Chlorpyrifos. Medical search

An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.

Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.

A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.

Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.

The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous plants, insects, or other animals. This includes control of plants that serve as habitats or food sources for animal pests.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)

Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.

An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).

A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.

Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.

Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS.

An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.

The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

Graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II, p540, 1995)

The planning of the furnishings and decorations of an architectural interior.

Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.

A plant genus of the family SALICACEAE. Members contain salicin, which yields SALICYLIC ACID.

The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.

The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.

Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.

A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including some economically important plant parasites. Teleomorphs include Mycosphaerella and Venturia.

N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.

A mixture of isomeric tritolyl phosphates. Used in the sterilization of certain surgical instruments and in many industrial processes.

Standards for limiting worker exposure to airborne contaminants. They are the maximum concentration in air at which it is believed that a particular substance will not produce adverse health effects with repeated daily exposure. It can be a time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), a short-term value (TLV-STEL), or an instantaneous value (TLV-Ceiling). They are expressed either as parts per million (ppm) or milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3).

A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Comparison of two in vitro activation systems for protoxicant organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. (1/305)

In order to perform in vitro testing of esterase inhibition caused by organophosphorous (OP) protoxicants, simple, reliable methods are needed to convert protoxicants to their esterase-inhibiting forms. Incubation of parathion or chlorpyrifos with 0.05% bromine solution or uninduced rat liver microsomes (RLM) resulted in production of the corresponding oxygen analogs of these OP compounds and markedly increased esterase inhibition in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Neither activation system affected cell viability or the activity of AChE or NTE in the absence of OP compounds. Although parathion and chlorpyrifos were activated by RLM, bromine activation required fewer steps and produced more esterase inhibition for a given concentration of chlorpyrifos. However, RLM activation of OP protoxicants produced metabolites other than oxygen analogs and may, therefore, be more relevant as a surrogate for OP biotransformation in vivo. This methodology makes the use of intact cells for in vitro testing of esterase inhibition caused by protoxicant organophosphate compounds a viable alternative to in vivo tests. (+info)

Developmental cholinotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos. (2/305)

The stimulation of cholinergic receptors in target cells during a critical developmental period provides signals that influence cell replication and differentiation. Accordingly, environmental agents that promote cholinergic activity evoke neurodevelopmental damage because of the inappropriate timing or intensity of stimulation. Nicotine evokes mitotic arrest in brain cells possessing high concentrations of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. In addition, the cholinergic overstimulation programs the expression of genes that evoke apoptosis and delayed cell loss. Effects of cholinesterase inhibitors exhibit many similarities to those of nicotine. Chlorpyrifos administered to developing rats in doses that do not evoke signs of overt toxicity decreased DNA synthesis and caused shortfalls in cell numbers in brain regions enriched in cholinergic innervation. In embryo cultures, chlorpyrifos also evoked apoptosis during neurulation. However, chlorpyrifos also evokes noncholinergic disruption of cell development by interfering with cell signaling via adenylyl cyclase, leading to widespread disruption that is not limited to cholinergic systems. We have tested this hypothesis in vitro with PC12 cells, which lack the enzymes necessary to produce chlorpyrifos oxon, the metabolite that inhibits cholinesterase. Chlorpyrifos inhibited DNA synthesis in undifferentiated PC12 cells, which have relatively few cholinergic receptors. Furthermore, chlorpyrifos was more effective than nicotine and its effects were not blocked by cholinergic antagonists. When cells were allowed to differentiate in the presence of chlorpyrifos, cell replication was inhibited even more profoundly and cell acquisition was arrested. At higher concentrations, chlorpyrifos also inhibited neuritic outgrowth. Thus, chlorpyrifos elicits damage by both noncholinergic and cholinergic mechanisms extending from early stages of neural cell replication through late stages of axonogenesis and terminal differentiation. Accordingly, the window of developmental vulnerability to chlorpyrifos is likely to extend from the embryonic period into postnatal life. (+info)

Dermal transfer of chlorpyrifos residues from residential surfaces: comparison of hand press, hand drag, wipe, and polyurethane foam roller measurements after broadcast and aerosol pesticide applications. (3/305)

Indoor residential pesticide applications present the potential for human exposures, particularly for small children. Personal contact with target and nontarget surfaces can result in transfer of pesticides to the skin, but the magnitude of such transfer is uncertain. This research compared surface sampling techniques [wipe and polyurethane foam (PUF) roller] with the removal ability of human skin following broadcast and total aerosol release applications of Dursban (Dow Elanco, Midland, MI), a residential formulation containing the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Hands were washed immediately after surface contact, following a protocol that included a laboratory-generated adjustment factor to account for incomplete removal of chlorpyrifos from skin. Chlorpyrifos transfer was similar for hand press and hand drag techniques, averaging approximately 1-6 ng/cm2 of carpet contacted. These amounts represented < 1% of the amount of chlorpyrifos deposited on the surfaces 3.5 hr earlier. Chlorpyrifos transfer from carpet to skin was 23-24 times lower than for wipe sampling and 33-36 times lower than for PUF roller sampling (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0006 for broadcast and aerosol applications, respectively). Hand press sampling removed approximately 4.5 times less chlorpyrifos from nontarget furniture surfaces (12 ng/cm2) than did wipe sampling (56 ng/cm2; p = 0.009). Chlorpyrifos residues on carpet were substantially higher after broadcast applications than after aerosol applications, but residues on such nontarget surfaces as furniture were substantially higher for the aerosol application. This study indicates that human skin removes substantially less residue from carpets and furniture than either conventional wipe or PUF roller sampling methods following residential pest control applications of chlorpyrifos. Although this paper focuses on quantifying residue transfer from surface to skin using different surface sampling techniques, no attempt is made to quantify the amount of chlorpyrifos residue that is subsequently absorbed. (+info)

Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. (4/305)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the kinetics of elimination of urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites after oral and dermally applied doses of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos to human volunteers and to determine whether these doses affected plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity. METHOD: Five volunteers ingested 1 mg (2852 nmol) of chlorpyrifos. Blood samples were taken over 24 hours and total void volumes of urine were collected over 100 hours. Four weeks later 28.59 mg (81567 nmol) of chlorpyrifos was administered dermally to each volunteer for 8 hours. Unabsorbed chlorpyrifos was washed from the skin and retained for subsequent measurement. The same blood and urine sampling regime was followed as for the oral administration. Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase concentrations were determined for each blood sample. The concentration of two urinary metabolites of chlorpyrifos--diethylphosphate and diethyl-thiophosphate--was determined for each urine sample. RESULTS: The apparent elimination half life of urinary dialkylphosphates after the oral dose was 15.5 hours and after the dermal dose it was 30 hours. Most of the oral dose (mean (range) 93% (55-115%)) and 1% of the applied dermal dose was recovered as urinary metabolites. About half (53%) of the dermal dose was recovered from the skin surface. The absorption rate through the skin, as measured by urinary metabolites was 456 ng/cm2/h. Blood plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity did not fall significantly during either dosing regime. CONCLUSION: An oral dose of chlorpyrifos was readily absorbed through the skin and almost all of the dose was recovered as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites. Excretion was delayed compared with the oral dose. Only a small proportion of the applied dose was recovered during the course of the experiment. The best time to collect urine samples for biological monitoring after dermal exposure is before the shift the next day. The amounts of chlorpyrifos used did not depress acetyl cholinesterase activity but could be readily detected as urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites indicating that the urinary assay is a more sensitive indicator of exposure. (+info)

Pitfalls when determining tissue distributions of organophosphorus chemicals: sodium fluoride accelerates chemical degradation. (5/305)

This paper describes the tissue distributions of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, and chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphorothioate, in a male individual who died after ingesting an insecticidal preparation containing these chemicals and the results of an in vitro stability study on dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos-methyl in blood and buffers. Tiny amounts of dichlorvos, 0.067 and 0.027 mg/L, were detected in the vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Although dichlorvos (0.082-8.99 mg/L or mg/kg) was detected in the thoracic aortic blood, thoracic inferior vena caval blood, pericardial fluid, bile, and spleen, it was strongly suggested that it had diffused postmortem from the stomach, which contained 879 mg, because no dichlorvos was detected in the other blood samples and tissues tested. Substantial amounts (0.615-4.15 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos-methyl were detected in all blood samples, and the order of its concentrations was as follows: pulmonary vessel blood > thoracic inferior vena caval blood > blood in the right cardiac chambers > blood in the left cardiac chambers approximately thoracic aortic blood > right femoral venous blood. The total amount of chlorpyrifos-methyl in the stomach was 612 mg. However, it was strongly suggested that virtually no chlorpyrifos-methyl diffused from the stomach into surrounding fluids and tissues postmortem because no chlorpyrifos-methyl was detected in the bile and little was found in the pericardial fluids. Neither compound was detected in the urine. In vitro experiments showed that dichlorvos (10 mg/L) almost disappeared from fresh (pH 7.4) and acidified (pH 6.2) blood samples within 24 and 72 h, respectively. However, 53 and 77% of the original amount of dichlorvos in 0.05M phosphate buffers at pH 7.4 and 6.2 were detected 72 h later. Chlorpyrifos-methyl (1 mg/L) was very stable in blood samples, regardless of the pH, during the 72-h study period, but in the pH 7.4 and 6.2 phosphate buffers, approximately 80% of the original amount had degraded after 72 h. These results indicate that organophosphates are degraded more rapidly by esterase activities than by chemical mechanisms and that organophosphorothioates are hydrolyzed chemically in aqueous solutions but are very stable in biological specimens and not metabolized by esterases. When sodium fluoride was added to blood samples, dichlorvos degraded completely within 15 min, and chlorpyrifos-methyl became very unstable. Thus, when analyzing samples to detect organophosphorus chemicals, this common preservative should not be added to fluid specimens. (+info)

Changes in rat brain cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor density during and after repeated oral exposure to chlorpyrifos in early postnatal development. (6/305)

The effects of repeated oral exposures to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPS) on brain muscarinic receptor densities, together with cholinesterase (ChE) activity, were studied in early postnatal rats. Initially, the effects on esterases from lactational exposure to CPS were investigated in young rats by administering CPS (100, 150, or 200 mg/kg subcutaneously in corn oil) to dams 1 day postpartum, yielding a significant body burden of CPS in the dams for possible excretion in the milk. Brain ChE inhibition in pups was less severe than in dams, whereas liver carboxylesterase (CbxE) inhibition in pups was at the same level as in dams. Because of the limited brain ChE inhibition obtained following lactation, pups were exposed to CPS directly by gavage, using 3 dosing regimens to yield a dose response. The rats were gavaged with CPS in corn oil on alternate days from postnatal day (PND) 1 through PND 21. Rats in the low-dosage group received 11 treatments at 3 mg/kg, those in the medium-dosage group received 3 treatments at 3 mg/kg and 8 at 6 mg/kg, and those in the high dosage group received 3 treatments at 3 mg/kg, 4 at 6 mg/kg, and 4 at 12 mg/kg. ChE activity in brain homogenates were inhibited significantly by 29% and 63% in the low- and high-dosage groups, respectively, on PND 22 and by 17% in the high dosage group on PND 40. Muscarinic receptor densities in brain synaptosomes were reduced using 3H-N-methylscopolamine (NMS) and 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) as ligands, with the effects more prominent from 3H-NMS. Densities of both ligands recovered to the control level several days after terminating treatment. The results indicate that pups are apparently exposed to only limited amounts of chlorpyrifos and/or its oxon through the milk when dams are exposed to extremely high chlorpyrifos levels. In addition, repeated direct oral exposures of early postnatal rats to CPS will result in persistent brain ChE inhibition and will transiently reduce muscarinic receptor density. (+info)

Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: dose response profiles for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity. (7/305)

This study investigates the in vivo dose response profiles of the target enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and the detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase (CaE) in the fetal and maternal compartments of pregnant rats dosed with chlorpyrifos [(O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothionate], a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide. Pregnant rats were dosed daily (po) with chlorpyrifos in corn oil (0, 3, 5, 7, or 10 mg/kg) on gestational days (GD) 14-18. Animals were sacrificed 5 h after the last chlorpyrifos dose (time of maximum brain cholinesterase inhibition) for analysis of ChE and CaE activity in maternal blood, liver, brain, placenta, and fetal liver and brain. The in vitro sensitivity (i.e., IC50, 30 min, 26 degrees C) of CaE also was determined by assaying the activity remaining after incubation with a range of chlorpyrifos-oxon concentrations. In vivo exposure to 10 mg/kg chlorpyrifos from GD14-18 caused overt maternal toxicity, with dose-related decreases in ChE activity more notable in maternal brain than fetal brain. Dose-related effects were also seen with chlorpyrifos-induced inhibition of fetal liver ChE and maternal brain CaE activities. Gestational exposure caused no inhibition of placental ChE or CaE, fetal brain CaE, or maternal blood CaE. ChE activities in the maternal blood and liver, as well as fetal and maternal liver CaE, however, were maximally inhibited by even the lowest dosage of chlorpyrifos. The in vitro sensitivity profiles of CaE to chlorpyrifos-oxon inhibition were valuable in predicting and verifying the in vivo CaE response profiles. Both the in vivo and in vitro findings indicated that fetal liver CaE inhibition was an extremely sensitive indicator of fetal chlorpyrifos exposure. (+info)

Studies of toxicity of dermally-absorbed nurelle D 550 EC preparations. (8/305)

The aim of the study was the evaluation of the toxic effect of a two-component, preparation Nurelle D 550 EC (500 g of chlorpyrifos and 50 g cypermethrin per 1 l), administrated dermally. Toxicity was evaluated from histological and ultrastructural studies of the internal organs and immunotoxic effects (evaluation of phagocytical and bactericidal activity of neutrophils). The preparation for dermal application was applied in 2 concentrations (200 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos plus 20 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin or 1000 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos, plus 100 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin). The preparation was administrated on the tail skin of female Wistar rats for 4 hours daily for a period of 4 weeks. After 28 days of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetised and blood was taken from the heart to evaluate the granulocyte system. The following organs were taken for histological studies: liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. Ultrastructural studies were carried out on the lung, liver, kidney and heart. The results of the study showed that dermal application of the pesticide Nurelle D 550 EC resulted in slight morphological and ultrastructural changes in the liver, kidney, lung and heart. The preparation examined slightly elevated the bactericidal activity of neutrophils. The differences, however, were not statistically significant. The phagocytic reaction in animals of both experimental groups did not differ from that observed in control group (+info)

Chlorpyrifos remains one of the most widely used pesticides. This may soon change. On February 8, 2013 the EPA requested ... Chlorpyrifos and Malathion have been linked to reproductive effects, neurotoxicity, kidney/liver damage, and birth defects. ... PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several OP insecticides such as chlorpyrifos oxon, and diazoxon, as well as, nerve ... PON1 knockouts in mice are found to be more sensitive to the toxicity of pesticides, like chlorpyrifos. Animal experiments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning

"Pesticide Chlorpyrifos Is Linked to Childhood Developmental Delays". publichealth.columbia.edu. March 22, 2010. Retrieved ... At the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, she led the "Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Urban Residential ... study which found that exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos could be associated with early childhood developmental delays. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Lovasi

nov., a novel chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium isolated from sludge". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupriavidus

Some of these chemicals, such as chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and parathion, do not manifest their main toxicity in their original ... Paraoxon Chlorpyrifos oxon https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/269/1/329. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxon_(chemical)

The first synthesis step of insecticide chlorpyrifos consists of the chlorination of pyridine. Pyridine is also the starting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridine

Stoks, Robby; Janssens, Lizanne (2013). "Fitness Effects of Chlorpyrifos in the Damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum Strongly Depend ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enallagma_cyathigerum

Examples includes the insecticide endosulfan, imazalil, thiophanate methyl, ortho-phenylphenol, diphenylamine, chlorpyrifos in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoremediation

Environmental effects of pesticides Chlorpyrifos#Toxicity and safety U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (August 30, 2007), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticides

For chlorpyrifos, the acute PAD (or "aPAD") is thus 5×10−4 mg/kg/day, and it applies to infants, children, and women who are ... Other studies showed that fetuses and children are even more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than adults, so the EPA applies an ... The EPA also determined a chronic RfD for chlorpyrifos exposure based on studies in which animals were administered low doses ... As an example, consider the following determination of the RfD for the insecticide chlorpyrifos, adapted from the EPA's Interim ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_dose

Two older-generation organophosphates, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos, are also used occasionally for auxiliary, blanket spray ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_plague_locust

... including those found in the widely used pesticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Marine mammals may be increasingly exposed to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal

... shares a common mechanism of toxicity with other organophosphate insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, malathion and parathion, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazinon

... chlorpyrifos, and 2,4-D often vary over seven, eight, or nine orders of magnitude and are log-normally distributed, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_standard_value

... such as chlorpyrifos have been withdrawn from many markets: especially garden centres. Besides their environmental benefits, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_weevil

... of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide used in ant poison and available in garden centres, was flushed into the river ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Kennet

"EPA won't ban pesticide chlorpyrifos; is it safe?". CNN. 30 March 2017.. ... for Children's Health and the Environment commenting on public health practices in response to proposal to ban chlorpyrifos ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_hygiene

Professional pest control experts may use potentially harmful substances such as chlorpyrifos. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_bug_

Up until the 1990s chlorpyrifos was used as an agent with longterm effect, but the EC biocide declaration 98/8 prohibited the ... Kg to stop production of pesticides containing chlorpyrifos in 2008; site visited in September 2016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_bug_control_techniques

The scientific approach to food and nutrition arose with attention to agricultural chemistry in the works of J. G. Wallerius, Humphry Davy, and others. For example, Davy published Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, in a Course of Lectures for the Board of Agriculture (1813) in the United Kingdom which would serve as a foundation for the profession worldwide, going into a fifth edition. Earlier work included that by Carl Wilhelm Scheele who isolated malic acid from apples in 1785. In 1874 the Society of Public Analysts was formed, with the aim of applying analytical methods to the benefit of the public.[3] Its early experiments were based on bread, milk and wine. It was also out of concern for the quality of the food supply, mainly food adulteration and contamination issues that would first stem from intentional contamination to later with chemical food additives by the 1950s. The development of colleges and universities worldwide, most notably in the United States, would expand food chemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_of_food

The biological mechanism for the thinning is not entirely known, but it is believed that p,p'-DDE impairs the shell gland's ability to excrete calcium carbonate onto the developing egg.[7][9][10][11][12] Multiple mechanisms may be at work, or different mechanisms may operate in different species.[7] Some studies have shown that although DDE levels have fallen dramatically, eggshell thickness remains 10-12 percent thinner than before DDT was first used.[13]. Some studies have indicated that DDE is an endocrine disruptor[14] and contributes to breast cancer, but more recent studies provide strong evidence that there is no relationship between DDE exposure and breast cancer.[15] What is more clear is that DDE is a weak androgen receptor antagonist and can produce male genital tract abnormalities.[16][17]. Animal studies show that organochlorine pesticides-such as DDE-are neurotoxic, cause oxidative stress, and damage the brain's dopaminergic system.[18]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

The value of allergen labeling other than for intentional ingredients is controversial. This concerns labeling for ingredients present unintentionally as a consequence of cross-contact or cross-contamination at any point along the food chain (during raw material transportation, storage or handling, due to shared equipment for processing and packaging, etc.).[10][11] Experts in this field propose that if allergen labeling is to be useful to consumers, and healthcare professionals who advise and treat those consumers, ideally there should be agreement on which foods require labeling, threshold quantities below which labeling may be of no purpose, and validation of allergen detection methods to test and potentially recall foods that were deliberately or inadvertently contaminated.[106][107] Labeling regulations have been modified to provide for mandatory labeling of ingredients plus voluntary labeling, termed precautionary allergen labeling (PAL), also known as "may contain" statements, for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

In most cases the use of Medical Nutrition is recommended within international and professional guidelines.[10] It can be an integral part of managing acute and short-term diseases. It can also play a major role in supporting patients for extended periods of time and even for a lifetime in some special cases.[10] Medical Nutrition is not meant to replace the treatment of disease but rather complement the normal use of drug therapies prescribed by physicians and other licensed healthcare providers.[10]. Unlike Medical Foods which are defined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Food and Drug Administration, {within their 'Medical Foods Guidance Documents & Regulatory Information' guide in section 5(b) of the Orphan Drug Act (21 U.S.C. 30ee (b) (3))}; as "a food which is formulated to be consumed or administered enterally under the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive nutritional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Nutrition_Therapy

... (DDD) is an organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin.[1] DDD is a metabolite of DDT.[2] DDD is colorless and crystalline;[3] it is closely related chemically and is similar in properties to DDT, but it is considered to be less toxic to animals than DDT.[4] The molecular formula for DDD is (ClC6H4)2CHCHCl2 or C14H10Cl4, whereas the formula for DDT is (ClC6H4)2CHCCl3 or C14H9Cl5. DDD is in the "Group B2" classification, meaning that it is a probable human carcinogen. This is based on an increased incidence of lung tumors in male and female mice, liver tumors in male mice, and thyroid tumors in male rats. Further basis is that DDD is so similar to and is a metabolite of DDT, another probable human carcinogen.[2] DDD is no longer registered for agricultural use in the United States, but the general population continues to be exposed to it due to its long persistence time. The primary source of exposure is oral ingestion of food.[5] 1946 is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane

Public awareness of food preservatives is uneven.[20] Americans have a perception that food-borne illnesses happen more often in other countries. This may be true, but the occurrence of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths are still high. It is estimated by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) that each year there are 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths linked to food-borne illness.[21] The increasing demand for ready-to-eat fresh food products has led to challenges for food distributors regarding the safety and quality of their foods. Artificial preservatives meet some of these challenges by preserving freshness for longer periods of time, but these preservatives can cause negative side-effects as well. Sodium nitrite is a preservative used in lunch meats, hams, sausages, hot dogs, and bacon to prevent botulism. It serves the important function of controlling the bacteria that cause botulism, but sodium nitrite can react with proteins, or during cooking at high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservatives

The series of incidents first came to light on 4 September 2014, when it was discovered that tainted cooking oil was being produced by Kaohsiung-based company Chang Guann Co. (強冠企業) and branded as Chuan Tung Fragrant Lard Oil (全統香豬油).[48] The company was found to have blended cooking oil with recycled oil, grease and leather cleaner. The recycled oil was processed by an unlicensed factory in Pingtung County owned by Kuo Lieh-cheng (郭烈成), who allegedly purchased the oil from waste recycler Hu Hsin-te (胡信德), whose factory is named Shun Te Enterprises (順德企業行), located in the Daliao District of Kaohsiung.[49][50] Chang Guann purchased up to 243 tonnes of recycled waste oil disguised as lard from the Pingtung factory, starting in February 2014. The company then allegedly refined the waste oil before mixing it with processed lard and selling the tainted product to its distributors. The recycled waste oil was collected from restaurants, and included

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Taiwan_food_scandal

In the 1930s, 40% of cattle in the UK were infected with M. bovis and there were 50,000 new cases of human M. bovis infection every year.[12] According to DEFRA and the Health Protection Agency, the risk to people contracting TB from cattle in Great Britain today is very low. The HPA has said that three-quarters of the 440 human cases reported to the HPA between 1994 and 2006 were aged 50 years and above and only 44 cases (10%) were known to be non-UK born.. Badgers (Meles meles) were first identified as carriers of M. bovis in 1971, but the report of an independent review committee in 1997 (The Krebs Report) concluded that while there was 'strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that badgers represent a significant source of M. bovis infection in cattle... [h]owever, the causal link... has not been proven'.[13] In essence, the contribution of badgers 'to the TB problem in British Cattle' was at this point a hypothesis that needed to be tested, according to the report. The subsequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_TB

Television viewers reacted strongly to the footage and the following day state prosecutors launched a criminal investigation.[20] There have also been reports from at least two local food safety inspectors taking action. "After yesterday's program there are clear suspicions that a crime has been committed," said Daniel Selin, health inspector at Nacka municipality, one of the four municipalities to report stores.[21]. ICA chief press officer Staffan Ekengren said the company had provided all the information that it possessed about the stores to the National Food Administration. "This is unacceptable, and I am surprised that it is so common and happens on such a systematic basis," he said, adding that it was "a clear breach" of the law. Ekengren said that ICA quality control managers are to visit the relevant stores at the weekend to hold meetings with those in charge. He also said that ICA's 1,400 independent store managers were to be summoned to an emergency conference with focus on food safety ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy

As other clusters of illness were identified, case-control studies were again performed to investigate the outbreak source. A multi-state case-control study in late June, 2008 associated illness with consumption of pico de gallo, corn tortillas, or fresh salsa. Another in Minnesota around the same time found that only raw jalapeño peppers were associated with illness.[2] Additionally, in Colorado, the outbreak strain was isolated from jalapeño peppers in the home of a man who had recently been ill.[2] At this point, tomatoes and jalapeño peppers were considered the most likely source of the outbreak, however a similar study conducted by the North Carolina Division of Public Health found that illness in a cluster of 13 cases was associated with consumption of a guacamole which did not contain jalapeño peppers, but instead contained serrano peppers.[2]. In July, 2008 the CDC isolated the outbreak strain of Salmonella from jalapeño peppers at a distributor that distributed to restaurants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak

... is a widely used, broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide and a metabolite of benomyl. It is also employed as a casting worm control agent in amenity turf situations such as golf greens, tennis courts etc. and in some countries is licensed for that use only.[2] The fungicide is used to control plant diseases in cereals and fruits, including citrus, bananas, strawberries, pineapples, and pomes.[3] It is also controversially used in Queensland, Australia on macadamia plantations.[4] A 4.7% solution of carbendazim hydrochloride, sold as Eertavas, is marketed as a treatment for Dutch elm disease. Studies have found high doses of carbendazim cause infertility and destroy the testicles of laboratory animals.[5][6] Maximum pesticide residue limits (MRLs) have reduced since discovering its harmful effects. The MRLs for fresh produce in the EU are now between 0.1 and 0.7 mg/kg with the exception of loquat, which is 2 mg/kg.[7] The limits for more commonly consumed citrus and pome fruits are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbendazim

Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well. Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition

... chlorpyrifos has been widely applied in over 100 countries across the world. Till now, chlorpyrifos ... In last decade, chlorpyrifos industry has been witnessing huge change in the world: major production bases of chlorpyrifos are ... Production of chlorpyrifos technical worldwide, and key manufacturers. *Supply of chlorpyrifos formulations and market share by ... Trade flow of both chlorpyrifos technical and formulations. *Price trend and influencing factors of chlorpyrifos and difference ...

https://marketpublishers.com/report/industry/agriculture/world_chlorpyrifos_market_brazil.html

The EPA is requesting comment on a proposal to revoke all tolerances for the insecticide chlorpyrifos in response to a court- ... Therefore, as we are informing the court, we have proposed to revoke all chlorpyrifos tolerances based on the science as it ... Based on EPAs current analysis, there do not appear to be risks from exposure to chlorpyrifos in food, but, when those ... EPA has determined that safe levels of chlorpyrifos may be exceeded in parts of the United States for people whose drinking ...

https://www.growingmagazine.com/take-control/epa-proposes-to-revoke-chlorpyrifos-food-residue-tolerances/

Chlorpyrifos Pregnancy Risks Lead Congressional Lawmakers to Seek Ban for Insecticide * January 25, 2019 ... Pruitt met with a pesticide manufacturer for 25 minutes to reconsider an Obama-era ban on the use of Chlorpyrifos and promptly ... Manufactured by Dow Chemical, chlorpyrifos was first put into use in 1965. It was banned in household settings in 2001, due to ... New congressional legislation calls for a ban on chlorpyrifos (CPS) pesticides, which continue to be sold under names like ...

https://www.aboutlawsuits.com/chlorpyrifos-ban-legislation-153269/

EPA expressly rejects a key part of Californias argument for a prohibition -- that chlorpyrifos harms childrens brains. Now, ... The Environmental Protection Agencys recent decision allowing the continued use of chlorpyrifos has emboldened critics of the ... He added: "We saw that in chlorpyrifos." Leahy was director when SRP reviewed DPRs latest findings on chlorpyrifos. ... decision regarding chlorpyrifos. The U.S. EPA and every other regulatory authority in the world regulates chlorpyrifos based on ...

https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/12450-new-questions-emerge-about-calepas-plan-to-cancel-chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos will be considered for possible listing based on the developmental toxicity endpoint. n-Hexane will be considered ... Chlorpyrifos and n-hexane will be considered for possible listing by the DARTIC at its next meeting. ... Chlorpyrifos hazard identification materials for 2017 DARTIC meeting:. Chlorpyrifos was previously considered by the DARTIC in ... Chlorpyrifos and n-hexane will be considered for possible listing by the DARTIC at its next meeting scheduled for Wednesday, ...

https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/events/dartic-meeting-and-availability-hazard-identification-materials-chlorpyrifos

... will deliberate on whether or not chlorpyrifos has been ... Chlorpyrifos and n-hexane will be considered for possible ... USEPA Chlorpyrifos HH Risk Assessment 2014. Dec 29, 2014. USEPA Chlorpyrifos HH Risk Assessment 2014 Excerpted. Dec 29, 2014. ... USEPA Chlorpyrifos HH Risk Assessment 2016. Nov 3, 2016. USEPA Chlorpyrifos HH Risk Assessment 2016 Excerpted. Nov 3, 2016. ... Chlorpyrifos hazard identification materials for 2017 DARTIC meeting:. Chlorpyrifos was previously considered by the DARTIC in ...

https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/announcement-dartic-meeting-and-availability-hazard-identification-materials

Chlorpyrifos is part of the organophosphate (OPs) class of pesticides, which were used in World War II as nerve agents. As ... This entry was posted on Friday, March 31st, 2017 at 12:00 am and is filed under Agriculture, Birth defects, Chlorpyrifos, ... Organophosphates like chlorpyrifos are a widely used agricultural pesticides, with millions of pounds applied yearly across the ... A 2014 study by the U.S. Geological Service determined that an estimated six million pounds of chlorpyrifos is sprayed for ...

http://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2017/03/epa-reverses-course-allows-continued-use-highly-neurotoxic-pesticide-chlorpyrifos/

Tell your elected officials to protect children, workers and consumers and ban chlorpyrifos now. ... All chlorpyrifos uses must be banned.. The science is in: There are no safe uses of chlorpyrifos. Prenatal exposures to this ... There is no safe level of chlorpyrifos in drinking water. * Chlorpyrifos is found at unsafe levels in the air at schools and ... In fact, chlorpyrifos poisons workers and surrounding communities every year. In its latest risk assessment of chlorpyrifos, ...

https://secure.earthjustice.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=1957

... to ban the pesticide chlorpyrifos, a highly toxic neurotoxin that causes significant damage to brain development in children. ... chlorpyrifos center for food safety pesticides agribusiness agriculture hawaii alliance for progressive action positive news ... Tuesday Hawaii made history, as it became the first state in the U.S. to ban the pesticide chlorpyrifos, a highly toxic ... Any user that wishes to continue using chlorpyrifos may do so only by applying for an exemption with the State. No exemption ...

https://www.ecowatch.com/hawaii-ban-pesticides-chlorpyrifos-2565244742.html?xrs=RebelMouse_fb&fbclid=IwAR2U7xWaN3OOaT2PvAXpQFQJW5S1LRBduH9h7ObNKzYqghtnyY313CMNRNU

In plain English, chlorpyrifos damages childrens brains.. Second, chlorpyrifos was one of the most widely used household ... And the highest concentration was chlorpyrifos.. It has long been known that exposure to chlorpyrifos can be deadly. But after ... Pruitts move came just weeks after meeting with Dow Chemical, the manufacturer of chlorpyrifos and a chlorpyrifos alternative. ... Instead, he reversed course, and refused to ban chlorpyrifos.. And that is why I rise today, to talk about this danger to our ...

https://www.tomudall.senate.gov/news/press-releases/video-in-speech-udall-urges-ban-of-dangerous-pesticide-chlorpyrifos-linked-to-brain-damage-in-children

Archives issue of International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences which aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of pharmaceutical and biological sciences

http://www.ijpbs.net/details.php?article=865

... - Barna Chemicals International Limited is a famous ...

https://www.barnachem.com/bio-insecticides-2.htm

... Kudavidanage, E.P; Dissanayake, D.M.I; ... We aimed to evaluate Judo 40, the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos on the neurological activities, fertility, and hormone ...

http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/8925

One chemical, the pesticide known as chlorpyrifos, has been shown to cause anatomical differences in the areas of rats brains ... Though these results suggest no apparent connection between chlorpyrifos and autism-like behavior, it is still unclear whether ... it was hypothesized that male rats exposed to chlorpyrifos before birth would exhibit such symptoms. Two tests, an elevated ... this experiment could be coupled with a cellular analysis to fully illustrate the effects of chlorpyrifos. ...

https://scholars.carroll.edu/lifesci_theses/137/

We are Indias best quality Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Insecticide Distributor and Wholesaler in Rohtak, Haryana, ... Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Insecticide Manufacturer and Supplier in Haryana, India. ... Moreover, this Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Insecticide does not affects the fertility of soil and safe for pant as ... We are providing this quality approved range of Chlorpyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Insecticide to our customers under ...

http://www.hindustanbio-tech.com/chlorpyrifos-50-cypermethrin-5-ec-insecticide-5543120.html

Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl are insecticides to control insect pests on a range of crops. Chlorpyrifos-methyl is also ... European officials have voted not to renew the approvals of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl. ... EU votes against renewing chlorpyrifos approval. By News Desk on December 9, 2019. ...

https://www.foodsafetynews.com/tag/insecticides/

... had tested positive for Chlorpyrifos metabolites, and that the average child aged 6-11 tested exceeded the EPAs long term ... acceptable level by four times! Earth Justice reported that the EPA is proposing to finally ban Chlorpyrifos (food tolerance ... The result is after FIFTEEN YEARS, the EPA is now soliciting public comment to FINALLY ban Chlorpyrifos in agricultural areas ... Frack relate SLOW 15 yr EPA Chlorpyrifos BAN from agriculture areas - so 2 Urban Drilling may one day. Posted on November 1, ...

https://barnettshalehell.wordpress.com/2015/11/01/frack-relate-slow-15-yr-epa-chlorpyrifos-ban-from-agriculture-areas-so-2-urban-drilling-may-one-day/

Chlorpyrifos has been found in at least 7 or the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental ... Breathing or ingesting chlorpyrifos may result in a variety of nervous system effects, ranging from headaches, blurred vision, ... Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide which has been widely used in homes and on farms. ... What is chlorpyrifos?. Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide that is a white crystal-like solid with a strong odor. It does not mix ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=494&toxid=88

... has role acaricide (CHEBI:22153) chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631) has role agrochemical (CHEBI:33286) ... chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631) has role insecticide (CHEBI:24852) chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631) has role xenobiotic (CHEBI:35703) ... chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631) has role EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor (CHEBI:37733) chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631) has role ... chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631) is a chloropyridine (CHEBI:39173) chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631) is a organic thiophosphate (CHEBI:37512 ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:34631

Toxicological profile for Chlorpyrifos. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=495&tid=88

Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, O,O-Diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate, Dursban® Colorless to white, crystalline solid ... Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, O,O-Diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate, Dursban® ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0137.html

Comments on EPAs Chlorpyrifos Revised Human Health Risk Assessment. Comments submitted by NRDC and seven other conservation ... Comments on EPA Proposal to Revoke Chlorpyrifos Tolerances. Comments submitted by NRDC and other organizations on EPA Proposal ... Comments on EPA Proposal to Revoke Chlorpyrifos Tolerances. Comments submitted by NRDC and other organizations on EPA Proposal ... Comments on the EPAs Chlorpyrifos Issue Paper: Evaluation of Biomonitoring Data from Epidemiology Studies (PDF) ...

https://www.nrdc.org/resources/comments-submitted-regarding-pesticide-chlorpyrifos

... chlorpyrifos (CPF). Here, we administered CPF (8 mg/kg, i.p.) with and without prior CORT (400 microg/ml in the drinking water ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20045491.html

Unlike certain organochlorine pesticides, chlorpyrifos is relatively nonpersistent (Racke 1993), and its principal degradation ... Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum organophosphorothioate insecticide with a principal mechanism of toxicity by inactivation of ... Ecotoxicology of chlorpyrifos Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1995;144:1-93. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2550-8_1. ... Chlorpyrifos effects in aquatic ecosystems are complex because of the diversity of species assemblages and trophic interactions ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8599033/

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus compound that displays broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against a number of important ... Environmental fate of chlorpyrifos Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993;131:1-150. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4362-5_1. ... Chlorpyrifos has an intermediate vapor pressure (2 x 10(-5) mm Hg, 25 degrees C), and under some conditions volatility is a ... Various formulations of chlorpyrifos have been developed to maximize stability and contact with pests and minimize human ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7678349/

... continuing their exposure to a pesticide named chlorpyrifos that has been linked to serious health concerns. ... Their analysis also found that in areas of extensive but permitted chlorpyrifos use, exposure to the chemical from drinking ... The toxicity of this commonly used pesticide was demonstrated in early May when chlorpyrifos sprayed on a Bakersfield orchard ... In November 2016, EPA scientists reported that residues of chlorpyrifos on food crops exceed the federal safety standards for ...

https://www.organicconsumers.org/news/epa-scientists-said-ban-pesticide-chlorpyrifos-scott-pruitt-said-no

Additional Keywords : Chlorpyrifos, Neurodegenerative diseases, Pesticide Toxicity. Problem Substances : Chlorpyrifos : CK(12 ... Chlorpyrifos can decrease the viability of adipose tissue-derived stem cells-derived neurons and dysregulate the expression of ... Chlorpyrifos may affect neurodevelopment in a manner similar to that of several known and suspected neurotoxicants. ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/category/keywords/Chlorpyrifos

In embryo cultures, chlorpyrifos also evoked apoptosis during neurulation. However, chlorpyrifos also evokes noncholinergic ... At higher concentrations, chlorpyrifos also inhibited neuritic outgrowth. Thus, chlorpyrifos elicits damage by both ... Chlorpyrifos / toxicity*. Cholinesterase Inhibitors / toxicity*. DNA / biosynthesis. Humans. Insecticides / toxicity*. ... Chlorpyrifos administered to developing rats in doses that do not evoke signs of overt toxicity decreased DNA synthesis and ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Developmental-cholinotoxicants-nicotine-chlorpyrifos/10229709.html

The Environmental Protection Agency on Thursday said it will not ban the use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos, which has been ... Categories: National NewsTopics: chlorpyrifos, EPA chlorpyrifos, EPA pesticides. * Have a hot lead? Email us at [email protected] ... "If the Trump administration had followed the advice of its scientists, chlorpyrifos likely would not be in the food and milk ... The Obama administrations EPA had banned the use of chlorpyrifos in 2015 after it decided it could not be certain whether ...

https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2019/07/19/532781.htm

Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon impair the transport of membrane bound organelles in rat cortical axons.Jun 11, 2017. ... Chlorpyrifos may affect neurodevelopment in a manner similar to that of several known and suspected neurotoxicants.Apr 30, 2014 ... Chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos induced oxidative and neurogenic damage and icreases anxiety-like behaviour in animals.Nov 30, 2018 ... Chlorpyrifos can decrease the viability of adipose tissue-derived stem cells-derived neurons and dysregulate the expression of ...

https://www.greenmedinfo.com/toxic-ingredient/chlorpyrifos

... containing chlorpyrifos, at the concentration of 480 g/L, as the active ingredient. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate ... The chlorpyrifos applied inside the greenhouse remained in the air throughout the study period. The highest concentrations were ... In another study, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in the air decreased by 50% 3 h after the application, and after 2 h of ... 2005) reported the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos 2 h after the application (7.1 µg/m3) and a decrease in concentration ...

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1808-16572016000100307

Chlorpyrifos Residue Removal from Protective Apparel Through Solvent-Based Refurbishment Procedures. Published: 0 ... Field strength chlorpyrifos (0.5% active ingredient), prepared from emulsifiable concentrate formulation, was pipetted onto ... Dry-cleaning treatments were most effective, with less than 1% chlorpyrifos residue remaining on fabric specimens. Mechanical ... Dry-cleaning solvent (tetrachloroethylene) and the dry-cleaning procedures were studied in the refurbishment of chlorpyrifos- ...

https://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/STP/PAGES/STP26337S.htm

California has banned the use of chlorpyrifos insecticide almost entirely by the end of 2020. , Credit: WikiCommons By Jean ... Sprays containing chlorpyrifos are commonly used on crops like citrus, grapes, and alfalfa. An exception to the state-wide ban ... Insecticide Chlorpyrifos Use to End Next Year. Manufacturers Must Stop Selling, and Growers Using, in California in 2020 ... It also kills bees when pollen sprayed with chlorpyrifos is taken back to the hive, according to the National Institutes of ...

https://www.independent.com/2019/10/19/insecticide-chlorpyrifos-use-to-end-next-year/

formerly Dow Chemical - announced it will stop selling the nerve agent pesticide chlorpyrifos, which is linked to brain damage ... Corteva is the largest producer of chlorpyrifos in the United States. ... In fact, chlorpyrifos is one of the most common insecticides in the United States. Residues can be found not just in food, but ... Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate (OP), a class of chemicals that includes sarin nerve gas. First developed by the Nazis for ...

https://earthjustice.org/news/press/2020/chlorpyrifos-brain-damaging-pesticide-largest-producer-to-stop-selling

Red beetroot extract could help prevent chlorpyrifos-induced testicular damage via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti- ... Red beetroot extract could help prevent chlorpyrifos-induced testicular damage via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti- ... Red beetroot extract mitigates chlorpyrifos-induced reprotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis ...

https://www.greenmedinfo.com/article/red-beetroot-extract-could-help-prevent-chlorpyrifos-induced-testicular-damage

Oral intake of hydrogen-rich water ameliorated chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity in rats.. Wang T1, Zhao L1, Liu M1, Xie F1, ... An in vitro study demonstrated that AChE activity was more intense in HRW than in normal water with or without chlorpyrifos- ... Chronic exposure to low-levels of organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), induces oxidative stress and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24967689

... widely-used pesticide chlorpyrifos from use on all crops. ... Chlorpyrifos is one of most widely-used pesticides in the U.S. ... "It is now time for EPA to take chlorpyrifos out of all fields and nurseries to ensure a safer workplace for all.". Read this in ... "Given the incredibly strong science on the health harms of chlorpyrifos, its absurd that EPA has taken so long to act," said ... Chlorpyrifos is first registered as an insecticide in the U.S. for both agricultural and residential uses. ...

https://earthjustice.org/news/press/2016/more-than-80-000-people-urge-epa-to-ban-dangerous-pesticide-chlorpyrifos

"By allowing chlorpyrifos to stay in our fruits and vegetables, Trumps E.P.A. is breaking the law and neglecting the ... In making the chlorpyrifos ruling, the E.P.A. said in a statement that the data supporting objections to the use of the ... "The science on chlorpyrifos is clear and unambiguous," he said. "It damages the developing brains of children and causes ... Hawaii banned chlorpyrifos in 2018. California and New York are considering similar actions. The European Commission. is under ...

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/climate/epa-chlorpyrifos-pesticide-ban.html

DPR scientists believe chlorpyrifos may pose a public health risk as a toxic air contaminant based on its assessment of the ... California Taking Comments on Updated Chlorpyrifos Risk Assessment. DPR scientists believe chlorpyrifos may pose a public ... DPR scientists believe chlorpyrifos may pose a public health risk as a toxic air contaminant based on its assessment of the ... "While chlorpyrifos has been protecting crops for more than 50 years, new information in the scientific community leads us to ...

https://eponline.com/articles/2017/08/29/california-taking-comments.aspx?admgarea=ht.water

... announced it will discontinue all production of the organophosphate OP insecticide chlorpyrifos by the end of the year. ... Chlorpyrifos has been registered for use in the U.S. for over 50 years, but has become increasingly controversial in the dozen ... This announcement came on the same day that Corteva had previously agreed it would end further sales of chlorpyrifos in ... Corteva Announces It Will Cease Production of Embattled Insecticide Chlorpyrifos. Friday, February 14, 2020 ...

https://www.natlawreview.com/article/corteva-announces-it-will-cease-production-embattled-insecticide-chlorpyrifos

The DPR decision to cancel chlorpyrifos relies primarily on new animal studies that report that chlorpyrifos causes ... DPR refers in passing to the epidemiology studies for chlorpyrifos that EPA used to make its Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA ... EPA scientists have not yet prepared a formal evaluation of the new animal studies for chlorpyrifos, but EPAs decision to deny ... On the same day DPR issued its cancellation notices for chlorpyrifos, DPR also announced it has established an Alternatives to ...

https://www.natlawreview.com/article/california-dpr-issues-cancellation-notices-chlorpyrifos-and-establishes-work-group

Chlorpyrifos has already been banned in Hawaii and New York lawmakers recently sent a bill to the governor outlawing use of the ... The move would outlaw chlorpyrifos after scientists deemed it a toxic air contaminant and discovered it to be more dangerous ... To help farmers make the transition away from chlorpyrifos, the state is adding $5.7 million in new funding for safer ... California state regulators say theyre tightening the rules on the pesticide chlorpyrifos over new health concerns. Officials ...

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-bans-chlorpyrifos-pesticide-agriculture-state-child-brain-development/

Chlorpyrifos Ban Reversed: Researchers React. Chlorpyrifos Ban Reversed: Researchers React. Posted by Carol Miller,April 5, ... Chlorpyrifos molecule. Last week, EPA declined to ban the pesticide chlorpyrifos, which had been recommended for removal during ... The use of chlorpyrifos in this case is not necessarily essential, but is one of only a handful of tool capable of reducing ... I still see the value of having chlorpyrifos around as a tool in the tool box. Please see this article - it discusses some of ...

http://www.growingproduce.com/vegetables/researchers-react-to-pesticide-not-being-pulled/

Molecular model of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (C9.H11.Cl3.N.O3.P.S), widely used in agriculture. It kills ... Caption: Chlorpyrifos. Molecular model of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (C9.H11.Cl3.N.O3.P.S), widely used in ... Keywords: agricultural, agricultural insecticide, agriculture, artwork, black background, chemical, chemistry, chlorpyrifos, ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/667740/view/chlorpyrifos-insecticide-molecule

In a move that will put almost anyone who comes into contact with many common foods at risk, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has refused to ban the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos. (earthjustice.org)
I urge you to take action to protect children, workers and consumers from the pesticide chlorpyrifos. (earthjustice.org)
Tuesday Hawaii made history, as it became the first state in the U.S. to ban the pesticide chlorpyrifos , a highly toxic neurotoxin that causes significant damage to brain development in children. (ecowatch.com)
By banning the toxic pesticide, chlorpyrifos, Hawaii is taking action that Pruitt's EPA refused to take," said Wu, "and by taking the first step towards pesticide policies that will provide for more protection for children as well as more transparency, the Hawai'i State Legislature is acknowledging that it must protect its residents from the harmful effects of agricultural pesticide use. (ecowatch.com)
WASHINGTON - Today in a speech on the Senate floor, U.S. Senator Tom Udall made the case for why Congress must act to ban the pesticide chlorpyrifos, a dangerous neurotoxin linked to brain damage in children. (senate.gov)
Environmental groups have repeatedly pushed the EPA to ban the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos, known to harm health, water and wildlife. (rizklaw.com)

If the tolerances are revoked, EPA would cancel the associated food uses of chlorpyrifos. (growingmagazine.com)
The science is in: There are no safe uses of chlorpyrifos. (earthjustice.org)
Dennis writes: "Under President Barack Obama, the EPA proposed in 2015 to revoke all uses of chlorpyrifos on food - a move taken in response to a petition filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council and Pesticide Action Network North America. (readersupportednews.org)
The company said it "remains confident that authorized uses of chlorpyrifos products, as directed, offer wide margins of protection for human health and safety. (readersupportednews.org)
With each year of delay in canceling food tolerances and agricultural and other uses of chlorpyrifos, more children are unnecessarily at elevated risk for problems in learning, social skills, motor function, and other developmental domains," a group of supporters wrote in a letter to the agency early this year. (readersupportednews.org)
We strongly urge EPA to finalize its assessment and cancel all remaining uses of chlorpyrifos as expeditiously as possible. (readersupportednews.org)
For these reasons, all home uses of chlorpyrifos were all cancelled in 2001, resulting in a reduction of over 6 million pounds annually from people's homes. (sensiblesafeguards.org)

Based on EPA's current analysis, there do not appear to be risks from exposure to chlorpyrifos in food, but, when those exposures are combined with estimated exposure from drinking water in certain watersheds, EPA cannot conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure meets the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) safety standard. (growingmagazine.com)
New congressional legislation calls for a ban on chlorpyrifos (CPS) pesticides, which continue to be sold under names like Dursban, Lorsban and other brands, even though exposure during pregnancy has been linked to a risk of serious developmental problems for children. (aboutlawsuits.com)
In building the case for cancellation of chlorpyrifos, CalEPA's Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) has also added food residue as a means for toxic exposure, according to a report obtained by Agri-Pulse . (agri-pulse.com)
Sources close to the process question whether the department added the oral exposure risk in order to shore up its previous decision to label chlorpyrifos as a toxic air contaminant. (agri-pulse.com)
Based on many scientific studies, the EPA determined that even very low levels of exposure to chlorpyrifos-a pesticide used on staple foods like corn, wheat, apples and citrus-can cause irreparable harm and damage children's developing brains. (earthjustice.org)
Chlorpyrifos contaminates our food and water, and agricultural workers and families in rural communities are at the front lines of exposure to this neurotoxic chemical. (earthjustice.org)
It has long been known that exposure to chlorpyrifos can be deadly. (senate.gov)
But after years of study, researchers in the United States and a number of other countries now believe there also is a strong connection between chlorpyrifos exposure and mental disability, ADHD, and memory deficit in children. (senate.gov)
With the knowledge of the increased susceptibility ofmales to prenatal drug exposure, it was hypothesized that male rats exposed to chlorpyrifos before birth would exhibit such symptoms. (carroll.edu)
Though these results suggest no apparent connection between chlorpyrifos and autism-like behavior, it is still unclear whether the rats experienced internal anatomical change due to their exposure. (carroll.edu)
Of course, it remains unclear what, if any, danger such doses pose but it is now apparent that chlorpyrifos exposure in the womb has impacts on brain structure that persist through childhood, at least. (scientificamerican.com)
2011). 7-Year Neurodevelopmental Scores and Prenatal Exposure to Chlorpyrifos, a Common Agricultural Pesticide . (memory-key.com)
Chlorpyrifos exposure may lead to acute toxicity at higher doses. (rizklaw.com)

The EPA is requesting comment on a proposal to revoke all tolerances for the insecticide chlorpyrifos in response to a court-ordered deadline. (growingmagazine.com)
Without precedent for such an action, the process has been an evolving one and now goes beyond the original reason, which was about the insecticide chlorpyrifos being dangerous to inhale. (agri-pulse.com)
A study of 265 New York City minority children has found that those born with higher amounts of the insecticide chlorpyrifos had lower IQ scores at age 7. (memory-key.com)

In addition to banning chlorpyrifos, SB3095 requires all users of Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) to report usage of these pesticides , and mandates minimum 100-foot no-spray zones for RUPs around schools during school hours. (ecowatch.com)
And a low, but measurable, dose reaches yet other populations via food-a study that fed children a diet of organic food showed drops in the levels of chlorpyrifos and other organophosphate pesticides that then rebounded when they returned to their regular diet. (scientificamerican.com)
For one member of the class of OP pesticides, chlorpyrifos, also known as Lorsban™ or Dursban™, scientists have shown that it interferes with brain development, resulting in poor working memory and reduced IQ in developmentally-exposed children. (sensiblesafeguards.org)
Moreover, federal scientific experts report that chlorpyrifos and other OP pesticides still in use on crops are harmful to almost 1,800 "critically threatened or endangered species" (see Vanity Fair , April 20, 2017) making it a threat to wildlife and ecosystems. (sensiblesafeguards.org)

Scientists at the EPA were tasked under the Obama administration with actually studying the side effects of chlorpyrifos, and recommended that it be permanently banned nationwide. (aboutlawsuits.com)

And the highest concentration was chlorpyrifos. (senate.gov)

EPA expressly rejects a key part of California's argument for a prohibition -- that chlorpyrifos harms children's brains. (agri-pulse.com)

Therefore, as we are informing the court, we have proposed to revoke all chlorpyrifos tolerances based on the science as it stands. (growingmagazine.com)
NRDC and PANNA petitioned EPA to revoke all chlorpyrifos food residue tolerances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and cancel all registrations of products containing chlorpyrifos under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. (growingmagazine.com)
This frees American farmers from significant trade disruptions that could have been caused by an unnecessary, unilateral revocation of chlorpyrifos tolerances in the United States. (readersupportednews.org)

Till now, chlorpyrifos has become the largest organophosphorus insecticide worldwide in both volume and value. (marketpublishers.com)

A few years ago, Bonnie Wirtz also experienced the effects of chlorpyrifos. (senate.gov)
Used as a pilot study, this experiment could be coupled with a cellular analysis to fully illustrate the effects of chlorpyrifos. (carroll.edu)

Prenatal exposures to chlorpyrifos are associated with lower birth weight, reduced IQ, loss of working memory, attention disorders, and delayed motor development. (rizklaw.com)

Pruitt's move came just weeks after meeting with Dow Chemical, the manufacturer of chlorpyrifos and a chlorpyrifos alternative. (senate.gov)

In plain English, chlorpyrifos damages children's brains,"‎ Udall said in his remarks. (senate.gov)

Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl are insecticides to control insect pests on a range of crops. (foodsafetynews.com)

The chemical they were exposed to is called chlorpyrifos - a neurotoxic pesticide related to sarin gas. (senate.gov)

According to reports, on March 9thof 2017, Mr. Pruitt met with a pesticide manufacturer for 25 minutes to reconsider an Obama-era ban on the use of Chlorpyrifos and promptly reversed the ban," Velaquez said in a January 14 letter to other lawmakers. (aboutlawsuits.com)
Chlorpyrifos and n -hexane will be considered for possible listing by the DARTIC at its next meeting scheduled for Wednesday, November 29, 2017 beginning at 10 a.m. at the California Environmental Protection Agency, located at 1001 I Street in Sacramento. (ca.gov)
On March 29, 2017, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a statement refusing to ban chlorpyrifos used in agriculture. (rizklaw.com)

Trillium Management reported that the CDC found that of the 9,282 US tested citizens nationwide, that 93% had tested positive for Chlorpyrifos metabolites, and that the average child aged 6-11 tested exceeded the EPA's long term acceptable level by four times! (wordpress.com)

First developed by Dow Chemical Company in 1965, chlorpyrifos has been widely applied in over 100 countries across the world. (marketpublishers.com)
The assessment indicated the potential for drinking water risks in small watersheds characterized by high concentrations of farming where chlorpyrifos may be widely used. (growingmagazine.com)

Manufactured by Dow Chemical, chlorpyrifos was first put into use in 1965. (aboutlawsuits.com)
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate that in 1965 was registered as an insecticide in the U.S. by Dow Chemical Company for both agricultural and residential use to damage the nervous system of insects. (rizklaw.com)

A study published in 2014 added chlorpyrifos to a list of 11 chemicals identified as developmental neurotoxins , with widespread damaging affects to developing brains and reducing intelligence. (aboutlawsuits.com)
Researchers indicated chlorpyrifos, along with other chemicals, may cause neurodevelopmental disabilities in children, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. (aboutlawsuits.com)

he chemical chlorpyrifos, also known as Lorsban, has been used by farmers for more than a half-century to kill pests on a range of crops, from broccoli to strawberries to citrus trees. (readersupportednews.org)

Earth Justice reported that the EPA is proposing to finally ban Chlorpyrifos (food tolerance residuals) in agricultural areas of human exposures (those poor farm workers & families living nearby did NOT get this 2000 protection-nor did our food! (wordpress.com)
Chlorpyrifos, due to its toxicity was banned for home use in the U.S. in 2000. (rizklaw.com)

In his speech, Udall told the stories of farmers, farmworkers, and pregnant women who became ill when they were exposed to chlorpyrifos, and outlined the dangerous effects the chemical has on children. (senate.gov)

The Environmental Protection Agency's recent decision allowing the continued use of chlorpyrifos has emboldened critics of the California Environmental Protection Agency's May proposal to cancel the insecticide's registration. (agri-pulse.com)

The Trump administration has declined to ban chlorpyrifos, which is commonly used as a pesticide on citrus trees and other crops. (readersupportednews.org)
Although chlorpyrifos is no longer legal for home use, approximately 6 million pounds are still used annually on corn, in orchards, and on other vegetable row crops. (sensiblesafeguards.org)

Banned for indoor use since 2001, the effects of the common insecticide known as chlorpyrifos can still be found in the brains of young children now approaching puberty. (scientificamerican.com)
In addition, although chlorpyrifos can persist in indoor environments, it breaks down relatively quickly when exposed to sunlight and other natural elements. (scientificamerican.com)
Previous research had found that, prior to the ban, chlorpyrifos was detected in all personal and indoor air samples in New York, and 70% of umbilical cord blood collected from babies. (memory-key.com)

The bill, which goes into effect in July 2018, will ban chlorpyrifos by January 2019. (ecowatch.com)

The brains of 20 children exposed to higher levels of chlorpyrifos in their mother's blood (as measured by serum from the umbilical cord) "looked different" compared to those exposed to lower levels of the chemical, says epidemiologist Virginia Rauh of the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, who led the research published online by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on April 30. (scientificamerican.com)
Compared to 20 children from the same kinds of New York families who had relatively low levels of chlorpyrifos in umbilical cord blood, the 20 higher dose kids had protuberances in some regions of the cerebral cortex and thinning in other regions. (scientificamerican.com)

Exposing children to chlorpyrifos results in reduced IQ, loss of working memory and attention deficit disorders. (earthjustice.org)
I look forward to hearing about how you will stand up to protect children, workers and consumers from chlorpyrifos. (earthjustice.org)
A new study used magnetic imaging to reveal that those children exposed to chlorpyrifos in the womb had persistent changes in their brains throughout childhood. (scientificamerican.com)
Previous studies have linked chlorpyrifos in children to everything from low birth weight to attention problems in both urban and agricultural exposures. (scientificamerican.com)
And the children in this study were exposed to lower levels of chlorpyrifos than found in a random sampling from a Cincinnati blood bank (which showed levels twice as high as those in the affected children). (scientificamerican.com)
For decades, corn, wheat, apples and citrus have been sprayed with chlorpyrifos, shown to cause permanent brain and nerve damage in children. (rizklaw.com)

In her response, Food and Agriculture Secretary Karen Ross mentions that the state bans on chlorpyrifos going into effect are being decide by state politicians, rather than regulators. (agri-pulse.com)
As of now, however, the use of chlorpyrifos remains widespread in conventional agriculture. (scientificamerican.com)

But this March, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt ignored his own scientists and the body of scientific evidence that chlorpyrifos is dangerous. (senate.gov)

It's the fruits and vegetables," that can carry chlorpyrifos, Rauh notes. (scientificamerican.com)
The good news is that washing fruits and vegetables can rinse away lingering chlorpyrifos and, presumably, mitigate any risk. (scientificamerican.com)

Chlorpyrifos will be considered for possible listing based on the developmental toxicity endpoint. (ca.gov)
The complete 2008 OEHHA hazard identification document (HID), "Evidence on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos", September 2008. (ca.gov)

The result is after FIFTEEN YEARS, the EPA is now soliciting public comment to FINALLY ban Chlorpyrifos in agricultural areas where people, workers, and watershed sources can be exposed. (wordpress.com)

In 2007, Pesticide Action Network of North America (PANNA) and Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) filed a petition with the EPA seeking a chlorpyrifos agricultural ban based on growing evidence of risks and harm that would eliminate all uses of the pesticide. (rizklaw.com)

About 10 years ago Claudia Angulo, a farmworker in California's San Joaquin Valley, was exposed to chlorpyrifos when she was pregnant. (senate.gov)

The amount of chlorpyrifos in babies' blood was associated with neurodevelopmental problems at age three. (memory-key.com)

EPA has determined that safe levels of chlorpyrifos may be exceeded in parts of the United States for people whose drinking water is derived from some small vulnerable watersheds where chlorpyrifos is heavily used. (growingmagazine.com)
The administration's announcement in May preempted the two-year regulatory effort already in motion for chlorpyrifos, which would have determined appropriate mitigation levels through a formal and public review process. (agri-pulse.com)
Although government biomonitoring data indicates that the levels of chlorpyrifos in human urine has been reduced to half the amounts pre-cancellation, still its breakdown products have been detected in the bodies of three-quarters of the US population. (sensiblesafeguards.org)

Organisms2

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Chemicals and Drugs25

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

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Comparison of two in vitro activation systems for protoxicant organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. (1/305)

Developmental cholinotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos. (2/305)

Dermal transfer of chlorpyrifos residues from residential surfaces: comparison of hand press, hand drag, wipe, and polyurethane foam roller measurements after broadcast and aerosol pesticide applications. (3/305)

Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. (4/305)

Pitfalls when determining tissue distributions of organophosphorus chemicals: sodium fluoride accelerates chemical degradation. (5/305)

Changes in rat brain cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor density during and after repeated oral exposure to chlorpyrifos in early postnatal development. (6/305)

Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: dose response profiles for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity. (7/305)

Studies of toxicity of dermally-absorbed nurelle D 550 EC preparations. (8/305)

Chlorpyrifos

Insecticides

Diazinon

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Pyridones

Cholinesterases

Pesticide Residues

Parathion

Pesticides

Pest Control

Acetylcholinesterase

Dieldrin

Neurotoxicity Syndromes

Paraoxon

Organophosphates

Butyrylcholinesterase

Carbaryl

Organophosphate Poisoning

Carboxylesterase

Acetylthiocholine

Methyl Parathion

Herbicides

Portraits as Topic

Interior Design and Furnishings

Organophosphorus Compounds

Salix

Agriculture

Pyrethrins

Fenthion

Cladosporium

Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide

Tritolyl Phosphates

Threshold Limit Values

Malathion

Environmental Exposure

Chemical Industry

Brazil

Comparison of two in vitro activation systems for protoxicant organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. (1/305)

Developmental cholinotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos. (2/305)

Dermal transfer of chlorpyrifos residues from residential surfaces: comparison of hand press, hand drag, wipe, and polyurethane foam roller measurements after broadcast and aerosol pesticide applications. (3/305)

Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. (4/305)

Pitfalls when determining tissue distributions of organophosphorus chemicals: sodium fluoride accelerates chemical degradation. (5/305)

Changes in rat brain cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor density during and after repeated oral exposure to chlorpyrifos in early postnatal development. (6/305)

Gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: dose response profiles for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity. (7/305)

Studies of toxicity of dermally-absorbed nurelle D 550 EC preparations. (8/305)

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