeptical of results from epidemiological studies that followed the children of pregnant women with greater or lesser levels of chlorpyrifos in their urine or cord blood and looked for adverse effects. (ien.com)
Soybeans1
- Farm groups have said that using chlorpyrifos has prevented up to 40 percent yield losses for soybeans in the Midwest. (agronewshubb.com)
Farmworkers1
- The announcement, made on Feb. 6, comes as regulators in some US states and the European Union move to ban chlorpyrifos because of concerns for human health, particularly for farmworkers and children. (acs.org)
Humans1
- There is no information at present to show that chlorpyrifos either effects the ability of humans to reproduce or causes human birth defects. (cdc.gov)
Metabolic1
- We think part of the problem may be this intrinsic dialling back of the metabolic furnace by chlorpyrifos. (bariatricnews.net)
Broad-spectrum1
- Chlorpyrifos is a broad spectrum chlorinated organophosphate (OP) insecticide, acaricide and nematicide. (manipal.edu)
Crystalline1
- Chlorpyrifos is a white crystalline (sand-like) substance that smells like natural gas. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Findings3
- These findings touched off a battle to protect children from chlorpyrifos. (ien.com)
- The findings were reported in the paper, 'The pesticide chlorpyrifos promotes obesity by inhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue', published Nature Communications. (bariatricnews.net)
- We report a rare case of a 40 year old male with relevant ECG findings of broad complex ventricular tachycardia following consumption of chlorpyrifos compound. (manipal.edu)