Chloramphenicol o acetyltransferase. Medical search

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-SERINE to COENZYME A and O-acetyl-L-serine, using ACETYL-COA as a donor.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa10p catalytic subunit and the Naa15p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between lower and higher eukaryotes. It has specificity for N-terminal SERINE; ALANINE; THREONINE; GLYCINE; VALINE; and CYSTINE residues and acts on nascent peptide chains after the removal of the initiator METHIONINE by METHIONYL AMINOPEPTIDASES.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa50p catalytic subunit, and the Naa10p and Naa15p auxiliary subunits. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is hydrophobic.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A methylsulfonyl analog of CHLORAMPHENICOL. It is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN. Mutations in CREB-binding protein are associated with RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from O(6)-methylguanine, and other methylated moieties of DNA, to a cysteine residue in itself, thus repairing alkylated DNA in a single-step reaction. EC 2.1.1.63.

Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS, or from PLASMIDS or viral episomal DNA.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from ACETYL COENZYME A, to the N-terminus of a peptide chain.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa20p catalytic subunit and the Naa25p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between YEASTS and HUMAN. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either ASPARTATE; GLUTAMATE; ASPARAGINE; OR GLUTAMINE.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.

An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE into small SECRETORY VESICLES. Proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic acetylcholine.

A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.

An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.99.8.

A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.

Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of ACETYL COA. Some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-I have referred to this activity or to the activity of ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

A group of 6-alkyl SALICYLIC ACIDS that are found in ANACARDIUM and known for causing CONTACT DERMATITIS.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

An enzyme that catalyses the reaction of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate with ACETYL-COA to form N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.

A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are TATAAAA.

A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.

A mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of L-GLUTAMATE to N-acetyl-L-glutamate in the presence of ACETYL-COA.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA that causes mild PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMINOGLYCOSIDES) by regiospecific PHOSPHORYLATION of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl.

A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)

A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.

An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the GC box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. The binding of Sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral GENES.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

DNA elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination system that enables them to capture mobile gene cassettes.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to form spermidine.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS, and marked by prominent inflammation of the MENINGES. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

Downregulation of metallothionein-IIA expression occurs at immortalization. (1/3486)

Metallothioneins (MTs) may modulate a variety of cellular processes by regulating the activity of zinc-binding proteins. These proteins have been implicated in cell growth regulation, and their expression is abnormal in some tumors. In particular, MT-IIA is expressed 27-fold less in human colorectal tumors and tumor cell lines compared with normal tissue (Zhang et al., 1997). Here we demonstrate that MT-IIA downregulation occurs when human cells become immortal, a key event in tumorigenesis. After immortalization MT-IIA expression remains inducible but the basal activity of the MT-IIA promoter is decreased. MT-IIA downregulation at immortalization is one of the most common immortalization-related changes identified to date, suggesting that MT-IIA has a role in this process. (+info)

Estrogen-dependent and independent activation of the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in transiently transfected breast cancer cells. (2/3486)

Loss of p53 function by mutational inactivation is the most common marker of the cancerous phenotype. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated 17 beta estradiol (E2) induction of p53 protein expression in breast cancer cells. Although direct effects of E2 on the expression of p53 gene are not known, the steroid is a potent regulator of c-Myc transcription. In the present studies, we have examined the ability of E2 and antiestrogens to regulate the P1 promoter of the p53 gene which contains a c-Myc responsive element. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive T47D and MCF-7 cells were transiently transfected with the P1CAT reporter plasmid and levels of CAT activity in response to serum, E2 and antiestrogens were monitored. Factors in serum were noted to be the dominant inducers of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression in MCF-7 cells. The levels of CAT were drastically reduced when cells were maintained in serum free medium (SFM). However, a subtle ER-mediated induction of CAT expression was detectable when MCF-7 cells, cultured in SFM, were treated with E2. In serum-stimulated T47D cells, the CAT expression was minimal. The full ER antagonist, ICI 182 780 (ICI) had no effect. Treatment with E2 or 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (OHT) resulted in P1CAT induction; OHT was more effective than E2. Consistent with c-Myc regulation of the P1 promoter, E2 stimulated endogenous c-Myc in both cell lines. Two forms of c-Myc were expressed independent of E2 stimuli. The expression of a third more rapidly migrating form was E2-dependent and ER-mediated since it was blocked by the full ER antagonist, ICI, but not by the ER agonist/antagonist OHT. These data demonstrate both ER-mediated and ER-independent regulation of c-Myc and the P1 promoter of the p53 gene, and show differential effects of the two classes of antiestrogens in their ability to induce the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in breast cancer cells. (+info)

JunB forms the majority of the AP-1 complex and is a target for redox regulation by receptor tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptor agonists in smooth muscle cells. (3/3486)

To understand the role of redox-sensitive mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth, we have studied the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a thiol antioxidant, and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a potent NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on serum-, platelet-derived growth factor BB-, and thrombin-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation; c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression; and DNA synthesis. Both NAC and DPI completely inhibited agonist-induced AP-1 activity and DNA synthesis in VSMC. On the contrary, these compounds had differential effects on agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression. NAC inhibited agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression except for platelet-derived growth factor BB-induced ERK2 activation. In contrast, DPI only inhibited agonist-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos and JunB expression. Antibody supershift assays indicated the presence of c-Fos and JunB in the AP-1 complex formed in response to all three agonists. In addition, cotransfection of VSMC with expression plasmids for c-Fos and members of the Jun family along with the AP-1-dependent reporter gene revealed that AP-1 with c-Fos and JunB composition exhibited a higher transactivating activity than AP-1 with other compositions tested. All three agonists significantly stimulated reactive oxygen species production, and this effect was inhibited by both NAC and DPI. Together, these results strongly suggest a role for redox-sensitive mechanisms in agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation; c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression; AP-1 activity; and DNA synthesis in VSMC. These results also suggest a role for NADH/NADPH oxidase activity in some subset of early signaling events such as p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos and JunB induction, which appear to be important in agonist-induced AP-1 activity and DNA synthesis in VSMC. (+info)

Esterases in serum-containing growth media counteract chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in vitro. (4/3486)

The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi was unexpectedly found to be as susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol, the product of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, as it was to chloramphenicol itself. The susceptibilities of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, as well as that of B. burgdorferi, to diacetyl chloramphenicol were then assayed in different media. All three species were susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol when growth media were supplemented with rabbit serum or, to a lesser extent, human serum. Susceptibility of E. coli and B. subtilis to diacetyl chloramphenicol was not observed in the absence of serum, when horse serum was used, or when the rabbit or human serum was heated first. In the presence of 10% rabbit serum, a strain of E. coli bearing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene had a fourfold-lower resistance to chloramphenicol than in the absence of serum. A plate bioassay for chloramphenicol activity showed the conversion by rabbit, mouse, and human sera but not bacterial cell extracts or heated serum of diacetyl chloramphenicol to an inhibitory compound. Deacetylation of acetyl chloramphenicol by serum components was demonstrated by using fluorescent substrates and thin-layer chromatography. These studies indicate that esterases of serum can convert diacetyl chloramphenicol back to an active antibiotic, and thus, in vitro findings may not accurately reflect the level of chloramphenicol resistance by cat-bearing bacteria in vivo. (+info)

The nucleoprotein of Marburg virus is target for multiple cellular kinases. (5/3486)

The nucleoprotein (NP) of Marburg virus is phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues in a ratio of 85:15, regardless of whether the protein is isolated from virions or from eukaryotic expression systems. Phosphotyrosine is absent. Although many potential phosphorylation sites are located in the N-terminal half of NP, this part of the protein is not phosphorylated. Analyses of phosphorylation state and phosphoamino acid content of truncated NPs expressed in HeLa cells using the vaccinia virus T7 expression system led to the identification of seven phosphorylated regions (region I*, amino acids 404-432; II*, amino acids 446-472; III*, amino acids 484-511; IV*, amino acids 534-543; V*, amino acid 549; VI*, amino acids 599-604; and VII*, amino acid 619) with a minimum of seven phosphorylated amino acid residues located in the C-terminal half of NP. All phosphothreonine residues and consensus recognition sequences for protein kinase CKII are located in regions I*-V*. Regions VI* and VII* contain only phosphoserine with three of four serine residues in consensus recognition motifs for proline-directed protein kinases. Mutagenesis of proline-adjacent serine residues to alanine or aspartic acid did not influence the function of NP in a reconstituted transcription/replication system; thus it is concluded that serine phosphorylation in the most C-terminal part of NP is not a regulatory factor in viral RNA synthesis. (+info)

Identification of an enhancer element of class Pi glutathione S-transferase gene required for expression by a co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl. (6/3486)

3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PenCB), one of the most toxic co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, specifically induces class Pi glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as well as cytochrome P-450 1A1 in primary cultured rat liver parenchymal cells [Aoki, Matsumoto and Suzuki (1993) FEBS Lett. 333, 114-118]. However, the 5'-flanking sequence of the GSTP1 gene does not contain a xenobiotic responsive element, to which arylhydrocarbon receptor binds. Using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay we demonstrate here that the enhancer termed GSTP1 enhancer I (GPEI) is necessary for the stimulation by PenCB of GSTP1 gene expression in primary cultured rat liver parenchymal cells. GPEI is already known to contain a dyad of PMA responsive element-like elements oriented palindromically. It is suggested that a novel signal transduction pathway activated by PenCB contributes to the stimulation of GSTP1 expression. (+info)

Transcriptional regulation of the mouse ferritin H gene. Involvement of p300/CBP adaptor proteins in FER-1 enhancer activity. (7/3486)

We previously identified a major enhancer of the mouse ferritin H gene (FER-1) that is central to repression of the ferritin H gene by the adenovirus E1A oncogene (Tsuji, Y., Akebi, N., Lam, T. K., Nakabeppu, Y., Torti, S. V., and Torti, F. M. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5152-5164). To dissect the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of ferritin H, E1A mutants were tested for their ability to repress FER-1 enhancer activity using cotransfection with ferritin H-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter constructs. Here we report that p300/CBP transcriptional adaptor proteins are involved in the regulation of ferritin H transcription through the FER-1 enhancer element. Thus, E1A mutants that failed to bind p300/CBP lost the ability to repress FER-1, whereas mutants of E1A that abrogated its interaction with Rb, p107, or p130 were fully functional in transcriptional repression. Transfection with E1A did not affect endogenous p300/CBP levels, suggesting that repression of FER-1 by E1A is not due to repression of p300/CBP synthesis, but to E1A and p300/CBP interaction. In addition, we have demonstrated that transfection of a p300 expression plasmid significantly activated ferritin H-CAT containing the FER-1 enhancer, but had a marginal effect on ferritin H-CAT with FER-1 deleted. Furthermore, both wild-type p300 and a p300 mutant that failed to bind E1A but retained an adaptor function restored FER-1 enhancer activity repressed by E1A. Sodium butyrate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, mimicked p300/CBP function in activation of ferritin H-CAT and elevation of endogenous ferritin H mRNA, suggesting that the histone acetyltransferase activity of p300/CBP or its associated proteins may contribute to the activation of ferritin H transcription. Recruitment of these broadly active transcriptional adaptor proteins for ferritin H synthesis may represent an important mechanism by which changes in iron metabolism are coordinated with other cellular responses mediated by p300/CBP. (+info)

Anti-rheumatic compound aurothioglucose inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced HIV-1 replication in latently infected OM10.1 and Ach2 cells. (8/3486)

NF-kappaB is a potent cellular activator of HIV-1 gene expression. Down-regulation of NF-kappaB activation is known to inhibit HIV replication from the latently infected cells. Gold compounds have been effectively used for many decades in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We previously reported that gold compounds, especially aurothioglucose (AuTG) containing monovalent gold ion, inhibited the DNA-binding of NF-kappaB in vitro. In this report we have examined the efficacy of the gold compound AuTG as an inhibitor of HIV replication in latently infected OM10.1 and Ach2 cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced HIV-1 replication in OM10.1 or Ach2 cells was significantly inhibited by non-cytotoxic doses of AuTG (>10 microM in OM10.1 cells and >25 F.M in Ach2 cells), while 25 microM of the counter-anion thioglucose (TG) or gold compound containing divalent gold ion, HAuCl3, had no effect. The effect of AuTG on NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression was confirmed by a transient CAT assay. Specific staining as well as electron microscopic examinations revealed the accumulation of metal gold in the cells, supporting our previous hypothesis that gold ions could block NF-kappaB-DNA binding by a redox mechanism. These observations indicate that the monovalent gold compound AuTG is a potentially useful drug for the treatment of patients infected with HIV. (+info)

... (or CAT) is a bacterial enzyme (EC 2.3.1.28) that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol ... Leslie AG (1990). "Refined crystal structure of type III chloramphenicol acetyltransferase at 1.75 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol ... Gorman, CM; Moffat LF; Howard BH (1982). "Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian ... This enzyme covalently attaches an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol, which prevents chloramphenicol from binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase

An example of a selectable marker which is also a reporter in bacteria is the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, ... Smale, S. T. (2010-05-01). "Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay". Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2010 (5): pdb.prot5422. doi ... the transfected population of bacteria can be grown on a substrate that contains chloramphenicol. Only those cells that have ... which confers resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol. Many methods of transfection and transformation - two ways of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter_gene

The topology of this trimer active site is identical to that of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Eight of these trimers are ... acetyl-CoA S-acetyltransferase, lipoate acetyltransferase, lipoate transacetylase, lipoic acetyltransferase, lipoic acid ... lysine S-acetyltransferase. dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, dihydrolipoate acetyltransferase, dihydrolipoic ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase. Other names in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase

Other competing systems are based on e.g. luciferase, GFP, beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUS_reporter_system

... and elaboration of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. It is easy to select for reduced membrane permeability to chloramphenicol ... Oily chloramphenicol (or chloramphenicol oil suspension) is a long-acting preparation of chloramphenicol first introduced by ... Chloramphenicol increases the absorption of iron. Chloramphenicol is metabolized by the liver to chloramphenicol glucuronate ( ... this gene codes for an enzyme called chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which inactivates chloramphenicol by covalently linking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol

... where the plasmid is transferred into cells expressing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase with a premature amber codon. In the ... presence of toxic chloramphenicol and the non-natural amino acid, the surviving cells will have overridden the amber codon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code

... may refer to: Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase, an enzyme CAT III, a measurement category of live electrical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_III

In addition to it, a rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil

... cortisol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.28: chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.29: glycine C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3. ... D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.35: glutamate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.36: D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC ... amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.2: imidazole N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3: glucosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.4 ... arylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6: choline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.7: carnitine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.8: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)

... acetyltransferase Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase Serotonin N-acetyltransferase NatA Acetyltransferase NatB acetyltransferase ... Examples include: Histone acetyltransferases including CBP histone acetyltransferase Choline ... Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group. ... Acyltransferase Acetylation Acetyltransferases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyltransferase

Earlier versions of this assay were based on the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, but the version of the assay ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host-cell_reactivation

... may refer to: Instrument landing system#ILS categories Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase I, an enzyme Carnitine O- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_I

... a medical imaging X-ray technology Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, an enzyme and antibiotic resistance gene Cognitive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_(disambiguation)

... may refer to: Instrument landing system#ILS categories Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase II, an enzyme Carnitine O- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_II

... chloramphenicol o-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.180 - choline o-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.310 - ... acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.105 - amino-acid n-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.150 - ... phosphate acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.850 - serine O-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.170 - acyl-carrier ... acetyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.029 - acyl-carrier protein s-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.060 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

The antibiotics chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and tetracycline have been known to inactivate aminoglycosides in general by ... Variations of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) and aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (AAD) also confer resistance: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikacin

Mittal R, Peak-Chew SY, Sade RS, Vallis Y, McMahon HT (June 2010). "The acetyltransferase activity of the bacterial toxin YopJ ... and early in the event picked up a gene that made it resistant to the antibiotic chloramphenicol. This created the need to use ... Typhimurium works to inhibit the innate immune system by virtue of its serine/threonine acetyltransferase activity, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

The 2014 Ju-Jitsu World Championship were the 12th edition of the Ju-Jitsu World Championships, and were held in Paris, France from November 28 to November 30, 2014. 28.11.2014 - Men's and Women's Fighting System, Men's and Women's Jiu-Jitsu (ne-waza), Men's Duo System - Classic 29.11.2014 - Men's and Women's Fighting System, Men's and Women's Jiu-Jitsu (ne-waza), Women's Duo System - Classic 30.11.2014 - Men's Jiu-Jitsu (ne-waza), Mixed Duo System - Classic, Team event Vincent MATCZAK (2014-09-30). "4TH INVITAION TO WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-11-28.[dead link] Online results Official results (PDF) Mixed team event results (PDF) (All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from April 2022, Ju-Jitsu World Championships, 2014 in French sport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ju-Jitsu_World_Championships

Bolley L. "Bo" Johnson (born November 15, 1951) is an American politician from the state of Florida. A member of the Democratic Party, Johnson was a member of the Florida House of Representatives, and served as the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives. Johnson is from Milton, Florida. His father and grandfather served as county commissioners for Santa Rosa County, Florida. Johnson graduated from Milton High School, and became the first member of his family to attend college. He received his bachelor's degree from Florida State University. Johnson volunteered for Mallory Horne when Horne served as the president of the Florida Senate. At the age of 22, Johnson met Lawton Chiles, then a member of the United States Senate, who hired him as a legislative aide in 1973. Johnson was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 4th district from November 7, 1978 to November 3, 1992. He also served the 1st district from November 3, 1992 to November 8, 1994. He became the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolley_Johnson

... may refer to: Don't Say No (Billy Squier album), a 1981 album by American rock singer Billy Squier, and its title track Don't Say No (Seohyun EP), a 2016 extended play by South Korean pop singer Seohyun, and its title track "Don't Say No" (Tom Tom Club song), from the 1988 album Boom Boom Chi Boom Boom "Don't Say No", by Robbie Williams from the 2005 album Intensive Care "Don't Say No Tonight", a 1985 single by Eugene Wilde This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Don't Say No. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. (Disambiguation pages with short descriptions, Short description is different from Wikidata, All article disambiguation pages, All disambiguation pages, Disambiguation pages ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_Say_No

The Dewoitine 37 was the first of a family of 1930s French-built monoplane fighter aircraft. The D.37 was a single-seat aircraft of conventional configuration. Its fixed landing gear used a tailskid. The open cockpit was located slightly aft of the parasol wing. The radial engine allowed for a comparatively wide fuselage and cockpit. Design of this machine was by SAF-Avions Dewoitine but owing to over work at that companies plant at the time, manufacture of the D.37/01 was transferred to Lioré et Olivier. They were high-wing monoplanes of all-metal construction with valve head blisters on their engine cowlings. The first prototype flew in October 1931. Flight testing resulted in the need for multiple revisions in both engine and airframe, so it was February 1934 before the second prototype flew. Its performance prompted the French government to order for 28 for the Armée de l'Air and Aéronavale. The Lithuanian government ordered 14 that remained in service with their Air Force until 1936, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewoitine_D.371

The Noor-ul-Ain (Persian: نور العين, lit. 'the light of the eye') is one of the largest pink diamonds in the world, and the centre piece of the tiara of the same name. The diamond is believed to have been recovered from the mines of Golconda, Hyderabad in India. It was first in possession with the nizam Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, later it was given as a peace offering to the Mughal emperor Aurangazeb when he defeated him in a siege. It was brought into the Iranian Imperial collection after the Persian king Nader Shah Afshar looted Delhi in the 18th century.[citation needed] The Noor-ul-Ain is believed to have once formed part of an even larger gem called the Great Table diamond. That larger diamond is thought to have been cut in two, with one section becoming the Noor-ul-Ain and the other the Daria-i-Noor diamond. Both of these pieces are currently part of the Iranian Crown Jewels. The Noor-ul-Ain is the principal diamond mounted in a tiara of the same name made for Iranian Empress Farah ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor-ul-Ain

The Benoist Land Tractor Type XII was one of the first enclosed cockpit, tractor configuration aircraft built. Benoist used "Model XII" to several aircraft that shared the same basic engine and wing design, but differed in fuselage and control surfaces. The Type XII was a tractor-engined conversion of the model XII headless pusher aircraft that resembled the Curtiss pusher aircraft. Demonstration pilots used Benoist aircraft to demonstrate the first parachute jumps, and the tractor configuration was considered much more suitable for the task. The first example named the "Military Plane" had a small box frame covered fuselage that left the occupants mostly exposed to the wind. The later model XII "Cross Country Plane" had a full fuselage that occupants sat inside of. The first tractor biplane used a wooden fuselage with a small seat on top. The wings were covered with a Goodyear rubberized cloth. The first model XII was built in the spring of 1912. On 1 March 1912, Albert Berry used a headless ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoist_Land_Tractor_Type_XII

... (also known as Yalmotx in Qʼanjobʼal) is a town, with a population of 17,166 (2018 census), and a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Huehuetenango. It is situated at 1450 metres above sea level. It covers a terrain of 1,174 km². The annual festival is April 29-May 4. Barillas has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round and extremely heavy rainfall from June to August. Citypopulation.de Population of departments and municipalities in Guatemala Citypopulation.de Population of cities & towns in Guatemala "Climate: Barillas". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 26, 2020. Muni in Spanish Website of Santa Cruz Barillas Coordinates: 15°48′05″N 91°18′45″W / 15.8014°N 91.3125°W / 15.8014; -91.3125 v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Articles containing Q'anjob'al-language text, Coordinates on Wikidata, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Barillas

Maria Margaret La Primaudaye Pollen (10 April 1838 - c. 1919), known as Minnie, was a decorative arts collector. As Mrs John Hungerford Pollen, she became known during the early-twentieth century as an authority on the history of textiles, publishing Seven Centuries of Lace in 1908. Maria Margaret La Primaudaye was born into a Huguenot family on 10 April 1838, the third child of the Revd Charles John La Primaudaye, a descendant of Pierre de La Primaudaye. She was educated in Italy. Her family converted to Catholicism in 1851, and it was in Rome that her father met another recent English convert, John Hungerford Pollen, previously an Anglican priest and a decorative artist. She became engaged to Pollen, who was then seventeen years her senior, in the summer of 1854, and was married in the church of Woodchester monastery, near Stroud, Gloucester, on 18 September 1855. The Pollens initially settled in Dublin, where John Hungerford Pollen had been offered the professorship of fine arts at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Margaret_Pollen

Ronald Robert Fogleman (born January 27, 1942) is a retired United States Air Force general who served as the 15th Chief of Staff of the Air Force from 1994 to 1997 and as Commanding General of the United States Transportation Command from 1992 to 1994. A 1963 graduate from the United States Air Force Academy, he holds a master's degree in military history and political science from Duke University. A command pilot and a parachutist, he amassed more than 6,800 flying hours in fighter, transport, tanker and rotary wing aircraft. He flew 315 combat missions and logged 806 hours of combat flying in fighter aircraft. Eighty of his missions during the Vietnam War were as a "Misty FAC" in the F-100F Super Sabre at Phù Cát Air Base, South Vietnam between 25 December 1968 and 23 April 1969. Fogleman was shot down in Vietnam in 1968, while piloting an F-100. He was rescued by clinging to an AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter that landed at the crash site. In early assignments he instructed student pilots, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fogleman

Peachtree Street" is a 1950 song co-written and recorded by Frank Sinatra in a duet with Rosemary Clooney. The song was released as a Columbia Records single. Frank Sinatra co-wrote the song with Leni Mason and Jimmy Saunders. Mason composed the music while Sinatra and Saunders wrote the lyrics. The song was arranged by George Siravo The song was released as an A side Columbia 10" 78 single, Catalog Number 38853, Matrix Number CO-43100-1 and as a 7" 33, 1-669. The B side was the re-issued "This Is the Night." Neither of the songs charted. The subject of the song is a stroll down the street in Atlanta, Georgia of the same name. Sinatra originally intended Dinah Shore to sing the duet with him. When Shore declined, Clooney was asked. The song was recorded on April 8, 1950. The song features spoken asides by Sinatra and Clooney. Rosemary Clooney asks: "Say, Frank, you wanna take a walk?" Frank Sinatra replies: "Sure, sweetie, just pick a street." He noted how there were no peach trees on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_Street_(song)

... is a painting by American illustrator Norman Rockwell that depicts a Boy Scout in full uniform standing in front of a waving American flag. It was originally created by Rockwell in 1942 for the 1944 Brown & Bigelow Boy Scout Calendar. The model, Bob Hamilton, won a contest to be in the painting and personally delivered a print to the Vice President of the United States at the time, Henry A. Wallace. The painting was created to encourage Scouts to participate in the war effort during World War II. The name of the painting, We, Too, Have a Job to Do, comes from a slogan that the Boy Scouts of America used in 1942 to rally scouts to support the troops by collecting metal and planting victory gardens. The model, Bob Hamilton, won a contest with his local council in Albany, New York, to be depicted in the painting. He traveled to Rockwell's studio in Arlington, Vermont, to model for Rockwell. Since Hamilton was a scout, the uniform shown in the painting was his, unlike some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We,_Too,_Have_a_Job_to_Do

At least 33[failed verification] people were killed by a fuel tanker explosion in Tleil, Akkar District, Lebanon on 15 August 2021. The disaster was reportedly exacerbated by the ongoing Lebanese liquidity crisis; in which the Lebanese pound has plummeted and fuel has been in short supply. The survivors were evacuated by the Lebanese Red Cross. An investigation is underway. The fuel tanker had been confiscated by the Lebanese Armed Forces from black marketeers, the fuel was then distributed/taken by the locals. The son of the man whose land the fuel tanker was located on, was later arrested, accused of deliberately causing the explosion. Agencies (2021-08-15). "At least 20 killed and 79 injured in fuel tank explosion in Lebanon". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-08-15. "Lebanon fuel explosion kills 22 and injures dozens more". The Independent. 2021-08-15. Archived from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2021-08-15. "Lebanon: At least 20 dead and dozens injured after fuel tank explodes as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Akkar_explosion

The Straubing Tigers are a professional men's ice hockey team, based in Straubing, Germany, that competes in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. Straubing plays its home games at the Eisstadion am Pulverturm, which has a capacity of 5,800 spectators. Promoted to the DEL in 2006, and operating with one of the league's smallest budgets, the team could finish no better than twelfth before the 2011-12 DEL season, when it reached the semi-finals of the playoffs. Their greatest success so far is the qualification for the season 2020-21 of the Champions Hockey League. In 1941, the then 14-year-old Max Pielmaier and his friends Max Pellkofer and Harry Poiger founded the first hockey team in Straubing. The first official game took place on the first of February 1942 in Hof and was lost by a score of 0:1. In the following year there were several games against other Bavarian teams. The game against Landshut on 31 January. 1943 was the last game during the second World War, because the young players also had to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straubing_Tigers

Characterisation of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase from multi-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. ... Panja K, Niyogi S, Bal M. Characterisation of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase from multi-resistant clinical isolates of ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/16095

... chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; aminoglycoside 6-adenyltransferase; and tetracycline resistant gene. Moreover, a putative ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/2/14-0623

Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Characterisation. We have characterised the chloramphenicol concentrations at which ... To characterise chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, a construct containing the CAT gene, expression equipment, a fluorescent ... To this end, characterisation of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was carried out according to this protocol. ... a bacterium possessing a single highly expressed copy of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase can survive (with difficulty) at up ...

https://2008.igem.org/Team:Imperial_College/CAT

Furthermore, a resistance mechanism associated to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (1.1%; Figure 2B) could be only detected in ... Within the same watershed we also found a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (catB10) associated with Pseudomonadaceae (1.1 ... Roberts, M. C., and Schwarz, S. (2009). "Tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance mechanisms," in Antimicrobial Drug ... Aminoglycoside acetyltransferases and dihydropteroate synthase were the most common mechanisms conferring resistance to ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00852/full

Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells.. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1982; 2: 1044-1051. * ...

https://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/0896-6273

Crystal structure of E.coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase type I at 2.5 Angstrom resolution ... Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Oligo-state. homo-trimer. SMTL ID. 1pd5.2. Ligands. -. Polypeptides. Chloramphenicol ... Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Oligo-state. homo-trimer. SMTL ID. 1pd5.4. Ligands. -. Polypeptides. Chloramphenicol ... Crystal structure of E.coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase type I at 2.5 Angstrom resolution; X-RAY DIFFRACTION 2.50 Å SMTL ...

https://swissmodel.expasy.org/templates/1pd5

chloramphenicol acetyltransferase Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 - Assembly GCF_000014625.1 PA14_55170 chloramphenicol ... phosphate acetyltransferase Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 - Assembly GCF_000014625.1 PA14_53480 phosphate acetyltransferase ... acetyltransferase 177 98.9 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (Reference) PA0708 probable transcriptional regulator Pseudomonas ...

https://pseudomonas.com/rbbh/pairs?query_strain_id=107&queryStrain=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PAO1+%28Reference%29&hit_strain_id=109&hitStrain=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+UCBPP-PA14+-+Assembly+GCF_000014625.1&max=100&sort=gene.locusTag&order=asc&offset=300

108010035563 Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 2 * 238000001712 DNA sequencing Methods 0.000 ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017142999A2

Most chloramphenicol-resistant (MIC greater than 2 ug/ml) strains produce chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, an enzyme capable ... of 25 ug/ml to chloramphenicol and produced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. The MIC and MBC to moxalactam were both 0.016 ug ... She was treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol for 72 hours and then changed to chloramphenicol alone for 9 more days ... and chloramphenicol resistance, suggest the possibility that chloramphenicol resistance alone or combined with ampicillin ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000269.htm

Li, W.; Ruf, S.; Bock, R.: Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as selectable marker for plastid transformation. Plant Molecular ...

https://www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/publication-search/2073167?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons97276

Stringent regulation of stably integrated chloramphenicol acetyl transferase genes by E. coli lac repressor in monkey cells. ...

https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/thomas-m-roberts/

The albumin promoter and enhancer sequences were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene; the ability of ... The albumin promoter and enhancer sequences were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene; the ability of ... The albumin promoter and enhancer sequences were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene; the ability of ... The albumin promoter and enhancer sequences were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene; the ability of ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/functional-analyses-of-albumin-expression-in-a-series-of-hepatocy

U.S.A., 85: 6342 (1988)]. This vector contains the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene under regulatory controls ... Marcus-Sekura, C.J. et al., "Comparative inhibition of chloramphenicol actyltransferase gene expression by antisense ...

https://patents.justia.com/patent/5620963

Figure 3: Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was tittered in the assay using 100 uM of the substrate chloramphenicol. ... Histone Acetyltransferase. Histone acetylation status is regulated by two groups of enzymes exerting opposite effects, histone ... Enzos Acetyltransferase and Methyltransferase activity kits are homogeneous mix-and-read fluorescent assays for the ... The epigenetic writers are DNA methyltransferases, histone lysine methyltransferases and histone acetyltransferases. ...

https://www.enzolifesciences.com/science-center/technotes/2020/october/how-do-histone-modifications-regulate-gene-expression/

Fluoroquinolone-resistance conferring substitutions in gyrA + parC were detected in 9 (27.3 %) isolates and chloramphenicol ... CAT genes, encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferases, were detected in 8 (24.2 %) isolates, among serotypes III (p = 0.02), ... Fluoroquinolone-resistance conferring substitutions in gyrA + parC were detected in 9 (27.3 %) isolates and chloramphenicol ... Although other antibiotic classes such as fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline are not recommended for ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-021-07929-z

Using A549 cells transfected with the -546 IL-8 construct linked to a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene, we have ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=hydrogen+peroxide&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=14&RecNo=137&View=f&

... was cloned upstream from the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. When the murine melanoma cell line was ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/show_secondary.cgi?domain=NDK

Using A549 cells transfected with the -546 IL-8 construct linked to a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene, we have ...

http://www2.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asbestos%2A&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=asbestos%2A&B1=Search&terms=3&Adv=1&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP%2BDESC&D1=75&EndYear=&PageNo=6&RecNo=396&View=f&

A highly sensitive, mixed-phase assay for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in transfected cells. Nielsen, D. A., ...

https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/?ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true&showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2011&publicationYear=2013&publicationYear=2014&publicationYear=2016&publicationYear=2020&format=&nofollow=true&page=3832

The functional assay is a measure of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in HeLa cells co-transfected with the ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/40/4/556

A: U2-OS cells were transfected with a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (1T-CAT) reporter plasmid and cotransfected with ...

https://www.xenbase.org/entry/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=2262

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase 65% 4 Citations (Scopus) * β-carotene production in a novel hydrogen-producing marine ...

https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/haruko-takeyama/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&page=3

Commonly used reporters are chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), β-glucuronidase (GUS), green fluorescent protein (GFP), ...

https://www.amerigoscientific.com/reporter-vectors.html

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (substance). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (substance ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=83283007

Acetyltransferase, Chloramphenicol CAT Enzyme Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Chloramphenicol O Acetyltransferase ... Acetyltransferase, Chloramphenicol. CAT Enzyme. Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase. Chloramphenicol O Acetyltransferase. ... Chloramphenicol Transacetylase. Enzyme, CAT. O-Acetyltransferase, Chloramphenicol. Transacetylase, Chloramphenicol. Tree number ... Acetyltransferases (1973-1988). Transferases (1966-1972). Public MeSH Note:. 98(89); see CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE 1989 ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=23584

Gorman C.M., Moffat L., Howard B.H., Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells, ...

https://www.gse-journal.org/articles/gse/ref/2003/02/g350206/g350206.html

Transient transfection of promoter-chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase reporter constructs into primary human connective tissue ... Transient transfection of promoter-chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase reporter constructs into primary human connective tissue ... Transient transfection of promoter-chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase reporter constructs into primary human connective tissue ... Transient transfection of promoter-chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase reporter constructs into primary human connective tissue ...

https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/transcriptional-activity-of-the-human-tissue-inhibitor-of-metallo

By using the transient transfection of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene linked to the IL-6 promoter to ...

http://mingsheng88.org/2019/08/04/pro-inflammatory-cytokines-that-are-generated-by-disease-fighting-capability-cells-and/

Expression of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene in human cells under the control of early adenovirus subgroup C ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=search&term=D%27Halluin+X%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

the ability of the resulting expression constructs to drive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression after transfection into these hepatocyte cell lines was measured. (elsevier.com)
Transient transfection of promoter-chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase reporter constructs into primary human connective tissue fibroblasts shows that a 904 bp fragment that hybridizes to a murine TIMP-1 promoter fragment contains a functional promoter. (uea.ac.uk)
High level transient expression of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene by DEAE-dextran mediated DNA transfection coupled with a dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol shock treatment. (wikidata.org)
The mechanism(s) by which TNF-α enhances interferon γ (IFN-γ)- induced class II expression was examined in a primary cell type, the astrocyte, by transient transfection of the HLA-DRA promoter linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene (DRA-CAT). (uab.edu)

Expression of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene in human cells under the control of early adenovirus subgroup C promoters: effect of E1A gene products from other subgroups on gene expression. (nih.gov)

Using A549 cells transfected with the -546 IL-8 construct linked to a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene, we have shown that these antioxidants directly inhibited asbestos-stimulated IL-8 promoter-dependent transcription. (cdc.gov)
The functional assay is a measure of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in HeLa cells co-transfected with the expression vectors used in the binding assay and the reporter gene TRE-tk-CAT. (aspetjournals.org)
A reporter gene assay using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase demonstrated that the 5th intron of CNTFRalpha has an enhancer activity which could be induced by TR4 in a dose-dependent manner. (transhumanist.ru)
For the analysis we used a plasmid-derived RNA containing the reporter gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) flanked by the noncoding sequences of the NS RNA segment of influenza A/WSN/33 virus. (mssm.edu)
To determine the domains of the GLUT4 promoter that respond to denervation, transgenic mice expressing the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene driven by different lengths of the human GLUT4 promoter were denervated. (ecu.edu)

If a culture of cells becomes contaminated with another chloarmphenicol resistant bacterium and we lack an extra resistance marker, the upper limit at which our cells can survive in chloramphenicol may allow the removal of the contaminating strain or species. (igem.org)
Editorial Note: Resistance of H. influenzae strains to ampicillin or chloramphenicol, conventional antimicrobial therapy for systemic (bacteremic) H. influenzae disease, is of growing concern among medical practitioners. (cdc.gov)
Resistance of Hib strains to chloramphenicol has remained at a low prevalence rate of under 1% since the first report appeared in 1972 (6). (cdc.gov)
Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. (bvsalud.org)

To characterise chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, a construct containing the CAT gene, expression equipment, a fluorescent protein gene (GFP or RFP) and the 5' and 3' amyE integration sequences was assembled and integrated into B. subtilis . (igem.org)
The analysis of Caco-2 subclones stably transfected with an H-chain promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) construct revealed that the mRNA increase is paralleled by an enhanced transcription of the H gene, driven by the -100 to +4 region of the H promoter. (elsevier.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Characterisation of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase from multi-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. (who.int)
Panja K, Niyogi S, Bal M. Characterisation of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase from multi-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. (who.int)
To this end, characterisation of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was carried out according to this protocol . (igem.org)

Enzo's Acetyltransferase and Methyltransferase activity kits are homogeneous mix-and-read fluorescent assays for the determination of any acetyl-CoA dependent acetyltransferase activity or any S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) dependent methyltransferase activity, respectively. (enzolifesciences.com)

Induction of the expression of jun mRNAs was an immediate early effect of EGF stimulation, followed by a marked increase in the biosynthesis of the fos/jun transcription factor complex and an increased transcription factor activity as measured by a recombinant transcription unit using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays. (rupress.org)

Methods for calculating the exercise of β-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, luciferase, and DNA polymerase are proven. (itsadoglickbabyworld.com)

Gorman C.M., Moffat L., Howard B.H., Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells, Mol. (gse-journal.org)

CAT will be able to protect a cell from higher levels of chloramphenicol if it is present in a construct on a plasmid (particularly a high copy number plasmid). (igem.org)
The promoter activity was assayed by transfecting the 3' or 5' deletion clones of ACL- chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) plasmid into PLC/PRF5 cells. (elsevier.com)

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. (bvsalud.org)

The imipenem resistant isolates identified were subsequently tested against other carbapenems (meropenem and ertapenem) and also against rifampin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and tigecycline. (cdc.gov)

In SA140 strain the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was used as an internal standard. (pafr-inhibitor.com)

We have characterised the chloramphenicol concentrations at which chlorampehnicol acetyltransferase ( Part: BBa_J31005 ) (CAT) will protect cells, allowing them to grow and thrive. (igem.org)

Using A549 cells transfected with the -546 IL-8 construct linked to a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene, we have shown that these antioxidants directly inhibited asbestos-stimulated IL-8 promoter-dependent transcription. (cdc.gov)
The bacteriophage SP6 promoter and RNA polymerase were used to synthesize sense and antisense RNAs coding for the enzymes thymidine kinase (TK) and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). (escholarship.org)
Expression vector contains a c-terminal Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase (CAT) reporter tag that can be fused to a gene of interest to allow protein detection. (sigmaaldrich.cn)
Eventually, 26 people bodybuilders often choose in incorporate an anti-estrogen such 170 chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), beta-galactosidase, or luciferase. (lyinginponds.com)

Dexamethasone increased chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in cells expressing wild type receptor, but had no effect in cells expressing Val 641-mutant receptors, despite similar receptor concentrations, as indicated by Western blotting. (jci.org)

Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. (nih.gov)

Typically, the genes encoding corresponding antibody fragments are either subcloned en masse to a different expression vector, or the phage display vector carrying the gene of interest are converted into expression vector. (justia.com)
The role of specific prolactin gene sequences in mediating the estrogenic regulation of prolactin gene transcription was confirmed by the use of prolactin-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion genes. (elsevier.com)
In this work we describe the identification of synthetic controllable promoters that function in the bacterial pathogen shuttle plasmid upstream of a promoterless artificial operon containing the reporter genes and gene conferring chloramphenicol resistance. (southpadremaps.com)

It is also important to note that the bacterial enzyme called chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which can neutralize this antibiotic so that it is not any agreement in the safety and authenticity of this multivitamin. (atacss.co.uk)
In the case of penicillin, the drug binds and inhibits a bacterial enzyme called chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which can neutralize this antibiotic so that it was protonix 4 0mg twice a day produced using the standards outlined by the manufacturer. (11plustutor.education)
Bacterial GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases: from resistance to regulation. (jecontacte.xyz)

Except for rickettsial organisms, resistance to chloramphenicol is increasing. (apiservices.biz)

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic. (expasy.org)
Another example is resistance to an antibiotic called chloramphenicol, which shuts xenical nz buy online down ribosomes like erythromycin. (theskiffties.com)
Their analysis also uncovered large differences not only in the 1930s led to an antibiotic called chloramphenicol, which shuts down ribosomes like erythromycin. (atacss.co.uk)
Strong social ties are associated with age-related macular degeneration, the most common cause of preventable death in the 1930s led to an antibiotic called chloramphenicol, which shuts down ribosomes like erythromycin. (epichomecinema.co.uk)
In view of the spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms, however, systemic chloramphenicol is again being used to treat dangerous infections. (thefreedictionary.com)

Here, structures of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase III (CATIII) and Escherichia coli ketoacylsynthase III (FabH) from crystals grown in the presence of partially hydrolyzed AcOCoA and the respective nucleophile are presented. (nih.gov)

The presence of chloramphenicol at this site may interfere with binding of lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin) and macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) which bind at or near the same site. (apiservices.biz)

In some experiments, transgenic mice were used that carried a human promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter construct that is fully functional (895-hG4-CAT), and another relative collection transporting a similar reporter with a loss of function mutation in the LXRE, as previously defined (10). (capecodmushroom.org)

Originally isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae, chloramphenicol is now made synthetically. (apiservices.biz)

Highly purified preparations of TRP-185 are capable of activating in vitro transcription of wild-type, but not mutated, HIV LTR chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs. (elsevier.com)
The inducibility of the IL-2 enhancer in vivo and the contribution of individual transcription factors for this induction were assessed with use of reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs containing the IL-2 enhancer or oligomerized binding sites for transcription factors. (elsevier.com)

Chloramphenicol binds reversibly with the large ribosomal subunit of bacteria and eukaryotes. (apiservices.biz)

Expressing recombinant OMP G1a, 10 ml of LB broth including 34 g/ml chloramphenicol and 30 g/ml kanamycin was inoculated and expanded over night with shaking at 37C. (nu7026.com)
Another morning hours, 150 ml of Terrific broth including 34 g/ml chloramphenicol and 30 g/ml kanamycin was seeded using the. (nu7026.com)
Statistical significance was calculated with two sample (Novagen) in Terrific Broth media supplemented with kanamycin and chloramphenicol. (themodernsolution.com)

in vitro expression analyses with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase system showed that this substitution will decrease the effectiveness of transcription. (elsevier.com)

In addition, a chimeric receptor protein containing the amino-terminus and DNA-binding domains of AR fused to the previously defined ligand domain of the glucocorticoid receptor was found to be fully functional based on dexameth-asone-induced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity. (elsevier.com)

Chloramphenicol should not be given orally to ruminating animals because it is almost completely inactivated by rumen bacteria. (apiservices.biz)

Chloramphenicol replaced streptomycin in 1950 because its excellent penetration of the blood-brain barrier eliminated the need for intrathecal treatment. (medscape.com)

The ester is hydrolyzed by lipases in the small intestine prior to absorption of the chloramphenicol. (apiservices.biz)
This ester must be hydrolyzed to release active chloramphenicol. (apiservices.biz)

We found that AR is capable of inducing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity more than 20-fold using the mouse mammary tumor virus LTR as a source of androgen response elements. (elsevier.com)
A complementation assay is described that can be used with relative safety to quantitate rapidly inhibitory effects of potential anti-HIV-1 drugs on virtually any stage of the HIV-1 life cycle by measurements of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity. (elsevier.com)
Chloramphenicol inhibits the activity of the enzyme peptidyl transferase which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids as they are added to the polypeptide chain. (thefreedictionary.com)

These agents are at least as effective as the older regimen of combination therapy with ampicillin and chloramphenicol and are more effective in children who are infected with microbes that are resistant to ampicillin or chloramphenicol. (medscape.com)
In pigs fed 20 ppm of chloramphenicol for some time, sensitive coliforms were replaced by resistant ones. (apiservices.biz)

Because of the potential for development of hypersensitivity, chloramphenicol should be used in topical applications sparingly, paying special attention to protecting the person administering the drug. (apiservices.biz)

Chloramphenicol is inappropriate for use in animals intended for food because of potential health hazards to consumers. (apiservices.biz)

The structure of CATIII reveals insight into the catalytic mechanism, with one active site of the trimer having relatively clear electron density for AcOCoA and chloramphenicol and the other active sites having weaker density for AcOCoA. (nih.gov)

Free chloramphenicol is rapidly absorbed after IV and PO administration, but is slowly absorbed from IM sites. (apiservices.biz)

Chloramphenicol is a nearly perfect antibacterial with one major flaw -- the production of aplastic anemia and other blood dyscrasias in a small percentage of patients treated. (apiservices.biz)

Chloramphenicol succinate is a water soluble dose form intended for intravenous administration. (apiservices.biz)

Anatomy18

Organisms25

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes77

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Downregulation of metallothionein-IIA expression occurs at immortalization. (1/3486)

Estrogen-dependent and independent activation of the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in transiently transfected breast cancer cells. (2/3486)

JunB forms the majority of the AP-1 complex and is a target for redox regulation by receptor tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptor agonists in smooth muscle cells. (3/3486)

Esterases in serum-containing growth media counteract chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in vitro. (4/3486)

The nucleoprotein of Marburg virus is target for multiple cellular kinases. (5/3486)

Identification of an enhancer element of class Pi glutathione S-transferase gene required for expression by a co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl. (6/3486)

Transcriptional regulation of the mouse ferritin H gene. Involvement of p300/CBP adaptor proteins in FER-1 enhancer activity. (7/3486)

Anti-rheumatic compound aurothioglucose inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced HIV-1 replication in latently infected OM10.1 and Ach2 cells. (8/3486)

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

Acetyltransferases

Chloramphenicol Resistance

Histone Acetyltransferases

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Molecular Sequence Data

Acetylation

Base Sequence

Promoter Regions, Genetic

p300-CBP Transcription Factors

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

Transcription, Genetic

Plasmids

Serine O-Acetyltransferase

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E

Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Escherichia coli

Thiamphenicol

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Transfection

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Escherichia coli O157

Gene Expression Regulation

Cloning, Molecular

Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

R Factors

Histones

Restriction Mapping

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Cell Line

Mutation

RNA, Messenger

Transcription Factors

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Ampicillin

Tetracycline

Genes

DNA-Binding Proteins

CREB-Binding Protein

Nuclear Proteins

Genes, Bacterial

Bacterial Proteins

Binding Sites

Genes, Regulator

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Transcriptional Activation

DNA, Bacterial

Genes, Reporter

O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase

Extrachromosomal Inheritance

E1A-Associated p300 Protein

Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic

Kinetics

Spermine

N-Terminal Acetyltransferases

DNA

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase B

HeLa Cells

Streptomycin

Typhoid Fever

Coenzyme A

Enzyme Induction

Polyamines

Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins

Puromycin

Trans-Activators

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Protein Binding

Protein Biosynthesis

Lysine

Cholinergic Fibers

Conjugation, Genetic

Recombinant Proteins

Spermidine