Chloroquine. Medical search

The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.

Tests that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents against specific parasites.

Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.

An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)

One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.

A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.

A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.

Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A group of SESQUITERPENES and their analogs that contain a peroxide group (PEROXIDES) within an oxepin ring (OXEPINS).

A protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions.

The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.

An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.

The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.

A family of diphenylenemethane derivatives.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

A republic stretching from the Indian Ocean east to New Guinea, comprising six main islands: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly known as the Celebes) and Irian Jaya (the western part of New Guinea). Its capital is Djakarta. The ethnic groups living there are largely Chinese, Arab, Eurasian, Indian, and Pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the Islamic faith.

Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups.

A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.

A republic in western Africa, southwest of MAURITANIA and east of MALI. Its capital is Dakar.

A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.

An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.

One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.

Coupling assembly of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to efficient endoplasmic reticulum exit and basal-lateral membrane targeting of E-cadherin in polarized MDCK cells. (1/2261)

The E-cadherin/catenin complex regulates Ca++-dependent cell-cell adhesion and is localized to the basal-lateral membrane of polarized epithelial cells. Little is known about mechanisms of complex assembly or intracellular trafficking, or how these processes might ultimately regulate adhesion functions of the complex at the cell surface. The cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin contains two putative basal-lateral sorting motifs, which are homologous to sorting signals in the low density lipoprotein receptor, but an alanine scan across tyrosine residues in these motifs did not affect the fidelity of newly synthesized E-cadherin delivery to the basal-lateral membrane of MDCK cells. Nevertheless, sorting signals are located in the cytoplasmic domain since a chimeric protein (GP2CAD1), comprising the extracellular domain of GP2 (an apical membrane protein) and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of E-cadherin, was efficiently and specifically delivered to the basal-lateral membrane. Systematic deletion and recombination of specific regions of the cytoplasmic domain of GP2CAD1 resulted in delivery of <10% of these newly synthesized proteins to both apical and basal-lateral membrane domains. Significantly, >90% of each mutant protein was retained in the ER. None of these mutants formed a strong interaction with beta-catenin, which normally occurs shortly after E-cadherin synthesis. In addition, a simple deletion mutation of E-cadherin that lacks beta-catenin binding is also localized intracellularly. Thus, beta-catenin binding to the whole cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin correlates with efficient and targeted delivery of E-cadherin to the lateral plasma membrane. In this capacity, we suggest that beta-catenin acts as a chauffeur, to facilitate transport of E-cadherin out of the ER and the plasma membrane. (+info)

8-Aminoquinolines active against blood stage Plasmodium falciparum in vitro inhibit hematin polymerization. (2/2261)

From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) inventory, thirteen 8-aminoquinoline analogs of primaquine were selected for screening against a panel of seven Plasmodium falciparum clones and isolates. Six of the 13 8-aminoquinolines had average 50% inhibitory concentrations between 50 and 100 nM against these P. falciparum clones and were thus an order of magnitude more potent than primaquine. However, excluding chloroquine-resistant clones and isolates, these 8-aminoquinolines were all an order of magnitude less potent than chloroquine. None of the 8-aminoquinolines was cross resistant with either chloroquine or mefloquine. In contrast to the inactive primaquine prototype, 8 of the 13 8-aminoquinolines inhibited hematin polymerization more efficiently than did chloroquine. Although alkoxy or aryloxy substituents at position 5 uniquely endowed these 13 8-aminoquinolines with impressive schizontocidal activity, the structural specificity of inhibition of both parasite growth and hematin polymerization was low. (+info)

Comparison of in vivo and in vitro tests of resistance in patients treated with chloroquine in Yaounde, Cameroon. (3/2261)

The usefulness of an isotopic in vitro assay in the field was evaluated by comparing its results with the therapeutic response determined by the simplified WHO in vivo test in symptomatic Cameroonian patients treated with chloroquine. Of the 117 enrolled patients, 102 (87%) completed the 14-day follow-up, and 95 isolates obtained from these patients (46 children, 49 adults) yielded an interpretable in vitro test. A total of 57 of 95 patients (60%; 28 children and 29 adults) had an adequate clinical response with negative smears (n = 46) or with an asymptomatic parasitaemia (n = 11) on day 7 and/or day 14. The geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentration of the isolates obtained from these patients was 63.3 nmol/l. Late and early treatment failure was observed in 29 (30.5%) and 9 (9.5%) patients, respectively. The geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentrations of the corresponding isolates were 173 nmol/l and 302 nmol/l. Among the patients responding with late and early treatment failure, five isolates and one isolate, respectively, yielded a discordant result (in vivo resistance and in vitro sensitivity). The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the in vitro test to detect chloroquine-sensitive cases was 67%, 84% and 86%, respectively. There was moderate concordance between the in vitro and in vivo tests (kappa value = 0.48). The in vitro assay agrees relatively well with the therapeutic response and excludes several host factors that influence the results of the in vivo test. However, in view of some discordant results, the in vitro test cannot substitute for in vivo data on therapeutic efficacy. The only reliable definition of "resistance" in malaria parasites is based on clinical and parasitological response in symptomatic patients, and the in vivo test provides the standard method to determine drug sensitivity or resistance as well as to guide national drug policies. (+info)

Cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in J774 macrophages occurs in the cytoplasm and lysosomes. (4/2261)

The relationship of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis to the physical state of the cholesteryl ester in J774 murine macrophages was explored in cells induced to store cholesteryl esters either in anisotropic (ordered) inclusions or isotropic (liquid) inclusions. In contrast to other cell systems, the rate of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis was faster in cells containing anisotropic inclusions than in cells containing isotropic inclusions. Two contributing factors were identified. Kinetic analyses of the rates of hydrolysis are consistent with a substrate competition by co-deposited triglyceride in cells with isotropic inclusions. In addition, hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in cells with anisotropic droplets is mediated by both cytoplasmic and lysosomal lipolytic enzymes, as shown by using the lysosomotropic agent, chloroquine, and an inhibitor of neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase, umbelliferyl diethylphosphate. In cells containing anisotropic inclusions, hydrolysis was partially inhibited by incubation in media containing either chloroquine or umbelliferyl diethylphosphate. Together, chloroquine and umbelliferyl diethylphosphate completely inhibited hydrolysis. However, when cells containing isotropic inclusions were incubated with umbelliferyl diethylphosphate, cholesteryl ester hydrolysis was completely inhibited, but chloroquine had no effect. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated a primarily lysosomal location for lipid droplets in cells with anisotropic droplets and both non-lysosomal and lysosomal populations of lipid droplets in cells with isotropic droplets. These results support the conclusion that there is a lysosomal component to the hydrolysis of stored cholesteryl esters in foam cells. (+info)

Characterization of the culture filtrate-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination in H-2b mice. (5/2261)

Although CD8+ T cells are supposed to play an important role in protective immunity to mycobacteria, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in this infection remain poorly characterized. We previously demonstrated that bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization of H-2b mice induced CTL able to recognize and kill macrophages incubated with proteins from mycobacterial culture supernatant [culture filtrate (CF) antigens]. In the present study, we have further characterized the lytic activity of these CTL and the processing pathway used for the presentation of CF proteins. We show that they use the degranulation pathway (secretion of perforins and granzymes) as the main lytic mechanism of cytotoxicity and also secrete IFN-gamma upon incubation with CF-pulsed macrophages. The in vitro presentation of CF proteins to CTL required a processing step inhibited in the cold but insensitive to Brefeldin A. Transporter-associated protein (TAP)-2-deficient RMA-S cells were efficiently recognized and killed by CF-specific CTL, demonstrating the lack of TAP requirement for this presentation. However, recognition of target cells by CTL was abolished when carried out in the presence of chloroquine. These results indicate that a non-classical MHC class I-processing pathway allows the recognition of a CF protein by CTL in BCG-vaccinated H-2b mice. (+info)

Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 binds and mediates degradation of lipoprotein lipase. (6/2261)

Lipoprotein lipase and the receptor-associated protein (RAP) bind to overlapping sites on the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha2-macroglobulin receptor (LRP). We have investigated if lipoprotein lipase interacts with the RAP binding but structurally distinct receptor sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3. We show, by chemical cross-linking and surface plasmon resonance analysis, that soluble sortilin binds lipoprotein lipase with an affinity similar to that of LRP. The binding was inhibited by heparin and RAP and by the newly discovered sortilin ligand neurotensin. In 35S-labeled 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with the cross-linker dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate), lipoprotein lipase-containing complexes were isolated by anti-sortilin antibodies. To elucidate function in cells, sortilin-negative Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected with full-length sortilin and shown to express about 8% of the receptors on the cell surface. These cells degraded 125I-labeled lipoprotein lipase much faster than the wild-type cells. The degradation was inhibited by unlabeled lipoprotein lipase, indicating a saturable pathway, and by RAP and heparin. Moreover, inhibition by the weak base chloroquine suggested that degradation occurs in an acidic vesicle compartment. The results demonstrate that sortilin is a multifunctional receptor that binds lipoprotein lipase and, when expressed on the cell surface, mediates its endocytosis and degradation. (+info)

Chinese hamster ovary cells require the coexpression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase for the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. (7/2261)

Due to the absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells lack the ability to translocate apoB into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, causing apoB to be rapidly degraded by an N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal-inhibitable process. The goal of this study was to examine if expression of MTP, whose genetic deletion is responsible for the human recessive disorder abetalipoproteinemia, would recapitulate the lipoprotein assembly pathway in CHO cells. Unexpectedly, expression of MTP mRNA and protein in CHO cells did not allow apoB-containing lipoproteins to be assembled and secreted by CHO cells expressing apoB53. Although expression of MTP in cells allowed apoB to completely enter the endoplasmic reticulum, it was degraded by a proteolytic process that was inhibited by dithiothreitol (1 mM) and chloroquine (100 microM), but resistant to N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal. In marked contrast, coexpression of the liver-specific gene product cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase with MTP resulted in levels of MTP lipid transfer activity that were similar to those in mouse liver and allowed intact apoB53 to be secreted as a lipoprotein particle. These data suggest that, although MTP-facilitated lipid transport is not required for apoB translocation, it is required for the secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins. We propose that, in CHO cells, MTP plays two roles in the assembly and secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins: 1) it acts as a chaperone that facilitates apoB53 translocation, and 2) its lipid transfer activity allows apoB-containing lipoproteins to be assembled and secreted. Our results suggest that the phenotype of the cell (e.g. expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase by the liver) may profoundly influence the metabolic relationships determining how apoB is processed into lipoproteins and/or degraded. (+info)

Non-viral neuronal gene delivery mediated by the HC fragment of tetanus toxin. (8/2261)

Many inherited neurological diseases and cancers could potentially benefit from efficient targeted gene delivery to neurons of the central nervous system. The nontoxic fragment C (HC) of tetanus toxin retains the specific nerve cell binding and transport properties of tetanus holotoxin. The HC fragment has previously been used to promote the uptake of attached proteins such as horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase and superoxide dismutase into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo. We report the use of purified recombinant HC fragment produced in yeast and covalently bound to polylysine [poly(K)] to enable binding of DNA. We demonstrate that when used to transfect cells, this construct results in nonviral gene delivery and marker gene expression in vitro in N18 RE 105 cells (a neuroblastoma x glioma mouse/rat hybrid cell line) and F98 (a glioma cell line). Transfection was dependent on HC and was neuronal cell type specific. HC may prove a useful targeting ligand for future neuronal gene therapy. (+info)

Falciparum malaria can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, the disease can lead to anemia, organ failure, and death.

Diagnosis of falciparum malaria typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of parasites in the blood or other bodily fluids. Treatment usually involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) or quinine, which can effectively cure the disease if administered promptly.

Prevention of falciparum malaria is critical to reducing the risk of infection, and this includes the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying (IRS), and preventive medications for travelers to high-risk areas. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities can also help reduce the number of mosquitoes and the spread of the disease.

In summary, falciparum malaria is a severe and life-threatening form of malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which is responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths worldwide. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and death from this disease. Prevention measures include the use of bed nets, indoor spraying, and preventive medications, as well as reducing standing water around homes and communities.

There are several different types of malaria, including:

1. Plasmodium falciparum: This is the most severe form of malaria, and it can be fatal if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
2. Plasmodium vivax: This type of malaria is less severe than P. falciparum, but it can still cause serious complications if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
3. Plasmodium ovale: This type of malaria is similar to P. vivax, but it can cause more severe symptoms in some people. It is found primarily in West Africa.
4. Plasmodium malariae: This type of malaria is less common than the other three types, and it tends to cause milder symptoms. It is found primarily in parts of Africa and Asia.

The symptoms of malaria can vary depending on the type of parasite that is causing the infection, but they typically include:

1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Headache
4. Muscle and joint pain
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Diarrhea
8. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

If malaria is not treated promptly, it can lead to more severe complications, such as:

1. Seizures
2. Coma
3. Respiratory failure
4. Kidney failure
5. Liver failure
6. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

Malaria is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood smears or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Treatment for malaria typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications and provide supportive care.

Prevention is an important aspect of managing malaria, and this can include:

1. Using insecticide-treated bed nets
2. Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors
3. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites
4. Using indoor residual spraying (IRS) or insecticide-treated wall lining to kill mosquitoes
5. Implementing malaria control measures in areas where malaria is common, such as distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)
6. Improving access to healthcare services, particularly in rural and remote areas
7. Providing education and awareness about malaria prevention and control
8. Encouraging the use of preventive medications, such as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for pregnant women and children under the age of five.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical in preventing the progression of malaria and reducing the risk of complications and death. In areas where malaria is common, it is essential to have access to reliable diagnostic tools and effective antimalarial drugs.

Vivax malaria is characterized by a more gradual onset of symptoms compared to other types of malaria, such as Plasmodium falciparum. The symptoms of vivax malaria can include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can lead to anemia, kidney failure, seizures, coma, and death.

Vivax malaria is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood smears or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests. Treatment for vivax malaria typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine or primaquine, which are effective against the parasite but not against other types of malaria.

Prevention is key to avoiding malaria, and this includes taking antimalarial medications before traveling to areas where malaria is common, wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent to prevent mosquito bites, and using bed nets that have been treated with insecticide. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities can also help reduce the number of mosquitoes and the risk of malaria.

In conclusion, vivax malaria is a serious and sometimes life-threatening disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. It is important to be aware of the risk of malaria when traveling to areas where it is common, and to take preventive measures such as using antimalarial medications and protective clothing to avoid infection.

Sources:

1. Dictionary of Medical Microbiology, Second Edition. Edited by A. S. Chakrabarti and S. K. Das. Springer, 2012.
2. Medical Microbiology, Fourth Edition. Edited by P. R. Murray, K. S. N air, and M. J. Laurence. Mosby, 2014.

... -resistant parasites pump chloroquine out at 40 times the rate of chloroquine-sensitive parasites; the pump is coded ... Scholia has a topic profile for Chloroquine. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chloroquine. "Chloroquine". Drug ... may reduce absorption of chloroquine; Cimetidine- may inhibit metabolism of chloroquine; increasing levels of chloroquine in ... Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form the FP-chloroquine complex; this complex is highly toxic to the cell and disrupts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine

... is a form of toxic retinopathy (damage of the retina) caused by the drugs chloroquine or ... Most patients are routinely given 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine daily (or 250 mg chloroquine). This dose is considered ... Baseline evaluation for patients beginning treatment with a chloroquine derivative should include a complete eye examination by ... "Ocular fundus manifestation of two patients following long-term chloroquine therapy: a case report". Diagnostic Pathology. 5: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_retinopathy

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. Chloroquine, ... Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine "Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine". COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of ... Chloroquine is an anti-malarial medication that is also used against some auto-immune diseases. Hydroxychloroquine is more ... Chloroquine was initially recommended by Indian, Chinese, South Korean and Italian health authorities for the treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic

"Chloroquine - MeSH". NCBI. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018. "Acyclovir". DrugBank. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 ... is the prototype ethanolamine antihistamine Nifedipine is the prototype dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker Chloroquine is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_drug

By that time, chloroquine manufacturing processes had been established to allow its widespread use. 4,7-Dichloroquinoline has ... A typical reaction with a specific primary amine gives chloroquine in high yield: Apart from its use in the manufacture of ... However, its synthesis was not investigated in detail until chloroquine was developed as an antimalarial drug.: 130-132 A route ... Kenyon, R.L.; Wiesner, J.A.; Kwartler, C.E. (1949-04-01). "Chloroquine manufacture". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 41 (4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4,7-Dichloroquinoline

"Chloroquine phosphate". Drugs.com. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2020. Mulier ... chloroquine in separate trials and hospital sites internationally. Following a study published by The Lancet on safety concerns ... including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate. Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. Chloroquine, ... Chloroquine has a risk of death in overdose in adults of about 20%, while hydroxychloroquine is estimated to be two or ... Chloroquine, a synthetic analogue with the same mechanism of action was discovered in 1934, by Hans Andersag and coworkers at ... "Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine". COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic Boigon, Molly (January 11, 2021). "Hasidic doctor spouts ... "Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine". COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved July 1, 2022. Hanau ... "The Rise and Fall of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine as Compassionate Therapy of COVID-19". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zelenko

"Chloroquine, conseil scientifique, vaccin... Didier Raoult se lâche dans "Paris Match"". midilibre.fr. Retrieved 1 May 2020. à ... "Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine". "WHO discontinues hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/Ritonavir treatment arms for COVID-19". ... Zaretsky, Robert (30 March 2020). "The Trumpian French Doctor Behind the Chloroquine Hype". Slate. Portrait par l'INSERM - 2010 ... He defended chloroquine as a benchmark drug for lung diseases, saying that it had suddenly been declared dangerous after having ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Raoult

Chloroquine also reduces its bioavailability. The drug cimetidine heightens praziquantel bioavailability. The drug's mode of ... Masimirembwa CM, Naik YS, Hasler JA (January 1994). "The effect of chloroquine on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praziquantel

Chloroquine is an anti-malarial medication administered in the form of a tablet for ingestion. Chloroquine is a water-soluble ... "LABEL: CHLOROQUINE- chloroquine phosphate tablet". DAILY MED. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2019. "Malaria". 2019. Retrieved 10 ... Both hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have a side effect of retinal toxicity when administered to infected patients. Adverse ... effects of the drug chloroquine include agitation, anxiety, confusion, gastrointestinal discomfort, blurring vision and/or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartan_fever

Chloroquine is an antimalarial and antiamebic drug. It is also used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus ... "Chloroquine Phosphate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. "Zinc pyrithione". American Chemical Society. Wadia, NH (1984 ... Xue, Jing; Moyer, Amanda; Peng, Bing; Wu, Jinchang; Hannafon, Bethany N.; Ding, Wei-Qun (1 October 2014). "Chloroquine Is a ... Romanelli, Frank; Smith, Kelly; Hoven, Ardis (1 August 2004). "Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Inhibitors of Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionophore

The unit eventually discovered chloroquine. In 1946 he commenced work at Johns Hopkins University Medical School, and was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Zubrod

628-9. Bush A, Sheppard MN, Warner JO (1992). "Chloroquine in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis". Arch Dis Child. 67 (5): 625- ... Zaki M, Al Saleh Q, Al Mutari G (1995). "Effectiveness of chloroquine therapy in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis". Pediatric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis

... low treatment with Bafillomycin of 1 nM decreased chloroquine induced apoptosis without affecting chloroquine inhibition of ... Some cationic drugs, such as chloroquine and sertraline, are known as lysosomotropic drugs. These drugs are weak bases that ... Weber SM, Levitz SM, Harrison TS (August 2000). "Chloroquine and the fungal phagosome". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 3 (4 ... As a lysosomotroic drug, chloroquine typically accumulates in the lysosome disrupting their degradative function, inhibiting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafilomycin

Regarding a harmful side effect of the use of chloroquine in the treatment of malaria, dangerous to the eyes, she co-authored ... Bernstein, H; Zvaifler, N; Rubin, M; Mansour, AM (August 1963). "The Ocular Deposition of Chloroquine". Invest Ophthalmol. 2: ... The Ocular Deposition of Chloroquine, with Howard Bernstein, Nathan Zvaifler and Martin Rubin. After receiving her doctorate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Mansour

Examples include amodiaquine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine. Other uses for the derivatives are: anti-asthmatic, ... Amodiaquine Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Quinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline Ionophore Al-Ahmary, Khairia M.; Alenezi, Maha S.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminoquinoline

Chloroquine : «Ne perdons plus de temps !», l'appel de personnalités médicales Le Parisien, 3 April 2020. Caroline Vigoureux (6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_Wonner

It is specifically inhibited by chloroquine. Mutations in this gene cause biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease (BBGD); a ... "Discovering thiamine transporters as targets of chloroquine using a novel functional genomics strategy". PLOS Genet. 8 (11): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_transporter_2

The effect of chloroquine is not clear. It does not appear to help acute disease, but tentative evidence indicates it might ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya

Chloroquine Amodiaquine Pamaquine Mefloquine "Quinacrine Shortage & What the ACR Is Doing about It". 13 March 2019 [8 February ... The product was one of the first synthetic substitutes for quinine although later superseded by chloroquine. In addition it has ... It is related to chloroquine and mefloquine. Although formerly available from compounding pharmacies, as of August 2020 it is ... Baird JK (2011). "Resistance to chloroquine unhinges vivax malaria therapeutics". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 (5): 1827- ...

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This MDA comprised 300 mg chloroquine base and 45 mg pyrimethamine weekly for nine weeks. An additional 300 mg chloroquine and ... It was then decided to mix the remaining stock of pyrimethaminized salt with chloroquine powder. The chloroquine base content ... Circumstantial evidence linked the use of medicated salts to the emergence of chloroquine resistance in the 1980s: Chloroquine ... Chloroquine resistance was first observed in 1962 in the area with the lowest relative uptake of chloroquinized salt. In the ...

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For use only in combination with chloroquine. For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage of human African trypanosomiasis due to ... Chloroquine Doxycycline Mefloquine Proguanil Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine Pyrimethamine Sulfadiazine Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim ... Artesunate Artesunate/amodiaquine Artesunate/mefloquine Artesunate/pyronaridine tetraphosphate Chloroquine Dihydroartemisinin/ ...

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Dwilson, Stephanie Dube (May 6, 2020). "'Dead Zone' Plague Episode Predicts Coronavirus & Chloroquine". Heavy. (Articles with ...

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Within days of his first mention of the drug, a shortage occurred for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the United States, ... Eban, Katherine (April 24, 2020). ""Really Want to Flood NY and NJ": Internal Documents Reveal Team Trump's Chloroquine Master ... The next day, March 19, Trump promoted hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine during his daily briefing as potential treatments by ... "Man Dies After Taking Chloroquine for Coronavirus". WebMD. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. ...

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Baird, J. K. (7 March 2011). "Resistance to Chloroquine Unhinges Vivax Malaria Therapeutics". Antimicrobial Agents and ...

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Abdulkadir, S.A.; Pate, M.A. (November 1990). "Vitamin B complex for chloroquine-induced pruritis". Transactions of the Royal ...

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Bolsonaro also earned criticism for his actual methods to counter the pandemic, promoting the unproven usage of chloroquine as ... "Nobody Is Doing Anything Wrong", Says Bolsonaro about Brazil's Chloroquine Production". Folha de S. Paulo. 12 February 2021. " ... "Bolsonaro could face criminal charges for chloroquine endorsement". The Brazilian Report. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August ...

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The government also urged the public to not buy chloroquine, which is used to treat patients diagnosed with malaria. On 23 ... "Sri Lanka- Public cautioned on use of Chloroquine". menafn.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March ...

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Chloroquine poisoning. South Med J 1974;67:1031-5. 4. Weniger H. Review of side effects and toxicity of chloroquine. Geneva: ... The chloroquine remained from a supply dispensed to the childs grandfather for malaria prophylaxis. The amount of chloroquine ... Health-care providers should be aware of the potential interventioons to prevent chloroquine poisoning. Chloroquine ... chloroquine (8). Diazepam has been found to decrease the mortality rate in experimental chloroquine poisoning in rats (9). A ...

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Chloroquine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before using chloroquine phosphate,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine ... Chloroquine phosphate is used to prevent and treat malaria. It is also used to treat amebiasis. Chloroquine phosphate is in a ... Chloroquine phosphate can cause serious vision problems. If you experience any changes in vision, stop taking chloroquine ...

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Chloroquine phosphate, when used without a prescription and supervision of a healthcare provider, can cause serious health ... Severe Illness with Non-Pharmaceutical Chloroquine Phosphate. March 30, 2020. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ... The Issue: There have been two cases where people ingested chloroquine phosphate used in aquariums in an attempt to prevent ... Based on theory and a small study, the FDA and other organizations are evaluating medications such as chloroquine and ...

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Chloroquine Chloroquine phosphate is used to prevent and treat malaria. It is also used to treat amebiasis. Chloroquine ... Chloroquine is often used as an anti-malarial medicine. But chloroquine-resistant infections are common in some parts of ... ... with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Chloroquine (Aralen)Chloroquine is a drug used to treat malaria. N-acetyl ... with this combination.Talk with your health provider.Chloroquine (Aralen)Hibiscus sabdariffa tea might reduce the amount of ...

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Within 30 minutes of taking chloroquine phosphate, the man in his 60s experienced ... Man dies after self-medicating with chloroquine phosphate to treat coronavirus By Tamar Lapin Social Links for Tamar Lapin * ... A bottle of the anti-malaria drug chloroquine Sign up for our special edition newsletter to get a daily update on the ... Chloroquine is especially not recommended for use by non-hospitalized patients.. "We are strongly urging the medical community ...

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Chloroquine is not associated with serum enzyme elevations and is an extrem … ... Chloroquine is an aminoquinoline used for the prevention and therapy of malaria. It is also effective in extraintestinal ... Therapeutic use of chloroquine. (Review)]. De Carlo M, Russo V. De Carlo M, et al. Arch Ital Sci Med Trop Parassitol. 1970 Jul- ... Chloroquine No authors listed In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda ...

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What is chloroquine?. Chloroquine tablets are available in the United States by prescription only, sold under the brand name ... Study shows some promise for chloroquine. As for the French study itself, it does indicate chloroquine has some promise for ... A 100% COVID-19 cure? No, chloroquine effectiveness only anecdotal If Your Time is short * A French study of 20 COVID-19 ... A reporter posed a question about chloroquine to Fauci, who has served as director of the National Institute of Allergy and ...

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Clyde, D. F., Mzoo, F. M. & Mluba, S. (‎1964)‎. Therapeutic trials of chloroquine silicate in Tanganyika. Bulletin of the World ...

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Baird JK, Wiady I, Fryauff DJ, Sutanihardja MA, Leksana B, Widjaya H, In vivo resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax and ... Zegarra J, Cairo EM, Andersen M, Green DR, Pillai W, Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg ... Yonemitsu K, Koreeda A, Kibayashi K, Ngwalali P, Mbonde M, Kitinya J, HPLC analysis of anti-malaria agent, chloroquine in ... Baird JK, Leksana B, Masbar S, Fryauff DJ, Sutanihardja MA, Suradi FS, Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium ...

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The first confirmed cases of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum acquired in Africa were reported in 1978 (1) and occurred in non-immune travelers who had been in East Africa for relatively short periods of time. (cdc.gov)
Plasmodium malaria resistant to chloroquine in a Zambian living in Zambia. (cdc.gov)
Development of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar. (cdc.gov)
Chloroquine is used extensively in malaria endemic areas in Africa to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (kenyon.edu)
We obtained 78 human blood samples from areas in Haiti with high transmission of malaria and found no drug resistance-associated mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and Kelch 13 genes. (cdc.gov)
Gambian children successfully treated with chloroquine can harbor and transmit Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes carrying resistance genes. (ajtmh.org)
Chloroquine, may exert its effect against Plasmodium species by concentrating in the acid vesicles of the parasite and by inhibiting polymerization of heme. (nih.gov)
Chloroquine is not active against the gametocytes and the exoerythrocytic forms including the hypnozoite stage ( P. vivax and P. ovale ) of the Plasmodium parasites. (nih.gov)
Plasmodium parasites exhibiting reduced susceptibility to hydroxychloroquine also show reduced susceptibility to chloroquine. (nih.gov)
Studies on resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium falciparum with potential application to the development of a modified in vitro susceptibility test / by Michael Davis Rogers. (who.int)
A clinical trial comparing the combination of chloroquine and doxycycline with chloroquine or doxycycline alone for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Jayapura, North East Irian Jaya / by Anubi Faki Bello. (who.int)

Chloroquine phosphate is used to prevent and treat malaria. (medlineplus.gov)
Chloroquine phosphate is in a class of drugs called antimalarials and amebicides. (medlineplus.gov)
Chloroquine phosphate comes as a tablet to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
For prevention and treatment of malaria in infants and children, the amount of chloroquine phosphate is based on the child's weight. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will calculate this amount and tell you how much chloroquine phosphate your child should receive. (medlineplus.gov)
Chloroquine phosphate may cause an upset stomach. (medlineplus.gov)
Take chloroquine phosphate with food. (medlineplus.gov)
Use chloroquine phosphate exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
Chloroquine phosphate is used occasionally to decrease the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and to treat systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and porphyria cutanea tarda. (medlineplus.gov)
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine hydrochloride, hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), or any other drugs. (medlineplus.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a health safety alert to inform the public that commercially available non-pharmaceutical chloroquine phosphate, such as that used in aquariums, is not safe and does not provide protection from COVID-19 infection. (ihs.gov)
The Issue: There have been two cases where people ingested chloroquine phosphate used in aquariums in an attempt to prevent COVID-19 infection. (ihs.gov)
Chloroquine phosphate, when used without a prescription and supervision of a healthcare provider, can cause serious health consequences, including death. (ihs.gov)
Clinicians and public health officials should discourage the public from misusing non-pharmaceutical chloroquine phosphate. (ihs.gov)
Within 30 minutes of taking chloroquine phosphate, the man in his 60s experienced "immediate effects" and had to be admitted to a nearby Banner Health hospital, the medical system in Arizona said in a press release Monday. (nypost.com)
In April, the Athens Medical University started a study on "the activity of chloroquine phosphate in patients with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection", to test how the drug could prevent or improve symptoms of pneumonia. (medicalxpress.com)
Generic drug Chloroquine Phosphate is considered just as safe and effective as its brand-name equivalents such as Aralen and Chlorquin. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Did you know that buying the generic drug Chloroquine Phosphate from IDM is much cheaper than buying the Aralen or Chlorquin brand drug? (internationaldrugmart.com)
What is the recommended dosage of Chloroquine Phosphate? (internationaldrugmart.com)
The dosage of Chloroquine Phosphate prescribed to each patient will vary. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Take each dose of Chloroquine Phosphate with a full glass of water. (internationaldrugmart.com)
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If your physician has instructed or directed you to take Chloroquine Phosphate medication in a regular schedule and you have missed a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as you remember. (internationaldrugmart.com)
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If you suspect an overdose of Chloroquine Phosphate, seek medical attention immediately. (internationaldrugmart.com)
What other drugs could interact with Chloroquine Phosphate? (internationaldrugmart.com)
It may be noted that drugs other than those listed above may also interact with Chloroquine Phosphate. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Before you take a medication for a particular ailment, you should inform the health expert about intake of any other medications including non-prescription medications, over-the-counter medicines that may increase the effect of Chloroquine Phosphate, and dietary supplements like vitamins, minerals and herbal, so that the doctor can warn you of any possible drug interactions. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Chloroquine Phosphate can interact with antacids containing magnesium. (internationaldrugmart.com)
What are the side effects of Chloroquine Phosphate? (internationaldrugmart.com)
Like other medicines, Chloroquine Phosphate can cause some side effects. (internationaldrugmart.com)
If they do occur, the side effects of Chloroquine Phosphate are most likely to be minor and temporary. (internationaldrugmart.com)
It is pertinent to note that side effects of Chloroquine Phosphate cannot be anticipated. (internationaldrugmart.com)
If any side effects of Chloroquine Phosphate develop or change in intensity, the doctor should be informed as soon as possible. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Do concur with your doctor and follow his directions completely when you are taking Chloroquine Phosphate. (internationaldrugmart.com)
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As readers may have heard, Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Phosphate (both anti-malarial drugs) have both been widely reported as possible treatments for COVID. (exitinternational.net)
Although their efficacy in fighting COVID is far from certain (despite what Donald Trump says), the role of chloroquine phosphate a reliable end of life drug is beyond dispute. (exitinternational.net)
Chloroquine phosphate tablet, USP, is a 4-aminoquinoline compound for oral administration. (nih.gov)
Chloroquine phosphate tablet is an antimalarial and amebicidal drug. (nih.gov)
Each tablet contains 500 mg of chloroquine phosphate USP, equivalent to 300 mg chloroquine base. (nih.gov)

The EMA has announced that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine should only be used for the treatment of COVID-19 in connection with clinical trials or in national emergency use programmes for the treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients. (laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk)

Chloroquine (Aralen)Hibiscus sabdariffa tea might reduce the amount of chloroquine that the body can absorb and use. (nih.gov)
Chloroquine (Aralen) Chloroquine is a drug used to treat malaria. (nih.gov)
Chloroquine tablets are available in the United States by prescription only, sold under the brand name Aralen, as well as generic. (politifact.com)

It was not until World War II that the government of the United States sponsored the clinical trials of chloroquine as an antimalarial drug. (kenyon.edu)
Resistance to chloroquine cases is increasing at an alarming rate and it is spreading rapidly especially in the tropical countries where it is used extensively as an antimalarial drug (19). (kenyon.edu)
Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug that was developed in 1934. (nih.gov)

It may now be prudent to advise travelers to these specific suspect areas that they may be at risk of acquiring chloroquine-resistant malaria. (cdc.gov)

The FDA had approved an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) on March 28, 2020 to allow distribution of chloroquine for the treatment adults and adolescents who weigh at least 110 pounds (50 kg) and who are hospitalized with COVID-19, but who are unable to participate in a clinical study. (medlineplus.gov)
However, FDA canceled this on June 15, 2020 because clinical studies showed that chloroquine is unlikely to be effective for treatment of COVID-19 in these patients and some serious side effects, such as irregular heartbeat were reported. (medlineplus.gov)
A retraction in the journal Lancet on Thursday, June 4, 2020 involved a May 22 report on hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, drugs long used for preventing or treating malaria but whose safety and effectiveness for COVID-19 are unknown. (deseret.com)

Are websites selling hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine real or fake? (komando.com)
These sites, which mostly serve as phishing operations, primarily mention hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, which have seen some positive early reports from researchers. (komando.com)

United Kingdom malaria treatment guidelines recommend that weekly chloroquine 500 mg be given until breastfeeding is completed and primaquine can be given. (nih.gov)

We evaluated 2 drug resistance markers, the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter ( pfcrt ) gene and the artemisinin resistance gene Kelch 13 ( k13 ), in malaria parasites in Haiti to determine prevalences and provide information and recommendations for clinical practice to support malaria elimination efforts. (cdc.gov)

Chloroquine, an anti-malarial drug , and hydroxychloroquine, a related compound normally used to treat arthritis, have been among the most high-profile drugs being tested for use against COVID-19. (medicalxpress.com)

Do not take chloroquine that is strictly intended for veterinary use - such as to treat fish in aquariums or for use in other animals - to treat or prevent COVID-19. (medlineplus.gov)

In addition, a few apparent chloroquine-resistant infections have been reported in Malawi and northeastern Zaire. (cdc.gov)
Studies in several West African countries, as well as a recent assessment of drug susceptibility of P. falciparum infections in western and central Zaire, have failed to demonstrate chloroquine-resistance (5). (cdc.gov)
Others studies have reported chloroquine-resistant haplotypes in 2 travelers returning from Haiti ( 3 ), 2/901 persons with possible mixed infections (chloroquine resistant and chloroquine sensitive) ( 4 ), and 1/108 cases analyzed in which microsatellite genotyping showed that the chloroquine-resistant haplotype detected was distinct from those of parasites circulating in Haiti ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

It presents the unprecedented, 3D atomic-resolution structure of a protein made by P. falciparum that's been a major source of its resistance: the chloroquine-resistance transporter protein, or PfCRT. (nih.gov)

Some resistant strains to chloroquine (CQ) occur in a few places in Asia and the Indo-Pacific Region ( 1 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Chloroquine resistant strains have spread throughout the ranges where the conditions are favorable for the development of the parasite especially in the regions of sub-Saharan Africa (2). (kenyon.edu)

1] Breastfeeding infants should receive the recommended dosages of chloroquine for malaria prophylaxis. (nih.gov)
Studies of chloroquine and proguanil during malaria prophylaxis / by Edward Matipa Chiluba. (who.int)

Chloroquine has been studied for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (medlineplus.gov)
Nigeria reports chloroquine poisonings as Trump keeps pushing drug against coronavirus. (slate.com)
There were two cases of poisoning with the anti-malaria drug chloroquine in Nigeria after President Donald Trump praised it as a possible cure for the new coronavirus. (slate.com)
Results From Breaking Chloroquine Study Show 100% Cure Rate For Patients Infected With The Coronavirus. (politifact.com)
And Dr. Anthony Fauci, the most visible U.S. government expert on coronavirus, said evidence for chloroquine is only anecdotal and much more research is needed. (politifact.com)
As for the French study itself, it does indicate chloroquine has some promise for treating the coronavirus. (politifact.com)
Seemingly unaffected by the controversy in the global scientific community, Greece has resumed production of chloroquine to treat cases of coronavirus and is conducting clinical trials with a "calm and distant approach", scientists there say. (medicalxpress.com)
Two old drugs used for malaria, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are being studied for their potential to treat coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). (webpoisoncontrol.org)

At the moment, all sub-Saharan African countries have reported the presence of chloroquine resistance strains. (kenyon.edu)

Fansidar* (sulfadoxine 500 mg plus pyrimethamine 25 mg) one tablet weekly PLUS chloroquine 300 mg (base) once weekly is currently recommended. (cdc.gov)
Weekly doses of Fansidar and chloroquine may be taken together on the same day. (cdc.gov)
To determine the negative effects of amalar, chloroquine, cotecxin and fansidar on bilirubin concentration. (thescipub.com)
The study had unveiled the possibility of erythropoietic porphyria, ineffective haemoglobination and anaemia in the administration of amalar, chloroquine, and fansidar and the need to encourage potent and cells friendly malaria therapies to avoid cellular damages. (thescipub.com)

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Globally, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been swept up in a politically charged debate amid the pandemic, with hydroxychloroquine endorsed by public figures including US President Donald Trump. (medicalxpress.com)

Chloroquine usage and withdrawal in Malawi due to the development of Chloroquine resistant parasites. (kenyon.edu)
Despite the fact that artemisinin is expensive, it is the only drug that can effectively treat chloroquine resistant parasites. (kenyon.edu)
By 1970s chloroquine resistant parasites had spread throughout the sub-Saharan Africa. (kenyon.edu)
One study in Malawi reported that, withdrawing extensive use of chloroquine will ultimately lead to the reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive parasites (fig. 1). (kenyon.edu)

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Many other medications may also interact with chloroquine, so be sure to tell your doctor about all the medications you are taking, even those that do not appear on this list. (medlineplus.gov)
Based on theory and a small study, the FDA and other organizations are evaluating medications such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19 infection. (ihs.gov)
Clinicians should advise patients that chloroquine, and the related compound hydroxychloroquine, should be used only under the supervision of a healthcare provider as prescribed medications. (ihs.gov)
Scientists and physicians are testing chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to see if these medications might benefit patients who are seriously ill from COVID-19. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Medications like chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine that are approved to treat other human illnesses have already been through the FDA approval process for those other uses, and their safety profiles have been established. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
In some cases, usual medications can be stopped temporarily, and chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine could be started. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
In other cases, it would be harmful to stop usual medications, and chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine could not be used. (webpoisoncontrol.org)

Evangelia Sakellariou, a chemist responsible for quality control in a laboratory in the Athens suburb of Nea Kifissia, was one of the first scientists to have tested the chloroquine tablets used in Greek hospitals. (medicalxpress.com)

The overdoses on chloroquine came after Trump sang the praises of two malaria drugs-chlorquine and a less toxic related pill called hydrochloroquine-and pretty much characterized them as possible miracle cures for COVID-19. (slate.com)
Two antimalarial drugs, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have emerged as potential candidates for treating COVID-19. (komando.com)
But the ongoing debate over the drugs has had little impact in Greece, where epidemiologists consider chloroquine effective, especially in the early stages of COVID-19. (medicalxpress.com)
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Excretion of chloroquine is quite slow but is increased by acidification of the urine. (nih.gov)

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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have major drug interactions with other medicines that can put a person at an even greater risk of an abnormal heart rhythm. (webpoisoncontrol.org)

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These reports of chloroquine-prophylaxis or treatment failures were substantiated by serial parasitologic and clinical observations of each infection and, when available, in-vitro confirmation of drug resistance. (cdc.gov)
2 In vitro studies have suggested that both chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may block the transport of SARS-CoV-2 from early endosomes to endolysosomes, possibly preventing the release of the viral genome. (nih.gov)
In vitro studies with Chloroquine demonstrated that it is active against the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. (nih.gov)

Educate patients on the serious risks of misusing non-pharmaceutical chloroquine products and other aquarium use chemicals. (ihs.gov)
Chloroquine is especially not recommended for use by non-hospitalized patients. (nypost.com)
The article said a study Rigano co-authored found that "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxy-chloroquine were found free of the disease in six days," and that the drug also "could act as a preventative. (politifact.com)
The debate on chloroquine in other countries has not affected its use in Greece, where it has been administered to hospitalised patients in combination with the antibiotic azithromycin. (medicalxpress.com)
In Bulgaria, chloroquine from the state laboratory Bul Bio is used for treating COVID-19 patients. (medicalxpress.com)
The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine and/or azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients ( AI ) and in nonhospitalized patients ( AIIa ) . (nih.gov)
It has been suggested that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine might be effective additions to treatment of COVID-19 in some patients. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are currently being given to some confirmed positive, hospitalized COVID-19 patients who have severe symptoms plus one or more risk factors. (webpoisoncontrol.org)

They concluded that the use of chloroquine sped up healing, and the effect was reinforced by adding azithromycin, an antibiotic. (politifact.com)
The safety and efficacy of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin and azithromycin alone have been evaluated in randomized clinical trials, observational studies, and/or single-arm studies. (nih.gov)
For example, a commonly used antibiotic, azithromycin, is also being investigated for a possible benefit in treating COVID-19, but it has a known major drug interaction with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. (webpoisoncontrol.org)
QTc interval prolongation was studied in a randomized, placebo-controlled parallel trial in 116 healthy subjects who received either chloroquine (1,000 mg) alone or in combination with oral azithromycin (500 mg, 1,000 mg, and 1,500 mg once daily). (nih.gov)
In comparison to chloroquine alone, the maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) increases in QTcF were 5 ms, 7 (12) ms and 9 (14) ms with the co-administration of 500 mg, 1,000 mg and 1,500 mg azithromycin, respectively. (nih.gov)

ABSTRACT A prospective clinical study in eastern Sudan described the efficacy and toxicity of quinine in early pregnancy in mothers with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. (who.int)

In addition, resistance to both chloroquine and FansidarR (*) is widespread in Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Cambodia, and the Amazon basin area of South America, and resistance has also been reported in sub-Saharan Africa. (cdc.gov)

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CDC continues to monitor the status of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria in East Africa (2). (cdc.gov)
Since health professionals frequently advise travelers of health risks that may be incurred during travel, they should be aware of the changing distribution of chloroquine-resistant malaria in Africa. (cdc.gov)

2] In HIV-infected women, elevated viral HIV loads in milk were decreased after treatment with chloroquine to a greater extent than other women who were treated with the combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. (nih.gov)

Online Canadian Pharmacy Store chloroquine dosage for prevention of malaria. (onlinehome.us)

Chloroquine is an aminoquinoline used for the prevention and therapy of malaria. (nih.gov)
Chloroquine is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used for the treatment and prevention of malaria. (kenyon.edu)

However, the effectiveness of chloroquine has been decreasing because of the recent developments of resistance. (kenyon.edu)

older who are infected and are currently receiving chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine to treat malaria. (nih.gov)

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The FDA has granted a special permission to use chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in clinical trials and in emergency situations. (laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk)
This is not a genuine authorisation, but a possibility given to American doctors to use chloroquine in COVID-19 clinical trials and in the treatment of COVID-19 if the doctor has no other options. (laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk)
These trials found chloroquine to eliminate malaria and therefore was appropriate to be used as an antimalarial. (kenyon.edu)

RÉSUMÉ Une étude clinique prospective au Soudan oriental a décrit l'efficacité et la toxicité de la quinine au début de la grossesse chez des mères atteintes de paludisme à falciparum résistant à la chloroquine. (who.int)

In the past years, drug of choice has changed from chloroquine to artemisinin. (kenyon.edu)

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Contact your local poison center (1-800-222-1222) to report cases and to obtain specific medical management of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine poisoning. (ihs.gov)

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Coupling assembly of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to efficient endoplasmic reticulum exit and basal-lateral membrane targeting of E-cadherin in polarized MDCK cells. (1/2261)

8-Aminoquinolines active against blood stage Plasmodium falciparum in vitro inhibit hematin polymerization. (2/2261)

Comparison of in vivo and in vitro tests of resistance in patients treated with chloroquine in Yaounde, Cameroon. (3/2261)

Cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in J774 macrophages occurs in the cytoplasm and lysosomes. (4/2261)

Characterization of the culture filtrate-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination in H-2b mice. (5/2261)

Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 binds and mediates degradation of lipoprotein lipase. (6/2261)

Chinese hamster ovary cells require the coexpression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase for the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. (7/2261)

Non-viral neuronal gene delivery mediated by the HC fragment of tetanus toxin. (8/2261)

No images available that match "chloroquine"

Chloroquine

Antimalarials

Drug Resistance

Plasmodium falciparum

Parasitic Sensitivity Tests

Malaria, Falciparum

Primaquine

Pyrimethamine

Sulfadoxine

Mefloquine

Protozoan Proteins

Malaria

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Membrane Transport Proteins

Artemisinins

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Parasitemia

Proguanil

Ammonium Chloride

Inhibitory Concentration 50

Lysosomes

Plasmodium berghei

Sesquiterpenes

Fluorenes

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Aminoquinolines

Hydroxychloroquine

Drug Therapy, Combination

Cameroon

Quinolines

Senegal

Promethazine

Monensin

Pheniramine

Coupling assembly of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to efficient endoplasmic reticulum exit and basal-lateral membrane targeting of E-cadherin in polarized MDCK cells. (1/2261)

8-Aminoquinolines active against blood stage Plasmodium falciparum in vitro inhibit hematin polymerization. (2/2261)

Comparison of in vivo and in vitro tests of resistance in patients treated with chloroquine in Yaounde, Cameroon. (3/2261)

Cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in J774 macrophages occurs in the cytoplasm and lysosomes. (4/2261)

Characterization of the culture filtrate-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination in H-2b mice. (5/2261)

Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 binds and mediates degradation of lipoprotein lipase. (6/2261)

Chinese hamster ovary cells require the coexpression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase for the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. (7/2261)

Non-viral neuronal gene delivery mediated by the HC fragment of tetanus toxin. (8/2261)

Chloroquine

Chloroquine retinopathy

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic

Prototype drug

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

COVID-19 drug development

Hydroxychloroquine

Vladimir Zelenko

Didier Raoult

Praziquantel

Quartan fever

Ionophore

Gordon Zubrod

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis

Bafilomycin

Agnes Mary Mansour

4-Aminoquinoline

Martine Wonner

Thiamine transporter 2

Chikungunya

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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children

List of The Dead Zone episodes

U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Mary Lura Sherrill

Muhammad Ali Pate

Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro

COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka

Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Childhood Chloroquine Poisonings -- Wisconsin and Washington

CHLOROQUINE PHOSPHATE TABLET, USP

Chloroquine: MedlinePlus Drug Information

Severe Illness with Non-Pharmaceutical Chloroquine Phosphate | 2020