Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.
Compounds that contain the Cl(=O)(=O)(=O)O- structure. Included under this heading is perchloric acid and the salts and ester forms of perchlorate.
A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material.
Musculature of the BACK.
Inorganic oxides of sulfur.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.
An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It is a cytochrome protein that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM.
An enzyme that catalyzes the activation of sulfate ions by ATP to form adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and pyrophosphate. This reaction constitutes the first enzymatic step in sulfate utilization following the uptake of sulfate. EC 2.7.7.4.
Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.
Oxidoreductases that are specific for the reduction of NITRATES.
A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.
'Animal diseases' is a term that refers to any illness or infection that affects the health and well-being of non-human animals, caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances, which can impact individual animals, herds, or entire species, and may have implications for human health through zoonotic transmission.
Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.
Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. They are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (From Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996; 15(2): 177-86; Hepatology 1996; 24(3): 524-32)
The contents included in all or any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.

Proteoglycan involvement in polyamine uptake. (1/216)

We have evaluated the possible role of proteoglycans in the uptake of spermine by human lung fibroblasts. Exogenous glycosaminoglycans behaved as competitive inhibitors of spermine uptake, the most efficient being heparan sulphate (Ki=0.16+/-0.04 microM). Treatment of fibroblasts with either heparan sulphate lyase, p-nitrophenyl-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside or chlorate reduced spermine uptake considerably, whereas chondroitin sulphate lyase had a limited effect. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis with alpha-difluoromethylornithine resulted in an increase of cell-associated heparan sulphate proteoglycans exhibiting higher affinity for spermine. The data indicate a specific role for heparan sulphate proteoglycans in the uptake of spermine by fibroblasts. Spermine uptake by pgsD-677, a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell defective in heparan sulphate biosynthesis, was only moderately reduced (20%) compared with wild-type cells. Treatment of mutant cells with the above-mentioned xyloside resulted in a greater reduction of endogenous proteoglycan production as well as a higher inhibition of spermine uptake than in wild-type cells. Moreover, treatment with chondroitin sulphate lyase resulted in a selective inhibition of uptake in mutant cells, indicating a role for chondroitin/dermatan sulphate proteoglycans in the uptake of spermine by these cells. Fibroblasts, made growth-dependent on exogenous spermine by alpha-difluoromethylornithine treatment, were growth-inhibited by heparan sulphate or beta-D-xyloside, which might have future therapeutical implications.  (+info)

Tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of CCR5 facilitates HIV-1 entry. (2/216)

Chemokine receptors and related seven-transmembrane-segment (7TMS) receptors serve as coreceptors for entry of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV) into target cells. Each of these otherwise diverse coreceptors contains an N-terminal region that is acidic and tyrosine rich. Here, we show that the chemokine receptor CCR5, a principal HIV-1 coreceptor, is posttranslationally modified by O-linked glycosylation and by sulfation of its N-terminal tyrosines. Sulfated tyrosines contribute to the binding of CCR5 to MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, and HIV-1 gp120/CD4 complexes and to the ability of HIV-1 to enter cells expressing CCR5 and CD4. CXCR4, another important HIV-1 coreceptor, is also sulfated. Tyrosine sulfation may contribute to the natural function of many 7TMS receptors and may be a modification common to primate immunodeficiency virus coreceptors.  (+info)

Peptide model of a highly conserved, N-terminal domain of apolipoprotein E is able to modulate lipoprotein binding to a member of the class A scavenger receptor family. (3/216)

Apolipoprotein E plays a critical role in plasma lipoprotein clearance. Peptide models of a highly conserved, N-terminal domain of this protein have been shown to increase the binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to fibroblast cell surfaces independently of the low density lipoprotein receptor. Here we provide data to show that these peptides not only increase the binding of LDL, but also of high density lipoprotein, though not acetylated LDL. We also have data suggesting that this novel activity is mediated, at least in part, by a member of the scavenger receptor family, SR-AI. Furthermore, we show that this activity is also prominent in macrophages, a cell relevant to atherogenesis. In addition, this current paper provides evidence suggesting that this complex binding activity is initiated by a peptide-receptor interaction, and that our peptides are able to induce activity at physiologically relevant concentrations. This study provides evidence for a possible novel receptor interaction and further anti-atherogenic properties of apolipoprotein E and raises the possibility of a therapeutic potential of our peptide models.  (+info)

CHL1 is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter of Arabidopsis involved in multiple phases of nitrate uptake. (4/216)

Higher plants have both high- and low-affinity nitrate uptake systems. These systems are generally thought to be genetically distinct. Here, we demonstrate that a well-known low-affinity nitrate uptake mutant of Arabidopsis, chl1, is also defective in high-affinity nitrate uptake. Two to 3 hr after nitrate induction, uptake activities of various chl1 mutants at 250 microM nitrate (a high-affinity concentration) were only 18 to 30% of those of wild-type plants. In these mutants, both the inducible phase and the constitutive phase of high-affinity nitrate uptake activities were reduced, with the inducible phase being severely reduced. Expressing a CHL1 cDNA driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in a transgenic chl1 plant effectively recovered the defect in high-affinity uptake for the constitutive phase but not for the induced phase, which is consistent with the constitutive level of CHL1 expression in the transgenic plant. Kinetic analysis of nitrate uptake by CHL1-injected Xenopus oocytes displayed a biphasic pattern with a Michaelis-Menten Km value of approximately 50 microM for the high-affinity phase and approximately 4 mM for the low-affinity phase. These results indicate that in addition to being a low-affinity nitrate transporter, as previously recognized, CHL1 is also involved in both the inducible and constitutive phases of high-affinity nitrate uptake in Arabidopsis.  (+info)

Differential regulation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor by cell surface proteoglycans and free glycosaminoglycan chains. (5/216)

Hepatocyte growth factor interacts with both heparan and dermatan sulphates, in addition to its specific signalling receptor, Met. However, the extent of glycosaminoglycan involvement in its biological activity remains uncertain. We have investigated the effects of exogenous glycosaminoglycan addition upon hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated motility of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Exogenous heparan/dermatan sulphate chains behave similarly as either potentiators or inhibitors of cell motility (depending upon the assay). Specific heparan sulphate oligosaccharides, of octasaccharide or larger, elicit similar effects, though with reduced potency. Additionally we have investigated the motility of cells made completely deficient in functional proteoglycans by metabolic inhibition of glycosaminoglycan sulphation, using chlorate. Such cells are completely unresponsive to hepatocyte growth factor, both in terms of downstream phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and actual cell motility, though they do remain responsive to phorbol ester. Interestingly, although cell responsiveness to hepatocyte growth factor is not restored by exogenous heparan/dermatan sulphate chains, it is by an immobilised heparan sulphate proteoglycan substratum. These findings suggest that hepatocyte growth factor activity is not only critically dependent upon the presence of glycosaminoglycan, but specifically requires an intact proteoglycan structure located in close apposition to cell surface Met.  (+info)

Eukaryotic molybdopterin synthase. Biochemical and molecular studies of Aspergillus nidulans cnxG and cnxH mutants. (6/216)

We describe the primary structure of eukaryotic molybdopterin synthase small and large subunits and compare the sequences of the lower eukaryote, Aspergillus nidulans, and a higher eukaryote, Homo sapiens. Mutants in the A. nidulans cnxG (encoding small subunit) and cnxH (large subunit) genes have been analyzed at the biochemical and molecular level. Chlorate-sensitive mutants, all the result of amino acid substitutions, were shown to produce low levels of molybdopterin, and growth tests suggest that they have low levels of molybdoenzymes. In contrast, chlorate-resistant cnx strains have undetectable levels of molybdopterin, lack the ability to utilize nitrate or hypoxanthine as sole nitrogen sources, and are probably null mutations. Thus on the basis of chlorate toxicity, it is possible to distinguish between amino acid substitutions that permit a low level of molybdopterin production and those mutations that completely abolish molybdopterin synthesis, most likely reflecting molybdopterin synthase activity per se. Residues have been identified that are essential for function including the C-terminal Gly of the small subunit (CnxG), which is thought to be crucial for the sulfur transfer process during the formation of molybdopterin. Two independent alterations at residue Gly-148 in the large subunit, CnxH, result in temperature sensitivity suggesting that this residue resides in a region important for correct folding of the fungal protein. Many years ago it was proposed, from data showing that temperature-sensitive cnxH mutants had thermolabile nitrate reductase, that CnxH is an integral part of the molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase (MacDonald, D. W., and Cove, D. J. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 47, 107-110). Studies of temperature-sensitive cnxH mutants isolated in the course of this study do not support this hypothesis. Homologues of both molybdopterin synthase subunits are evident in diverse eukaryotic sources such as worm, rat, mouse, rice, and fruit fly as well as humans as discussed in this article. In contrast, molybdopterin synthase homologues are absent in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Precursor Z and molybdopterin are undetectable in this organism nor do there appear to be homologues of molybdoenzymes.  (+info)

Cloning and functional characterization of an Arabidopsis nitrate transporter gene that encodes a constitutive component of low-affinity uptake. (7/216)

The Arabidopsis CHL1 (AtNRT1) gene encodes an inducible component of low-affinity nitrate uptake, which necessitates a "two-component" model to account for the constitutive low-affinity uptake observed in physiological studies. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a CHL1 homolog, AtNRT1:2 (originally named NTL1), with data to indicate that this gene encodes a constitutive component of low-affinity nitrate uptake. Transgenic plants expressing antisense AtNRT1:2 exhibited reduced nitrate-induced membrane depolarization and nitrate uptake activities in assays with 10 mM nitrate. Furthermore, transgenic plants expressing antisense AtNRT1:2 in the chl1-5 background exhibited an enhanced resistance to chlorate (7 mM as opposed to 2 mM for the chl1-5 mutant). Kinetic analysis of AtNRT1:2-injected Xenopus oocytes yielded a K(m) for nitrate of approximately 5.9 mM. In contrast to CHL1, AtNRT1:2 was constitutively expressed before and after nitrate exposure (it was repressed transiently only when the level of CHL1 mRNA started to increase significantly), and its mRNA was found primarily in root hairs and the epidermis in both young (root tips) and mature regions of roots. We conclude that low-affinity systems of nitrate uptake, like high-affinity systems, are composed of inducible and constitutive components and that with their distinct functions, they are part of an elaborate nitrate uptake network in Arabidopsis.  (+info)

Proline-rich antimicrobial peptide, PR-39 gene transduction altered invasive activity and actin structure in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (8/216)

PR-39 is an endogenous proline-rich antimicrobial peptide which induces the synthesis of syndecan-1, a transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan involved in cell-to-matrix interactions and wound healing. Previously, we revealed that the expression of syndecan-1 was reduced in human hepatocellular carcinomas with high metastatic potential and speculated that syndecan-1 played an important role in inhibition of invasion and metastasis. It is assumed that a modification of this process with PR-39 and syndecan-1 may result in a new strategy by which it can inhibit the invasion and metastasis. Therefore, we transduced a gene of PR-39 into human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HLF, which shows a low expression of syndecan-1 and a high in vitro invasive activity, and examined whether this procedure could reduce the invasive activity of tumour cells. In two transfectants with PR-39 gene, the syndecan-1 expression was induced and the invasive activity in type I collagen-coated chamber was inhibited. Moreover, these transfectants showed the suppression of motile activity assayed by phagokinetic tracks in addition to the disorganization of actin filaments observed by a confocal imaging system. In contrast, five transfectants with syndecan-1 gene in the HLF cells revealed suppression of invasive activity but did not alter the motile activity and actin structures of the cell. These results suggest that PR-39 has functions involved in the suppression of motile activity and alteration of actin structure on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in addition to the suppression of invasive activity which might result from the induction of syndecan-1 expression.  (+info)

Chlorates are salts or esters of chloric acid (HClO3). They contain the chlorate ion (ClO3-) in their chemical structure. Chlorates are strong oxidizing agents and can be hazardous if mishandled. They have various uses, including in matches, explosives, and disinfectants, but they can also pose health risks if ingested or come into contact with the skin or eyes. Exposure to chlorates can cause irritation, burns, and other harmful effects. It is important to handle chlorates with care and follow proper safety precautions when using them.

Perchlorates are chemical compounds containing the perchlorate ion (ClO4-). Perchloric acid is the parent compound and has the formula HClO4. Perchlorates contain chlorine in its highest oxidation state (+7) and are strong oxidizing agents. They have been used in various industrial and military applications, such as in explosives, rocket propellants, and matches.

In a medical context, perchlorates can be relevant due to their potential health effects. Exposure to high levels of perchlorates can affect the thyroid gland's function because they can compete with iodide ions for uptake by the thyroid gland. Iodide is an essential component of thyroid hormones, and disruption of iodide uptake may lead to hypothyroidism, particularly in individuals who are iodine-deficient. However, it's important to note that the evidence for adverse health effects in humans from environmental exposures to perchlorates is still a subject of ongoing research and debate.

Betaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes several genera of bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, and can be found in soil, water, and various organisms including humans. Some members of Betaproteobacteria are important pathogens, causing diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Other members of this class are capable of breaking down environmental pollutants, making them useful in bioremediation applications.

The back muscles, also known as the dorsal muscles, are a group of muscles that run along the length of the back and provide movement, support, and stability to the spine and vertebral column. They can be divided into three layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep. The main back muscles include:

1. Trapezius: A large, triangular muscle that covers the upper and middle back, extending from the base of the skull to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the shoulder blades. It is responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula and extending the head at the neck.
2. Latissimus dorsi: A broad, flat muscle that covers the lower back and sides of the torso, originating from the lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower ribs, and inserting on the humerus bone. It is responsible for adducting, extending, and medially rotating the arm, as well as extending and laterally flexing the trunk.
3. Erector spinae: A group of three muscles that run along both sides of the vertebral column, from the sacrum to the cervical vertebrae. They are responsible for extending and laterally flexing the spine, as well as rotating the trunk. The three muscles are:
* Iliocostalis: The most lateral muscle, which runs along the length of the ribcage.
* Longissimus: A muscle that lies medial to iliocostalis and extends from the pelvis to the skull.
* Spinalis: The smallest and deepest muscle, located directly over the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
4. Rhomboids: Two muscles (major and minor) that lie between the shoulder blades and connect them to the thoracic vertebrae. They are responsible for retracting and rotating the scapulae, as well as stabilizing the shoulder blades during arm movements.
5. Levator scapulae: A muscle that originates from the cervical vertebrae and inserts on the superior medial border of the scapula. It is responsible for elevating and rotating the scapula, as well as assisting with neck movements.
6. Serratus anterior: A muscle that lies on the lateral chest wall and connects the ribcage to the scapula. It is responsible for protracting (pushing forward) and rotating the scapula during arm movements, such as throwing or punching.
7. Teres major and minor: Two muscles that lie between the shoulder blade and the humerus bone of the upper arm. They are responsible for adducting (pulling inward), extending, and internally rotating the arm.

Sulfur oxides (SOx) are chemical compounds that contain sulfur and oxygen in various oxidation states. The term "sulfur oxides" is often used to refer specifically to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3), which are the most common and widely studied SOx compounds.

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is produced naturally by volcanic eruptions and is also released into the air when fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned for electricity generation, industrial processes, and transportation. Exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Sulfur trioxide is a colorless liquid or solid with a pungent, choking odor. It is produced industrially for the manufacture of sulfuric acid and other chemicals. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive and can cause severe burns and eye damage upon contact.

Both sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide contribute to air pollution and have been linked to a range of health and environmental effects, including respiratory problems, acid rain, and damage to crops and forests. As a result, there are regulations in place to limit emissions of these pollutants into the air.

Nitrates are chemical compounds that consist of a nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms (NO3-). In the context of medical science, nitrates are often discussed in relation to their use as medications or their presence in food and water.

As medications, nitrates are commonly used to treat angina (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease. Nitrates work by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which improves blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. Some examples of nitrate medications include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate.

In food and water, nitrates are naturally occurring compounds that can be found in a variety of vegetables, such as spinach, beets, and lettuce. They can also be present in fertilizers and industrial waste, which can contaminate groundwater and surface water sources. While nitrates themselves are not harmful, they can be converted into potentially harmful compounds called nitrites under certain conditions, particularly in the digestive system of young children or in the presence of bacteria such as those found in unpasteurized foods. Excessive levels of nitrites can react with hemoglobin in the blood to form methemoglobin, which cannot transport oxygen effectively and can lead to a condition called methemoglobinemia.

In the context of medicine and biology, sulfates are ions or compounds that contain the sulfate group (SO4−2). Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the structure of a sphere. It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Sulfates can be found in various biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. Sulfate groups play a crucial role in these molecules by providing negative charges that help maintain the structural integrity and hydration of tissues.

In addition to their biological roles, sulfates can also be found in various medications and pharmaceutical compounds. For example, some laxatives contain sulfate salts, such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) or sodium sulfate, which work by increasing the water content in the intestines and promoting bowel movements.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of sulfates can be harmful to human health, particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a common air pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to SO2 can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate existing lung conditions.

Carbadox is a veterinary drug that belongs to the class of medications called antimicrobials. It is specifically an antimicrobial agent with both antibacterial and coccidiostat properties. Carbadox is used in the treatment and prevention of certain bacterial infections in swine (pigs). It works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and killing coccidia, a type of parasite that can cause infection in pigs.

Carbadox is available as a feed additive and is typically administered to pigs through their food. It is important to note that carbadox is not approved for use in animals destined for human consumption in many countries, including the European Union, due to concerns about potential carcinogenicity and other safety issues.

It's worth mentioning that the use of carbadox in food-producing animals has been a topic of controversy and debate in recent years, with some experts calling for stricter regulations or a complete ban on its use due to concerns about antibiotic resistance and human health.

Nitrate reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). It is widely distributed in nature and plays a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle, particularly in the process of nitrate assimilation by plants, fungi, and some bacteria.

In plants, nitrate reductase is primarily located in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts of plant cells. It requires reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) as electron donors to facilitate the reduction of nitrate to nitrite.

The reaction catalyzed by nitrate reductase can be summarized as follows:
NO3- + NAD(P)H + H+ -> NO2- + NAD(P)+ + H2O

It is worth noting that there are different types of nitrate reductases, each with distinct properties and functions. For example, some nitrate reductases require molybdenum cofactor as a prosthetic group for their catalytic activity, while others do not. Additionally, some nitrate reductases are membrane-bound, while others are soluble enzymes.

Overall, nitrate reductase is an essential enzyme in the global nitrogen cycle and has significant implications for agriculture, environmental science, and microbiology.

Sulfate adenylyltransferase is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds. It catalyzes the first step in the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, which is the conversion of sulfate (SO4^2-) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) by transferring an adenylyl group from ATP to sulfate.

The reaction catalyzed by sulfate adenylyltransferase is as follows:

ATP + SO4^2- -> APS + PPi (pyrophosphate)

APS is then further reduced in subsequent steps of the sulfate reduction pathway to form cysteine, which is a building block for proteins and other important biological molecules. Sulfate adenylyltransferase plays a crucial role in the assimilation of sulfur into organic compounds and is widely distributed in nature, being found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

Chlorine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain chlorine (Cl), which is a member of the halogen group in the periodic table. Chlorine is a highly reactive element that readily forms compounds with many other elements and molecules.

Chlorine compounds can be found in various forms, including inorganic and organic compounds. Inorganic chlorine compounds include salts of hydrochloric acid, such as sodium chloride (table salt), and chlorides of metals, such as copper chloride and silver chloride. Other inorganic chlorine compounds include chlorine gas (Cl2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).

Organic chlorine compounds are those that contain carbon atoms bonded to chlorine atoms. Examples of organic chlorine compounds include chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, and pesticides, such as DDT and lindane.

Chlorine compounds have a wide range of uses in various industries, including water treatment, disinfection, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and manufacturing. However, some chlorine compounds can be harmful or toxic to humans and the environment, particularly if they are released into the air, water, or soil in large quantities. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of chlorine compounds properly to minimize potential health and environmental risks.

Nitrate reductases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). This process is an essential part of the nitrogen cycle, where nitrate serves as a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration for many bacteria and archaea. In plants, this enzyme plays a crucial role in nitrogen assimilation by reducing nitrate to ammonium (NH4+), which can then be incorporated into organic compounds. Nitrate reductases require various cofactors, such as molybdenum, heme, and/or FAD, for their activity. There are three main types of nitrate reductases: membrane-bound (which use menaquinol as an electron donor), cytoplasmic (which use NADH or NADPH as an electron donor), and assimilatory (which also use NADH or NADPH as an electron donor).

Heparin sulfate is not exactly referred to as "heparitin sulfate" in medical terminology. The correct term is heparan sulfate, which is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a long unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units composed of a hexuronic acid and a hexosamine.

Heparan sulfate is found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and control of blood coagulation. It is also an important component of the proteoglycans, which are complex molecules that help to maintain the structural integrity and function of tissues and organs.

Like heparin, heparan sulfate has a high negative charge due to the presence of sulfate groups, which allows it to bind to and interact with various proteins and growth factors. However, heparan sulfate has a more diverse structure than heparin, with variations in the pattern of sulfation along the chain, which leads to specificity in its interactions with different proteins.

Defects in heparan sulfate biosynthesis or function have been implicated in various human diseases, including certain forms of cancer, developmental disorders, and infectious diseases.

Animal diseases are health conditions that primarily affect animals, including but not limited to, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and pets. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, genetic disorders, and environmental conditions. Some animal diseases can also pose a risk to human health, either directly or indirectly, through the consumption of contaminated food or water, contact with infected animals, or the spread of vectors like ticks and mosquitoes. Examples of animal diseases include rabies, avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and heartworm disease. It is important to monitor, control, and prevent the spread of animal diseases to protect animal health, food security, and public health.

I apologize for any confusion, but "livestock" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is an agricultural term that refers to animals that are kept or raised on a farm or ranch for commercial purposes, such as the production of food, fiber, or labor. Examples of livestock include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, and horses. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex molecules composed of a core protein to which one or more heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently attached. They are widely distributed in animal tissues and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell-cell communication, growth factor signaling, viral infection, and cancer metastasis.

The HS chains are long, linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucosamine and uronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid). These chains contain sulfate groups at various positions, which give them a negative charge and allow them to interact with numerous proteins, growth factors, and enzymes.

HSPGs can be found on the cell surface (syndecans and glypicans) or in the extracellular matrix (perlecans and agrin). They act as co-receptors for many signaling molecules, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), wingless-type MMTV integration site family members (WNTs), and hedgehog proteins. By modulating the activity of these signaling pathways, HSPGs help regulate various cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion.

Dysregulation of HSPGs has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, fibrosis, and viral infections (e.g., HIV and herpes simplex virus). Therefore, understanding the structure and function of HSPGs is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to target these diseases.

Gastrointestinal (GI) contents refer to the physical substances within the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. These contents can vary depending on the time since the last meal and the digestive process that is underway. Generally, GI contents include food, fluids, digestive enzymes, secretions, bacteria, and other waste products.

In a more specific context, GI contents may also refer to the stomach contents, which are often analyzed during autopsies or in cases of suspected poisoning or overdose. Stomach contents can provide valuable information about the type and amount of substances that have been ingested within a few hours prior to the analysis.

It is important to note that GI contents should not be confused with gastrointestinal fluids, which specifically refer to the secretions produced by the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastric juice in the stomach or bile in the small intestine.

Heparin Lyase, also known as Heparan Sulfate Lyase or Heparanase, is an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are complex sugar-protein molecules found on the surface of many cells and in the extracellular matrix. These molecules play important roles in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and migration.

Heparin Lyase specifically cleaves heparan sulfate chains at a specific site, forming two unsaturated sugar residues. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of HSPGs during physiological processes like tissue remodeling and pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis, inflammation, and diabetic complications.

It's important to note that there are two main types of heparin lyases (heparin lyase I, II, and III) that differ in their substrate specificity and tissue distribution. Heparin Lyase I primarily acts on highly sulfated regions of heparan sulfate chains, while Heparin Lyase III prefers less sulfated domains. Heparin Lyase II has intermediate properties between the other two isoforms.

Examples of chlorates include potassium chlorate, KClO3 sodium chlorate, NaClO3 magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO3)2 If a Roman ... "chlorate" means any chlorine oxyanion. Usually, "chlorate" refers only to chlorine in the +5 oxidation state. Chlorates are ... The chlorate was also measured in rainfall samples with the amount of chlorate similar to perchlorate. It is suspected that ... Chlorates are powerful oxidizers and should be kept away from organics or easily oxidized materials. Mixtures of chlorate salts ...
In enzymology, a chlorate reductase (EC 1.97.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction AH2 + chlorate ⇌ {\ ... This enzyme is also called chlorate reductase C. Azoulay E, Mutaftschiev S (June 1971). "[Study of chlorate-resistant mutants ... 3. Chlorate-reductase c of mutants chl. C-]". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 237 (3): 579-90. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(71)90278-9 ... It is closely related to the enzyme perchlorate reductase which reduces both chlorate and perchlorate. This enzyme belongs to ...
... is produced by the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chlorate to produce both silver chlorate and sodium ... Silver chlorate (AgClO3) forms white, tetragonal crystals. Like all chlorates, it is water-soluble and an oxidizing agent. As a ... Deshpande, Vilas; Suryanarayana, S V; Frantz, C (December 1982). "Tetragonal to cubic phase transition in silver chlorate". ... Chlorates, Silver compounds, Oxidizing agents, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
... has been used as an herbicide,[citation needed] like sodium chlorate. Calcium chlorate is occasionally used in ... Calcium chlorate is the calcium salt of chloric acid, with the chemical formula Ca(ClO3)2. Like other chlorates, it is a strong ... When concentrated solutions of calcium chlorate and potassium chloride are combined, potassium chlorate precipitates: Ca(ClO3)2 ... Calcium chlorate is produced by passing chlorine gas through a hot suspension of calcium hydroxide in water, producing calcium ...
... is a chemical compound, with the formula Sr(ClO3)2. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Strontium chlorate is ... Chlorine has no action on dry Sr(OH)2, but it converts the hydrate (Sr(OH)2·8H2O) into the chloride and chlorate, with a small ... Chlorates, Strontium compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
... (Zn(ClO3)2) as an inorganic chemical compound used as an oxidizing agent in explosives.[citation needed] Lide, ... Chlorates, Zinc compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
In the dihydrate, chlorate is also coordinated and functions as a bridging ligand. Magnesium(II) chlorate is used as a powerful ... "Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Magnesium Chlorate Dihydrate and Magnesium Chlorate Hexahydrate". Bulgarian Chemical ... Samples of magnesium chlorate were first claimed in 1920 as the result of treating magnesium oxide with chlorine. A more modern ... Magnesium chlorate refers to inorganic compounds with the chemical formula Mg(ClO3)2(H2O)x. The anhydrous (x = 0), dihydrate (x ...
... can be produced through a double replacement reaction between solutions of barium chloride and sodium chlorate ... "Barium Chlorate". inchem.org. "Barium Chlorate" (PDF). Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. New Jersey Department of Health and ... However, due to the instability of all chlorates to sulfur, acids, and ammonium ions, chlorates have been banned from use in ... This is perhaps the most common preparation, exploiting the lower solubility of barium chlorate compared to sodium chlorate.[ ...
... is an inorganic compound of radium, oxygen, and chlorine with the chemical formula Ra(ClO3)2. Radium chlorate ... can be obtained by the reaction of radium chloride with sodium chlorate:[citation needed] RaCl2 + 2NaClO3 → Ra(ClO3)2 + 2NaCl ...
... can be made by mixing stoichiometric solutions of ammonium nitrate and sodium chlorate or ammonium sulfate ... Then, a double displacement reaction will result in precipitation of ammonium chlorate. On heating, ammonium chlorate ... producing the respective carbonate or sulfate precipitate and an ammonium chlorate solution. Ammonium chlorate crystallizes in ... Ammonium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4ClO3. It is obtained by neutralizing chloric acid with either ...
... of the use of chlorate, is in bleaching of pulp. All other, less important chlorates are derived from sodium chlorate, usually ... 11 H2O However this sodium chlorate is mostly replaced by potassium chlorate.[citation needed] Sodium chlorate can be used with ... Sodium chlorate is toxic: "doses of a few grams of chlorate are lethal". (ld50 oral in rats 1200mg/kg) The oxidative effect on ... Sodium chlorate comes in dust, spray and granule formulations. Mixtures of chlorates and organic compounds pose a severe risk ...
... is the inorganic chemical compound with the formula LiClO3. Like all chlorates, it is an oxidizer and may ... These properties make lithium chlorate a useful oxidant for high energy density flow batteries. Lithium chlorate has a very low ... A. N. Campbell, E. M. Kartzmark, W. B. Maryk (1966). "The Systems Sodium Chlorate - Water - Dioxane and Lithium Chlorate - ... Wang, Su-Chee Simon (1983). "The Electrochemistry of Molten Lithium Chlorate and its Possible Use with Lithium in a Battery". ...
After sodium chlorate, it is the second most common chlorate in industrial use. It is a strong oxidizing agent and its most ... Potassium chlorate is used also as a pesticide. In Finland it was sold under trade name Fegabit. Potassium chlorate can react ... Impurities in potassium chlorate itself can also cause problems. When working with a new batch of potassium chlorate, it is ... Potassium chlorate is used in chemical oxygen generators (also called chlorate candles or oxygen candles), employed as oxygen- ...
... is a chemical compound of the transition metal copper and the chlorate anion with basic formula Cu(ClO3)2. ... Copper chlorate can be made by combining a hot one molar solution of copper sulfate, with barium chlorate, which results in the ... The chlorate groups take the shape of a distorted tetrahedron. At 298 K (25 °C), the chlorine-oxygen distances in each chlorate ... Copper(II) chlorate commonly crystallizes as a tetrahydrate, though a hexahydrate is also known. Tetraaquacopper(II) chlorate, ...
... was produced by the reaction of manganese(II) sulfate and barium chlorate. The water was removed by ... Manganese(II) chlorate is an unstable chemical compound with the formula Mn(ClO3)2. It is unstable even in dilute solution. As ... Manganese(II) chlorate forms the hexahydrate when solid, the water that cannot be removed. It decomposes above 6°C, to ... "Manganese(2+) chlorate hydrate (1:2:6)". ChemSpider. ChemSpider. Retrieved 23 August 2021. Brown, F. E.; Woods, J. D. ( (1953 ...
... sulfate and barium chlorate, barium sulfate precipitates and cobalt chlorate can be crystallized out of the filtrate. CoSO4 + ... Cobalt(II) chlorate is a chemical compound with the formula Co(ClO3)2. It is formed by a double displacement reaction between ... It is an oxidant, as are all chlorates. v t e (Articles lacking sources from September 2023, All articles lacking sources, ... Ba(ClO3)2 → BaSO4 + Co(ClO3)2 It is also possible to make it by the reaction of any chlorate with a cobalt(II) salt, however ...
... and chlorates. Also the chemistry and analysis of the elementary bodies which enter into the manufacture of the principal nitro ...
"Ammonium chlorate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-22. PubChem. "Ammonium cyanide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. ... "Barium chlorate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-22. PubChem. "Barium chloride". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. ... BaCO3 Barium chlorate - Ba(ClO3)2 Barium chloride - BaCl2 Barium chromate - BaCrO4 Barium ferrate - BaFeO4 Barium ferrite - ... Cl Ammonium chlorate - [NH4]ClO3 Ammonium cyanide - [NH4]CN Ammonium dichromate - [NH4]2Cr2O7 Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate - [ ...
Reacts with potassium chlorate, producing unstable, gradually decomposing ammonium chlorate; such combination has to be avoided ... Perchlorates and chlorates play this role together with their main use as oxidizers. Chlorine donors are often used also in ... Barium chlorate - also serves as a green colorant in fireworks; sensitive, better to avoid. Almost non-hygroscopic. ... Perchlorates, chlorates and nitrates are the most commonly used oxidizers for flash powders. Other possibilities include ...
"Sodium Chlorate" (PDF). USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. United States Department of Agriculture. 6 November 2000. Archived ... sodium chlorate, thidiazuron, and tribufos. The most common and widely used contact desiccant is diquat (Reglone®). For ...
It reacts with incandescence with cadmium, magnesium and zinc chlorates. Mixtures of Sb2S3 and chlorates may explode. In the ...
Installation nº1 was located in Ca l'Aranyó, in Cardona (Bages). It extracted potassium chlorate. Installation nº2 was in the ...
Potassium chlorate Wadsworth, Jennifer; Cockell, Charles S. (July 6, 2017). "Perchlorates on Mars enhance the bacteriocidal ... Sodium perchlorate is produced by anodic oxidation of sodium chlorate (NaClO3) at an inert electrode, such as platinum. Na+ClO3 ...
... sodium chlorate production). Aurora Flight Sciences (unmanned defense systems). Stark Aerospace (unmanned defense systems). ...
Warren, Francis (1960). Chlorates and perchlorates, their manufacture, properties and uses. Defense Technical Information ... boiling solution of potassium chlorate and zinc fluosilicate. For large-scale manufacturing purposes, barium perchlorate is ...
Beech, J. Alan; Diaz, Raymond; Ordaz, Cesar; Palomeque, Besteiro (January 1980). "Nitrates, chlorates and trihalomethanes in ... The World Health Organization has established guidelines for several DBPs, including bromate, bromodichloromethane, chlorate, ...
Triiodide is present in equilibrium with iodide anion and molecular iodine: I−3 ⇌ I2 + I− Chlorate ion oxidizes iodide ion to ... André P. Oliveira and Roberto B. Faria (2005). "The chlorate-iodine clock reaction". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (51): 18022-18023. ... HClO2 More autocatalysis when newly generated iodous acid also converts chlorate in the fastest reaction step: ClO−3 + HIO2 → ... sodium chlorate and perchloric acid that takes place through the following reactions. ...
... whereas chlorate reductase only acts on chlorate. Perchlorate reductase and chlorate reductase are closely related but form ... and either chlorate or perchlorate, sometimes collectively denoted as (per)chlorate. The products are chlorite, an oxidized ... Chlorate Reductase from the Chlorate-Respiring Strain GR-1". J. Bacteriol. 181 (21): 6706-6711. doi:10.1128/JB.181.21.6706- ... "BRENDA listing for chlorate reductase". Bender KS, Shang C, Chakraborty R, Belchik SM, Coates JD, Achenbach LA (2005). " ...
"Chlorate" is the anion name. IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify amino acids and nucleotide bases. IUPAC ... An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is potassium chlorate (KClO3): "Potassium" is the cation name. " ...
Sodium, potassium, and lithium chlorates and perchlorates are used. A device that converts coke or other carbonaceous material ...
Examples of chlorates include potassium chlorate, KClO3 sodium chlorate, NaClO3 magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO3)2 If a Roman ... "chlorate" means any chlorine oxyanion. Usually, "chlorate" refers only to chlorine in the +5 oxidation state. Chlorates are ... The chlorate was also measured in rainfall samples with the amount of chlorate similar to perchlorate. It is suspected that ... Chlorates are powerful oxidizers and should be kept away from organics or easily oxidized materials. Mixtures of chlorate salts ...
What is the complete word equation for sodium chlorate?. The chemical formula of sodium chlorate is NaClO3. ... What is the complete word equation for sodium chlorate?. The chemical formula of sodium chlorate is NaClO3. ... What is the formula compound of aluminum Chlorate expressed in chemical formula?. The formula for the compound aluminum ... What is the formula compound of aluminum Chlorate expressed in chemical formula?. The formula for the compound aluminum ...
IMPORTANT SHIPPING INFORMATION: *Due to supply issues and high order volume, your order may take longer than usual to be shipped out. If you have a need by date, please notify us in the customer notes at checkout before placing your order. You can call or email us through the contact information at the top right if you need more information. Thank you for your patience.*. ...
SODIUM CHLORATE (NaClO3). SYNONYMS. None known.. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS. Use a fume hood.. Avoid skin and eye contact.. Avoid ...
Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate in man.. Authors: J R Lubbers, S Chauan, and J R ... Gensberger-Reigl S, Rodrigues Guimarães Abreu V, Pischetsrieder M, Analysis of Chlorate in Chemical Leavening Agents Used for ...
Potassium Chlorate - Yellow Colour Change. Ive been electrolysing a solution of Muriate of Potash (fertiliser grade Potassium ... What could the colour be? I am wondering if this is Sodium Chlorate in solution from sodium impurities in my Muriate? [Edited ... Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Special Topics » Electrochemistry » Potassium Chlorate - Yellow Colour Change. Select A Forum ... Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Special Topics » Electrochemistry » Potassium Chlorate - Yellow Colour Change. Select A Forum ...
The Electrolysis System Dulcolyse delivers reliable disinfectant with minimal chlorate and chloride content. ... Dulcolyse produces less than 0.01 ppm of chlorate for one dose of 1 ppm FAC (Free Available Chlorine). These chlorate levels ... The improved electrolysis process involves significantly lower chlorate content than conventional procedures. ... The Electrolysis System Dulcolyse delivers reliable disinfectant with minimal chlorate and chloride content. ...
... shares in Sodium Chlorate Market market for major countries like USA, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, France & Germany? ... Identify gaps and potential opportunities available in the Sodium Chlorate Market? Get in-depth details about growth drivers ... Is Sodium Chlorate market is changing gear from growth to value? Know areas across the value chain of Sodium Chlorate market ... Who are the significant end-users in the Sodium Chlorate market? The significant end users in the Sodium Chlorate market are ...
Global Chlorate of Soda Market This Chlorate of Soda MarketResearch Report offers a thorough examination and insights into the ...
Research, Technology, Methods , chemical substances , chemical compounds , inorganic compounds , inorganic salts , chlorates , ...
... the North America sodium chlorate market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 2% during 2023-2028. ... It is also used in the production of chlorates of other metals, such as calcium chlorate for herbicides, potassium chlorate for ... sodium chlorate can accelerate the burning if surrounded by other combustible materials. Sodium chlorate is extensively used ... Sodium chlorate is a colorless, inorganic chemical produced by the electrolysis of NaCl (brine). Although it is non-combustible ...
Recrystallized Potassium Chlorate. Heating easily decomposes potassium chlorate, which breaks down into potassium chloride and ...
... one interesting alternative for its production is the combination in strongly acidic media of chlorate and hydrogen peroxide. ...
This report presents a detailed cost analysis of sodium chlorate production from sodium chloride via a typical electrolysis ... A sodium chlorate crystal slurry exits the vacuum crystallizer.. The project economic analysis provided in the report discusses ... This report presents a detailed cost analysis of sodium chlorate production from sodium chloride via a typical electrolysis ... The purified salt is dissolved into chlorate electrolyte and enters the electrolyte circulation. HCL is added to the ...
Chlorate. more about. this contaminant. Chlorate forms in drinking water as a byproduct of disinfection. Chlorate impairs ... The EWG Health Guideline of 210 ppb for chlorate was defined by the Environmental Protection Agency as a benchmark for testing ...
Tag: chlorates. Taking Care of our planets future is taking care of the water: we are "Chlorate Free". Naturis have managed to ...
... share and growth in key regions for their top manufacturers with forecast research for the Sodium Chlorate Industry. ... Global Sodium Chlorate Market Report gives latest insights that includes market sales, ... 2.1 Global Sodium Chlorate Production. 2.1.1 Global Sodium Chlorate Revenue 2013-2025. 2.1.2 Global Sodium Chlorate Production ... 3.2 Sodium Chlorate Revenue by Manufacturers. 3.2.1 Sodium Chlorate Revenue by Manufacturers (2013-2018). 3.2.2 Sodium Chlorate ...
View the speedrunning profile of Chlorate on Speedrun, including personal bests, leaderboard rankings, and community ...
Chlorate. more about. this contaminant. Chlorate forms in drinking water as a byproduct of disinfection. Chlorate impairs ... The EWG Health Guideline of 210 ppb for chlorate was defined by the Environmental Protection Agency as a benchmark for testing ...
These corrosion data are mainly based on results of general corrosion laboratory tests , carried out with pure chemicals and water solutions nearly saturated with air (the corrosion rate can be quite different if the solution is free from oxygen). All concentrations are given in weight-% and the solvent is water if nothing else is shown. The corrosion data apply to annealed materials with normal microstructure and clean surfaces, throughout.
DANGER: Chlorate flash mixtures decompose faster than perchlorate flash mixtures and are more sensitive to shock, flame, spark ...
DANGER: Chlorate flash mixtures decompose faster than perchlorate flash mixtures and are more sensitive to shock, flame, spark ... DANGER: Chlorate and sulfur/sulfide mixes are known to be very sensitive to shock, flame, spark and friction. ...
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  • Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate in man. (nih.gov)
  • However, by the absence of detrimental physiological responses within the limits of the study, the relative safety of oral ingestion of chlorine dioxide and its metabolites, chlorite and chlorate, was demonstrated. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium chlorate is extensively used for the manufacturing of chlorine dioxide, which is an essential component of the paper and pulp industry. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Sodium chlorate has a high oxidizing potential and functions as a powerful oxidizing agent.An example of this type of reaction would be the production of chlorine dioxide. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Sodium chlorate is commercially used for manufacturing the chlorine dioxide. (electrical4u.net)
  • Manufacturers are focused on reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable methods of producing chlorine dioxide from NaClO3, so demand for sodium chlorate remains stable despite government restrictions on its usage in manufacturing industries. (informedpost.com)
  • Examples of chlorates include potassium chlorate, KClO3 sodium chlorate, NaClO3 magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO3)2 If a Roman numeral in brackets follows the word "chlorate", this indicates the oxyanion contains chlorine in the indicated oxidation state, namely: Using this convention, "chlorate" means any chlorine oxyanion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO3. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • In a recent business intelligence study, Fact.MR presents the nitty-gritty of the global sodium chlorate (NaClO3) market considering 2013-2017 as the historic year and 2018-2027 as the stipulated timeframe. (uberant.com)
  • The business report highlights the drivers, restraints, opportunities and trends affecting sodium chlorate (NaClO3) market growth . (uberant.com)
  • The sodium chlorate (NaClO3) market study outlines the key regions - North America, Latin America, Europe and APEJ - along with the countries contributing the most in the respective regions. (uberant.com)
  • Sodium chlorate, an inorganic compound, is a white crystalline powder with the chemical formula NaClO3. (informedpost.com)
  • Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound that has the consists of the sodium and chlorate. (electrical4u.net)
  • citation needed] The industrial-scale synthesis for sodium chlorate starts from an aqueous sodium chloride solution (brine) rather than chlorine gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • This report presents a detailed cost analysis of sodium chlorate production from sodium chloride via a typical electrolysis process. (procurementresource.com)
  • When the sodium chloride is reacted with the water it will produces the sodium chlorate as the product and hydrogen as the byproduct. (electrical4u.net)
  • Instead, it is often thought of as a hybrid of multiple resonance structures: Metal chlorates can be prepared by adding chlorine to hot metal hydroxides like KOH: 3 Cl2 + 6 KOH → 5 KCl + KClO3 + 3 H2O In this reaction, chlorine undergoes disproportionation, both reduction and oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Potassium chlorate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula KClO3. (amarischemicalsolutions.com)
  • It is also used in the production of chlorates of other metals, such as calcium chlorate for herbicides, potassium chlorate for match heads and explosives, and barium chlorate for fireworks. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The chemical or molecular formula of sodium chlorate is NaClO 3 . (electrical4u.net)
  • Chlorates were once widely used in pyrotechnics for this reason, though their use has fallen due to their instability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrotechnics: Potassium chlorate is commonly used as an oxidizer in the production of fireworks, as it provides the necessary oxygen to fuel the combustion reactions that produce the bright colors and effects. (amarischemicalsolutions.com)
  • The North America sodium chlorate market size reached 2.4 Million Tons in 2022. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The North America sodium chlorate market is currently driven by several factors. (imarcgroup.com)
  • IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the North America sodium chlorate market report, along with forecasts at the regional and country levels from 2023-2028. (imarcgroup.com)
  • How has the North America sodium chlorate market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What are the key regions in the North America sodium chlorate market? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the North America sodium chlorate market? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What is the breakup of the North America sodium chlorate market on the basis of form? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What is the breakup of the North America sodium chlorate market on the basis of application? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What are the various stages in the value chain of the North America sodium chlorate industry? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What are the key driving factors and challenges in the North America sodium chlorate industry? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What is the structure of the North America sodium chlorate industry and who are the key players? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What is the degree of competition in the North America sodium chlorate industry? (imarcgroup.com)
  • What are the profit margins in the North America sodium chlorate industry? (imarcgroup.com)
  • The term can also refer to chemical compounds containing this anion, with chlorates being the salts of chloric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chlorate and perchlorate are salts of chloric acid which may be present in cleaning agents or disinfectants and therefore may enter food stuff during processing or production. (qsi-q3.com)
  • Rucheng Sanxin Electric Chemical limited Company is a Chemical Company mainly producing Chlorate series.The business teams are the committee members of China association of inorganic salt Chlorate salts branch,and the committee of experts,and Revisers of national standard for Chlorate. (a3xchemical.com)
  • Heating easily decomposes potassium chlorate, which breaks down into potassium chloride and oxygen . (olympus-lifescience.com)
  • The fires are exceedingly difficult to extinguish due to the oxygen provided by the chlorate. (chemicalchaos.org)
  • The inorganic salt potassium chlorate is composed of potassium, chlorine, and oxygen. (chemicalchaos.org)
  • Potassium Chlorate is utilized in the production of matches, explosives, and other pyrotechnic devices, where it plays a crucial role in supplying oxygen to support combustion reactions, thereby producing the desired visual and aural effects. (chemicalchaos.org)
  • Potassium Chlorate is utilized in laboratory reactions requiring oxygen. (chemicalchaos.org)
  • Potassium Chlorate is an essential component in the production of oxygen-releasing compounds like perchlorates. (chemicalchaos.org)
  • Potassium chlorate is a compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen, with the molecular formula KClO its pure form, it is a white crystalline substance. (bonjour-medtrum.fr)
  • Chlorate Candles are manufactured with the highest quality to ensure that a specific quantity of life-sustaining Oxygen is provided via chemical reaction. (oclugo.com)
  • Sodium Chlorate is utilized for Oxygen production. (oclugo.com)
  • Proper training and routine equipment maintenance are needed to ensure a safe, reliable Oxygen delivery process (Please refer to Chlorate Candle Furnace Manual prior to operating or before conducting maintenance. (oclugo.com)
  • Oxygen generation: Due to its ability to release oxygen when heated or subjected to shock, potassium chlorate is used in some chemical oxygen generators, which provide a source of breathable oxygen in emergency situations. (amarischemicalsolutions.com)
  • In the past few years, the Sodium Chlorate market experienced a growth of 7, the global market size of Sodium Chlorate reached (2020 Market size XXXX) million $ in 2020, of what is about (2015 Market size XXXX) million $ in 2015. (htfmarketreport.com)
  • Therefore, we predict that the global epidemic will be basically controlled by the end of 2020 and the global Sodium Chlorate market size will reach (2025 Market size XXXX) million $ in 2025, with a CAGR of xxx% between 2020-2025. (htfmarketreport.com)
  • Starting from 28.06.2020 the new Regulation (EU) No. 2020/749 [3] will enter into force, which sets limits for chlorate in foodstuff based on the Pesticide Regulation (Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005). (qsi-q3.com)
  • The new report by Expert Market Research titled, 'Global Sodium Chlorate Market Share , Report and Forecast 2023-2028', gives an in-depth analysis of the global sodium chlorate market, assessing the market based on its segments like form, application, and major regions. (informedpost.com)
  • Other oxyanions of chlorine can be named "chlorate" followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses denoting the oxidation state of chlorine: e.g., the ClO− 4 ion commonly called perchlorate can also be called chlorate(VII). (wikipedia.org)
  • The chlorate was also measured in rainfall samples with the amount of chlorate similar to perchlorate. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is suspected that chlorate and perchlorate may share a common natural formation mechanism and could be a part of the chlorine biogeochemistry cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, the evolution of chlorate reduction may be an ancient phenomenon as all perchlorate reducing bacteria described to date also utilize chlorate as a terminal electron acceptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chlorate flash mixtures decompose faster than perchlorate flash mixtures and are more sensitive to shock, flame, spark and friction. (pyrodata.com)
  • In contrast to chlorate, perchlorate is also used in fertilizers, industrial chemicals and fireworks. (qsi-q3.com)
  • QSI has been testing honey and vegetal foods for chlorate and perchlorate since 2014. (qsi-q3.com)
  • Do you have any further questions about the analysis of chlorate and perchlorate? (qsi-q3.com)
  • In addition to this, increasing usage of sodium chlorate as a non-selective herbicide in the agriculture industry is further escalating its demand in the region. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Agriculture: In agriculture, potassium chlorate can be used as a herbicide, as it inhibits the growth of unwanted plants and weeds. (amarischemicalsolutions.com)
  • The herbicide combinations 1.1 kg ai/ha glyphosate plus 6.7 kg ai/ha sodium chlorate, 2.2 kg/ha glyphosate plus 3.4 kg/ha sodium chlorate, and 0.3 kg ai/ha paraquat plus 6.7 kg/ha sodium chlorate reduced sicklepod germination, emergence, and seedling growth in most cases. (bioone.org)
  • Explosives: Potassium chlorate can also be used as an ingredient in the production of explosives, such as black powder, which is a mixture of potassium chlorate, charcoal, and sulfur. (amarischemicalsolutions.com)
  • Analytical parameter: CO2 production and concentration of sodium chlorate, -chlorite and -chloride in the test flasks over time. (europa.eu)
  • Wipe samples of walls were collected for chloride, chlorate, and chlorite ion decontamination by-products before and after ClO2 treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • An increase in chloride, chlorate, and chlorite ions occurred after ClO2 treatment, which was expected because these compounds are some of the end products of ClO2 disinfection. (cdc.gov)
  • The yellow change happened literally while adding the KCL, it looks like i'm pouring a yellow liquid in so whatever it is reacts between KCL and my chlorate brine. (sciencemadness.org)
  • Sodium chlorate is a colorless, inorganic chemical produced by the electrolysis of NaCl (brine). (imarcgroup.com)
  • The improved electrolysis process involves significantly lower chlorate content than conventional procedures. (prominent.com)
  • I am wondering if this is Sodium Chlorate in solution from sodium impurities in my Muriate? (sciencemadness.org)
  • In the paper and textile industries, potassium chlorate is used as a bleach to eradicate impurities and brighten the final product. (chemicalchaos.org)
  • Please refer to the furnace manual for precautions prior to using the Chlorate Candle Furnace. (oclugo.com)
  • Potassium chlorate can be a potentially hazardous compound and requires proper precautions when handling or using it. (amarischemicalsolutions.com)
  • Sodium Chlorate Market Research Report offered by DecisionDatabases.com provides a detailed study on the industrial development of the market under the forecast period 2019-2025. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Global Sodium Chlorate market size will increase to xx Million US$ by 2025, from xx Million US$ in 2017, at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • In this study, 2017 has been considered as the base year and 2018 to 2025 as the forecast period to estimate the market size for Sodium Chlorate. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Chlorate is the common name of the ClO− 3 anion, whose chlorine atom is in the +5 oxidation state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chlorine, oxidation number 0, forms chloride Cl− (oxidation number −1) and chlorate(V) ClO− 3 (oxidation number +5). (wikipedia.org)
  • Usually, "chlorate" refers only to chlorine in the +5 oxidation state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chlorate and sulfur /sulfide mixes are known to be very sensitive to shock, flame, spark and friction. (pyrodata.com)
  • But the chemicals, which are mostly chlorates and trihalomethanes, can stick to or be absorbed by the fruit and vegetables. (cbi.eu)
  • Sodium chlorate appears as an odorless pale yellow to white crystalline solid. (blogspot.com)
  • However, chlorates can form in chlorinated water as a result of chlorine degradation. (cbi.eu)
  • Gensberger-Reigl S, Rodrigues Guimarães Abreu V, Pischetsrieder M, Analysis of Chlorate in Chemical Leavening Agents Used for Bakery Products by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04627, 70 , 47, (14940-14946), (2022). (nih.gov)
  • ProMinent will be demonstrating its effective disinfectant solutions for bottler injection systems, CIP applications and treating product water at Stand 6-351 in Hall 6 at BrauBreviale 2016 from 8 to 10 November 2016: The Electrolysis System Dulcolyse delivers reliable disinfectant with minimal chlorate and chloride content. (prominent.com)
  • Survey results showed that 91.02% of the Sodium chlorate market is pulp & paper industry, 3.22% is water treatment, 3.05% is chemical raw materials and 2.71% divided among other industries in 2015. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Yesterday I briefly mentioned the 2015 exemption letter from the CISA Infrastructure Security Compliance Division that 'temporarily' exempted certain products containing sodium chlorate (CAS# 7775-09-9) from Top Screen reporting requirement under the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) program. (blogspot.com)
  • Sodium chlorate is listed in Appendix A to 6 CFR 27 (the CFATS regulations) as a Theft - EXP/IEDP security measure chemical. (blogspot.com)
  • Remember that potassium chlorate is a potentially dangerous substance and should only be handled by trained professionals with experience in chemical handling and safety procedures. (amarischemicalsolutions.com)
  • Rucheng Sanxin Electric Chemical Limited Company is the only chlorate export-oriented company with export independently, and one of the most important and best services global potassium chlorate manufacturers with annual exporting over 10,000,000 dollars. (a3xchemical.com)
  • These chlorate levels were measured in accordance with DIN/EN ISO 103054-4 (D25):1999-07 (below detection limit). (prominent.com)
  • What is the balanced formula equation when aluminum chlorate is heated? (answers.com)
  • What is the balanced formula for potassium chlorate? (answers.com)
  • citation needed] A recent study has discovered the presence of natural chlorate deposits around the world, with relatively high concentrations found in arid and hyper-arid regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dulcolyse produces less than 0.01 ppm of chlorate for one dose of 1 ppm FAC (Free Available Chlorine). (prominent.com)
  • Most pyrotechnic applications that formerly used chlorates now use the more stable perchlorates instead. (wikipedia.org)
  • Except for the medical supplies and life support products industries, most industries have been greatly impacted, and Sodium Chlorate industries have also been greatly affected. (htfmarketreport.com)
  • In late 2014 or early 2015 someone apparently contacted ISCD about specific products that contained sodium chlorate in a commercial grade. (blogspot.com)
  • They presented some sort of evidence to ISCD that convinced the agency that it would be significantly more difficult to produce explosive materials or improvised explosive devices from the sodium chlorate in these products than regular commercial grade sodium chlorate. (blogspot.com)
  • Due to the introduction of a legal maximum limit for chlorate, your products would not be marketable if they exceeded this legal limit. (qsi-q3.com)
  • Until then, suppliers of fresh and processed fruit and vegetables should monitor chlorate levels in the water they use for washing their products and avoid chlorinated detergents. (cbi.eu)
  • For these products, chlorates might be a concern. (cbi.eu)
  • This report focuses on the top manufacturers' Sodium Chlorate capacity, production, value, price and market share of Sodium Chlorate in global market. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • To focus on the key Sodium Chlorate manufacturers and study the capacity, production, value, market share and development plans in next few years. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Glyphosate at 1.1 kg/ha plus 6.7 kg/ha sodium chlorate, 0.3 kg/ha oxyfluorfen plus 3.4 kg/ha sodium chlorate, and 0.8 or 1.1 kg/ha glufosinate reduced pitted morningglory seed production and desiccated weeds effectively. (bioone.org)
  • Therefore, growth in the leather & tanning industry is positively influencing the sodium chlorate industry in the region. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Region-wise and country-wise fragmentation of the sodium chlorate market to grasp the revenue, and growth outlook in these areas. (uberant.com)
  • Factors (Positive and Negative) impacting the growth of the global sodium chlorate market. (uberant.com)
  • Oxyfluorfen at 0.3 kg ai/ha plus 3.4 or 6.7 kg/ha sodium chlorate also reduced sicklepod germination and growth. (bioone.org)
  • Bromoxynil at 1.1 kg ai/ha plus 3.4 kg/ha sodium chlorate reduced sicklepod germination but did not have a consistent effect on most growth parameters. (bioone.org)
  • Regional breakdown of the sodium chlorate market based on predefined taxonomy. (uberant.com)
  • The Global Sodium Chlorate Industry Report gives an elaborate information about the market size, share and analyzes the complete value chain the report also covers the market dynamics enriching business strategists with quality data about the Sodium Chlorate market. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • So, Sodium chlorate has a huge market potential in the future. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • it will bring you not only the high quality product and huge profit, but the most significant is to occupy the endless market for supply potassium chlorate you can count on firm name. (a3xchemical.com)
  • Chlorate Candles are considered a 5.1 oxidizer, classified as Hazardous UN 3356 and are packaged in accordance with IATA or IMDG regulations. (oclugo.com)
  • Sodium Chlorate 99%-Oxidant in uranium extraction, Sodium chlorate is a strong oxidizer that has applications as an. (kemcore.com)
  • Under our experimental conditions, the test item SODIUM CHLORATE is therefore non readily biodegradable in the 28-day modified Sturm test. (europa.eu)
  • At present, in developed countries, the Sodium Chlorate industry is generally at a more advanced level. (decisiondatabases.com)