Chloroform
Plant Extracts
Solvents
Methanol
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
Baths
Trichloroethylene
Methylene Chloride
Ether
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Swimming Pools
Solanum nigrum
Trichloroethanes
Orthosiphon
Structural and functional changes in acute liver injury. (1/581)
Carbon tetrachloride produces liver cell injury in a variety of animal species. The first structurally recognizable changes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, with alteration in ribosome-membrane interactions. Later there is an increase in intracellular fat, and the formation of tangled nets of the ergastoplasm. At no time are there changes in mitochondria or single membrane limited bodies in cells with intact plasmalemma, although a relative increase in cell sap may appear. In dead cells (those with plasmalemma discontinuties) crystalline deposits of calcium phosphatase may be noted. Functional changes are related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. An early decrease in protein synthesis takes place; an accumulation of neutral lipid is related to this change. Later alterations in the ergastoplasmic functions (e.g., mixed function oxidation) occurs. Carbon tetrachloride is not the active agent; rather, a product of its metabolism, probably the CC1, free radical, is. The mechanisms of injury include macromolecular adduction and peroxide propagation. A third possibility includes a cascade effect with the production of secondary and tertiary products, also toxic in nature, with the ability to produce more widespread damage to intracellular structures. (+info)Quantitative aspects in the assessment of liver injury. (2/581)
Liver function data are usually difficult to use in their original form when one wishes to compare the hepatotoxic properties of several chemical substances. However, procedures are available for the conversion of liver function data into quantal responses. These permit the elaboration of dose-response lines for the substances in question, the calculation of median effective doses and the statistical analysis of differences in liver-damaging potency. These same procedures can be utilized for estimating the relative hazard involved if one compares the liver-damaging potency to the median effective dose for some other pharmacologie parameter. Alterations in hepatic triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, and the activities of various hepatic enzymes can also be quantitiated in a dose-related manner. This permits the selection of equitoxic doses required for certain comparative studies and the selection of doses in chemical interaction studies. The quantitative problems involved in low-frequency adverse reactions and the difficulty these present in the detection of liver injury in laboratory animals are discussed. (+info)Model for bacteriophage T4 development in Escherichia coli. (3/581)
Mathematical relations for the number of mature T4 bacteriophages, both inside and after lysis of an Escherichia coli cell, as a function of time after infection by a single phage were obtained, with the following five parameters: delay time until the first T4 is completed inside the bacterium (eclipse period, nu) and its standard deviation (sigma), the rate at which the number of ripe T4 increases inside the bacterium during the rise period (alpha), and the time when the bacterium bursts (mu) and its standard deviation (beta). Burst size [B = alpha(mu - nu)], the number of phages released from an infected bacterium, is thus a dependent parameter. A least-squares program was used to derive the values of the parameters for a variety of experimental results obtained with wild-type T4 in E. coli B/r under different growth conditions and manipulations (H. Hadas, M. Einav, I. Fishov, and A. Zaritsky, Microbiology 143:179-185, 1997). A "destruction parameter" (zeta) was added to take care of the adverse effect of chloroform on phage survival. The overall agreement between the model and the experiment is quite good. The dependence of the derived parameters on growth conditions can be used to predict phage development under other experimental manipulations. (+info)A novel strategy for the preparation of liposomes: rapid solvent exchange. (4/581)
During the preparation of multi-component model membranes, a primary consideration is that compositional homogeneity should prevail throughout the suspension. Some conventional sample preparation methods pass the lipid mixture through an intermediary, solvent-free state. This is an ordered, solid state and may favor the demixing of membrane components. A new preparative method has been developed which is specifically designed to avoid this intermediary state. This novel strategy is called rapid solvent exchange (RSE) and entails the direct transfer of lipid mixtures between organic solvent and aqueous buffer. RSE liposomes require no more than a minute to prepare and manifest considerable entrapment volumes with a high fraction of external surface area. In phospholipid/cholesterol mixtures of high cholesterol content, suspensions prepared by more conventional methods reveal evidence of artifactual demixing, whereas samples prepared by rapid solvent exchange do not. The principles which may lead to artifactual demixing during conventional sample preparation are discussed. (+info)Distribution of gangliosides, GM1 and GM3, in the rat oviduct. (5/581)
It is known that gangliosides, being ubiquitous membrane components, play important roles in cell-cell recognition, differentiation and transmembrane signalling. GM3, GM1 and GD1a were detected in the rat oviduct as major gangliosides by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. The total amounts of gangliosides from the oviducts at various times after hormone injection were not much changed. In order to identify their distribution and possible changes during ovulation, frozen sections of the rat oviducts were stained with specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the ganglio-series gangliosides. GM3 and GM1 were expressed in a different manner, but GD1a and other gangliosides were not immunohistochemically detected. In the ampullar region, GM3 was expressed in all the stroma and epithelial cells, but not GM1. GM1 was also not observed in epithelial cells. Staining by anti-GM1 monoclonal antibodies revealed long and minute thread-like structures in some of the stroma cells, whereas anti-GM3 monoclonal antibodies stained the entire cytoplasm, but not the nucleus, of all the stroma and epithelial cells. Other ganglio-series gangliosides, including GD1a, were not detected to some extent in the ampullar region by immunohistochemistry. Thus, these data suggest that GM3 and GM1 are oviduct-specific gangliosides. (+info)Preliminary characterization of a reovirus isolated from golden ide Leuciscus idus melanotus. (6/581)
Some characteristics of a reovirus recently isolated from golden ide Leuciscus idus melanotus and tentatively designated as golden ide reovirus (GIRV) were determined. Spherical non-enveloped particles with an outer capsid of about 70 nm and an inner capsid of about 50 nm were observed by electron microscopy. The density of the virus determined in CsCl gradients was 1.36 g ml-1. The genome contained 11 segments of dsRNA. GIRV differed from other aquareoviruses by a slight reduction of infectivity after treatment with chloroform and by the absence of forming syncytia in cell monolayers. (+info)Drinking water disinfection byproducts: review and approach to toxicity evaluation. (7/581)
There is widespread potential for human exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water because everyone drinks, bathes, cooks, and cleans with water. The need for clean and safe water led the U.S. Congress to pass the Safe Drinking Water Act more than 20 years ago in 1974. In 1976, chloroform, a trihalomethane (THM) and a principal DBP, was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. This prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 1979 to develop a drinking water rule that would provide guidance on the levels of THMs allowed in drinking water. Further concern was raised by epidemiology studies suggesting a weak association between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and the occurrence of bladder, colon, and rectal cancer. In 1992 the U.S. EPA initiated a negotiated rulemaking to evaluate the need for additional controls for microbial pathogens and DBPs. The goal was to develop an approach that would reduce the level of exposure from disinfectants and DBPs without undermining the control of microbial pathogens. The product of these deliberations was a proposed stage 1 DBP rule. It was agreed that additional information was necessary on how to optimize the use of disinfectants while maintaining control of pathogens before further controls to reduce exposure beyond stage 1 were warranted. In response to this need, the U.S. EPA developed a 5-year research plan to support the development of the longer term rules to control microbial pathogens and DBPs. A considerable body of toxicologic data has been developed on DBPs that occur in the drinking water, but the main emphasis has been on THMs. Given the complexity of the problem and the need for additional data to support the drinking water DBP rules, the U.S. EPA, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the U.S. Army are working together to develop a comprehensive biologic and mechanistic DBP database. Selected DBPs will be tested using 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in standard rodent models; transgenic mouse models and small fish models; in vitro mechanistic and toxicokinetic studies; and reproductive, immunotoxicity, and developmental studies. The goal is to create a toxicity database that reflects a wide range of DBPs resulting from different disinfection practices. This paper describes the approach developed by these agencies to provide the information needed to make scientifically based regulatory decisions. (+info)Hepatoprotection by dimethyl sulfoxide. I. Protection when given twenty-four hours after chloroform or bromobenzene. (8/581)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has previously been reported to protect against hepatotoxicity resulting from chloroform (CHCl3) or bromobenzene (BB) when given 10 hr after the toxicant. The object of these studies was to further demonstrate the latent protective ability of DMSO by administering it at a much later time (24 hr) following toxicant exposure. In addition, a more detailed evaluation of the lesions was performed to better characterize the lesion progression and resolution. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a hepatotoxic oral dose of either CHCl3 (1.0 ml/kg) or BB (0.5 ml/kg) and then received 2 ml/kg DMSO intraperitoneally 24 hr later. With both toxicants, limited centrilobular lesions were already present by the time DMSO was administered. Without treatment, liver injury rapidly progressed so that by 48 hr it occupied 40-50% of the liver, with accompanying large increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Administration of DMSO greatly attenuated lesion development for both toxicants; the area injured was reduced by more than 4-fold, accompanied by a decrease in 48 hr ALT activity of 8-16-fold. The ability of DMSO to intervene in the development of liver injury at such a late time appears to be unique and may provide insight into therapies for acute xenobiotic-induced hepatitis. (+info)Chloroform is a volatile, clear, and nonflammable liquid with a mild, sweet, and aromatic odor. Its chemical formula is CHCl3, consisting of one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three chlorine atoms. Chloroform is a trihalomethane, which means it contains three halogens (chlorine) in its molecular structure.
In the medical field, chloroform has been historically used as an inhaled general anesthetic agent due to its ability to produce unconsciousness and insensibility to pain quickly. However, its use as a surgical anesthetic has largely been abandoned because of several safety concerns, including its potential to cause cardiac arrhythmias, liver and kidney damage, and a condition called "chloroform hepatopathy" with prolonged or repeated exposure.
Currently, chloroform is not used as a therapeutic agent in medicine but may still be encountered in laboratory settings for various research purposes. It's also possible to find traces of chloroform in drinking water due to its formation during the disinfection process using chlorine-based compounds.
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a group of chemical compounds that are formed as byproducts when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat water, including drinking water, swimming pools, and spas. They consist of four halogens - three of which are halogen atoms (chlorine, bromine, or iodine) and one hydrogen atom. The most common THMs formed during water treatment include chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform.
Exposure to high levels of trihalomethanes has been linked to a variety of health problems, including an increased risk of cancer, reproductive issues, and developmental effects. As a result, regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States have set limits on the amount of THMs that can be present in drinking water. Regular monitoring and treatment are necessary to ensure that these limits are not exceeded and that the public is protected from potential health hazards associated with exposure to trihalomethanes.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.
However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is a volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol). It is used in various industrial applications such as the production of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other chemicals. In the medical field, methanol is considered a toxic alcohol that can cause severe intoxication and metabolic disturbances when ingested or improperly consumed. Methanol poisoning can lead to neurological symptoms, blindness, and even death if not treated promptly and effectively.
Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and one or more halogens, such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I). These compounds are formed when halogens replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule.
Halogenated hydrocarbons can be further categorized into two groups:
1. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons: These include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes with halogen atoms replacing hydrogen atoms. Examples include chloroform (trichloromethane, CHCl3), methylene chloride (dichloromethane, CH2Cl2), and trichloroethylene (C2HCl3).
2. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: These consist of aromatic rings, such as benzene, with halogen atoms attached. Examples include chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl), bromobenzene (C6H5Br), and polyhalogenated biphenyls like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
Halogenated hydrocarbons have various industrial applications, including use as solvents, refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and intermediates in chemical synthesis. However, some of these compounds can be toxic, environmentally persistent, and bioaccumulative, posing potential health and environmental risks.
A bath generally refers to the act of immersing or cleaning the body in a mixture of water and sometimes other substances, such as soap or essential oils. In a medical context, there are several types of therapeutic baths that may be prescribed for various purposes:
1. Sitz bath: A shallow bath that only covers the hips and buttocks, used to treat conditions like hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or other localized infections.
2. Hydrotherapy bath: A therapeutic bath using water at different temperatures, pressures, or with added substances (e.g., Epsom salts, essential oils) for relaxation, pain relief, or to improve circulation and promote healing.
3. Balneotherapy: The use of mineral-rich waters from natural springs or artificial mineral baths for therapeutic purposes, often used in the treatment of skin conditions, arthritis, or musculoskeletal disorders.
4. Medicated bath: A bath with added medical substances (e.g., medicated oils, salts) to treat various skin conditions, promote relaxation, or relieve pain.
5. Whirlpool bath: A therapeutic bath using water jets to create a swirling motion and provide hydrotherapy benefits for relaxation, pain relief, or improved circulation.
It is essential to follow medical advice when taking therapeutic baths, as incorrect usage can lead to adverse effects.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a volatile, colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. In the medical field, it is primarily used as a surgical anesthetic and an analgesic. However, its use in medicine has significantly decreased due to the availability of safer alternatives.
In a broader context, TCE is widely used in various industries as a solvent for cleaning metal parts, degreasing fabrics and other materials, and as a refrigerant. It's also present in some consumer products like paint removers, adhesives, and typewriter correction fluids.
Prolonged or repeated exposure to TCE can lead to various health issues, including neurological problems, liver and kidney damage, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Therefore, its use is regulated by environmental and occupational safety agencies worldwide.
Methylene chloride, also known as dichloromethane, is an organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a mild sweet aroma. In terms of medical definitions, methylene chloride is not typically included due to its primarily industrial uses. However, it is important to note that exposure to high levels of methylene chloride can cause harmful health effects, including irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract; headaches; dizziness; and, at very high concentrations, unconsciousness and death. Chronic exposure to methylene chloride has been linked to liver toxicity, and it is considered a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
In medical terms, "ether" is an outdated term that was used to refer to a group of compounds known as diethyl ethers. The most common member of this group, and the one most frequently referred to as "ether," is diethyl ether, also known as sulfuric ether or simply ether.
Diethyl ether is a highly volatile, flammable liquid that was once widely used as an anesthetic agent in surgical procedures. It has a characteristic odor and produces a state of unconsciousness when inhaled, allowing patients to undergo surgery without experiencing pain. However, due to its numerous side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression, as well as the risk of explosion or fire during use, it has largely been replaced by safer and more effective anesthetic agents.
It's worth noting that "ether" also has other meanings in different contexts, including a term used to describe a substance that produces a feeling of detachment from reality or a sense of unreality, as well as a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of an ether group (-O-, a functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups).
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a type of chromatography used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture. In TLC, the sample is applied as a small spot onto a thin layer of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or alumina, which is coated on a flat, rigid support like a glass plate. The plate is then placed in a developing chamber containing a mobile phase, typically a mixture of solvents.
As the mobile phase moves up the plate by capillary action, it interacts with the stationary phase and the components of the sample. Different components of the mixture travel at different rates due to their varying interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, resulting in distinct spots on the plate. The distance each component travels can be measured and compared to known standards to identify and quantify the components of the mixture.
TLC is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective technique that is widely used in various fields, including forensics, pharmaceuticals, and research laboratories. It allows for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures with high resolution and sensitivity, making it an essential tool in many analytical applications.
I'm not able to provide a medical definition for "swimming pools" as it is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. However, swimming pools are bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities. They can be found in various settings such as residential homes, community centers, hotels, and fitness clubs. Swimming pools can contain either chlorinated or saltwater and should be properly maintained to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and algae that can cause illnesses.
If you have any medical concerns related to swimming or using swimming pools, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for advice tailored to your specific situation.
"Solanum nigrum" is the scientific name for a plant species that is commonly known as black nightshade. It belongs to the family Solanaceae, which also includes other well-known plants such as tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplants.
Black nightshade is an annual or short-lived perennial herb that can grow up to 1 meter tall. The plant has simple, alternate leaves that are usually dark green in color and have a slightly hairy texture. The flowers of the black nightshade are small and white with yellow centers, and they produce round, shiny black berries that contain numerous seeds.
While some parts of the black nightshade plant, including the berries, are edible and can be used in cooking, it is important to note that all parts of the plant contain solanine, a toxic alkaloid that can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness if ingested in large quantities. Therefore, it is generally recommended to avoid consuming any part of the black nightshade plant unless it has been properly prepared by a knowledgeable source.
In medical contexts, "Solanum nigrum" may be mentioned in relation to its potential medicinal properties or as a cause of toxicity if ingested in large quantities. However, it is not typically used as a medical treatment or therapy.
Trichloroethanes are not a medical term, but rather a group of chemical compounds that include 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. These chemicals have been used as solvents, degreasing agents, and refrigerants.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane, also known as methyl chloroform, is a colorless liquid with a sweet, mild odor. It has been used as a solvent for cleaning electronic components, removing adhesives, and degreasing metals. It can also be found in some consumer products such as spray paints, aerosol cleaners, and spot removers.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane, also known as aerothane, is a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor. It has been used as a solvent for cleaning and degreasing metals, plastics, and other surfaces. It can also be found in some consumer products such as typewriter correction fluids and spot removers.
Exposure to trichloroethanes can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Short-term exposure to high levels of these chemicals can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, dizziness, headache, and nausea. Long-term exposure to lower levels can lead to liver and kidney damage, neurological effects, and an increased risk of cancer.
It is important to handle trichloroethanes with care and follow proper safety precautions, including using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respirators, and ensuring adequate ventilation in the work area.
Orthosiphon is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, also known as the mint or deadnettle family. The most common species is Orthosiphon stamineus, also known as Cat's Whiskers or Java Tea. This plant is native to Southeast Asia and some parts of Australia.
In a medical context, Orthosiphon stamineus is used in traditional medicine for its diuretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. The leaves and stems of the plant are dried and prepared as an herbal infusion or decoction to treat various health conditions such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and high blood pressure. However, it is important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and more research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy.
"Cajanus" is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes several species of tropical shrubs and trees that are native to Asia, Africa, and Australia. The most well-known species in this genus is Cajanus cajan, which is commonly known as pigeon pea or red gram. This plant is widely cultivated for its edible seeds and green pods, and it is an important source of food and income for millions of people around the world.
Cajanus species are characterized by their compound leaves, yellow or orange flowers, and long, slender seedpods that contain several seeds. The plants are often used as ornamentals, and they have a variety of medicinal and other uses. For example, Cajanus cajan is sometimes used in traditional medicine to treat a range of conditions, including fever, diarrhea, and skin diseases.
Overall, "Cajanus" refers to a group of plants that are important for their economic, nutritional, and ecological value.
Chloroform
Chloroform (disambiguation)
Chloroform Committee
Deuterated chloroform
Chloroform (song)
Chloroform (data page)
Phenol-chloroform extraction
Hyderabad Chloroform Commission
Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction
The Special Chloroform Committee of the British Medical Association
Thomas Michael Greenhow
Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina
Haloform reaction
Timeline of United States discoveries
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Caitríona Balfe
Furan
Sodium deuteroxide
Italian protectorate of Albania (1939-1943)
Price Landfill
ACE mixture
Plasmid preparation
Edinburgh Obstetrical Society
Pain management during childbirth
Revolutionary Love (album)
Dr. Thomas' Eclectric Oil
J. Marion Sims
Augustus George Vernon Harcourt
Euphemia Vale Blake
Gambrel
Chloroform - Wikipedia
Chloroform | NIOSH | CDC
Chloroform | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
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Black Butterfly in Chloroform on Dallas: Get Tickets Now! | Theatermania - 18382
chloroform - EnviroReporter.com
Nucleic Acid Base-pairing and N-methylacetamide Self-association in Chloroform: Affinity and Conformation | NIST
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Survio® | Chloroform Spray In Lahore 03003096854
Atmosphere-water interaction of chloroform, toluene, and MTBE in small perennial urban streams | U.S. Geological Survey
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Reagent Grade Chloroform, 32oz for sale. Buy from The Science Company.
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Ether and chloroform: a compendium of their history, surgical use, dangers, and discovery | Henry J. Bigelow, M. D
Trichloromethane6
- Chloroform, or trichloromethane (often abbreviated as TCM), is an organic compound with the formula CHCl3 and a common solvent. (wikipedia.org)
- At 400-500 °C, a free radical halogenation occurs, converting these precursors to progressively more chlorinated compounds: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl Chloroform undergoes further chlorination to yield carbon tetrachloride (CCl4): CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl The output of this process is a mixture of the four chloromethanes: chloromethane, methylene chloride (dichloromethane), trichloromethane (chloroform), and tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride). (wikipedia.org)
- Useful search terms for chloroform include "methane trichloride" and "trichloromethane. (cdc.gov)
- Other names for chloroform are trichloromethane and methyl trichloride. (cdc.gov)
- Our reagent grade Chloroform (trichloromethane) contains a trace of ethanol as a stabilizer. (sciencecompany.com)
- Chloroform is also called Trichloromethane , Methyl trichloride and Methane trichloride . (everything2.com)
Heating a mixtur1
- Industrially, chloroform is produced by heating a mixture of chlorine and either methyl chloride (CH3Cl) or methane (CH4). (wikipedia.org)
Guideline5
- Occupational Health Guideline for Chloroform -This guideline is intended as a source of information for employees, employers, and those in the health professions who need more information on exposure to chloroform. (cdc.gov)
- The EWG Health Guideline of 0.4 ppb for chloroform was proposed in 2018 by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment as a one-in-a-million lifetime risk of cancer. (ewg.org)
- This means that if you are able to smell chloroform in the room air, you have surpassed the exposure limit guideline. (sentryair.com)
- Tests compliant or similar to guideline-studies on the bioconcentration of chloroform are available for different species of freshwater fish. (europa.eu)
- All tests were carried out in flow-through systems exposing fish to concentrations of 0.1 to 1 mg/L. The results of the Japanese bioconcentration study (MITI 1992) carried out in accordance with the OECD guideline No. 305 indicate low bioconcentration of chloroform after 42 days, and the bioconcentration factors are between 1.4 and 13. (europa.eu)
Solvent6
- Chloroform ≥99% Lab Grade is stabilized with Ethanol and appears as a clear, colorless, volatile solvent at room temperature. (laballey.com)
- Chloroform ≥99% Lab Grade is suitable for use in pesticide analysis, and gas chromatography, and it can be widely used as a common, general laboratory solvent. (laballey.com)
- In Pakistan, the cost of chloroform spray Chloroform was originally used as an inhalation anaesthetic during surgery, but today it is most commonly used as a solvent in American business. (deal2steal.pk)
- Chloroform, often in the deuterated form CDCl 3 , is a very common solvent for NMR and other types of spectroscopy. (imperial.ac.uk)
- Quantum mechanics is increasingly used to calculate such spectra to aid assignment and the solvent is here normally simulated as a continuum rather than by explicit inclusion of one or more chloroform molecules. (imperial.ac.uk)
- Conformational equilibria were dependent on the solvent of choice, either methanol-d(4) or chloroform-d, with mainly C-4(1) and C-1(4) conformations present but also skew conformations to some extent. (lu.se)
Birth defects3
Exposure6
- Exposure to chloroform may also cause cancer. (cdc.gov)
- Workers may be harmed from exposure to chloroform. (cdc.gov)
- The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to chloroform. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Chloroform -DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-114. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to chloroform can occur when breathing contaminated air or when drinking or touching the substance or water containing it. (cdc.gov)
- Chloroform exposure mainly occurs through inhalation. (sentryair.com)
Colorless liquid2
Odor1
- Once or twice I had smelled chloroform, and thought its odor pleasant. (druglibrary.net)
Volatile1
- As chloroform is a volatile organic compound, it dissipates readily from soil and surface water and undergoes degradation in air to produce phosgene, dichloromethane, formyl chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride. (wikipedia.org)
ToxFAQs1
- The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) developed a ToxFAQs sheet on chloroform, where it states that most of the chloroform in air eventually breaks down, but it is a slow process. (sentryair.com)
Methane2
- The chloroform molecule can be viewed as a methane molecule with three hydrogen atoms replaced with three chlorine atoms, leaving a single hydrogen atom. (wikipedia.org)
- Today, chloroform - along with dichloromethane - is prepared exclusively and on a massive scale by the chlorination of methane and chloromethane. (wikipedia.org)
Kidneys5
- Breathing chloroform or ingesting chloroform over long periods of time may damage your liver and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing air, eating food, or drinking water containing high levels of chloroform for long periods of time may damage your liver and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
- Rats and mice that ate food or drank water with chloroform developed cancer of the liver and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
- Human studies show that chloroform damages the kidneys, liver and central nervous system. (ewg.org)
- Breathing air with chloroform for a long period damages the brain, liver and kidneys. (sentryair.com)
Hazardous2
- For shipping, Chloroform is in hazardous materials Class 6: Poison. (sciencecompany.com)
- Granule carbon has an intricate porous structure that adsorbs hazardous chloroform molecules before they become airborne and potentially inhaled. (sentryair.com)
Ether2
Vapors1
- To ensure chloroform vapors have plenty of time to breakdown and adsorb, a larger carbon filter is recommended. (sentryair.com)
Evaporates1
- Chloroform evaporates easily into the air. (cdc.gov)
Liver1
- Chloroform is not a proven carcinogen , however it caused liver and kidney cancer in rats fed water or food containing chloroform. (everything2.com)
Chemicals5
- Today, chloroform is used to make other chemicals and can also be formed in small amounts when chlorine is added to water. (cdc.gov)
- Chloroform dissolves easily in water and some of it may break down to other chemicals. (cdc.gov)
- Chloroform in your body might also indicate that you have come into contact with other chemicals. (cdc.gov)
- The EPA drinking water limit for total trihalomethanes, a class of chemicals that includes chloroform, is 100 micrograms per liter of water (100 µg/L). (cdc.gov)
- When combined, certain chemicals such as bleach create toxic fumes such as chloroform (yes, I said TOXIC), hydrochloric acid, chloroacetone, and other things you really don't want to breathe. (allselfsustained.com)
Liter4
- Chloroform shall be controlled in the workplace so that the concentration of chloroform is not greater than 2 ppm (9.78 mg/m3) of breathing zone air in a 45 liter air sample taken over a period not to exceed 1 hour in duration. (cdc.gov)
- Chloroform Lab Grade, 1 Liter. (laballey.com)
- Chloroform Lab Grade, 4x1 Liter Case. (laballey.com)
- Chloroform Lab Grade, 4x4 Liter Case. (laballey.com)
Refrigerants1
- Chloroform is used in some refrigerants, solvents, and chemical manufacturing. (cdc.gov)
Search1
- NIOSHTIC-2 search results on chloroform -NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable database of worker safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
Extract4
- Acid guanidinium thiocyanate, phenol, and chloroform extraction (AGPC) is a commonly used procedure to extract RNA from fresh frozen tissues and cell lines. (nih.gov)
- The present study was designed to investigate the thrombolytic activity of chloroform extract of leaves of Dioscorea bulbifera. (citefactor.org)
- Single-dose Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Chloroform Extract of Snake Plant ( Sansevieria trifasciata Prain. (ugm.ac.id)
- This research aimed to evaluate toxicity and safety of consuming chloroform extract of S. trifasciata leaf (CESTL) in acute phase using female Wistar rats as model animal. (ugm.ac.id)
Carbon3
- A source capture chemical fume extractor equipped with activated granule carbon filtration, is an excellent solution for chloroform vapor control. (sentryair.com)
- Equipped with a carbon pre-filter and activated granule carbon main filter, these systems help protect the operator from the inhalation hazards of chloroform. (sentryair.com)
- carbon tetrachloride and chloroform, respectively, are much greater than that of the average human. (cdc.gov)
Anesthetic3
- Chloroform is a trihalomethane that serves as a powerful anesthetic, euphoriant, anxiolytic, and sedative when inhaled or ingested. (wikipedia.org)
- Chloroform was used as an anesthetic between the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
- In the past, chloroform was used as an inhaled anesthetic during surgery, but it isn't used that way today. (cdc.gov)
Carcinogen1
- The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that chloroform may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
Breathing2
Habit1
- Chloroform has a bad habit of decomposing into phosgene gas. (myconfinedspace.com)
Sperm1
- Abnormal sperm were found in mice that breathed air containing 400 ppm chloroform for a few days. (cdc.gov)
Occupational1
- The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the maximum allowable concentration of chloroform in workroom air during an 8-hour workday in a 40-hour workweek at 50 ppm. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen3
- Chloroform evaporate s easily and will break down into many products including phosgene and hydrogen chloride , both of which are toxic . (everything2.com)
- Hydrogen bonding to chloroform. (imperial.ac.uk)
- But what are the features of the hydrogen bonds that form from chloroform to other acceptors? (imperial.ac.uk)
Formed when chlorine2
- Chloroform, one of the total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), is formed when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat drinking water. (ewg.org)
- Chloroform is a by-product formed when chlorine disinfects water but also has many industrial uses (Delaware) . (sentryair.com)
Toxic1
- Chloroform can be toxic if inhaled or swallowed. (cdc.gov)
Soil1
- Many kinds of seaweed produce chloroform, and fungi are believed to produce chloroform in soil. (wikipedia.org)
Laboratory1
- citation needed] In 1842, Robert Mortimer Glover in London discovered the anaesthetic qualities of chloroform on laboratory animals. (wikipedia.org)
Trichloride1
- The name "chloroform" is a portmanteau of terchloride (tertiary chloride, a trichloride) and formyle, an obsolete name for the methylidene radical (CH) derived from formic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Grade5
- Reagent Grade Chloroform, 32oz for sale. (sciencecompany.com)
- Chloroform Lab Grade, 6x500mL Case. (laballey.com)
- Chloroform Lab Grade, 5 Gallon Pal Metal. (laballey.com)
- Please contact us to request a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and Certificate of Analysis (COA) for Chloroform, Lab Grade. (laballey.com)
- Chloroform, whether pharmaceutical grade or homemade, is lethal in the wrong hands. (allselfsustained.com)
Substance1
- This caused me to bestow this substance with the name "chloroform" [i.e., formyl chloride or chloride of formic acid]. (wikipedia.org)
Alley1
- To purchase chloroform from lab alley online is against the law according to US regulations. (deal2steal.pk)
Humans1
- In 1847, Scottish obstetrician James Y. Simpson was the first to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform on humans, provided by local pharmacist William Flockhart of Duncan, Flockhart and company, and helped to popularise the drug for use in medicine. (wikipedia.org)
Pregnancy2
- Animal studies have shown that miscarriages occurred in rats and mice that breathed air containing 30 to 300 ppm chloroform during pregnancy and also in rats that ate chloroform during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
- Chloroform and other disinfection byproducts increase the risk of cancer and may cause problems during pregnancy. (ewg.org)
Measurement1
- The measurement of chloroform in body fluids and tissues may help to determine if you have come into contact with large amounts of chloroform, but these tests are useful for only a short time after you are exposed. (cdc.gov)
Time5
- Chloroform lasts a long time in groundwater. (cdc.gov)
- I took the bottle home with me and when I went to bed put a little of the chloroform on a handkerchief, and for the first time felt the delightful sensation of being wafted through an enchanted land into Nirvana. (druglibrary.net)
- I found that there was a bad taste in my mouth all the time@ keeping me in mind of chloroform. (druglibrary.net)
- The vapor of chloroform, when inhaled for some time, produces a temporary insensibility to pain. (everything2.com)
- Chloroform must be used exceedingly cautiously because it can be harmful and fatal to a person if exposed to extremely high dosages for a prolonged length of time. (deal2steal.pk)
Scientific1
- Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH) Value Profile: Chloroform -NIOSH reviews relevant scientific data and researches methods for developing IDLH values. (cdc.gov)
Water3
- Drinking water or beverages made using water containing chloroform. (cdc.gov)
- Skin contact with chloroform or water that contains it, such as in swimming pools. (cdc.gov)
- In addition to tap water disinfection, chloroform pollution in the environment also comes from industrial discharges from pulp and paper mills, and from urban wastewater effluent. (ewg.org)
Safety2
- If you work in an industry that uses chloroform, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheets for hazard information. (cdc.gov)
- Chloroform must be safely used to protect respiratory safety. (sentryair.com)
Make2
- So, how can you make chloroform at home? (allselfsustained.com)
- You should make the chloroform in a well-ventilated area even if you're using the mask. (allselfsustained.com)
Total1
- The total global flux of chloroform through the environment is approximately 660000 tonnes per year, and about 90% of emissions are natural in origin. (wikipedia.org)