DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
ChlorofluorocarbonsChlorofluorocarbons, MethaneAerosol PropellantsChlorofluorocarbons, EthaneHydrocarbons, FluorinatedOzoneOzone DepletionStratospheric OzoneChemical ProcessesMethyl ChlorideAir ConditioningRefrigerationBromochlorofluorocarbonsEnvironmental HealthNational Library of Medicine (U.S.)ChlorineChlorine CompoundsIsotopesSick Building SyndromeCopying ProcessesVolatile Organic CompoundsEncyclopedias as TopicVentilationAir Pollution, IndoorNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.)Hydrocarbons, HalogenatedFluorine
Chlorofluorocarbons
A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane
A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.
Aerosol Propellants
Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES; CARBON DIOXIDE; FLUOROCARBONS; NITROGEN; and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Chlorofluorocarbons, Ethane
A group of ethane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.
Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated
Ozone
The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).
Ozone Depletion
A shift in the balance between production and destruction of STRATOSPHERIC OZONE that results in a decline of the amount of OZONE in the lower stratosphere.
Stratospheric Ozone
Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere. It is produced continuously by the action of solar ULTRAVIOLET RAYS on oxygen in the stratosphere. The stratospheric ozone (especially at the ozone layer) blocks much of the solar UV radiation of wavelengths of 320 nanometers or less from being transmitted to lower ATMOSPHERE of the Earth.
Chemical Processes
The reactions and interactions of atoms and molecules, the changes in their structure and composition, and associated energy changes.
Methyl Chloride
A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403)
Air Conditioning
The maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Refrigeration
The mechanical process of cooling.
Bromochlorofluorocarbons
A series of hydrocarbons containing BROMINE; CHLORINE and FLOURINE.
Environmental Health
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
National Library of Medicine (U.S.)
An agency of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to advancement of medical and related sciences. Major activities of this institute include the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information important to the progress of medicine and health, research in medical informatics and support for medical library development.
Chlorine
A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching.
Chlorine Compounds
Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.
Isotopes
Atomic species differing in mass number but having the same atomic number. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Sick Building Syndrome
A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Copying Processes
Reproduction of data in a new location or other destination, leaving the source data unchanged, although the physical form of the result may differ from that of the source.
Volatile Organic Compounds
Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.
Encyclopedias as Topic
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Ventilation
Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Air Pollution, Indoor
The contamination of indoor air.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.)
An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
Fluorine
A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.

Structural consequences of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer interaction with gramicidin A channels. (1/62)

Although interactions of general anesthetics with soluble proteins have been studied, the specific interactions with membrane bound-proteins that characterize general anesthesia are largely unknown. The structural modulations of anesthetic interactions with synaptic ion channels have not been elucidated. Using gramicidin A as a simplified model for transmembrane ion channels, we have recently demonstrated that a pair of structurally similar volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer, 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3) and 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), respectively, have distinctly different effects on the channel function. Using high-resolution NMR structural analysis, we show here that neither F3 nor F6 at pharmacologically relevant concentrations can significantly affect the secondary structure of the gramicidin A channel. Although both the anesthetic F3 and the nonimmobilizer F6 can perturb residues at the middle section of the channel deep inside the hydrophobic region in the sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, only F3, but not F6, can significantly alter the chemical shifts of the tryptophan indole N-H protons near the channel entrances. The results are consistent with the notion that anesthetics cause functional change of the channel by interacting with the amphipathic domains at the peptide-lipid-water interface.  (+info)

Distinctly different interactions of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer with transmembrane channel peptides. (2/62)

Although it plays no clinical role in general anesthesia, gramicidin A, a transmembrane channel peptide, provides an excellent model for studying the specific interaction between volatile anesthetics and membrane proteins at the molecular level. We show here that a pair of structurally similar volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer (nonanesthetic), 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3) and 1, 2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), respectively, interacts differently with the transmembrane peptide. With 400 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 60 mM phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylglycerol (PC/PG), the intermolecular cross-relaxation rate constants between (19)F of F3 and (1)H in the chemical shift regions for the indole and backbone amide protons were 0.0106 +/- 0.0007 (n = 12) and 0.0105 +/- 0.0014 (n = 8) s(-1), respectively. No cross-relaxation was measurable between (19)F of F6 and protons in these regions. Sodium transport study showed that with 75 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 66 mM PC/PG, F3 increased the (23)Na apparent efflux rate constant from 149.7 +/- 7.2 of control (n = 3) to 191.7 +/- 12.2 s(-1) (n = 3), and the apparent influx rate constant from 182.1 +/- 15.4 to 222.8 +/- 21.7 s(-1) (n = 3). In contrast, F6 had no effects on either influx or efflux rate. It is concluded that the ability of general anesthetics to interact with amphipathic residues near the peptide-lipid-water interface and the inability of nonimmobilizer to do the same may represent some characteristics of anesthetic-protein interaction that are of importance to general anesthesia.  (+info)

Challenges in changing to non-chlorofluorocarbon inhalers in the treatment of asthma. (3/62)

The chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based metered dose inhaler, which has been the mainstay of the management of obstructive lung diseases, will soon be phased out world wide and replaced by CFC-free devices. Patients will have to be changed to the devices in a co-ordinated manner to avoid any risk to their health and safety. The different shapes and aerosol delivery characteristics of the new inhalers, as well as their distinctive taste, could add to the levels of poor drug use already experienced in asthma. From previous change scenarios in disease management, the potential for unstable asthma control is a real possibility with all the attendant costs. By using the time available before CFC-based inhalers are withdrawn, there is an opportunity to enhance asthma management during this period of change.  (+info)

Review of therapeutically equivalent alternatives to short acting beta(2) adrenoceptor agonists delivered via chlorofluorocarbon-containing inhalers. (4/62)

BACKGROUND: To study the transition from metered dose inhalers using chlorofluorocarbons as propellants (CFC-MDIs) to non-CFC containing devices, a systematic review was conducted of clinical trials which compared the delivery of salbutamol and terbutaline via CFC-MDIs and non-CFC devices. METHODS: Papers were selected by searching electronic databases (Medline, Cochrane, and BIDS) and further information and studies were sought from pharmaceutical companies. The studies were assessed for their methodological quality. RESULTS: Fifty three relevant trials were identified. Most were scientifically flawed in terms of study design, comparison of inappropriate doses, and insufficient power for the determination of therapeutic equivalence. Differences between inhaler devices were categorised according to efficacy and potency. Most trials claimed to show therapeutic equivalence, usually for the same doses from the different devices. Two commercially available salbutamol metered dose inhalers using a novel hydrofluorocarbon HFC-134a as propellant were equally as potent and efficacious as conventional CFC-MDIs, as were the Rotahaler and Clickhaler dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Evidence suggests that a dose of 200 microg salbutamol via CFC-MDI may be substituted with 200 microg and 400 microg of salbutamol via Accuhaler and Diskhaler DPIs, respectively. Terbutaline delivered via a Turbohaler DPI is equally as potent and efficacious as terbutaline delivered via a conventional CFC-MDI. CONCLUSIONS: When substituting non-CFC containing inhalers for CFC-MDIs, attention must be given to differences in inhaler characteristics which may result in variations in pulmonary function.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate. (5/62)

AIMS: To compare the pharmacokinetic profile of Beclazone (beclomethasone dipropionate) in its chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based and CFC-free formulations. METHODS: Ten healthy adults received a single 1,000 microg nominal dose (ex-valve) of beclomethasone dipropionate from a CFC inhaler (BEC-CFC) or from a CFC-free inhaler containing hydrofluoroalkane (HFA)-134a (BEC-HFA) in an open-label, randomized, two-way, crossover study. Blood samples were collected predose and over 12 h after inhalation. Comparisons were made of maximum plasma concentration of beclomethasone 17-monopropionate (17-BMP) (Cmax), and area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC). RESULTS: The tmax was significantly (P<0.05) earlier with BEC-HFA and plasma levels were significantly higher following administration of BEC-HFA than BEC-CFC. Geometric mean values for AUC were 1.5 fold greater (90% CI 1.3-1.9) and for Cmax were 1.9 fold greater (90% CI 1.6-2.6) following BEC-HFA than BEC-CFC. CONCLUSIONS: Our data in healthy volunteers would not be consistent with the manufacturers' recommendation for a microgram equivalent (1:1) nominal dose switch between these HFA and CFC formulations. Further well designed trials are required in asthmatic patients to properly define their respective dose-response relationships for antiasthmatic and systemic adverse effects.  (+info)

Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario. (6/62)

A common view is that the current global warming rate will continue or accelerate. But we argue that rapid warming in recent decades has been driven mainly by non-CO(2) greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as chlorofluorocarbons, CH(4), and N(2)O, not by the products of fossil fuel burning, CO(2) and aerosols, the positive and negative climate forcings of which are partially offsetting. The growth rate of non-CO(2) GHGs has declined in the past decade. If sources of CH(4) and O(3) precursors were reduced in the future, the change in climate forcing by non-CO(2) GHGs in the next 50 years could be near zero. Combined with a reduction of black carbon emissions and plausible success in slowing CO(2) emissions, this reduction of non-CO(2) GHGs could lead to a decline in the rate of global warming, reducing the danger of dramatic climate change. Such a focus on air pollution has practical benefits that unite the interests of developed and developing countries. However, assessment of ongoing and future climate change requires composition-specific long-term global monitoring of aerosol properties.  (+info)

Factors affecting the efficiency of aerosol therapy with pressurised metered-dose inhalers through plastic spacers. (7/62)

AIM: The main objective of this study was to compare the in vitro delivery of salbutamol from a chlorofluorocarbon(CFC)-propelled pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) versus a newly developed hydrofluoroalkane(HFA)-propelled pMDI through various spacers. In addition, we aimed to study the effect on bronchodilator response when using an optimal pMDI/spacer combination for aerosol delivery compared to a suboptimal combination. METHODS: Particle size distribution and output from salbutamol pMDIs containing either CFC propellants (Ventolin) or HFA propellants (Airomir) were measured using a multistage liquid impinger (MSLI) and compared to that through both detergent-coated (non-static) or untreated (static) large volume (Nebuhaler, Volumatic) and small volume (Aerochamber) plastic spacers. Flow-volume curves (FEV1) were obtained from twelve asthmatic children with known significant bronchodilator response (8 males), aged 13-17 years, randomly inhaling salbutamol from a CFC-pMDI through a static spacer (Nebuhaler) and from an HFA-pMDI through a non-static spacer (Nebuhaler). RESULTS: In vitro output of particles in the respirable range (< 6.8 microns) from HFA-pMDIs was significantly higher than that from CFC-pMDIs using various spacers. Removal of electrostatic charge increased output from CFC- and HFA-pMDIs through all spacers by 17-82%. The mean (SD) bronchodilator response after inhalation of salbutamol from a CFC-pMDI through a static spacer was 7.1% (6.3%) compared to 17.5% (7.9%) after inhalation from an HFA-pMDI through a non-static spacer (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a newly developed HFA-propelled pMDI greatly improves drug delivery through spacers compared to a CFC-propelled pMDI. However, electrostatic charge in plastic spacers remains the key determinant limiting delivery of salbutamol from a pMDI through spacers, and can be reduced by soaking the spacer in a household detergent. Using an optimal pMDI/spacer combination leads to a significantly improved bronchodilator response.  (+info)

Moving from CFC aerosol to HFA aerosol or dry powder inhalers: what do patients think? (8/62)

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Environmentally friendly hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) pressurised metered-dose inhalers are currently being marketed to replace chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-driven devices. It is uncertain whether these new formulations with different properties are acceptable to patients. Similarly, switching a patient to a dry powder inhaler (DPI) carries the risk of non-acceptance. METHODS: One hundred patients with obstructive airway disease on regular CFC aerosol inhaler medication underwent a standardised, structured interview. During the interview patients were asked to use a new HFA aerosol inhaler and three DPIs in random order. Patients' notions were recorded. RESULTS: Most patients (96) agreed to change from their CFC to the HFA inhaler, of those, only 12 did so with some reservation. Properties (taste, user-friendliness, design) of the HFA inhaler were rated favourably. DPIs represented an acceptable alternative to aerosol inhalers. In fact, 57 patients preferred a DPI over the HFA inhaler. Not all powder devices were equally acceptable. Replacing the CFC inhaler with patients' preferred alternative devices resulted in a more than 3-fold increase in costs. CONCLUSION: Concerns about the acceptability of reformulated CFC-free aerosol inhalers are ill founded. However, if given the choice, many patients prefer a DPI over the HFA inhaler. The transition offers an opportunity to review patients' current treatment and the proficiency of their inhaling technique. Moving to CFC-free inhalers will have revenue implications.  (+info)

Decision XV/32: Non-compliance with the Montreal Protocol by Cameroon | Ozone SecretariatDecision XV/32: Non-compliance with the Montreal Protocol by Cameroon | Ozone Secretariat
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a global agreement to protect the Earths ozone layer by phasing out the chemicals that deplete it. This phase-out plan includes both the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. The landmark agreement was signed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989.. The parties to the Protocol meet once a year to make decisions aimed at ensuring the successful implementation of the agreement. These include adjusting or amending the Protocol, which has been done six times since its creation. The most recent amendment, the Kigali Amendment, called for the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in 2016. These HFCs were used as replacements for a batch of ozone-depleting substances eliminated by the original Montreal Protocol. Although they do not deplete the ozone layer, they are known to be powerful greenhouse gases and, thus, contributors to climate change.. The Montreal Protocol provided a set of practical, actionable tasks ...
https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol/meetings/fifteenth-meeting-parties/decisions/decision-xv32-non
Montreal Protocol assessment reveals healing ozone, untapped potential for climate action - Todays EnvironmentalistMontreal Protocol assessment reveals healing ozone, untapped potential for climate action - Todays Environmentalist
The latest Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion reveals a healing ozone layer, global warming reduction potential, and options for more ambitious climate action.. The quadrennial review from the Scientific Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol will be presented here at the 30th Meeting of the Parties to this historic accord. Its findings confirm first and foremost that actions taken under the Montreal Protocol have led to long-term decreases in the atmospheric abundance of controlled ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and the ongoing recovery of stratospheric ozone.. Evidence presented by the authors shows that the ozone layer in parts of the stratosphere has recovered at a rate of 1-3% per decade since 2000. At projected rates, Northern Hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone is scheduled to heal completely by the 2030s followed by the Southern Hemisphere in the 2050s and polar regions by 2060. The ozone layer protects life on Earth from harmful levels of ultraviolet rays from the sun.. It is ...
https://todaysenvironmentalist.com/2018/11/20/montreal-protocol-assessment-reveals-healing-ozone-untapped-potential-for-climate-action/
U.S. GAO - Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration: Use of Ozone-Depleting Substances; Removal...U.S. GAO - Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration: Use of Ozone-Depleting Substances; Removal...
i) Cost-benefit analysis. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed the costs and benefits of this final rule. According to FDA, the benefits of this rule include environmental and public health improvements from protecting stratospheric ozone by reducing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emissions. FDA also expect the benefits to include expectations of increased returns on investments in environmentally friendly technology and continued international cooperation to comply with the spirit of the Montreal Protocol, thereby potentially reducing future emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) throughout the world. FDA determined that the costs of the final rule would include increased spending for needed medicines used to treat asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). FDA determined that the social costs of the final rule include the health benefits lost through decreased use of medicines that may result from increased prices. FDA was unable to quantify the economic costs of ...
http://www.gao.gov/products/A89634
Essential use exemptions | Ozone SecretariatEssential use exemptions | Ozone Secretariat
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a global agreement to protect the Earths ozone layer by phasing out the chemicals that deplete it. This phase-out plan includes both the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. The landmark agreement was signed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989.. The parties to the Protocol meet once a year to make decisions aimed at ensuring the successful implementation of the agreement. These include adjusting or amending the Protocol, which has been done six times since its creation. The most recent amendment, the Kigali Amendment, called for the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in 2016. These HFCs were used as replacements for a batch of ozone-depleting substances eliminated by the original Montreal Protocol. Although they do not deplete the ozone layer, they are known to be powerful greenhouse gases and, thus, contributors to climate change.. The Montreal Protocol provided a set of practical, actionable tasks ...
https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol/essential-use-exemptions
THERMAL PLASMA DESTRUCTION OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES: TECHNOLOGIES AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM, CHEMICAL KINETIC AND FLUID...THERMAL PLASMA DESTRUCTION OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES: TECHNOLOGIES AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM, CHEMICAL KINETIC AND FLUID...
Plasma technologies for the destruction of ozone-depleting substances are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the PLASCON process, based on an argon plasm...
http://dl.begellhouse.com/es/journals/57d172397126f956,199003e25b68b21b,1bf408ca2592adb6.html
Kitchener Company Pleads Guilty to Contravening Ozone-Depleting Substances Regulations - Environmental LawKitchener Company Pleads Guilty to Contravening Ozone-Depleting Substances Regulations - Environmental Law
Paula Lombardi reviews a case where one of Canadas largest fastener distributers pled guilty to contravening the Ozone-Depleting Substances Regulations.
https://www.siskinds.com/envirolaw/kitchener-company-pleads-guilty/
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.comChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Introduction. Eugine Whint 7/12/2005 Chemistry 5G Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (also known as Freon) are non-toxic, non-flammable and non-carcinogenic. They contain fluorine atoms, carbon atoms and chlorine atoms. The 5 main CFCs include CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane - CFCl3), CFC-12 (dichloro-difluoromethane - CF2Cl2), CFC-113 (trichloro-trifluoroethane - C2F3Cl3), CFC-114 (dichloro-tetrfluoroethane - C2F4Cl2), and CFC-115 (chloropentafluoroethane - C2F5Cl). CFCs are widely used as coolants in refrigeration and air conditioners, as solvents in cleaners, particularly for electronic circuit boards, as a blowing agents in the production of foam (for example fire extinguishers), and as propellants in aerosols. Indeed, much of the modern lifestyle of the second half of the 20th century had been made possible by the use of CFCs. Man-made CFCs however, are the main cause of stratospheric ozone depletion. CFCs have a lifetime in the atmosphere of about 20 to 100 years, and ...
http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/science/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs.html
Online Textbook - Annenberg LearnerOnline Textbook - Annenberg Learner
Unit 11 // Section 12. The first international treaty to protect the ozone layer was signed in 1987. The [tootltip]Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer[/tooltip] has been amended several times since then in response to new scientific information, and it has been ratified by 190 countries. Under it, industrialized countries phased out the production of several classes of ozone-depleting substances by 1996, and developing countries are to follow suit by 2010. An international fund created under the protocol helps developing nations find substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. The World Bank estimates that reductions under the Montreal Protocol through 2003 have avoided up to 20 million cases of cancer, 130 million cases of eye cataracts, and severe damage to ecosystems from increased UV radiation reaching Earths surface (footnote 7).. When nations began to negotiate agreements on reducing greenhouse gases to slow global climate change, many experts believed that the ...
https://www.learner.org/series/the-habitable-planet-a-systems-approach-to-environmental-science/atmospheric-pollution/online-textbook/
ORBi: Browsing ORBiORBi: Browsing ORBi
in Liang, Qing; Newman, Paul A; Reimann, Stefan (Eds.) SPARC Report on the Mystery of Carbon Tetrachloride (2016). The Montreal Protocol (MP) controls the production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 or CTC) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) for emissive uses. CCl4 is a major ODS, accounting for ... [more ▼]. The Montreal Protocol (MP) controls the production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 or CTC) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) for emissive uses. CCl4 is a major ODS, accounting for about 12% of the globally averaged inorganic chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere, compared to 14% for CFC-12 in 2012. In spite of the MP controls, there are large ongoing emissions of CCl4 into the atmosphere. Estimates of emissions from various techniques ought to yield similar numbers. However, the recent WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion [WMO, 2014] estimated a 2007-2012 CCl4 bottom-up emission of 1-4 Gg/year (1-4 kilotonnes/year), based on ...
http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/browse?type=type&sort_by=1&order=DESC&rpp=100&etal=3&value=%23C01&offset=500
ACP - Linkages between ozone-depleting substances, tropospheric oxidation and aerosolsACP - Linkages between ozone-depleting substances, tropospheric oxidation and aerosols
Abstract. Coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere allows changes in stratospheric ozone abundances to affect tropospheric chemistry. Large-scale effects from such changes on chemically produced tropospheric aerosols have not been systematically examined in past studies. We use a composition-climate model to investigate potential past and future impacts of changes in stratospheric ozone depleting substances (ODS) on tropospheric oxidants and sulfate aerosols. In most experiments, we find significant responses in tropospheric photolysis and oxidants, with small but significant effects on methane radiative forcing. The response of sulfate aerosols is sizeable when examining the effect of increasing future nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. We also find that without the regulation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) through the Montreal Protocol, sulfate aerosols could have increased by 2050 by a comparable amount to the decreases predicted due to relatively stringent sulfur emissions controls. ...
https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/13/4907/2013/
Illinois Pesticide Review NewsletterIllinois Pesticide Review Newsletter
Phaseout of the fumigant methyl bromide has been a long process, with several delays and reassignment of target dates. The following overview of the impact of methyl bromide is adapted from the April 2001 issue of the USDA newsletter, Methyl Bromide Alternatives, available on the Internet at www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/mba/mebrhp.htm. To protect the earth from the detrimental effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, the Montreal Protocol, was developed in the late 1980s. Since then, it has been controlling the production and trade of ozone-depleting substances on a global basis and has been signed by more than 160 nations. The treaty phases out chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting compounds, including methyl bromide. In 1995, Montreal Protocol signatory countries agreed to freeze production of methyl bromide at 1991 levels for developed countries. Total phaseout for developed countries will occur January 1, 2005, except for quarantine, critical, and emergency exemptions. ...
http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ipr/i4173_829.html
Illinois Pesticide ReviewIllinois Pesticide Review
Phaseout of the fumigant methyl bromide has been a long process, with several delays and reassignment of target dates. The following overview of the impact of methyl bromide is adapted from the April 2001 issue of the USDA newsletter, Methyl Bromide Alternatives, available on the Internet at www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/mba/mebrhp.htm. To protect the earth from the detrimental effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, the Montreal Protocol, was developed in the late 1980s. Since then, it has been controlling the production and trade of ozone-depleting substances on a global basis and has been signed by more than 160 nations. The treaty phases out chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting compounds, including methyl bromide. In 1995, Montreal Protocol signatory countries agreed to freeze production of methyl bromide at 1991 levels for developed countries. Total phaseout for developed countries will occur January 1, 2005, except for quarantine, critical, and emergency exemptions. ...
http://web.extension.illinois.edu/psep/ipr/issue.php?IssueID=4173
Epidemic of liver disease caused by hydrochlorofluorocarbons used as ozone-sparing substitutes of chlorofluorocarbons. | DIAL...Epidemic of liver disease caused by hydrochlorofluorocarbons used as ozone-sparing substitutes of chlorofluorocarbons. | DIAL...
BACKGROUND: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are used increasingly in industry as substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Limited studies in animals indicate potential hepatotoxicity of some of these compounds. We investigated an epidemic of liver disease in nine industrial workers who had had repeated accidental exposure to a mixture of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC 123) and 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC 124). All nine exposed workers were affected to various degrees. Both compounds are metabolised in the same way as 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (halothane) to form reactive trifluoroacetyl halide intermediates, which have been implicated in the hepatotoxicity of halothane. We aimed to test whether HCFCs 123 and 124 can result in serious liver disease. METHODS: For one severely affected worker liver biopsy and immunohistochemical stainings for the presence of trifluoroacetyl protein adducts were done. The serum of six affected workers and five ...
https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:24251
CFC Substitutes: Good for the Ozone Layer, Bad for Climate? - Innovation TorontoCFC Substitutes: Good for the Ozone Layer, Bad for Climate? - Innovation Toronto
The Montreal Protocol led to a global phase-out of most substances that deplete the ozone layer, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). A happy side-effect of the gradual ban of these products is that Earths climate has also benefited because CFCs are also potent greenhouse gases. However, now a rebound effect threatens to accelerate the rate of global warming.. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which have been used in recent years in increasing quantities as substitutes for CFCs, are also climatically very active and many are also extremely long-lived. In the journal Science an international team of researchers recommends that the most potent of these gases also be regulated. This could save the positive side effect of the Montreal Protocol for the global climate.. It is regarded as the most successful international environmental agreement and has, to date, been ratified by 196 countries - the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. As a result, CFCs and ozone killers will ...
https://www.innovationtoronto.com/2012/03/cfc-substitutes-good-for-the-ozone-layer-bad-for-climate/
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Ozone depletion - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaOzone depletion - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens.[1] The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants (CFCs, freons, halons.) These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.[2] Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of Halocarbons increased. CFCs and other substances contributing to this effect are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280-315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earths atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern. As a result, the Montreal Protocol has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons as and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
Chlorofluorocarbons Summary Report | CureHunterChlorofluorocarbons Summary Report | CureHunter
Chlorofluorocarbons: A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.
http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD017402-Chlorofluorocarbons.do
situationsituation
Ozone is a very important gas, because stratospheric ozone absorbs most harmful ultraviolet radiation, preventing it from reaching Earths surface. In the 1970s, researchers began to think that human activity could affect the ozone, even though they were focusing on the exhaust from supersonic airplanes and the space shuttle. However, after studying other possible causes for ozone depletion, the international community came to a consensus that certain manmade chemical compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were largely responsible for the ozone loss. As a result, the Montreal Protocol was adopted in 1987, calling for the worldwide elimination of CFCs and other ozone-destroying substances. So far, the Montreal Protocol has been signed by more than 160 nations. Image: Courtesy of NASA. The Protocol has been updated several times, most recently in 1995. Since knowledge of the ozone depletion problem continues to increase rapidly, the director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ...
http://www.cotf.edu/ETE/modules/ozone/ozsituation.html
UofT G8 Information Centre: All CommitmentsUofT G8 Information Centre: All Commitments
1990-26. Climate change is of key importance. We are committed to undertake common efforts to limit emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. We strongly support the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and look forward to the release of its full report in August.. 1990-27. We reiterate our support for the negotiation of a framework convention on climate change, under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).. 1990-28. The convention should be completed by 1992.. 1990-29. Work on appropriate implementing protocols should be undertaken as expeditiously as possible and should consider all sources and sinks.. 1990-30. We welcome the amendment of the Montreal Protocol to phase out the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the year 2000 and to extend coverage of the Protocol to other ozone-depleting substances.. 1990-31. We acknowledge that enhanced levels of cooperation will be necessary with ...
http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle3.html
Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer | Encyclopedia.comMontreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer | Encyclopedia.com
Montréal Protocol Following the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in late 1985, various governments recognized the need for stronger measures to reduce the production and consumption of a number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/environmental-studies/montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer
ACP - Abstract - Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and...ACP - Abstract - Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and...
Abstract. The stratospheric degradation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) releases chlorine, which is a major contributor to the destruction of stratospheric ozone (O3). A recent study reported strong chlorine isotope fractionation during the breakdown of the most abundant CFC (CFC-12, CCl2F2, Laube et al., 2010a), similar to effects seen in nitrous oxide (N2O). Using air archives to obtain a long-term record of chlorine isotope ratios in CFCs could help to identify and quantify their sources and sinks. We analyse the three most abundant CFCs and show that CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-113 (CClF2CCl2F) exhibit significant stratospheric chlorine isotope fractionation, in common with CFC-12. The apparent isotope fractionation (ϵapp) for mid- and high-latitude stratospheric samples are respectively −2.4 (0.5) and −2.3 (0.4) ‰ for CFC-11, −12.2 (1.6) and −6.8 (0.8) ‰ for CFC-12 and −3.5 (1.5) and −3.3 (1.2) ‰ for CFC-113, where the number in parentheses is the numerical value of ...
https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6867/2015/
Tox Town - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text VersionTox Town - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text Version
Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned since 1996 because they destroy the ozone layer. From the U.S. National Library of Medicine. [ ]
https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=9
Toxic Chemistry: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Health & EnvironmentToxic Chemistry: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Health & Environment
Chlorofluorocarbons are a family of halocarbons that contain only carbon, chlorine & fluorine. Used in blowing plastics & fridges. CFCs destroy the ozone layer
http://dev.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs-insulation-blowing-agent-ozone-depletion/
Analysis of Trends in Consumption and Production of ODS in Developing Countries: UNEP DTIE OzonAction ProgrammeAnalysis of Trends in Consumption and Production of ODS in Developing Countries: UNEP DTIE OzonAction Programme
This improved version of the Trends Analysis is based on an interactive Flash module using a map-based interface, and it provides more precise year-wise data to the user. Based on official data reported by Governments to the Ozone Secretariat under Article 7 of the Montreal Protocol, the module presents country-wise analyses for the main substances controlled under the Protocol, i.e. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride (CTC), methyl chloroform (MCF). The graphics can be exported by the user for use in publications and presentations. The graphs include some or all of the following lines or data points: Consumption level: This appears for all countries. Production level: This appears only if the country is or was a producer of the specific ODS. Montreal Protocol reduction targets: The respective freeze or reduction target dates are included on the graph for reference.. Note that for HCFCs, since Article 5 countries have not yet ...
http://www.uneptie.org/ozonaction/information/trends/index.htm
Ozone Layer Protection | US EPAOzone Layer Protection | US EPA
The stratospheric ozone layer is Earths sunscreen - protecting living things from too much ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The emission of ozone depleting substances has been damaging the ozone layer. But through domestic and international action, the ozone layer is healing and should fully recover by about 2065. This website addresses stratospheric ozone issues, including the science of ozone depletion, EPAs regulatory approach to protecting the ozone layer, EPA-approved alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, and sun safety.. ...
https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection
Will China and India Help Curb HFCs, Or Stand in the Way? - The Energy CollectiveWill China and India Help Curb HFCs, Or Stand in the Way? - The Energy Collective
Ive just arrived in Bangkok, where negotiators from around the world will convene next week for the mid-year meeting of the Montreal Protocol, the worlds most successful environmental treaty. There they will look for common ground on whether use this treaty to tackle some of the most potent heat-trapping pollutants, the super greenhouse gases known as hydrofluorcarbons, or HFCs. To recap, the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-destroying chemicals under the Montreal Protocol has brought huge climate side-benefits because these chemicals are also powerful heat-trapping pollutants. Scientists tell us that phasing out CFCs worldwide delivered a climate protection bonus equivalent to 11 billion tons of CO2 reductions in 2010 alone - more than five times the carbon reductions of the Kyoto Protocol. Another way to look at it: The CFC phase-out bought us a 10-year delay on warming. Imagine what this roaring-hot, extreme-weather summer would have been like with all that extra ...
http://www.theenergycollective.com/daviddoniger/95676/super-greenhouse-gas-update-will-china-and-india-help-curb-hfcs-or-stand-way
SAGE III on ISS - WikipediaSAGE III on ISS - Wikipedia
SAGE III on ISS is the fourth generation of a series of NASA Earth-observing instruments, known as the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment. The first SAGE III instrument was launched on the Russian Meteor (satellite) spacecraft. The recently revised SAGE III will be mounted to the International Space Station where it will use the unique vantage point of ISS to make long-term measurements of ozone, aerosols, water vapor, and other gases in Earths atmosphere. The first SAGE instrument was launched February 18, 1979, to collect data on the various gases in the atmosphere, including ozone. The data collected on SAGE I and the following instrument SAGE II, which began taking measurements in October 1984, were critical to the discovery of the Earths ozone hole and the creation of 1987 Montreal Protocol, which banned ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). SAGE III on ISS is a nearly exact replica of SAGE III Meteor-3M, sent into orbit in 2001 on a Russian satellite. SAGE ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_III_on_ISS
09/04/2013: United States Reaches Settlement with Safeway To Reduce Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Substances Nationwide /09/04/2013: United States Reaches Settlement with Safeway To Reduce Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Substances Nationwide /
Safeway, headquartered in Pleasanton, Calif., is the second largest grocery chain in North America with 1,412 stores in the United States and 2012 revenues of $44.2 billion. Safeway operates companies under the banner of Vons in southern California and Nevada, Randalls in Texas, and Carrs in Alaska. The settlement covers 659 Safeway stores - all Safeway stores in the United States that have commercial refrigeration equipment regulated by the CAA except for those stores in Safeways Dominicks Division, which was the subject of a 2004 settlement with the United States. The settlement was lodged today in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, and is subject to a 30-day public comment period and final court approval. It will be available for viewing at www.justice.gov/enrd/Consent_Decrees. ...
https://archive.epa.gov/epapages/newsroom_archive/newsreleases/692e135317439cec85257bdc00638614.html
Ozone-depleting Substances Regulations, 1998 - Repealed Regulations - Regulations and Other Instruments - CEPA Environmental...Ozone-depleting Substances Regulations, 1998 - Repealed Regulations - Regulations and Other Instruments - CEPA Environmental...
Main page of Environment Canadas website. Environment Canada works to preserve and enhance the quality of the natural environment; conserve Canadas renewable resources; conserve and protect Canadas water resources; carry out meteorology and provide weather forecasts; enforce rules relating to boundary waters; and, coordinate environmental policies and programs for the federal government.
http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/eng/regulations/DetailReg.cfm?intReg=15
Ozone-depleting substances 2016 - European Environment AgencyOzone-depleting substances 2016 - European Environment Agency
Information on the environment for those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public
https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/ozone-depleting-substances-1
The Scout Report for Science & Engineering - December 6, 2000 | Internet ScoutThe Scout Report for Science & Engineering - December 6, 2000 | Internet Scout
Next week, the twelfth Meeting Of The Parties To The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer will take place in Burkina Faso to negotiate multi-governmental cooperation in the protection of the earths ozone layer. Given the recent collapse of the United Nations climate talks in the Hague, at which the US refused to agree to reduce global warming through stricter pollution controls (arguing instead for getting credit for carbon sinks), the importance of the upcoming meeting cannot be underestimated. The ozone layer exists in the stratosphere, a thin band of atmosphere 10-50km above the earths surface. This thin band absorbs (and thereby protects the earths surface from) harmful ultra-violet wavelengths (UV-B) that are produced in sunlight. The widespread use of human-produced chemicals that are ozone-depleting (such as chlorofluorocarbons -- used in air conditioning, or halocarbons -- used in fire extinguishers) has led to a reduction in stratospheric ozone, resulting ...
https://scout.wisc.edu/report/se/2000/1206
Great success: Scientists salute Montreal Protocol for shrinking ozone hole | National Post...Great success: Scientists salute Montreal Protocol for shrinking ozone hole | National Post...
NASA scientists say theres been a 20 percent reduction in ozone depletion over the Antarctic compared to 12 years ago. Theyre crediting a worldwide effort started in the 1980s to ban production of ozone-depleting chemicals.
http://nationalpost.com/news/canada/great-success-scientists-salute-montreal-protocol-for-shrinking-ozone-hole
SUCCES FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF CFCS BY HFCS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AEROSOLS - FluorocarbonsSUCCES FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF CFCS BY HFCS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AEROSOLS - Fluorocarbons
Since the start of the Montreal Protocol, the use of CFCs for Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) for the treatment of respiratory illnesses, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has dropped from a 1997 peak of around 10,000 tonnes to about 300 tonnes in 2013.. According to IPAC (International Pharmaceutical Aerosol Consortium), 2015 will be the final year of essential use exemptions for metered dose inhalers (MDIs).. MDIs were CFC based, but the Montreal Protocol Parties decided to leave them outside the CFC ban decisions and place them under the regime of Essential Use Exemptions CFCs have been replaced by HFCs (95 per cent HFC-134a, 5 per cent HFC-227ea) in new MDIs formulations. For an approximate 630 million HFC based MDIs manufactured annually worldwide, 9,400 tonnes HFCs were used in 2014.. By moving from CFC MDIs to HFC MDIs, besides the suppression of their action on the ozone layer, their climate impact has dropped by 90 %.. Alternatives to HFC based MDIs do exist ...
https://www.fluorocarbons.org/mediaroom/succes-for-the-replacement-of-cfcs-by-hfcs-in-pharmaceutical-aerosols/
March 22 - Today in Science History - Scientists born on March 22nd, died, and eventsMarch 22 - Today in Science History - Scientists born on March 22nd, died, and events
In 1985, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted and opened for signature. It entered into force on 22 Sep 1988 and established that secretariat functions would be carried out by the United Nations Environment Programme. Control of ozone-depleting substances was needed because ecological and health damage results from a depleted ozone layer due to more UV-B radiation reaching the Earths surface. Results include increased rates of skin cancers and eye cataracts, reduced plant and fishing yields from adverse effects on terrestrial and ocean ecosystems, weakened immune systems, and more damage to plastics. The subsequent Montreal Protocol established specific limits to production «[Image: the largest ozone hole ever recorded, Sep 2000, exposed all the Antarctic and reached the southern tip of Argentina.] ...
https://todayinsci.com/3/3_22.htm
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The scientific article enterprise has great potential to benefit all aspects of society, as well as to increase our understanding of the Creative Commons can you buy farxiga online Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. We urge you to take advantage of that opportunity, vote and have these issues are pervasive throughout the world we are witnessing attacks on scientific independence and the Montreal protocol, a global agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances, saved the ozone layer. Those of us that have the good fortune of living in democratic societies will can you buy farxiga online have a chance to make our voices heard. Both public and political leaders once embraced great advances, such as leading centers for the benefit of society.. Across the world and at all levels of government. In addition, decisions on science funding and support should be can you buy farxiga ...
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Ozone Layer Depletion and the Montreal Protocol | HubPagesOzone Layer Depletion and the Montreal Protocol | HubPages
The atmosphere surrounding the earth is made up of several layers. These layers protect the earth and its inhabitants. The troposphere is the layer that we breathe. It goes about as high as the top of Mount Everest. The next atmospheric layer...
https://hubpages.com/politics/Ozone-Layer-Depletion-and-the-Montreal-Protocol
Recent OSHA Investigation Signals Greater Scrutiny for nPB and Related SolventsRecent OSHA Investigation Signals Greater Scrutiny for nPB and Related Solvents
An Occupational Safety & Health Administration investigation into n-Propyl Bromide -- a chemical used as an adhesive and a solvent -- and recent publicity surrounding a furniture workers claim of illness due to nPB exposure may lead to heightened scrutiny of businesses and increased regulatory oversight of nPB and related chemicals.. Increased Use of nPB. In the mid-1980s, the United States and other countries moved to reduce and/or eliminate a number of chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals that could damage the stratospheric ozone layer. In the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act, Congress established timetables for phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS) but also encouraged the use of alternative processes and product substitutes. 42 U.S.C. §7671c-e. In 1994, the EPA also established the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP), whereby companies could petition the Environmental Protection Agency for the inclusion of certain chemicals as safer ODS alternatives. 42 U.S.C. ...
https://www.gordonrees.com/publications/2013/recent-osha-investigation-signals-greater-scrutiny-for-npb-and-related-solvents
Switching to HFA inhalers (question)? | Yahoo AnswersSwitching to HFA inhalers (question)? | Yahoo Answers
I have asthma and I normally used albuterol its generic and cheap and now they are taking them off the market because they destroy the ozone.So now they are switching to HFA Inhalers I got my first one and just let me say they are useless.The meds. do spray out good you have to pratically hold it down your thoat to get any in your lungs I think i end up eating most of it lol. I was wondering if anyone else is having problems with these HFA inhalers?They have me on proventil which is basically suppose to be albuterol, It just is not workig for me I use to be able to take one puff of albuterol but find myself taking a few puffs of proventil and it still feels like iam suffocating it feels like it doesnt work at all.Is there anything else i can switch to.This sucks I get to suffocate but aleast our ozone is not getting depleted,I do care about the enviroment but what are we suppose to do here?
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080129075005AAGI4fK
NASA - NASA Keeps Eye On Ozone Layer Amid Montreal Protocols SuccessNASA - NASA Keeps Eye On Ozone Layer Amid Montreal Protocols Success
The TOMS images of the Antarctic ozone hole caused worldwide alarm and thus played a key role in the Montreal Protocol and other international agreements to phase out the offending chemicals from our environment, said Goddards Pawan Bhartia, project scientist for the mission. In addition, measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment, along with the Microwave Limb Sounder and the Halogen Occultation Experiment aboard the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite, were important to scientists understanding of ozone ...
https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/sep/HQ_07192_montreal_protocol.html
Australias Science Channel | Ozone continues to depleteAustralias Science Channel | Ozone continues to deplete
The Montreal Protocol in 1987 was one of those rare times in human history where we saw a problem and came together to implement a global solution. The problem was CFCs from aerosols and refrigerants that were chewing through atmospheric ozone. The Montreal Protocol was an agreement to phase-out the use of CFCs, and was recently lauded as a success by a NASA study using statellite data that showed the ozone hole over Antarctica recovering. ...
https://australiascience.tv/experts-react-to-news-of-depleting-ozone-in-the-stratosphere/
OPUS 4 | SearchOPUS 4 | Search
Significant reductions in stratospheric ozone occur inside the polar vortices each spring when chlorine radicals produced by heterogeneous reactions on cold particle surfaces in winter destroy ozone mainly in two catalytic cycles, the ClO dimer cycle and the ClO/BrO cycle. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are responsible for most of the chlorine currently present in the stratosphere, have been banned by the Montreal Protocol and its amendments, and the ozone layer is predicted to recover to 1980 levels within the next few decades. During the same period, however, climate change is expected to alter the temperature, circulation patterns and chemical composition in the stratosphere, and possible geo-engineering ventures to mitigate climate change may lead to additional changes. To realistically predict the response of the ozone layer to such influences requires the correct representation of all relevant processes. The European project RECONCILE has comprehensively addressed remaining questions in ...
http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/authorsearch/author/%22Martin+Ebert%22
Montreal Protocol & Ozone Cell (OC) | Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of IndiaMontreal Protocol & Ozone Cell (OC) | Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of Indias environmental and forestry policies and programmes.
http://envfor.nic.in/division/montreal-protocol-ozone-cell-oc
International Climate Agreement Calls for Environmentally Preferable Alternatives in Middle East Cooling Systems | mid-east.infoInternational Climate Agreement Calls for Environmentally Preferable Alternatives in Middle East Cooling Systems | mid-east.info
DUBAI, UAE: Companies and industries across the Middle East are set to increase their efforts in using alternative coolants for air-conditioners and refrigerators, following the signing of a global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.. This month, more than 190 countries agreed to an amendment to the 1987 Montreal Protocol that would phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) materials, which are currently used in air-cooling systems, refrigerators and as blowing agents in foam for thermal insulation. This amendment is the result of efforts that began in 2015 during the Dubai Pathway meeting.. By reducing the use of chemicals with high global-warming-potential (GWP), the historic amendment aims to limit the global temperature increase to no more than 0.5°C by the end of the century.. The amendment to the Montreal Protocol is one of the most significant steps the world has taken to reduce the use of HFC gases, commented Amir Naqvi, business development manager, Honeywell Fluorine ...
https://mid-east.info/international-climate-agreement-calls-for-environmentally-preferable-alternatives-in-middle-east-cooling-systems/
Stratospheric ozone depletion | School of Chemistry | University of BristolStratospheric ozone depletion | School of Chemistry | University of Bristol
Perhaps the single most successful international environmental agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol Kofi Annan. Using atmospheric observations, we have monitored international progress on phasing out ozone depleting substances such as CFCs for over 30 years.. The Medusa Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry instrument, co-developed by the ACRG, provides high-precision measurements of more than 40 ozone depleting substances and other related gases. Using models, we have used these data to track how emissions of these substances continue to change in response to the Montreal Protocol.. Follow the links to the right for further information on individual projects involving the ACRG.. ...
https://www.bristol.ac.uk/chemistry/research/acrg/stratospheric-ozone-depletion/
The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Earths Hydroclimate | Journal of Climate | American Meteorological...The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Earths Hydroclimate | Journal of Climate | American Meteorological...
Consider next the CFC2025 experiment, shown in Fig. 10b. This case looks like a typical global warming scenario, with both the P − E response and its attributions largely consistent with Fig. 12 (top) of Seager et al. (2010), which shows the global warming results for a CMIP3 multimodel average. The thermodynamic contribution is primarily an intensification of the climatological hydrological cycle (i.e., wet gets wetter and dry gets drier) but itself does not suggest any broadening of the subtropical dry zones. The contribution from the mean meridional circulation shows a tripolar response in each hemisphere away from the tropics (i.e., a moistening trend roughly poleward of 60°, a drying trend between 60° and 40°, and a moistening trend in the subtropics between 40° and 20°). This is consistent with the change in transient eddy momentum flux and vertical velocity (shown in Figs. 9d,h). The transient eddy momentum flux shifts poleward in both hemispheres and drives anomalous rising ...
https://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article/26/12/4049/34196/The-Importance-of-the-Montreal-Protocol-in
Montreal Protocol Whos WhoMontreal Protocol Whos Who
The use of this web site constitutes agreement with the following terms and conditions:. (a) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) maintains this web site (the Site) as a courtesy to those who may choose to access the Site (Users). The information presented herein is for information purposes only. UNEP grants permission to Users to visit the Site and to download and copy the information, documents and materials (collectively, Materials) from the Site for the Users personal, non-commercial use, without any right to resell or redistribute them or to compile or create derivative works there from, subject to the terms and conditions outlined below, and also subject to more specific restrictions that may apply to specific Materials within this Site.. (b) UNEP administers this Site. All Materials on this Site from UNEP appears subject to the present Terms and Conditions.. (c) Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in the Profiles on ...
https://montrealprotocolwhoswho.org/?nid=&combine=&field_country_value=All&field_last_name_value=&page=2
Montreal Protocol Whos WhoMontreal Protocol Whos Who
The use of this web site constitutes agreement with the following terms and conditions:. (a) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) maintains this web site (the Site) as a courtesy to those who may choose to access the Site (Users). The information presented herein is for information purposes only. UNEP grants permission to Users to visit the Site and to download and copy the information, documents and materials (collectively, Materials) from the Site for the Users personal, non-commercial use, without any right to resell or redistribute them or to compile or create derivative works there from, subject to the terms and conditions outlined below, and also subject to more specific restrictions that may apply to specific Materials within this Site.. (b) UNEP administers this Site. All Materials on this Site from UNEP appears subject to the present Terms and Conditions.. (c) Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in the Profiles on ...
https://montrealprotocolwhoswho.org/?nid=&field_last_name_value=&combine=&field_country_value=All&page=2
Global Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Market 2017 - 3M, BASF Chemicals, DuPont, Gujarat Fluro Chemicals Limited - TimeGazetteGlobal Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Market 2017 - 3M, BASF Chemicals, DuPont, Gujarat Fluro Chemicals Limited - TimeGazette
Others. At the beginning, the report covers the top Hydrochlorofluorocarbons manufacturing industry players from regions like United States, EU, Japan, and China. It also characterizes the market based on topographical regions.. Further, the Hydrochlorofluorocarbons report gives information on the company profile, market share and contact details along with value chain analysis of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons industry, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons industry rules and policies, circumstances driving the growth of the market and compulsion blocking the growth. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Market development scope and various business strategies are also mentioned in this report.. To Buy Complete Report Click Here: http://qyresearch.us/report/global-hydrochlorofluorocarbonshcfcs-market-2017. The Hydrochlorofluorocarbons research report includes the products that are currently in demand and available in the market along with their cost breakup, manufacturing volume, import/export scheme and contribution to the ...
http://timegazette.com/2017/06/global-hydrochlorofluorocarbons-market-2017-3m-basf-chemicals-dupont-gujarat-fluro-chemicals-limited/
PhostrEx - WikipediaPhostrEx - Wikipedia
The PhostrEx fire suppression system addresses many of the problems with halon, from system weight to environmental concerns. These concerns, including halons ozone-depleting and global warming characteristics, prompted the Montreal Protocol to outlaw its use. The only exception allowed by this international treaty was in aviation applications, and only until a suitable replacement became available. PhostrEx meets the requirements of both the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act, and is the first commercially viable Federal Aviation Authority and United States Environmental Protection Agency certified halon replacement fire extinguishing agent. The EPA awarded the company with a 2007 Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award for the development of its PhostrEx fire-suppression system.[2] PhostrEx reacts very quickly with atmospheric moisture, breaking down into phosphorus acid and hydrogen bromide. Neither of these harms the ozone layer. High concentrations of PhostrEx can cause skin blistering ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhostrEx
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UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch: Topics - ScienceUNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch: Topics - Science
Following the publication of the findings of a British Antarctic Survey article in May 1985, the phenomenon of ozone depletion over Antarctica was referred to as the ozone hole, a phrase first attributed to Nobel Prize winner Sherwood Rowland. The satellite image of the Ozone Hole has become a global symbol of this environmental threat that has helped mobilize public support for the Montreal Protocol. The work of atmospheric scientists and environmental researchers continues to play a paramount role in informing the policymaking under the Montreal Protocol. Images and scientific bulletins about ozone depletion are useful communication tools to the public about progress made and challenges ahead. Information about this topic. ...
http://www.uneptie.org/Ozonaction/topics/science.htm
Sustainability: A Nobel Cause « RealClimateSustainability: A Nobel Cause « RealClimate
I would like to share with you some impressions from a remarkable event taking place today and tomorrow in Potsdam: 15 Nobel laureates are meeting with top climate and energy experts and politicians to discuss global sustainability. You can follow the event with its presentations here, with a couple of hours of delay.. After opening remarks by PIK director John Schellnhuber, the IPCC chairman Rajendra Pachauri presented an overview over the main findings of the latest IPCC report. Nobel laureate Mario Molina drew interesting parallels of the current situation with the ozone hole issue and the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer, that came into force in 1986. The scientific findings are clear: climate is changing, and it is a response to human activities, Molina said. He also noted that the Montreal Protocol, as a side effect, has bought us about 10 years time in the climate issue, because the now banned CFCs also have a greenhouse effect in addition to damaging the ozone ...
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/10/sustainability-a-nobel-cause/
The Ozone Layer Interesting Facts - World Ozone Day | Ozone For Life - yodisphere.comThe Ozone Layer Interesting Facts - World Ozone Day | Ozone For Life - yodisphere.com
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. When did we realize ozone depletion was an issue, and how did we fix it? By 1985, the globe had already seen advancements in the scientific understanding of ozone depletion and its impacts on human health and the environment. It was then that the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was created in response. This agreement is a framework convention that lays out principles agreed upon by many parties. It does not, however, require countries to take control actions to protect the ozone layer. This would come later in the form of the Montreal Protocol.. https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/vienna-convention. ...
https://www.yodisphere.com/2020/09/the-ozone-layer-interesting-facts-world.html
Secundum Artem: Albuterol and Political CorrectnessSecundum Artem: Albuterol and Political Correctness
The websites railing against HFA inhalers are full of comments that basically tell the same story. My inhaler doesnt work anymore. My daughter changed to an HFA inhaler and she died of an asthma attack a few months later. I changed to an HFA inhaler and now I have a huge long list of health problems I didnt have before. The government and the FDA are ripping us off and lying about the safety and efficacy of HFA inhalers. Heres a list of doctors that dont believe the HFA inhalers work as well. The American Lung Association is full of shit. Etc. I actually got into an argument of sorts with a coworker over this one day--not someone that works in the pharmacy. He was convinced that albuterol had been taken off the market completely and that you simply couldnt get it anymore, and when I informed him otherwise he seemed incredulous--but I didnt get an opportunity to talk to him about it further ...
http://secundumartem.blogspot.com/2009/01/albuterol-and-political-correctness.html
Secundum Artem: Albuterol and Political CorrectnessSecundum Artem: Albuterol and Political Correctness
The websites railing against HFA inhalers are full of comments that basically tell the same story. My inhaler doesnt work anymore. My daughter changed to an HFA inhaler and she died of an asthma attack a few months later. I changed to an HFA inhaler and now I have a huge long list of health problems I didnt have before. The government and the FDA are ripping us off and lying about the safety and efficacy of HFA inhalers. Heres a list of doctors that dont believe the HFA inhalers work as well. The American Lung Association is full of shit. Etc. I actually got into an argument of sorts with a coworker over this one day--not someone that works in the pharmacy. He was convinced that albuterol had been taken off the market completely and that you simply couldnt get it anymore, and when I informed him otherwise he seemed incredulous--but I didnt get an opportunity to talk to him about it further ...
http://secundumartem.blogspot.com/2009/01/albuterol-and-political-correctness.html?showComment=1498812241975
Alternatives to ozone-depleting pestici... ( VALLADOLID SPAIN -- Methyl bromide a...)Alternatives to ozone-depleting pestici... ( VALLADOLID SPAIN -- Methyl bromide a...)
...VALLADOLID SPAIN -- Methyl bromide an odorless colorless gas used a...In response to the need for safe and effective alternatives to methyl ...According to lead researcher Eva Garca-Mndez the phaseout of methyl ...In the replicated experiments eight fumigant treatments were evaluated...,Alternatives,to,ozone-depleting,pesticide,studied,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters
http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Alternatives-to-ozone-depleting-pesticide-studied-3219-1/
Stratospheric ozone depletion | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia of World ProblemsStratospheric ozone depletion | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia of World Problems
The Antarctic ozone hole was discovered in 1985 by Joe Farman, a scientist working with the British Antarctic Survey.. The stratosphere is the upper layer of the atmosphere, between approximately 15-50 kilometres above the earths surface. It is underlain by the troposphere. The tropopause is the zone of transition.. Ozone is a gas with molecules composed of three oxygen atom, consequently its chemical designation is O3. Ozone is removed from the atmosphere naturally. Microorganisms in the soil produce a gas called nitrous oxide (N2O). In the stratosphere, N2O is broken down into the nitrogen oxides NO and NO2. These react with ozone but are not themselves consumed. Human enhanced production of nitrogen oxides has resulted in an accelerated reduction of ozone content. In addition synthetic chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), also cause depletion of the sensitive ozone layer.. Current and future changes in the atmospheric ozone profile will have significant effects on the vertical ...
http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/134011
Plus itPlus it
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was used to determine the in vivo metabolic constants of the candidate chlorofluorocarbon replacement 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b). Rats were exposed by inhalation to HCFC-141b concentrations ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 ppm. Uptake studies of HCFC-141b in the rat indicated the involvement of saturable and first-order components. The in vivo metabolic constants for HCFC-141b were: KM = 7.0 mg liter-1 (59.9 mumol liter-1), Vmax = 0.2 mg kg-1 hr-1 (1.71 mumol kg-1 hr-1), and k = 0.5 hr-1. In rats exposed to HCFC-141b, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol was excreted in the urine as its glucuronide conjugate, and the rate of 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethanol excretion increased linearly with increasing HCFC-141b exposure concentrations. Diallyl sulfide, a selective, mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 2E1, inhibited the metabolism of HCFC-141b, as indicated by a decreased uptake of HCFC-141b and by a lowered urinary excretion of ...
http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/21/4/634
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Business Manmade chemicals are proven to be the major cause of global climate change as such cause increased atmospheric temperature which can lead to unfavorable water patterns, growth patterns, and weather. Unfortunately, man cannot do away with such chemicals that easily as these are needed in producing and refrigerating goods, and in making lives easier. As such, the U.S. and international governments are establishing regulations to limit the usage of manmade chemical substances that deplete the ozone layer, have a high global warming potential, or increase the fugitive emissions related to Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). Refrigerant gas used to run commercial refrigeration units, as well as air-conditioning systems and heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, is a chief cause of climate change because it is made up of hydrochlorofluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. These gases contribute to global warming and also deteriorate the ozone layer. Because of the great harm refrigerant gas ...
http://duoluman.net/54664/
Coating of air makes liquid bounce off fabric - FuturityCoating of air makes liquid bounce off fabric - Futurity
sources]. Virtually any liquid you throw on it bounces right off without wetting it. For many of the other similar coatings, very low surface tension liquids such as oils, alcohols, organic acids, organic bases, and solvents stick to them and they could start to diffuse through and thats not what you want, says Anish Tuteja, assistant professor of materials science and engineering, chemical engineering, and macromolecular science and engineering at the University of Michigan.. Of more than 100 liquids, only two chlorofluorocarbons were able to penetrate the coating. Chlorofluorocarbons are chemicals used in refrigerators and air conditioners. The superomniphobic surface repelled coffee, soy sauce, and vegetable oil, as well as toxic hydrochloric and sulfuric acids that could burn skin. The coating is also resistant to gasoline and various alcohols.. To apply the coating, researchers used a technique called electrospinning that uses an electric charge to create fine particles of solid from a ...
http://www.futurity.org/coating-of-air-makes-liquid-bounce-off-fabric/
Hydrogen fluorideHydrogen fluoride
to manufacture groups of chemicals that can be used in refrigerators and air conditioners and as propellants in inhalers. Originally chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as CCl2F2 were made for these purposes but when these very stable compounds escaped into the atmosphere they ended up in the stratosphere where they were photolysed and released chlorine atoms which lead to the decomposition of ozone. This caused depletion of the ozone layer, thus reducing the protection it offers Earth from the suns harmful UV rays. Then hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) such as CHClF2 were made and used. These are less stable and so not as persitant in the atmosphere but some still did reach the stratosphere and damage the ozone layer. There are international agreements leading to the manufacture and use of CFCs and HCFCs being phased out. Now hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as CF3CH2F and CF3CHF2, which are not ozone depleting, are manufactured from hydrogen fluoride and used in refrigerators and air conditioners. ...
https://essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/hydrogen-fluoride.html
Hydrogen fluorideHydrogen fluoride
to manufacture groups of chemicals that can be used in refrigerators and air conditioners and as propellants in inhalers. Originally chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as CCl2F2 were made for these purposes but when these very stable compounds escaped into the atmosphere they ended up in the stratosphere where they were photolysed and released chlorine atoms which lead to the decomposition of ozone. This caused depletion of the ozone layer, thus reducing the protection it offers Earth from the suns harmful UV rays. Then hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) such as CHClF2 were made and used. These are less stable and so not as persitant in the atmosphere but some still did reach the stratosphere and damage the ozone layer. There are international agreements leading to the manufacture and use of CFCs and HCFCs being phased out. Now hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as CF3CH2F and CF3CHF2, which are not ozone depleting, are manufactured from hydrogen fluoride and used in refrigerators and air conditioners. ...
http://www.leck.co.uk/demo/eci3/chemicals/hydrogen-fluoride.html
Quantifying nitrous oxide production pathways in wastewater treatment by Haoran Duan, Liu Ye et al.Quantifying nitrous oxide production pathways in wastewater treatment by Haoran Duan, Liu Ye et al.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance which can be emitted from wastewater treatment systems (WWTS) causing significant environmental impacts. Understanding the N2O production pathways and their contribution to total emissions is the key to effective mitigation. Isotope technology is a promising method that has been applied to WWTS for quantifying the N2O production pathways. Within the scope of WWTS, this article reviews the current status of different isotope approaches, including both natural abundance and labelled isotope approaches, to N2O production pathways quantification. It identifies the limitations and potential problems with these approaches, as well as improvement opportunities. We conclude that, while the capabilities of isotope technology have been largely recognized, the quantification of N2O production pathways with isotope technology in WWTS require further improvement, particularly in relation to its accuracy and reliability.
https://epubs.scu.edu.au/esm_pubs/3278/
Saturated liquid viscosities and densities of environmentally acceptable hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) | SpringerLinkSaturated liquid viscosities and densities of environmentally acceptable hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) | SpringerLink
Measurements of saturated liquid viscosities and densities were performed on environmentally acceptable hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), CH3CCl2F (HCFC-141b), CH3CClF2(HCFC-142b; only for...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00507818
polyurethanepolyurethane
All closed-cell polyurethane foam insulation made today is produced with a non-CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) gas as the foaming agent. Some polyurethane foam combines with a HCFC gas instead. These types dont insulate as well as insulation made with a CFC gas, but the non-CFC gas is less destructive to the ozone layer. However, these foams still have an aged R-6.5 per inch thickness. Their density is generally 2.0 lb/ft3 (32.0 kilograms per cubic meter [kg/m3]). There also are low-density open-cell polyurethane foams (0.5 lb/ft3 [8 kg/m3]). These foams are similar to conventional polyurethane foams, but are more flexible. Some low-density varieties use carbon dioxide (CO2) as the foaming agent ...
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/AE_polyurethane.html
Aerosol Propellant Market worth 8.16 Billion USD by 2020Aerosol Propellant Market worth 8.16 Billion USD by 2020
Early buyers will receive 10% customization on reports.. Aerosol Propellant: The global aerosol propellant market was valued at USD 5.70 Billion in 2014 and is expected to reach USD 8.16 Billion by 2020, at a CAGR of 6.17% from 2015 to 2020.. Europe The most dominant region in the aerosol propellant market. The aerosol propellant market in Europe accounted for the largest share of 37.22%, by volume, of the global aerosol propellant market in 2014. The European market is expected to register the largest share by 2020 owing to the increasing demand of personal care and homecare products, such as antiperspirants, hair gels, air fresheners, and other products from developing countries, such as India and China. Also, major propellant manufacturers are based in Europe, such as Akzo Nobel N.V. (The Netherlands), Arkema Group (France), Royal Dutch Shell (The Netherlands), and others. They manufacture and supply propellants to the personal care and homecare product manufacturing companies, such as ...
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/aerosol-propellant.asp
PMDI - admit-inhalersPMDI - admit-inhalers
In metered-dose inhalers aerosol is generated with the aid of propellants like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) or hydrofluoralkanes (HFA). They have a high dose consistency and average particle size as well as fine particle fraction are independent of the inspiratory air flow.. Mainly drugs in metered-dose inhalers are suspended within the propellant. They need to be shaken before use and generate particles with an average size of 3-5 µm. Substances insolution do not require shaking and are released from the inhaler with considerably smaller average size of about 1 µm thus being more easily deposited in the distal lung areas.. In most metered-dose inhalers aerosol inhalation has to be coordinated with dose actuation. Several studies have demonstrated that up to 70% of patients fail to complete the correct inhalation manoeuvre. This problem is overcome by breath-actuation or inhalation aids like spacers and holding chambers, which contrawise are more bulky to carry.. ...
http://www.admit-inhalers.org/?page_id=341
Applications of Turbulent and Multi-Phase Combustion | Thermodynamics | General & Introductory Mechanical Engineering |...Applications of Turbulent and Multi-Phase Combustion | Thermodynamics | General & Introductory Mechanical Engineering |...
Preface xvii. 1 Solid Propellants and Their Combustion Characteristics 1. 1.1 Background of Solid Propellant Combustion, 4. 1.1.1 Definition of Solid Propellants, 4. 1.1.2 Desirable Characteristics of Solid Propellants, 4. 1.1.3 Calculation of Oxygen Balance, 5. 1.1.4 Homogeneous Propellants, 6. 1.1.4.1 Decomposition Characteristics of NC, 6. 1.1.5 Heterogeneous Propellants (or Composite Propellants), 7. 1.1.6 Major Types of Ingredients in Solid Propellants, 8. 1.1.6.1 Description of Oxidizer Ingredients, 10. 1.1.6.2 Description of Fuel Binders, 12. 1.1.6.3 Curing and Cross-Linking Agents, 14. 1.1.6.4 Aging, 15. 1.1.7 Applications of Solid Propellants, 16. 1.1.7.1 Hazard Classifications of Solid Propellants, 16. 1.1.8 Material Characterization of Propellants, 16. 1.1.8.1 Propellant Density Calculation, 16. 1.1.8.2 Propellant Mass Fraction, 17. 1.1.8.3 Viscoelastic Behavior of Solid Propellants, 17. 1.1.9 Thermal Profile in a Burning Solid Propellant, 18. 1.1.9.1 Surface and Subsurface ...
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Applications+of+Turbulent+and+Multi+Phase+Combustion-p-9781118127568
Evaluation of R-410A refrigerant alternatives in a residential reversi by Pierre Pardo, Louis Charbonnier et al.Evaluation of R-410A refrigerant alternatives in a residential reversi by Pierre Pardo, Louis Charbonnier et al.
Protocols and regulations such as the Montreal Protocol (1987), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), the European F-gas regulation (2006) and now its revision (2014) cause a shift toward refrigerants with both zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and low Global Warming Potential (GWP). Alternative refrigerants with low-GWP are under investigation for residential heat pumps and air-conditioners as R-410A has a GWP of 2088. In this study, two promising alternative refrigerants with a low-GWP, DR-5A (R-454B) and L41-2 (R-447A), both HFC-HFO mixtures with a GWP of 466 and 583 respectively, have been tested in a residential heat pump. Â To assess and to compare the heat pump performances using R-410A, DR-5A and L41-2, drop-in tests have been carried out in a 10 kW air-to-water reversible heat pump. For each refrigerant, the heat pump performances have been assessed for 2 rating conditions and 2 operating limit conditions in the cooling mode and for 6 rating conditions and 3 operating limit conditions in the heating
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1604/
Fluoridation Australia | ROMANS TEETH BETTER THAN MODERN BRITONS.Fluoridation Australia | ROMANS TEETH BETTER THAN MODERN BRITONS.
EXTRACT: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), which can be collectively described as Kyoto Protocol synthetic GHGs (KP-SGGs). HFCs are used extensively in Australia, largely in air conditioning and refrigeration, initially as ozone-friendly replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Minor uses of HFCs in Australia are as aerosol propellants, including metered dose inhalers (MDIs), as foam blowing agents and in fire extinguishers. PFCs are a by-product of the production of aluminium in Australia and overseas and, in addition, are used overseas in the electronics industry during the manufacture of integrated circuits and plasma screens. Refrigeration represents a very minor use of PFCs in Australia and overseas. Sulfur hexafluoride is used extensively in the electricity distribution industry, both in Australia and overseas, for dielectric insulation ...
http://fluoridationaustralia.com/romans-teeth-better-than-modern-britons/
Phaseout of Ozone Depleting Substances Project - GEF | Earth-EvalPhaseout of Ozone Depleting Substances Project - GEF | Earth-Eval
The principal objective of the Project was to assist the Czech Republic in the costeffective phaseout of ODS production and consumption by 1996, as mandated by the Montreal Protocol. Specific objectives included the progressive phase-out of chloroflurocarbon (CFC) production in the Czech Republic; the establishment of a Czech network for refrigerant recovery, reclamation and
https://www.eartheval.org/evaluation/phaseout-ozone-depleting-substances-project-gef
Our World: Wij zijn sterfelijk en zullen tot stof vergaanOur World: Wij zijn sterfelijk en zullen tot stof vergaan
non-faith category (1) 1 John 5:7 (1) 1° Century (3) 1° Ketoeviem (2) 10 geboden (1) 10° century BCE (1) 1066 (1) 10geboden (1) 11 september 2001 (1) 14 Nisan (12) 14-22 Nisan (1) 144000 (5) 14nisan (13) 14th Dalai Lama (1) 15 Nisan (2) 1517 (1) 16° century (1) 16° eeuw (1) 1743 (1) 1763 (1) 17th century (1) 18° century (1) 1820 (1) 1864 (1) 1868 (1) 1869 (1) 19° Century (6) 1914 (3) 1952 (1) 1967 Six Day War (2) 1975 (2) 1976 Summer Olympics (1) 1987 (1) 1987 Montreal Protocol (1) 1994 (1) 1eeuw (1) 1johannes (2) 1korinthiërs (1) 1samuël (2) 1st century (1) 1thessalonicenzen (1) 2 Corinthians (1) 2° Ketoeviem (2) 2001 (1) 2001 Translation - an American English Bible (2) 2004 (2) 2008 (1) 2010 Winter Olympics (1) 2011 (6) 2015 (1) 2016 (2) 2017 (1) 21 Kislev (1) 25 Kislev (1) 3° Temple (1) 325 (2) 40 days (2) 4th century (1) 586 BCE (1) 6 Adar (1) 6 Day War- Prophecy (1) 60 (1) 607 bCE (1) 7 Adar (1) 70 (2) 7de dag (1) 7th year (1) 95 stellingen van Luther (2) 95 theses of Luther (1) ...
https://christadelphianworld.blogspot.be/2010/06/wij-zijn-sterfelijk-en-zullen-tot-stof.html
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | InforMEAUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | InforMEA
a) Each of these Parties shall adopt national policies and take corresponding measures on the mitigation of climate change, by limiting its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting and enhancing its greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs. These policies and measures will demonstrate that developed countries are taking the lead in modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic emissions consistent with the objective of the Convention, recognizing that the return by the end of the present decade to earlier levels of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol would contribute to such modification, and taking into account the differences in these Parties starting points and approaches, economic structures and resource bases, the need to maintain strong and sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances, as well as the need for equitable and appropriate contributions by each of ...
https://www.informea.org/ar/node/269/text?sdg_filter=232797
Printer-friendly version]Printer-friendly version]
The other chemicals banned by EPA were halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes, because of their contributions to acid rain after the United States signed the Montreal Protocol; dioxins, a byproduct of chemical manufacturing released into the air and linked to skin lesions in those exposed as well as cancer and liver damage; and hexavalent chromium, an additive to paints and coatings that was strongly linked to lung cancer among exposed workers (and that is on the EUs list of banned substances in electronics). There was, briefly, a sixth substance on the EPAs banned list: asbestos. In 1989, the EPA declared a ban on what amounted to more than 90 percent of all uses of asbestos, which it classified as a known carcinogen. But industry challenged the agency and in 1991 a federal court vacated the ban, asserting that the EPA had not met TSCAs requirements for proof of harm balanced against the benefits of asbestos, and had not demonstrated that the ban was the least burdensome alternative for ...
http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/newsletters/rachels_news/print/952
PollutionPollution
Solvay, a Belgian chemicals and pharmaceuticals conglomerate, owns U.S. Patent No. 6,730,817 (817 patent), entitled Method for preparing 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane. The 817 patent is directed to processes for making HFC-245fa, a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) that does not deplete the earths ozone layer.. The processes claimed in the 817 patent are commercially important because HFC-245fa is one of a group of non-ozone depleting HFCs that were legislatively mandated in the 1990s to replace ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons.. In 2006 Solvay sued Honeywell in federal court in Wilmington, Delaware, accusing the chemicals, security systems and aviation instrument maker of infringing the 817 patent by making HFC-245fa at its Louisiana plant.. Recently both parties filed a flurry of summary judgment motions relating to both infringement and validity of the 817 patent. Last month, Honeywell prevailed when Judge Sue L. Robinson ruled that it, not Solvay, was the first ...
http://www.greenpatentblog.com/category/pollution/
Cabot Institute for the Environment blogCabot Institute for the Environment blog
At the time of its inception, the world had suddenly become aware of the potential dangers associated with CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). What were previously thought to be harmless refrigerants and aerosol propellants were found to have a damaging influence on stratospheric ozone, which protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The discovery of this ozone-depletion process was made by Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland, for which they, and Paul Crutzen, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995. However, Molina and Rowland were not sure how long CFCs would persis ...
https://cabot-institute.blogspot.com/2013/11/
ORGANIC INFRARED ATTENUATION AGENTS - Patent applicationORGANIC INFRARED ATTENUATION AGENTS - Patent application
0040] Suitable inorganic blowing agents include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, water, air, nitrogen, helium, and combinations thereof. Organic blowing agents include aliphatic hydrocarbons having 1-9 carbon atoms, aliphatic alcohols having 1-3 carbon atoms, fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons having 1-4 carbon atoms, and combinations thereof. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane. Aliphatic alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol. Fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons include fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons and cyclopentane. Examples of fluorocarbons include methyl fluoride, perfluoromethane, ethyl fluoride (HFC-161), ethyl fluoride, 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-ethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), difluoromethane (HFC-32), ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20130040122
Dark Bilious VaporsDark Bilious Vapors
Let me give you an example. I was born in 1937 so I remember the revolution in refrigerators that happened in my childhood, the introduction of Freon and CFCs [chlorofluorocarbons]. The refrigerator gases that were used in my childhood were things like ammonia. Of course, if they leaked they were toxic, and therefore it was hailed as a breakthrough when these supposedly nontoxic gases, the CFCs, were introduced. They were tested and under earth conditions they appeared to be perfectly benign. What people couldnt predict was that under stratospheric conditions CFCs get broken down into substances that destroy the ozone layer, and it took 20 years to get that well established. And I see that as a metaphor for why technology alone wont solve our problems, namely that there are lots of technologies out there and they have unexpected side effects ...
http://www.cleavelin.net/0405archives/00001482.htm
Plus itPlus it
Previous work showed widespread saturable binding of halothane in rat brain. To determine whether this represents selective binding to a few widespread proteins or less selective binding to many different proteins, we used [14C]halothane photolabeling and quantitative electrophoresis/autoradiography in rat cerebellar homogenates. Many proteins incorporate label. Stoichiometry values ranged from 0 to 4 at 0.2 mM [14C]halothane in a group of 24 randomly selected protein bands. Apparent IC50 values from unlabeled halothane competition experiments ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 mM, with soluble protein having significantly lower values (higher affinity) than membrane protein. Chloroform inhibited halothane labeling similar to unlabeled halothane but with higher apparent IC50 values, whereas isoflurane and an anesthetic, cyclobutane (1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane), inhibited halothane labeling to a smaller degree. A nonanesthetic, cyclobutane (1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane), inhibited halothane ...
https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/300/1/172
The Volcano Gambit « RealClimateThe Volcano Gambit « RealClimate
For context, a big issue at the time was to characterise the budget for chlorine in the stratosphere, given its importance in ozone depletion. While there is quite a lot of HCl emitted by volcanoes, that form of chlorine is soluble, and is swiftly rained out, unlike the much less reactive human-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which can stay in the atmosphere from many decades. Multiple studies subsequent to the Johnston paper confirmed that the volcanic contribution to stratospheric chlorine is actually very small, but this paper was a genuine attempt to constrain this term. To summarise, there are two cases mentioned, Augustine (in Alaska, 1976) and the Long Valley Caldera (California, 700,000 yrs ago), with estimated multiples of 0.17-0.36 and 570 of HCl injection into the stratosphere compared to the annual industrial source of Cl in CFCs. [Note - if anyone has an earlier usage, please let me know].. An important volcanic event in 1980 was of course the huge eruption of Mount St Helens in ...
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/04/the-volcano-gambit/comment-page-3/
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Ozone - Study Material for IIT JEE | askIITiansOzone - Study Material for IIT JEE | askIITians
Ozone is a triatomic allotropic type of oxygen that is unsteady. It is available in the climate for around 20 kilometers above ocean level.. It is framed from the oxygen that is present there, in the presence of ultraviolet light from the sun. Ozone is of imperative significance in shielding the worlds surface from exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiations.. The utilization of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerators and aerosols and their ensuing discharge into the air is responsible for making gaps in the ozone layer over the Antarctic and Arctic areas. It is expected that this will permit intemperate UV light to achieve the earth, which can bring about skin malignancy in people.. ...
https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-s-and-p-block-elements/ozone/
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Ozone Layer RecoveringOzone Layer Recovering
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Doctors Hear Gripes About HFA Inhalers | MedPage TodayDoctors Hear Gripes About HFA Inhalers | MedPage Today
WASHINGTON -- Some asthma patients say the new HFA-propelled inhalers arent as effective as their CFC counterparts. Physician education may help allay patient fears, but some patient advocates say po
https://www.medpagetoday.com/AllergyImmunology/Asthma/13227
Advair HFA Inhaler: Indications: Information About AdvairAdvair HFA Inhaler: Indications: Information About Advair
I was told I had emphysema in 1987 when I was 45 years old. I smoked for 30 years, but quit smoking as soon as I was told that I had COPD. Quitting smoking was the hardest thing I ever did. But I knew I would die if I didnt. My health was getting so bad that I needed oxygen 24/7 and was down to 92lbs. Thankfully, in 1999 I got lung volume reduction surgery. It saved my life. I no longer needed oxygen and was able to climb stairs, dance, and travel the world. That good fortune lasted for almost 13 years. I am now back on oxygen 24/7 and cant climb stairs, dance or travel the world. i searched for alternative treatment Online i was introduced to Health herbal clinic by a friend here in the United states she told me they have successful herbal treatment to Emphysema and other lungs diseases. I spoke to few people who used the treatment here in USA and they all gave a positive response, so i immediately purchased the COPD herbal formula and commenced usage, its totally unexplainable how all the ...
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Advair HFA Inhaler: Indications: Information About AdvairAdvair HFA Inhaler: Indications: Information About Advair
I was told I had emphysema in 1987 when I was 45 years old. I smoked for 30 years, but quit smoking as soon as I was told that I had COPD. Quitting smoking was the hardest thing I ever did. But I knew I would die if I didnt. My health was getting so bad that I needed oxygen 24/7 and was down to 92lbs. Thankfully, in 1999 I got lung volume reduction surgery. It saved my life. I no longer needed oxygen and was able to climb stairs, dance, and travel the world. That good fortune lasted for almost 13 years. I am now back on oxygen 24/7 and cant climb stairs, dance or travel the world. i searched for alternative treatment Online i was introduced to Health herbal clinic by a friend here in the United states she told me they have successful herbal treatment to Emphysema and other lungs diseases. I spoke to few people who used the treatment here in USA and they all gave a positive response, so i immediately purchased the COPD herbal formula and commenced usage, its totally unexplainable how all the ...
http://advairinhaler.blogspot.com/2015/02/information-about-advair.html?showComment=1493639286431
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The atmospheric gases that produce the greenhouse effect include the naturally occurring substances water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3), as well as artificially produced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The indication is that because of human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels, levels of greenhouse gases are now increasing, especially carbon dioxide levels. Research indicates that carbon dioxide levels in the pre-industrial era were 280 parts per million; today they are 350. One current study forecasts an eventual level of 700. It is proposed that this upward trend will lead to higher average temperatures as well as to various other significant climatic changes that cannot be predicted at this time ...
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Earths Tilt Increase Averted Ice Age? | Physics Forums - The Fusion of Science and CommunityEarths Tilt Increase Averted Ice Age? | Physics Forums - The Fusion of Science and Community
But shouldnt Earth now, or at some point, be headed into the next ice age? No. Another ice age will not occur, unless humans go extinct. Orbital conditions now are, indeed, conducive (albeit weakly6) to initiation of ice sheet growth in the Northern Hemisphere But only a small amount of human-made GHGs are needed to overwhelm any natural tendency toward cooling. The long lifetime of human-made CO2 perturbations assures that no human generation that we can imagine will need to be concerned about global cooling. Even after fossil fuel use ceases and its effect is drained from the system an ice age could be averted by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) produced in a single CFC factory. It is a trivial task for humanity to avert an ice age ...
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CDC - NIOSH 1988 OSHA PEL Project Documentation: List by Chemical Name: FLUOROTRICHLOROCDC - NIOSH 1988 OSHA PEL Project Documentation: List by Chemical Name: FLUOROTRICHLORO
OSHA comments from the January 19, 1989 Final Rule on Air Contaminants Project extracted from 54FR2332 et. seq. This rule was remanded by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and the limits are not currently in force.. CAS: 75-69-4; Chemical Formula: CCl3F. Fluorotrichloromethane (trichlorofluoromethane), also known as FC-11, is a member of a large family of chemicals, the chlorofluorocarbons. The former OSHA PEL was an 8-hour TWA of 1000 ppm. The proposed PEL was a ceiling of 1000 ppm and NIOSH (Ex. 8-47, Table N1) supported the proposal. The final rule establishes this limit. At ordinary temperatures, FC-11 is a noncombustible, colorless liquid or gas.. Inhalation of large doses of FC-11 has caused cardiac sensitization and death in humans. Experimental mice that inhaled aerosol containing 10 percent FC-11 exhibited cardiac arrhythmias. In the same study, dogs that inhaled aerosol containing 2.5 percent FC-11 had decreased myocardial function; monkeys that inhaled an aerosol containing 5 percent ...
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pel88/75-69.html
Freon CAS 11126-05-9 Refrigerant R22 R134a R404a R406a R407c R410a R507 R600a from China manufacturer - MOSINTER GROUP LIMITEDFreon CAS 11126-05-9 Refrigerant R22 R134a R404a R406a R407c R410a R507 R600a from China manufacturer - MOSINTER GROUP LIMITED
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spherical propellant grains, burning rate, particle size, morphology, porous permeability combustion layers - Begell House...spherical propellant grains, burning rate, particle size, morphology, porous permeability combustion layers - Begell House...
Novel spherical grain-binding, high-burning-rate propellant is a kind of compound structure propellant (called a consolidated propellant) that is prepared using...
http://dl.begellhouse.com/jp/journals/17bbb47e377ce023,4d2b6557160a173a,1ca90b761bc54d7c.html
Volatile organic compoundVolatile organic compound
Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons[edit]. Chlorofluorocarbons, which are banned or highly regulated, were widely used ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_Organic_Compounds
List of common misconceptionsList of common misconceptions
"Chlorofluorocarbons". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. NOAA. "Why Do Koreans Think Electric Fans Will Kill ... Ozone depletion is a separate problem caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which have been released into the atmosphere. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
CFC-113 is a very unreactive chlorofluorocarbon. It remains in the atmosphere about 90 years, sufficiently long that it will ... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, also called trichlorotrifluoroethane or CFC-113, is a chlorofluorocarbon. It has the ... ". "Chlorofluorocarbons". Columbia Encyclopedia. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28. Zumdahl, Steven (1995). Chemical Principles. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
List of environmental issuesList of environmental issues
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Cyanide • DDT • Endocrine disruptors • Explosives • Environmental impact of the coal industry • ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues
Thermoelectric coolingThermoelectric cooling
Prior to their phaseout some early refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), contributed significantly to ozone ... University of California (April 18, 2017). "Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling
National Historic Chemical LandmarksNational Historic Chemical Landmarks
"Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 4 June 2018. "Plutonium-238 Production for Space ... on The Vitamin B Complex The discovery of Ivermectin Infrared Spectrometer and the Exploration of Mars Chlorofluorocarbons and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Chemical_Landmarks
Global surface temperatureGlobal surface temperature
"Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)". Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2020-10-22 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surface_temperature
Radiative forcingRadiative forcing
These data show that CO 2 dominates the total forcing, with methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) becoming relatively smaller ... chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 12 and 11; and fifteen other halogenated gases. These data do not include the significant forcing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing
Volatile organic compoundVolatile organic compound
Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbonsEdit. Chlorofluorocarbons, which are banned or highly regulated, were widely used cleaning ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound
Ozone depletionOzone depletion
"chlorofluorocarbons". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 28, 2011.. *^ Laube, Johannes C.; Newland, Mike J.; Hogan, Christopher ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are mainly responsible for man-made chemical ... These elements are found in stable organic compounds, especially chlorofluorocarbons, which can travel to the stratosphere ... "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Chlorofluorocarbons (Nobel Lecture)-Encyclopedia of Earth". Eoearth.org. Archived from the ...
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Compounds of fluorineCompounds of fluorine
As with fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons and bromofluorocarbons are not flammable: they do not have carbon-hydrogen bonds to ... Substituting other halogens in combination with fluorine gives rise to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or bromofluorocarbons (BFCs) ... "Potentially acceptable substitutes for the chlorofluorocarbons". International Journal of Thermophysics. 10 (3): 553-561. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounds_of_fluorine
Environmental impact of cleaning productsEnvironmental impact of cleaning products
"Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Your Environment, Your Health , National Library of Medicine". Tox Town. Retrieved 2020-03-09. ... Almost always, this propellant gas is called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs have been proven to damage the ozone layer and ... As aforementioned, products packaged in aerosol cans currently contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which damages the ozone ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products
Fluoroantimonic acidFluoroantimonic acid
Materials compatible with fluoroantimonic acid as a solvent include SO2ClF, and sulfur dioxide; some chlorofluorocarbons have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroantimonic_acid
Carbon cycleCarbon cycle
Chlorofluorocarbons also cause stratospheric ozone depletion. International efforts are ongoing under the Montreal Protocol and ... Nevertheless, the buildup of relatively small concentrations (parts per trillion) of chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle
Vehicle emissions controlVehicle emissions control
... for example chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and formaldehyde. Volatile organic compounds are a subsection of Hydrocarbons that are ...
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List of climate engineering topicsList of climate engineering topics
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Stix, T.H. (1993). "Removal of chlorofluorocarbons from the troposphere". International ...
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Greenhouse gasGreenhouse gas
use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas
Air pollutionAir pollution
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products are currently banned from use. These are gases ... methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules. Air pollution may cause ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution
Veerabhadran RamanathanVeerabhadran Ramanathan
Ramanathan, V. (1975). "Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications". Science. 190 (4209): 50-51. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerabhadran_Ramanathan
Infrared windowInfrared window
These include the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluororcarbons (HFC and HCFCs). As discussed below, a major reason that ... ISBN 978-0-495-55573-5. Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; 'Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications'; ... one year after Roland and Molina's much-more-celebrated paper on the ability of chlorofluorocarbons to destroy stratospheric ...
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Ozone depletion potentialOzone depletion potential
Chlorofluorocarbons have ODPs roughly equal to 1. Brominated substances have usually higher ODPs in range 5-15, because of more ... Ozone-Depletion and Chlorine-Loading Potential of Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives Hurwitz, Margaret M.; Fleming, Eric L.; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion_potential
TechnoscienceTechnoscience
CFCs that deplete the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons. Industry actually manufactured the chemicals and consumers purchased ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience
Fluorochemical industryFluorochemical industry
Traditionally chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were the predominant fluorinated organic chemical. CFCs are identified by a system of ... Even though chlorofluorocarbons are widely banned, the replacement refrigerants are often other fluorinated molecules. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorochemical_industry
Sterilization (microbiology)Sterilization (microbiology)
... diluents include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and carbon dioxide. Ethylene oxide is still ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)
Global distillationGlobal distillation
Exceptions include highly volatile, persistent substances such as chlorofluorocarbons. Stockholm Convention "Ridding the world ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_distillation
Mario MolinaMario Molina
He later earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering how chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer. Dr. Molina is a ... "Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion: A National Historic Chemical Landmark". International Historic Chemical Landmarks. ... This study soon led to research into chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), apparently harmless gases that were used in refrigerants, ... of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in noting the threat to the Earth's ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina
AmmoniaAmmonia
It was commonly used before the popularisation of chlorofluorocarbons (Freons). Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial ...
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Design for the EnvironmentDesign for the Environment
Class II substances consist of 33 different hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The EPA has already begun plans to decrease ... This regulation aims to decrease emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chemicals that are destroying the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_the_Environment
Foaming agentFoaming agent
Carbon dioxide, pentane, and chlorofluorocarbons are examples of the former. Blowing agents that produce gas via chemical ...
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North Atlantic Deep WaterNorth Atlantic Deep Water
"Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons." Journal of Geophysical Research 105.C6 (2000):14297- ... and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are anthropogenic substances that enter the surface of the ocean from gas exchange with ...
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Chlorofluorocarbons - FactbitesChlorofluorocarbons - Factbites
PRODUCT MATRIX - Chlorofluorocarbons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07). Chlorofluorocarbons are highly volatile ... FDA Consumer: Chlorofluorocarbons and the incredible shrinking ozone. Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, have been at the center of ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are haloalkanes with both chlorine and fluorine. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) were developed by the ... Chlorofluorocarbons, fully halogenated (EHC 113, 1990). Throughout this monograph, percentages of chlorofluorocarbons in air ...
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chlorofluorocarbons facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about chlorofluorocarbonschlorofluorocarbons facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about chlorofluorocarbons
Make research projects and school reports about chlorofluorocarbons easy with credible articles from our FREE, online ... Chlorofluorocarbons Encyclopedia of Public Health COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS. Chlorofluorocarbons ... Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound typically consisting of chlorine, fluorine, carbon ... chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Chemical compound in which hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon, such as an alkane, are replaced by atoms ...
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/compounds-and-elements/chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbon - WikipediaChlorofluorocarbon - Wikipedia
... chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 55 (8): ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF4−m and C2ClmF6−m, ... Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CClmFnH4−m−n and ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons in the environment : the aerosol controversy (Book, 1980) [WorldCat.org]Chlorofluorocarbons in the environment : the aerosol controversy (Book, 1980) [WorldCat.org]
Chlorofluorocarbons in the environment : the aerosol controversy. [T M Sugden; T F West; Society of Chemical Industry (Great ... Chlorofluorocarbons in the environment : the aerosol controversy. Author:. T M Sugden; T F West; Society of Chemical Industry ( ... schema:name "Chlorofluorocarbons in the environment : the aerosol controversy"@en ;. schema:productID "7737942" ;. schema: ... Chlorofluorocarbons in the environment.. Chichester, Eng. : Ellis Horwood for the Society of Chemical Industry ; New York : ...
https://www.worldcat.org/title/chlorofluorocarbons-in-the-environment-the-aerosol-controversy/oclc/7737942
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
Make research projects and school reports about CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) easy with credible articles from our FREE, online ... CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once described as "miracle chemicals," cause the breakdown of the ozone ... CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) Pollution A to Z COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. ... "CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)." Pollution A to Z. . Encyclopedia.com. 17 Feb. 2018 ,http://www.encyclopedia.com,. ...
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/organic-chemistry/cfcs-chlorofluorocarbons
Protection against depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons: : 9780309029476: Powells BooksProtection against depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons: : 9780309029476: Powell's Books
Protection against depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons available in on Powells.com, also read synopsis and ...
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Preventing Death from Excessive Exposure to Chlorofluorocarbon 113 (CFC-113) | NIOSH | CDCPreventing Death from Excessive Exposure to Chlorofluorocarbon 113 (CFC-113) | NIOSH | CDC
... or other chlorofluorocarbons in confined spaces may cause death by cardiac arrhythmia or asphyxiation. ... WARNING! Working with chlorofluorocarbon 113 (CFC-113) or other chlorofluorocarbons in confined spaces may cause death by ... EPA [1983]. Health assessment document for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2- trifluoromethane (chlorofluorocarbon CFC-113), final report. ... Preventing Death from Excessive Exposure to Chlorofluorocarbon 113(CFC-113). ...
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/89-109/default.html
Drug Treatments for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease that Do Not Use ChlorofluorocarbonsDrug Treatments for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease that Do Not Use Chlorofluorocarbons
... * Share ... Many inhalers that do not use chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are already available for the treatment of asthma and chronic ...
https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/ucm082370.htm
Chlorofluorocarbons Summary Report | CureHunterChlorofluorocarbons Summary Report | CureHunter
Chlorofluorocarbons: A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, ... Chlorofluorocarbons. Subscribe to New Research on Chlorofluorocarbons A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and ... 06/01/1995 - "Metered dose inhalers for the treatment of asthma use chlorofluorocarbons as propellants. ". 12/01/1998 - "The ... 09/01/2005 - "This expansion has been driven by the Montreal protocol and the need to eliminate chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from ...
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | Blausen MedicalChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | Blausen Medical
Among the most important of these are chlorofluorocarbons, or freons, for example, Freon 12. Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, are ...
https://blausen.com/en/video/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs/
FDA to complete phase-out of chlorofluorocarbon inhalers | FiercePharmaFDA to complete phase-out of chlorofluorocarbon inhalers | FiercePharma
FDA to complete phase-out of chlorofluorocarbon inhalers For Immediate Release: Oct. 23, 2013 The U.S. Food and Drug ... Food and Drug Administration will complete its phase-out of all inhaler medical products containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ...
https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/fda-to-complete-phase-out-of-chlorofluorocarbon-inhalers
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.comChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Eugine Whint 7/12/2005 Chemistry 5G Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (also known as Freon) are non-toxic, ...
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Organic Halide - Organofluorides, Organochlorides, Chlorofluorocarbons, Organobromides, Organoiodides - Atom, Carbon, Reactive,...Organic Halide - Organofluorides, Organochlorides, Chlorofluorocarbons, Organobromides, Organoiodides - Atom, Carbon, Reactive,...
Organofluorides, Organochlorides, Chlorofluorocarbons, Organobromides, Organoiodides. Organic halides are organic compounds ...
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6632908 9 Endangered Ecosystem | Chlorofluorocarbon | Greenhouse Effect6632908 9 Endangered Ecosystem | Chlorofluorocarbon | Greenhouse Effect
Main cause - chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). CFC man made gases used as. refrigerant (substance that make things. cold or freeze) and ... chlorofluorocarbon, nitrogen oxides and,. methane. The layer of gases trap the Suns heat. around the world. Greenhouse effect ...
https://pt.scribd.com/presentation/270137145/6632908-9-Endangered-Ecosystem
DK0588897T3 - Aerosol formulations which are substantially free of chlorofluorocarbons - Google PatentsDK0588897T3 - Aerosol formulations which are substantially free of chlorofluorocarbons - Google Patents
Non-chlorofluorocarbon aerosol formulations DE69231991D1 (en) * 1991-06-10. 2001-09-13. Schering Corp. Chlorofluorocarbons ... Non-chlorofluorocarbon aerosol formulations US5314682A (en) * 1992-09-21. 1994-05-24. Great Lakes Chemical Corp.. Ozone ... Chlorofluorocarbon-free mometasone furoate aerosol formulations US6068832A (en) * 1996-08-29. 2000-05-30. Schering Corporation ... Chlorofluorocarbon-free mometasone furoate aerosol formulations US6039932A (en) * 1996-09-27. 2000-03-21. 3M Innovative ...
https://patents.google.com/patent/DK0588897T3/en
Tox Town - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text VersionTox Town - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text Version
p>Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned since 1996 because they destroy the ozone layer. From the U.S. National Library of ... What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a group of manufactured chemical compounds that contain ... Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned since 1996 because they destroy the ozone layer. ... Chlorofluorocarbons. Haz-Map (National Library of Medicine) How to Keep Your Cool and Protect the Ozone Layer (Environmental ...
https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=9
On January 23, 1978, Sweden became the first country to ban the use of aerosol sprays which use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as...On January 23, 1978, Sweden became the first country to ban the use of aerosol sprays which use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as...
Sweden became the first country to ban the use of aerosol sprays which use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as their propellants. ...
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/167970261086330614/?showsignup=1
Chlorofluorocarbons | definition of chlorofluorocarbons by Medical dictionaryChlorofluorocarbons | definition of chlorofluorocarbons by Medical dictionary
What is chlorofluorocarbons? Meaning of chlorofluorocarbons medical term. What does chlorofluorocarbons mean? ... Looking for online definition of chlorofluorocarbons in the Medical Dictionary? chlorofluorocarbons explanation free. ... chlorofluorocarbons. Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. chlorofluorocarbons. A range of ... Group I (chlorofluorocarbons 11, 12, 113, 114 and 115) for essential medical use: 155,460 kg weighted according to the ozone- ...
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chlorofluorocarbons
Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey...Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey...
... chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium 3 (3H/3He)) and groundwater flow path analysis is useful for investigating ... Groundwater age dating through the combination of transient tracer methods (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium 3 (3H ... Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey ... Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey ...
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70018666
Metabolism of chlorofluorocarbons and polybrominated compounds by Pseudomonas putida G786(pHG-2) via an engineered metabolic...Metabolism of chlorofluorocarbons and polybrominated compounds by Pseudomonas putida G786(pHG-2) via an engineered metabolic...
Metabolism of chlorofluorocarbons and polybrominated compounds by Pseudomonas putida G786(pHG-2) via an engineered metabolic ... Metabolism of chlorofluorocarbons and polybrominated compounds by Pseudomonas putida G786(pHG-2) via an engineered metabolic ... Metabolism of chlorofluorocarbons and polybrominated compounds by Pseudomonas putida G786(pHG-2) via an engineered metabolic ... Metabolism of chlorofluorocarbons and polybrominated compounds by Pseudomonas putida G786(pHG-2) via an engineered metabolic ...
https://aem.asm.org/content/60/11/4148
ACP - Abstract - Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and...ACP - Abstract - Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and...
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made compounds which act to destroy this barrier. This paper presents (1) the first ... Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and tropospheric air S. J ... Abstract. The stratospheric degradation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) releases chlorine, which is a major contributor to the ... Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and tropospheric air, ...
https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6867/2015/
Comparative effects of hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation on small airways:...Comparative effects of hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation on small airways:...
Comparative effects of hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation on small airways: ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10588987/?dopt=Abstract
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING LPG AS A REFRIGARANT | Chlorofluorocarbon | Liquefied Petroleum GasEXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING LPG AS A REFRIGARANT | Chlorofluorocarbon | Liquefied Petroleum Gas
The fully halogenated ones with chlorine in their molecule are chlorofluorocarbons, referred to as CFCs. Those containing H ...
https://www.scribd.com/document/299550282/EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY-ON-A-DOMESTIC-REFRIGERATOR-USING-LPG-AS-A-REFRIGARANT
Aspects of implementing a reduction in chlorofluorocarbon usage in aerosols. Final report, June 1980 - Archive of European...Aspects of implementing a reduction in chlorofluorocarbon usage in aerosols. Final report, June 1980 - Archive of European...
UNSPECIFIED (1980) Aspects of implementing a reduction in chlorofluorocarbon usage in aerosols. Final report, June 1980. [EU ... Aspects of implementing a reduction in chlorofluorocarbon usage in aerosols. Final report, June 1980. ...
http://aei.pitt.edu/38826/
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113), nutrients, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and other measurements...Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113), nutrients, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and other measurements...
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113), nutrients, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and other measurements ... title: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113), nutrients, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and other measurements ... 2019). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113), nutrients, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and other measurements ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113), nutrients, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and other measurements ...
https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0186205
Chlorofluorocarbons | Profiles RNSChlorofluorocarbons | Profiles RNS
"Chlorofluorocarbons" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Chlorofluorocarbons" by people in this website by year, and ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Chlorofluorocarbons" by people in Profiles. ... whether "Chlorofluorocarbons" was a major or minor topic of these publications. To see the data from this visualization as text ...
http://profiles.jefferson.edu/display/22108
Volatile organic compound - WikipediaVolatile organic compound - Wikipedia
Chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons[edit]. Chlorofluorocarbons, which are banned or highly regulated, were widely used ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_Organic_Compounds
Toxic Chemistry: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Health & EnvironmentToxic Chemistry: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Health & Environment
Chlorofluorocarbons are a family of halocarbons that contain only carbon, chlorine & fluorine. Used in blowing plastics & ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). What are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?. Chlorofluorocarbons are a family of halocarbons that contain ... Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF4-m and C2ClmF6-m, ... Notoriously chlorofluorocarbons were also widely used as aerosol propellants, cleansing agents for electrical and electronic ...
http://dev.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs-insulation-blowing-agent-ozone-depletion/
Global and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons MarketGlobal and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market
... and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market cost, and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market ... and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market Size, and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market ... and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market trends, and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market ... and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market Growth, and Japan Triamcinolone Ointment Chlorofluorocarbons Market ...
https://www.supplydemandmarketresearch.com/global-and-japan-triamcinolone-ointment-chlorofluorocarbons-market-1485567
Which of Einsteins postulates of special relativity | bartlebyWhich of Einstein's postulates of special relativity | bartleby
OzoneFreonCompoundsMethaneRefrigerantAerosolsCfcs-chlorofluorocarbonsCarbonPropellantsHCFCsChlorine and fluorineChemistryPropellantHydrofluoroalkaneInhalersInhalerTracerContain chlorineGroundwaterEarth'sTracersEnvironmentalHarmful1920s1970sToxicAlternativesInventionPermitsRegulationsProducts
Ozone18
  • There is concern that halons are being broken down in the atmosphere to bromine, which reacts with ozone, leading to depletion of the ozone layer (this is similar to the case of chlorofluorocarbons such as freon ). (factbites.com)
  • Release of chlorofluorocarbons into the global environment during use, disposal of wastes, transport, and storage are an increasing concern because of the potential impact such uncontrolled releases may have on the future health of mankind, mainly through the depletion of stratospheric ozone. (factbites.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons and the depletion of stratospheric ozone. (factbites.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons are implicated in two major threats to the global environment: the greenhouse effect and the reduction of the ozone layer . (factbites.com)
  • As the chlorofluorocarbons break down, they release a chlorine atom which is capable of destroying tens of thousands of ozone molecules before being washed out of the atmosphere. (factbites.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once described as "miracle chemicals," cause the breakdown of the ozone layer that protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned since 1996 because they destroy the ozone layer. (nih.gov)
  • When it became known that chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants were contributing to depletion of the earth's protective ozone layer, NIST began a program (funded by the Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences and Office of Building Technologies) to measure the properties of their replacements. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The stratospheric degradation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) releases chlorine, which is a major contributor to the destruction of stratospheric ozone (O 3 ). (atmos-chem-phys.net)
  • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has undertaken a major effort to study the potential effects of emitting chlorofluorocarbons and related potential ozone-depleting substances (PODs) into the atmosphere. (rand.org)
  • That blend would provide the beneficial green benefits of reduction of soot (SMOG), ground-level ozone and chlorofluorocarbons, and not add a potentially deadly ether compound back into the environment. (equities.com)
  • It appears to be clearly established that one factor responsible for the decrease of the ozone layer in the stratosphere is chlorofluorocarbons The reason for this is that liberated CFCs tend to percolate slowly up to the stratosphere, where they decompose by photodissociation releasing monoatomic chlorine. (allindianpatents.com)
  • Scientists discovered in the 1970s that chlorofluorocarbons such as Freon were hurting Earth's ozone layer. (sciencenews.org)
  • The greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), ozone (O 3 ), and water vapor. (nap.edu)
  • BACKGROUND: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are used increasingly in industry as substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (uclouvain.be)
  • Volatile chlorofluorocarbons are believed to cause depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Chapter 5 Vocabulary air pollution emissions photochemical smog ozone acid rain ozone layer chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) greenhouse effect global warming. (slideplayer.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs deplete Earth's ozone layer. (ehow.com)
Freon5
  • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requests assistance in reducing the risk of death from cardiac arrhythmia and asphyxiation in workers exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (more commonly known as CFC-113 or by a trade name such as Freon 113 ® , Genetron 113 ® , Halocarbon 113 ® , or Refrigerant 113 ® ) or to other chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (cdc.gov)
  • Among the most important of these are chlorofluorocarbons, or freons, for example, Freon 12. (blausen.com)
  • Eugine Whint 7/12/2005 Chemistry 5G Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (also known as Freon) are non-toxic, non-flammable and non-carcinogenic. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • Likewise, Radiological Health), was summarized by although chlorofluorocarbons (Freon) were environmental media (such as surface water, used in significant quantities at each of the sediment, air, drinking water, groundwater, ORR facilities, they were judged unlikely to and food items). (cdc.gov)
  • Attorney General Janet Reno also vowed that the Clinton administration will expand a crackdown on illegal imports of the chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs , including the type commonly known by the brand name Freon. (thefreedictionary.com)
Compounds8
  • Chlorofluorocarbons are compounds, similar to hydrocarbons, in which most, or all, of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by various combinations of fluorine and chlorine atoms. (factbites.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons are highly volatile compounds, contributing to air pollution. (factbites.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF4−m and C2ClmF6−m, where m is nonzero. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CClmFnH4−m−n and C2ClxFyH6−x−y, where m, n, x, and y are nonzero. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a group of manufactured chemical compounds that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. (nih.gov)
  • Metabolism of chlorofluorocarbons and polybrominated compounds by Pseudomonas putida G786(pHG-2) via an engineered metabolic pathway. (asm.org)
  • The present study investigated metabolism of brominated and chlorofluorocarbon compounds by the recombinant strain. (asm.org)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made compounds which act to destroy this barrier. (atmos-chem-phys.net)
Methane2
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC's) are fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. (wikipedia.org)
  • On a global scale, man-made (anthropogenic) greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide, are implicated in global warming and climate change. (informit.com)
Refrigerant3
  • The heater uses carbon dioxide as a refrigerant instead of chlorofluorocarbons , which are commonly used in such devises. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • A CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) refrigerant is a colorless, odorless gas that contains chlorine, fluorine and carbon. (ehow.com)
  • Known in the automobile industry as R-12 (Refrigerant-12), this chlorofluorocarbon was used extensively in automobile air conditioning systems prior to 1994. (ehow.com)
Aerosols3
  • Aspects of implementing a reduction in chlorofluorocarbon usage in aerosols. (pitt.edu)
  • Cutting down trees increases carbon dioxide levels Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, have been used in aerosols, such as hairspray cans, fridges and in making foam plastics. (slideplayer.com)
  • Since then, concern over the chlorofluorocarbon propellants recommended for aerosols to be used for disinsection of aircraft has led to a reconsideration of their use. (who.int)
Cfcs-chlorofluorocarbons1
  • CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) produced in the 1920s were seen as ideal refrigerants because they did not have any of the previously described characteristics. (packerintersections.com)
Carbon4
  • Chlorofluorocarbons are a group of chemicals discovered around 1930 that contain varying numbers of chlorine , fluorine, carbon and, sometimes, bromine atoms. (factbites.com)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a class of chemicals that contain only atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Some of them are afforestation, selective deforestation, reduced release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by cutting down our use of chlorofluorocarbons , using catalytic converters in our cars and minimizing the combustion of fossil fuels that is actually shifting to renewable energy resources from non-renewable ones which is important to balance the ecosystem. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • In addition to chlorine, fluorine and carbon, hydro-chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) contains hydrogen. (ehow.com)
Propellants6
  • Of the 682 million kilograms of chlorofluorocarbons consumed globally during 1991, the DuPont Corporation estimates the use for various applications as follows: 32 percent for refrigerants , 28 percent for blowing agents, 20 percent for cleaning agents, and 18 percent for propellants. (factbites.com)
  • Sweden and Norway have banned the use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosol propellants. (factbites.com)
  • Canada's ban on chlorofluorocarbon propellants will be effective this May. (factbites.com)
  • Since the banning of the chlorofluorocarbons once used as propellants in the aerosol cans that dispense anything from shaving cream to deodorant, manufacturers have switched to natural gases like butane and propane. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Notoriously chlorofluorocarbons were also widely used as aerosol propellants, cleansing agents for electrical and electronic components, and blowing agents in plastic insulation. (greenspec.co.uk)
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been used in the past as both refrigerants and aerosol propellants. (mapleridge.ca)
HCFCs1
  • These contain gases such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and HCFCs, used for the coolant and insulation. (thefreedictionary.com)
Chlorine and fluorine1
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are haloalkanes with both chlorine and fluorine. (factbites.com)
Chemistry2
  • Liam S. ('18) wrote this piece for his Organic Chemistry class where they studied the environmental impacts of chlorofluorocarbons. (packerintersections.com)
  • s:9:\"\u0000*\u0000aucorp\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"\u0000*\u0000isbn\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"\u0000*\u0000coden\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"\u0000*\u0000genre\";s:7:\"article\";s:7:\"\u0000*\u0000part\";s:0:\"\";s:9:\"\u0000*\u0000btitle\";s:94:\"In Memoriam: Professor Tetsuro Seiyama: Structure-Function Relationship in Catalytic Chemistry\";s:8:\"\u0000*\u0000title\";s:142:\"Decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons over metal phosphate catalysis. (inist.fr)
Propellant1
  • This product does not contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the propellant. (nih.gov)
Hydrofluoroalkane2
  • Equivalence of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) formulations of inhaled beclomethasone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To assess the long-term safety of hydrofluoroalkane 134a (HFA)-beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) extrafine aerosol administered by the Autohaler compared with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-BDP administered by a press-and-breathe metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) and spacer (+S) in the treatment of children with asthma. (aappublications.org)
Inhalers1
  • Many inhalers that do not use chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are already available for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (fda.gov)
Inhaler2
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration will complete its phase-out of all inhaler medical products containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by Dec. 31, 2013. (fiercepharma.com)
  • The FDA finished its phase-out of all inhaler medical products containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on December 31, 2013. (lww.com)
Tracer1
  • Groundwater age dating through the combination of transient tracer methods (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium 3 ( 3 H/ 3 He)) and groundwater flow path analysis is useful for investigating groundwater travel times, flow patterns, and recharge rates, as demonstrated by this study of the homogeneous shallow, unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the southern New Jersey coastal plain. (usgs.gov)
Contain chlorine1
  • fluorocarbons that contain chlorine are called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (cdc.gov)
Groundwater1
  • Development of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) technique as a tool for dating groundwater has occurred over the past 20 years, and a number of research publications have documented its use in specific aquifers. (environmental-expert.com)
Earth's1
  • In combination with effects predicted to occur as a result of increased combustion of fossil fuels, continued release of chlorofluorocarbons at current levels could also contribute to a potentially dangerous warming of the earth's atmosphere, altering climate and possible even partially melting the polar icecaps. (factbites.com)
Tracers1
  • The bomb contributions from the latter two are called transient tracers, as are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), because they have been in the atmosphere for only a short time. (waterencyclopedia.com)
Environmental1
  • Chlorofluorocarbons , or CFCs, have been at the center of an intense debate for nearly 15 years over scientific uncertainties and the conflict between environmental protection and economic interests. (factbites.com)
Harmful1
  • However, due to the harmful effects, hydro-chlorofluorocarbons are also in the process of being completely phased out. (ehow.com)
1920s1
  • The invention of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the late 1920s and early 1930s stemmed from the call for safer alternatives to the sulfur dioxide and ammonia refrigerants used at the time. (factbites.com)
1970s1
  • The original debate over chlorofluorocarbons was set off in the early 1970s by chemists F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina , both then with the University of California at Irvine. (factbites.com)
Toxic1
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) were developed by the American engineer Thomas Midgley in 1928 as a replacement for ammonia (NH chloromethane (CH Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO), toxic but in common use at the time as refrigerants . (factbites.com)
Alternatives2
  • into four parts: price benefits, reduction of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), oxygenate replacement and green fuel alternatives. (equities.com)
  • Alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons. (bmj.com)
Invention3
  • ABSTRACT PROCESS FOR THE HYDROGENOLYSIS OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS AND OF CHLOROFLUOROHYDROCARBONS The invention relates to the gas-phase hydrogenolysis of chlorofluorocarbons or of chlorofluorohydrocarbons in the presence of a palladixim based catalyst deposited on a support. (allindianpatents.com)
  • The present invention relates to a process for the gas-phase hydrogenolysis chlorofluorocarbons or of chlorofluorohydrocarbons. (allindianpatents.com)
  • According to the invention there is provided a process for the gas-phase hydrogenolysis of chlorofluorocarbons or of chlorofluorohydrocarbons in the presence of a palladium-based catalyst on a support, wherein sulphur is incorporated into the catalyst. (allindianpatents.com)
Permits1
  • Allocating Chlorofluorocarbon Permits: Who Gains, Who Loses, and What Is the Cost? (rand.org)
Regulations1
  • Chlorofluorocarbon effects and regulations: hearing before the Subcommittee on the Upper Atmosphere of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, second session, December 15, 1976. (factbites.com)
Products1
  • Association are well on course to meet the objective of eliminating the non-essential use of chlorofluorocarbons in their products by the end of this year. (parliament.uk)
On January 23, 1978, Sweden became the first country to ban the use of aerosol sprays which use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as...
On January 23, 1978, Sweden became the first country to ban the use of aerosol sprays which use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as... (pinterest.com)
Which of Einstein's postulates of special relativity | bartleby
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An Analytic Method for Constructing Scenarios from a Subjective Joint Probability Distribution | RAND
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Is Ethanol Worth the Fight? | Equities News
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Protection against depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons: : 9780309029476: Powell's Books
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Medication Update : The Nurse Practitioner
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Ozone depletion - Wikipedia
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Hazard Index - Safety Checklist Program for Schools | NIOSH | CDC
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About Us
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FIGURE 12.34 Slump is the common name for a rotational | bartleby
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Greenhouse gas - Wikipedia
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Causes of Global Warming: the Human Impact
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Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology | SpringerLink
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Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer | Encyclopedia.com
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Air Pollutants | Maple Ridge, BC
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Two objects with masses of 3.00 kg and 5.00 kg are | bartleby
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Tracers of Ocean-Water Masses - sea, depth, oceans, temperature, important, system, source, salinity, oxygen
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | Blausen Medical
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Ozone | Encyclopedia.com
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Table of Contents - April 22, 1989, 298 (6680) | The BMJ
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Woody Harrelson Interview - Q&A on Comeback with Woody Harrelson
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USGS GWRP: Comparison of Selected Methods for Estimating Ground-Water Recharge In Humid Regions
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19 Introduction | Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base | The National...
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Behind the Numbers: Polluted Data - The American Prospect
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Appendix D: Acronyms, Energy Units, and Chemical Formulas | Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change | The National...
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Index | Waste Incineration and Public Health | The National Academies Press
Index | Waste Incineration and Public Health | The National Academies Press (nap.edu)
Cutting with both arms of the scissors: the economic and political case for restrictive supply-side climate policies |...
Cutting with both arms of the scissors: the economic and political case for restrictive supply-side climate policies |... (link.springer.com)
Index | The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems | The National Academies Press
Index | The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems | The National Academies Press (nap.edu)