Chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane
Aerosol Propellants
Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES; CARBON DIOXIDE; FLUOROCARBONS; NITROGEN; and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Chlorofluorocarbons, Ethane
DDT
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
A United States organization of distinguished scientists and engineers established for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon any subject of art or science as requested by any department of government. The National Research Council organized by NAS serves as the principal operating agency to stimulate and support research.
Institute of Medicine (U.S.)
Identifies, for study and analysis, important issues and problems that relate to health and medicine. The Institute initiates and conducts studies of national policy and planning for health care and health-related education and research; it also responds to requests from the federal government and other agencies for studies and advice.
Neuropsychology
Petroleum
Academies and Institutes
Oils
Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. Such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. Depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Biological Therapy
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.
Biopharmaceutics
Biological Products
Reperfusion Injury
Fluorocarbons
Fluorine
Astatine
Halogens
Toothpastes
Bromine
Blogging
Disinfectants
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Cyanoacrylates
Enbucrilate
Ultraviolet Rays
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
Tissue Adhesives
Dental Impression Materials
The kidney as a novel target tissue for protein adduct formation associated with metabolism of halothane and the candidate chlorofluorocarbon replacement 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. (1/7)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been identified as chemical replacements of the widely used chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are implicated in stratospheric ozone depletion. Many HCFCs are structural analogues of the anesthetic agent halothane and may follow a common pathway of biotransformation and formation of adducts to protein-centered and other cellular nucleophiles. Exposure of rats to a single dose of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) or of the candidate CFC substitute HCFC 123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) led to the formation of trifluoroacetylated protein adducts (CF3CO-proteins) not only in the liver, but also in the kidney as a novel target tissue for protein trifluoroacetylation. CF3CO-proteins in the kidney amounted to about 5% of those formed in the liver of the same animal. The amount of CF3CO-proteins formed within the kidney was roughly reflected by the capacity of metabolism of halothane or HCFC 123 by rat kidney microsomes in vitro which amounted to about 10% of that observed with liver microsomes. By immunohistochemistry, CF3CO-proteins in the kidney were mainly localized in the tubular segments of the cortex. In the liver, the density of CF3CO-proteins decreased from the central vein towards the portal triad. In vitro incubation of rat liver microsomes with halothane or HCFC 123 resulted in extensive formation of CF3CO-proteins and reproduced faithfully the pattern of liver CF3CO-proteins obtained in vivo. CF3CO-proteins generated in vitro were immunochemically not discernible from those generated in vivo. Glutathione (5 mM) and cysteine (5 mM) virtually abolished CF3CO-protein formation; the release of Br- from halothane and Cl- from HCFC 123 was reduced to much lesser a degree. S-Methyl-glutathione, N-acetyl-cysteine, methionine, and N-acetyl-methionine only slightly affected the formation of CF3CO-proteins or metabolism of either substrate. The data suggest that metabolism and concomitant CF3CO-protein formation of halothane or of candidate CFC replacements like HCFC 123 is not restricted to the liver but also takes place in the kidney. Furthermore, an in vitro system for CF3CO-protein formation has been developed and used to show that protein-centered and glutathione-centered nucleophilic sites compete for intermediates of metabolism of halothane or of HCFC 123. (+info)Tissue acylation by the chlorofluorocarbon substitute 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. (2/7)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are being developed as substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); because widespread human exposure to HCFCs may be expected, it is important to evaluate their toxicities thoroughly. Here we report studies on the bioactivation of the CFC substitute 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) to an electrophilic intermediate that reacts covalently with liver proteins. HCFC-123 and its analog halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) were studied in rats by 19F NMR spectroscopy, and we found that a trifluoroacetylated lysine adduct was formed with liver proteins. Also, the pattern of proteins immunoreactive with hapten-specific anti-trifluoroacetylprotein antibodies was identical in livers of HCFC-123- and halothane-exposed rats. Because halothane causes an idiosyncratic, and sometimes fatal, hepatitis that is associated with an immune response against several trifluoroacetylated liver proteins, the present findings raise the possibility that humans exposed to HCFC-123 or structurally related HCFCs may be at risk of developing an immunologically mediated hepatitis. (+info)Modified extraction procedure for gas-liquid chromatography applied to the identification of anaerobic bacteria. (3/7)
Chloroform and ether commonly are used as solvents to extract metabolic organic acids for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography in the identification of anaerobic bacteria. Because these solvents are potentially hazardous to personnel, modified extraction procedures involving the use of a safer solvent, methyl tert-butyl ether were developed which remained both simple to perform and effective for organism identification. (+info)Hepatotoxicity in guinea pigs following acute inhalation exposure to 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane. (4/7)
Groups of 10 male Hartley guinea pigs were exposed to 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, or 0.1% (v/v) 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) or 1.0% (v/v) halothane by inhalation for 4 hr. A sixth group of 10 guinea pigs received only air. All animals were sacrificed 48 hr postexposure. Gross and histopathologic examination of the liver, heart, and kidney and routine hematology and clinical chemistry analyses [including isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH)] were done on all guinea pigs. Lesions related to HCFC-123 and halothane exposure were limited to the liver and included centrolobular vacuolar (fatty) change, multifocal random degeneration and necrosis, and centrolobular degeneration and necrosis. These lesions were observed in 90-100% of the exposed animals and were absent in the air-only controls. There was significant individual animal variation in susceptibility to both HCFC-123 and halothane, resulting in a spectrum of histologic lesions and clinical chemistry values within each exposure group. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ICDH were the most significant predictors of hepatocellular damage. Similarities in the response between halothane and HCFC-123 in this guinea pig model suggests that humans susceptible to halothane-induced hepatitis may be susceptible to HCFC-123 by a common mechanism of toxicity. (+info)Microbial degradation of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (CHCl2F and CHCl2CF3) in soils and sediments. (5/7)
The ability of microorganisms to degrade trace levels of the hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFC-21 and HCFC-123 was investigated. Methanotroph-linked oxidation of HCFC-21 was observed in aerobic soils, and anaerobic degradation of HCFC-21 occurred in freshwater and salt marsh sediments. Microbial degradation of HCFC-123 was observed in anoxic freshwater and salt marsh sediments, and the recovery of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane indicated the involvement of reductive dechlorination. No degradation of HCFC-123 was observed in aerobic soils. In some experiments, HCFCs were degraded at low (parts per billion) concentrations, raising the possibility that bacteria in nature remove HCFCs from the atmosphere. (+info)Toxicology of chlorofluorocarbon replacements. (6/7)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are stable in the atmosphere and may reach the stratosphere. They are cleaved by UV-radiation in the stratosphere to yield chlorine radicals, which are thought to interfere with the catalytic cycle of ozone formation and destruction and deplete stratospheric ozone concentrations. Due to potential adverse health effects of ozone depletion, chlorofluorocarbon replacements with much lower or absent ozone depleting potential are developed. The toxicology of these compounds that represent chlorofluorohydrocarbons (HCFCs) or fluorohydrocarbons (HFCs) has been intensively studied. All compounds investigated (1, 1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane [HCFC-141b], 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane [HFC-134a], pentafluoroethane [HFC-125], 1-chloro- 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane [HCFC-124], and 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane [HCFC-123]) show only a low potential for skin and eye irritation. Chronic adverse effects on the liver (HCFC-123) and the testes (HCFC-141b and HCFC-134a), including tumor formation, were observed in long-term inhalation studies in rodents using very high concentrations of these CFC replacements. All CFC replacements are, to varying extents, biotransformed in the organism, mainly by cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation of C-H bonds. The formed acyl halides are hydrolyzed to give excretable carboxylic acids; halogenated aldehydes that are formed may be further oxidized to halogenated carboxylic acids or reduced to halogenated alcohols, which are excretory metabolites in urine from rodents exposed experimentally to CFC replacements. The chronic toxicity of the CFC replacements studied is unlikely to be of relevance for humans exposed during production and application of CFC replacements. (+info)Metabolism of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) in human volunteers. (7/7)
Human subjects were exposed by inhalation to 250, 500, and 1000 ppm 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) for 4 hr, and urine samples were collected from 0-4, 4-12, and 12-24 hr for metabolite analysis. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of urine samples from exposed subjects showed that 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl glucuronide and dichlorofluoroacetic acid were the major and minor metabolites, respectively, of HCFC-141b. Urinary 2, 2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl glucuronide was hydrolyzed to 2, 2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol by incubation with beta-glucuronidase, and the released 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol was quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Concentrations of 2, 2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol were highest in the urine samples collected 4-12 hr after exposure, but 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol was also detected in the samples collected 0-4 and 12-24 hr after exposure. Exposure concentration-dependent excretion of 2, 2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol, obtained by hydrolysis of 2, 2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl glucuronide, was observed in seven of the eight subjects studied. In conclusion, HCFC-141b is metabolized in human subjects to 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol, which is conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted as its glucuronide in urine in a time- and exposure concentration-dependent manner. (+info)
Global Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Market 2017 - 3M, BASF Chemicals, DuPont, Gujarat Fluro Chemicals Limited - TimeGazette
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Halothane
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1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Ethane, 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro- (R124) in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST ... is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon used as a component in refrigerants offered as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons. HCFC-124 is ...
Vinyl chloride
Ethane is readily available, particularly on the U.S. gulf coast. Ethylene is made from ethane by cracking ethane and then ... Vinyl chloride can also be obtained as a byproduct in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons when saturated chlorofluorocarbons ... Many such ethane-based processes have been and are being developed. Vinyl chloride is stored as a liquid. The presently ... The conversion of ethane to vinyl chloride can be performed by various routes: High-temperature chlorination: C2H6 + 2 Cl2 → ...
Chlorofluorocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF4−m and C2ClmF6−m, ... Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CClmFnH4−m−n and ... chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 55 (8): ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various ...
Icemaker
The Freon produced back then was chlorofluorocarbon, a moderately toxic gas causing ozone depletion. All refrigeration ... ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane). HCR188C is used today in commercial refrigeration applications (supermarket ... its impact upon the use greenhouse gases besides the efforts made to reduce ozone depletion caused by the chlorofluorocarbons. ...
Zeotropic mixture
In addition, ethylene is separated from methane and ethane for industrial purposes using multi-component distillation. ... and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) have on the ozone layer and global warming. Researchers have focused on using new mixtures that ... For example, nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane constitute a zeotropic mixture. Individual substances within the ...
Headspace gas chromatography for dissolved gas measurement
"Testing for Methane, Ethane and Ethene in Water by Headspace Analysis Utilizing Method 3810 - Modified" (PDF). Retrieved 16 ... Examples of volatile anthropogenic chemicals include the refrigerants chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs ... Natural gas extracted from the earth also contains many low molecular weight hydrocarbon compounds such as methane, ethane, ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Kampbell, D.H.; Vandergrift, S.A. (1998). "Analysis of Dissolved Methane, Ethane, and ...
Haloalkane
Chlorofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons were used almost universally as refrigerants and propellants due to their relatively ... For example, ethane with bromine becomes bromoethane, methane with four chlorine groups becomes tetrachloromethane. However, ... For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. ... Several classes of widely used haloalkanes are classified in this way chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( ...
Liquefied petroleum gas
It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage ... while natural gas is composed of the lighter methane and ethane. LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher ... R-134a and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air ...
Halocarbon
A second large source are marine algae which produce several chlorinated methane and ethane containing compounds. There are ... the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), would accumulate in the upper atmosphere and destroy protective ozone (Molina & Rowland 1974). ... ethane), herbicides such as 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), askarel dielectrics (mixed with PCBs, no longer used in ... leading to bans on production and use of chlorofluorocarbons in many countries. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ...
Photogeochemistry
Kraeutler, B; Bard, AJ (1977). "Photoelectrosynthesis of ethane from acetate ion at an n-type TiO2 electrode - the photo-Kolbe ... Tanaka, K; Hisanaga, T (1994). "Photodegradation of chlorofluorocarbon alternatives on metal oxide". Solar Energy. 52 (5): 447- ...
Natural refrigerant
Hydrocarbons used as refrigerants include: Methane (CH4) [R-50] Ethane (CH3CH3) [R-170] Propane (CH3CH2CH3) [R-290] Ethylene ( ... They are alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and ...
Chlorine
Due to the ready homolytic fission of the C-Cl bond to create chlorine radicals in the upper atmosphere, chlorofluorocarbons ... ethanes, vinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), aluminium trichloride for catalysis, the chlorides of magnesium, titanium, ... In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing organic molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone ... They are important because they are produced when chlorofluorocarbons undergo photolysis in the upper atmosphere and cause the ...
Haloalkane
For example, ethane with bromine becomes bromoethane, methane with four chlorine groups becomes tetrachloromethane. However, ... Chlorofluorocarbons were used almost universally as refrigerants and propellants due to their relatively low toxicity and high ... For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. ... Several classes of widely used haloalkanes are classified in this way chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( ...
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chlorofluorocarbons facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about chlorofluorocarbons
Make research projects and school reports about chlorofluorocarbons easy with credible articles from our FREE, online ... Commercially, the most important CFCs were derivatives of methane and ethane. These included trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), ... Chlorofluorocarbons Encyclopedia of Public Health COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS. Chlorofluorocarbons ... Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound typically consisting of chlorine, fluorine, carbon ...
Memorandum D19-7-2 - Requirements Concerning the Importation and Exportation of Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon...
Containing methane, ethane or propane chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), whether or not containing hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) ... Containing methane, ethane or propane hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), but not containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ... Mixtures containing halogenated derivatives of methane, ethane or propane: - Containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), whether or ... Means a chlorofluorocarbon. Critical use Means a use of methyl bromide that conforms to Decision IX/6 set out in the document ...
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Aliphatic hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane. Aliphatic ... Partially halogenated chlorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons for use in this invention include methyl chloride, methylene ... Fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons include fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, and chlorofluorocarbons. Examples ... Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons include trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), ...
1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane - Wikipedia
Vinyl chloride - Wikipedia
Ethane is readily available, particularly on the U.S. gulf coast. Ethylene is made from ethane by cracking ethane and then ... Vinyl chloride can also be obtained as a byproduct in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons when saturated chlorofluorocarbons ... Many such ethane-based processes have been and are being developed. Vinyl chloride is stored as a liquid. The presently ... The conversion of ethane to vinyl chloride can be performed by various routes: High-temperature chlorination: C2H6 + 2 Cl2 → ...
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Global warming: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article
Chlorofluorocarbon. A chlorofluorocarbon is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a ... volatile derivative of methane and ethane. A common subclass are the hydrochlorofluorocarbons , which contain hydrogen, as well ... ozone by chlorofluorocarbons. Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. ...
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The Ethane,1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoro-, with the CAS registry number 76-13-1, is also known as Freon-113. It belongs to ... It is a very unreactive chlorofluorocarbon, that will stay in the atmosphere for a great deal of time if it is released. It was ... Uses of Ethane,1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoro-: it can be used to produce 1,1-dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoro-octane at the ... Physical properties of Ethane,1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoro- are: (1)ACD/LogP: 3.20; (2)# of Rule of 5 Violations: 0; (3)ACD/ ...
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The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are collectively known as freons. They are extremely stable, unreactive ... Dichlorodiphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT). *DDT, the first chlorinated organic insecticides, was originally prepared in 1873, but ... It is also used as feedstock in the synthesis of chloro- fluorocarbons and other chemicals, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and ...
ORGANIC INFRARED ATTENUATION AGENTS - Patent application
Aliphatic hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane. Aliphatic ... Partially halogenated chlorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons for use in this disclosure include methyl chloride, methylene ... Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons include trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), ... Fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons include fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons and ...
organic molecules list
They do not include photo-chemically non-reactive compounds such as methane, ethane and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Their ... ethane the! Proper structure to the cells as methane, organic molecules list and the chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) subunits ... Biolipid 8. Compounds like methane, CH 4, and ethane, CH 3 CH 3, are members of a family of compounds called alkanes.If you ... An organism in cells is stored in nucleic acids are called nucleotides with this, you! The chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ), nom et ...
Toxic Chemistry: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Health & Environment
Chlorofluorocarbons are a family of halocarbons that contain only carbon, chlorine & fluorine. Used in blowing plastics & ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF4-m and C2ClmF6-m, ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). What are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?. Chlorofluorocarbons are a family of halocarbons that contain ... Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmFnH4-m-n and C2Clx ...
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HS编码 第三十八章 杂项化学产品
Other mixtures containing chlorofluorocarbons of methane, ethane or propane, whether or not containing HCFCs, PFCs, HFCs of ... Other mixtures containing halogenated derivatives of methane, ethane or propane. 3824810000. 含环氧乙烷(氧化乙烯)的混合物. 0:品牌类型;1:出口享惠情况;2 ... Other HCFCs mixtures containing methane, ethane or propane (perfluorocarbons or hydrofluorocarbons whether or not containing ... Mixtures containing perfluorocarbons (PFCs)or hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), but not containing chlorofluorocarbons
Patent US5194289 - Method for labeling an object for its verification - Google Patents
Methane and ethane7
- Commercially, the most important CFCs were derivatives of methane and ethane. (encyclopedia.com)
- Most of them are compounds of chlorofluorocarbons, which are derivatives of methane and ethane. (homewarrantyreviews.com)
- The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are collectively known as Freon. (gradeup.co)
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF 4-m and C2Cl m F6- m , where m is nonzero. (greenspec.co.uk)
- Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmFnH 4-m-n and C 2 Cl x F y H 6-x-y , where m, n, x, and y are nonzero. (greenspec.co.uk)
- Chlorofluorocarbon - A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. (academic.ru)
- Otherwise, they are produced as byproducts of methane and ethane with a composition of the formulas CCl m F 4-m and C 2 Cl m F 6-m respectively, whereby m is not equal to zero (Ibeh, 2014). (best-custom-essays.com)
Halogenated hydrocarbons1
- A group of ethane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms. (bvsalud.org)
Butane2
- Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): when derived from methane, ethane, propane, and butane, these compounds have the respective formulae CF m H 4-m , C 2 F m H 6-m , C 3 F m H 8-m , and C 4 F m H 10-m , where m is nonzero. (greenspec.co.uk)
- Hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane , and butane emerged as the favored choice of propellants due to superior characteristics such as better spray quality, higher stability and no interaction with the main product. (grandviewresearch.com)
CFCs11
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a class of chemicals that contain only atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. (encyclopedia.com)
- The most widely known family within this group are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (3rd1000.com)
- What are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? (greenspec.co.uk)
- CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes. (greenspec.co.uk)
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gases formed synthetically by replacing all hydrogen atoms in the methane [CH4(g)] or ethane [C2H6(g)] with chlorine and/or fluorine atoms. (blogspot.com)
- Mixed compounds are also possible, the best-known examples being the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are mainly responsible for ozone depletion. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- They are used primarily as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes, as the ozone depleting effects are only about 10% of the CFCs. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The market witnessed high substitution of the propellant gasses containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) with hydrocarbons, Dimethyl ether (DME) and other advanced products such as Solstice Propellant. (grandviewresearch.com)
- Mixed compounds are also possible, examples are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are mainly responsible for ozone depletion. (academickids.com)
- They are used primarily as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes, as the environmental effects are less than for CFCs. (academickids.com)
- And for more than fifty years, the best chemicals for the job were chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, made of chlorine atoms, fluorine atoms and carbon atoms. (study.com)
Chlorine6
- Haloalkanes (also known as Halogenoalkanes ) are a group of chemical compounds, consisting of alkanes, such as methane or ethane, with one or more halogens linked, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, forming an organic halide. (3rd1000.com)
- For instance, and according to Koren (2016), when combined with the bromine, the fluorocarbon is referred to as a Hhalon, while when combined with hydrogen and chlorine it is referred to as hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), but when combined with only chlorine it is referred as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). (best-custom-essays.com)
- The main difference between fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons is that the CFC is a combination of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine while a fluorocarbon is a combination of fluorine and carbon only. (best-custom-essays.com)
- Fluorocarbons differ from chlorofluorocarbons in their reactivity, while CFC's emit chlorine gas into the atmosphere. (best-custom-essays.com)
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are haloalkanes with both chlorine and fluorine . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are compounds containing chlorine , fluorine and carbon only, that is they contain no hydrogen. (wikidoc.org)
Derivatives1
- The brominated derivatives are generated by free-radical reactions of the chlorofluorocarbons, replacing C-H bonds with C-Br bonds. (greenspec.co.uk)
Compounds2
- To measure sulfuryl fluoride's atmospheric lifetime, the chemists put it inside a Pyrex chamber with compounds that are well understood in the atmosphere, such as ethane. (digitaljournal.com)
- The mixed halides of carbon, that is, chlorofluorocarbons make a significant class of compounds. (tutorsglobe.com)
Freon2
- CFC substitutes, hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), contain hydrogen and are also commonly called "Freon" a trade name that is generally used to cover a broad range of refrigerants. (emeraldet.com)
- Freon is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily as a refrigerant . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Carbon dioxide1
- If two carbon atoms happen to come out of the wood with six hydrogen atoms, they are, agglomerately, ethane, which bums to become, also, carbon dioxide and water. (todayinsci.com)
Vinyl chloride3
- Numerous attempts have been made to convert ethane directly to vinyl chloride. (wikipedia.org)
- Vinyl chloride can also be obtained as a byproduct in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons when saturated chlorofluorocarbons are catalytically dechlorinated by ethylene. (wikipedia.org)
- Ethane sulfochlorination has been proposed as a route to produce vinyl chloride using sulfur instead of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
Ozone7
- Mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons are now used in desire to the chlorofluorocarbons as a propellant for aerosol sprays, because of chlorofluorocarbons' effect on the ozone layer. (geologyscience.com)
- A deeper evaluation on the reasons behind replacement of chlorofluorocarbon despite of their wide use in the 1930s as a non-toxic and a non-flammable alternative to harmful elements, such as ammonia, revels that they resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. (best-custom-essays.com)
- Chlorofluorocarbons are serious threat to the ozone layer. (hindigk50k.com)
- This group discovered that chlorofluorocarbons in aerosol cans and other products damage the ozone layer. (digitaljournal.com)
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas, is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles and increasingly replacing chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant to reduce damage to the ozone layer. (natgases.com)
- Studies involving chlorofluorocarbon or CFC found out that this substance is causing major damage to the earth's ozone layer. (edefines.com)
- 5 Gases like CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) destroy the ozone layer. (markedbyteachers.com)
Atoms1
- The name ethanedioic acid communicates that the molecule has two carbon atoms (as in ethane) and two acid groups (COOH). (jrank.org)
C2H61
- Methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) are gaseous at ambient temperatures and cannot be effortlessly liquefied by means of strain alone. (geologyscience.com)
Ethylene1
- 1,2-Dichloroethane, ClCH2CH2Cl (also known as ethylene dichloride, EDC), can be prepared by halogenation of ethane or ethylene, inexpensive starting materials. (wikipedia.org)
Ammonia1
- American engineer Thomas Midgley developed chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in 1928 as a replacement for ammonia (NH 3 ), chloromethane (CH 3 Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), which are toxic but were in common use at the time as refrigerants. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Aerosol1
- Notoriously chlorofluorocarbons were also widely used as aerosol propellants, cleansing agents for electrical and electronic components, and blowing agents in plastic insulation. (greenspec.co.uk)
Refrigerants3
- 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, C2HClF4, is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon used as a component in refrigerants offered as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons. (wikipedia.org)
- These refrigerants are halogen derivates of saturated hydrocarbon i.e., of methane, ethane etc. 3. (spek.gr)
- While data for air solubility in R-113 is difficult to find, Henry's law constants $k_\text{H}$ are available for $\ce{N2}$ in a series of related refrigerants (Ref. 1) comprised of variously halogenated ethanes. (stackexchange.com)
Thomas Midgley2
- Thomas Midgley and his assistants in Ohio, USA, invented chlorofluorocarbons in 1928. (blogspot.com)
- When Thomas Midgley Jr. developed his infamous Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-12), the issue of toxic refrigeration techniques appeared to be solved. (azocleantech.com)
Volatile1
- The chlorofluorocarbons are volatile substances and only exist in solid form as raw materials. (best-custom-essays.com)
Refrigerant1
- Midgley's first commercial refrigerant was the chlorofluorocarbon CCl 2 F 2 . (azocleantech.com)
Unreactive2
- It is a very unreactive chlorofluorocarbon, that will stay in the atmosphere for a great deal of time if it is released. (lookchem.com)
- Data from 16 research cruises conducted between 1987 and 2010 show that, unlike the unreactive chlorofluorocarbons, carbon tetrachloride is undersaturated in surface waters regardless of temperature, wind, or biological regime, but with larger undersaturations with upwelling. (copernicus.org)
Chemicals1
- Harmful chemicals released as a derivative of ethane and methane. (nelhydrogen.com)
Catalysts1
- 2018. Zinc promoted alumina catalysts for the fluorination of chlorofluorocarbons . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Chemical1
- Preparation: this chemical can be prepared by 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-ethane at the temperature of 20 - 25 °C. This reaction will need reagents BrF 3 , SbCl 5 and solvent 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoro-ethane. (lookchem.com)
Mesh1
- Chlorofluorocarbons" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
Concern1
- Since then, concern over the chlorofluorocarbon propellants recommended for aerosols to be used for disinsection of aircraft has led to a reconsideration of their use. (who.int)
Year1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Chlorofluorocarbons" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chlorofluorocarbons" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)