Chloramphenicol o acetyltransferase. Medical search

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-SERINE to COENZYME A and O-acetyl-L-serine, using ACETYL-COA as a donor.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa10p catalytic subunit and the Naa15p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between lower and higher eukaryotes. It has specificity for N-terminal SERINE; ALANINE; THREONINE; GLYCINE; VALINE; and CYSTINE residues and acts on nascent peptide chains after the removal of the initiator METHIONINE by METHIONYL AMINOPEPTIDASES.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa50p catalytic subunit, and the Naa10p and Naa15p auxiliary subunits. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is hydrophobic.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A methylsulfonyl analog of CHLORAMPHENICOL. It is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN. Mutations in CREB-binding protein are associated with RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from O(6)-methylguanine, and other methylated moieties of DNA, to a cysteine residue in itself, thus repairing alkylated DNA in a single-step reaction. EC 2.1.1.63.

Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS, or from PLASMIDS or viral episomal DNA.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from ACETYL COENZYME A, to the N-terminus of a peptide chain.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa20p catalytic subunit and the Naa25p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between YEASTS and HUMAN. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either ASPARTATE; GLUTAMATE; ASPARAGINE; OR GLUTAMINE.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.

An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE into small SECRETORY VESICLES. Proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic acetylcholine.

A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.

An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.99.8.

A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.

Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of ACETYL COA. Some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-I have referred to this activity or to the activity of ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

A group of 6-alkyl SALICYLIC ACIDS that are found in ANACARDIUM and known for causing CONTACT DERMATITIS.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

An enzyme that catalyses the reaction of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate with ACETYL-COA to form N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.

A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are TATAAAA.

A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.

A mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of L-GLUTAMATE to N-acetyl-L-glutamate in the presence of ACETYL-COA.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA that causes mild PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMINOGLYCOSIDES) by regiospecific PHOSPHORYLATION of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl.

A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)

A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.

An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the GC box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. The binding of Sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral GENES.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

DNA elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination system that enables them to capture mobile gene cassettes.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to form spermidine.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS, and marked by prominent inflammation of the MENINGES. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

Downregulation of metallothionein-IIA expression occurs at immortalization. (1/3486)

Metallothioneins (MTs) may modulate a variety of cellular processes by regulating the activity of zinc-binding proteins. These proteins have been implicated in cell growth regulation, and their expression is abnormal in some tumors. In particular, MT-IIA is expressed 27-fold less in human colorectal tumors and tumor cell lines compared with normal tissue (Zhang et al., 1997). Here we demonstrate that MT-IIA downregulation occurs when human cells become immortal, a key event in tumorigenesis. After immortalization MT-IIA expression remains inducible but the basal activity of the MT-IIA promoter is decreased. MT-IIA downregulation at immortalization is one of the most common immortalization-related changes identified to date, suggesting that MT-IIA has a role in this process. (+info)

Estrogen-dependent and independent activation of the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in transiently transfected breast cancer cells. (2/3486)

Loss of p53 function by mutational inactivation is the most common marker of the cancerous phenotype. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated 17 beta estradiol (E2) induction of p53 protein expression in breast cancer cells. Although direct effects of E2 on the expression of p53 gene are not known, the steroid is a potent regulator of c-Myc transcription. In the present studies, we have examined the ability of E2 and antiestrogens to regulate the P1 promoter of the p53 gene which contains a c-Myc responsive element. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive T47D and MCF-7 cells were transiently transfected with the P1CAT reporter plasmid and levels of CAT activity in response to serum, E2 and antiestrogens were monitored. Factors in serum were noted to be the dominant inducers of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression in MCF-7 cells. The levels of CAT were drastically reduced when cells were maintained in serum free medium (SFM). However, a subtle ER-mediated induction of CAT expression was detectable when MCF-7 cells, cultured in SFM, were treated with E2. In serum-stimulated T47D cells, the CAT expression was minimal. The full ER antagonist, ICI 182 780 (ICI) had no effect. Treatment with E2 or 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (OHT) resulted in P1CAT induction; OHT was more effective than E2. Consistent with c-Myc regulation of the P1 promoter, E2 stimulated endogenous c-Myc in both cell lines. Two forms of c-Myc were expressed independent of E2 stimuli. The expression of a third more rapidly migrating form was E2-dependent and ER-mediated since it was blocked by the full ER antagonist, ICI, but not by the ER agonist/antagonist OHT. These data demonstrate both ER-mediated and ER-independent regulation of c-Myc and the P1 promoter of the p53 gene, and show differential effects of the two classes of antiestrogens in their ability to induce the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in breast cancer cells. (+info)

JunB forms the majority of the AP-1 complex and is a target for redox regulation by receptor tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptor agonists in smooth muscle cells. (3/3486)

To understand the role of redox-sensitive mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth, we have studied the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a thiol antioxidant, and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a potent NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on serum-, platelet-derived growth factor BB-, and thrombin-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation; c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression; and DNA synthesis. Both NAC and DPI completely inhibited agonist-induced AP-1 activity and DNA synthesis in VSMC. On the contrary, these compounds had differential effects on agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression. NAC inhibited agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression except for platelet-derived growth factor BB-induced ERK2 activation. In contrast, DPI only inhibited agonist-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos and JunB expression. Antibody supershift assays indicated the presence of c-Fos and JunB in the AP-1 complex formed in response to all three agonists. In addition, cotransfection of VSMC with expression plasmids for c-Fos and members of the Jun family along with the AP-1-dependent reporter gene revealed that AP-1 with c-Fos and JunB composition exhibited a higher transactivating activity than AP-1 with other compositions tested. All three agonists significantly stimulated reactive oxygen species production, and this effect was inhibited by both NAC and DPI. Together, these results strongly suggest a role for redox-sensitive mechanisms in agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation; c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression; AP-1 activity; and DNA synthesis in VSMC. These results also suggest a role for NADH/NADPH oxidase activity in some subset of early signaling events such as p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos and JunB induction, which appear to be important in agonist-induced AP-1 activity and DNA synthesis in VSMC. (+info)

Esterases in serum-containing growth media counteract chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in vitro. (4/3486)

The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi was unexpectedly found to be as susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol, the product of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, as it was to chloramphenicol itself. The susceptibilities of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, as well as that of B. burgdorferi, to diacetyl chloramphenicol were then assayed in different media. All three species were susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol when growth media were supplemented with rabbit serum or, to a lesser extent, human serum. Susceptibility of E. coli and B. subtilis to diacetyl chloramphenicol was not observed in the absence of serum, when horse serum was used, or when the rabbit or human serum was heated first. In the presence of 10% rabbit serum, a strain of E. coli bearing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene had a fourfold-lower resistance to chloramphenicol than in the absence of serum. A plate bioassay for chloramphenicol activity showed the conversion by rabbit, mouse, and human sera but not bacterial cell extracts or heated serum of diacetyl chloramphenicol to an inhibitory compound. Deacetylation of acetyl chloramphenicol by serum components was demonstrated by using fluorescent substrates and thin-layer chromatography. These studies indicate that esterases of serum can convert diacetyl chloramphenicol back to an active antibiotic, and thus, in vitro findings may not accurately reflect the level of chloramphenicol resistance by cat-bearing bacteria in vivo. (+info)

The nucleoprotein of Marburg virus is target for multiple cellular kinases. (5/3486)

The nucleoprotein (NP) of Marburg virus is phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues in a ratio of 85:15, regardless of whether the protein is isolated from virions or from eukaryotic expression systems. Phosphotyrosine is absent. Although many potential phosphorylation sites are located in the N-terminal half of NP, this part of the protein is not phosphorylated. Analyses of phosphorylation state and phosphoamino acid content of truncated NPs expressed in HeLa cells using the vaccinia virus T7 expression system led to the identification of seven phosphorylated regions (region I*, amino acids 404-432; II*, amino acids 446-472; III*, amino acids 484-511; IV*, amino acids 534-543; V*, amino acid 549; VI*, amino acids 599-604; and VII*, amino acid 619) with a minimum of seven phosphorylated amino acid residues located in the C-terminal half of NP. All phosphothreonine residues and consensus recognition sequences for protein kinase CKII are located in regions I*-V*. Regions VI* and VII* contain only phosphoserine with three of four serine residues in consensus recognition motifs for proline-directed protein kinases. Mutagenesis of proline-adjacent serine residues to alanine or aspartic acid did not influence the function of NP in a reconstituted transcription/replication system; thus it is concluded that serine phosphorylation in the most C-terminal part of NP is not a regulatory factor in viral RNA synthesis. (+info)

Identification of an enhancer element of class Pi glutathione S-transferase gene required for expression by a co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl. (6/3486)

3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PenCB), one of the most toxic co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, specifically induces class Pi glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as well as cytochrome P-450 1A1 in primary cultured rat liver parenchymal cells [Aoki, Matsumoto and Suzuki (1993) FEBS Lett. 333, 114-118]. However, the 5'-flanking sequence of the GSTP1 gene does not contain a xenobiotic responsive element, to which arylhydrocarbon receptor binds. Using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay we demonstrate here that the enhancer termed GSTP1 enhancer I (GPEI) is necessary for the stimulation by PenCB of GSTP1 gene expression in primary cultured rat liver parenchymal cells. GPEI is already known to contain a dyad of PMA responsive element-like elements oriented palindromically. It is suggested that a novel signal transduction pathway activated by PenCB contributes to the stimulation of GSTP1 expression. (+info)

Transcriptional regulation of the mouse ferritin H gene. Involvement of p300/CBP adaptor proteins in FER-1 enhancer activity. (7/3486)

We previously identified a major enhancer of the mouse ferritin H gene (FER-1) that is central to repression of the ferritin H gene by the adenovirus E1A oncogene (Tsuji, Y., Akebi, N., Lam, T. K., Nakabeppu, Y., Torti, S. V., and Torti, F. M. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5152-5164). To dissect the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of ferritin H, E1A mutants were tested for their ability to repress FER-1 enhancer activity using cotransfection with ferritin H-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter constructs. Here we report that p300/CBP transcriptional adaptor proteins are involved in the regulation of ferritin H transcription through the FER-1 enhancer element. Thus, E1A mutants that failed to bind p300/CBP lost the ability to repress FER-1, whereas mutants of E1A that abrogated its interaction with Rb, p107, or p130 were fully functional in transcriptional repression. Transfection with E1A did not affect endogenous p300/CBP levels, suggesting that repression of FER-1 by E1A is not due to repression of p300/CBP synthesis, but to E1A and p300/CBP interaction. In addition, we have demonstrated that transfection of a p300 expression plasmid significantly activated ferritin H-CAT containing the FER-1 enhancer, but had a marginal effect on ferritin H-CAT with FER-1 deleted. Furthermore, both wild-type p300 and a p300 mutant that failed to bind E1A but retained an adaptor function restored FER-1 enhancer activity repressed by E1A. Sodium butyrate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, mimicked p300/CBP function in activation of ferritin H-CAT and elevation of endogenous ferritin H mRNA, suggesting that the histone acetyltransferase activity of p300/CBP or its associated proteins may contribute to the activation of ferritin H transcription. Recruitment of these broadly active transcriptional adaptor proteins for ferritin H synthesis may represent an important mechanism by which changes in iron metabolism are coordinated with other cellular responses mediated by p300/CBP. (+info)

Anti-rheumatic compound aurothioglucose inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced HIV-1 replication in latently infected OM10.1 and Ach2 cells. (8/3486)

NF-kappaB is a potent cellular activator of HIV-1 gene expression. Down-regulation of NF-kappaB activation is known to inhibit HIV replication from the latently infected cells. Gold compounds have been effectively used for many decades in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We previously reported that gold compounds, especially aurothioglucose (AuTG) containing monovalent gold ion, inhibited the DNA-binding of NF-kappaB in vitro. In this report we have examined the efficacy of the gold compound AuTG as an inhibitor of HIV replication in latently infected OM10.1 and Ach2 cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced HIV-1 replication in OM10.1 or Ach2 cells was significantly inhibited by non-cytotoxic doses of AuTG (>10 microM in OM10.1 cells and >25 F.M in Ach2 cells), while 25 microM of the counter-anion thioglucose (TG) or gold compound containing divalent gold ion, HAuCl3, had no effect. The effect of AuTG on NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression was confirmed by a transient CAT assay. Specific staining as well as electron microscopic examinations revealed the accumulation of metal gold in the cells, supporting our previous hypothesis that gold ions could block NF-kappaB-DNA binding by a redox mechanism. These observations indicate that the monovalent gold compound AuTG is a potentially useful drug for the treatment of patients infected with HIV. (+info)

An example of a selectable-marker which is also a reporter in bacteria is the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, ... Smale, S. T. (2010-05-01). "Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay". Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2010 (5): pdb.prot5422. doi ... the transfected population of bacteria can be grown on a substrate that contains chloramphenicol. Only those cells that have ... which confers resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol. Many methods of transfection and transformation - two ways of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter_gene

Murray, I. A.; Gil, J. A.; Hopwood, D. A.; Shaw, W. V. (1989). "Nucleotide sequence of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ... Gil, J. A.; Kieser, H. M.; Hopwood, D. A. (1985). "Cloning of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of Streptomyces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_acrimycini

The topology of this trimer active site is identical to that of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Eight of these trimers are ... acetyl-CoA S-acetyltransferase, lipoate acetyltransferase, lipoate transacetylase, lipoic acetyltransferase, lipoic acid ... lysine S-acetyltransferase. dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, dihydrolipoate acetyltransferase, dihydrolipoic ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine S-acetyltransferase. Other names in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase

Other competing systems are based on e.g. luciferase, GFP, beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUS_reporter_system

... where the plasmid is transferred into cells expressing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase with a premature amber codon. In the ... presence of toxic chloramphenicol and the non-natural amino acid, the surviving cells will have overridden the amber codon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code

... may refer to: Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase, an enzyme CAT III, a measurement category of live electrical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_III

In addition to it, a rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil

... cortisol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.28: chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.29: glycine C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3. ... D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.35: glutamate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.36: D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC ... amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.2: imidazole N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3: glucosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.4 ... arylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6: choline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.7: carnitine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.8: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)

Earlier versions of this assay were based on the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, but the version of the assay ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host-cell_reactivation

... may refer to: Instrument landing system#ILS categories Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase I, an enzyme Carnitine O- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_I

... an atmospheric Cherenkov imaging telescope Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, an enzyme and antibiotic resistance gene Combat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_(disambiguation)

... acetyltransferase Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase Serotonin N-acetyltransferase NatA Acetyltransferase NatB acetyltransferase ... Examples include: Histone acetyltransferases including CBP histone acetyltransferase Choline ... Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group. ... Acyltransferase Acetylation Acetyltransferases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyltransferase

... and elaboration of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. It is easy to select for reduced membrane permeability to chloramphenicol ... Oily chloramphenicol (or chloramphenicol oil suspension) is a long-acting preparation of chloramphenicol first introduced by ... Chloramphenicol increases the absorption of iron. Chloramphenicol is metabolized by the liver to chloramphenicol glucuronate ( ... this gene codes for an enzyme called chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which inactivates chloramphenicol by covalently linking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol

... (or CAT) is a bacterial enzyme (EC 2.3.1.28) that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol ... Leslie AG (1990). "Refined crystal structure of type III chloramphenicol acetyltransferase at 1.75 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol ... Gorman, CM; Moffat LF; Howard BH (1982). "Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian ... This enzyme covalently attaches an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol, which prevents chloramphenicol from binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase

Acetyltransferase. References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g h i Lee KK, Workman JL (April 2007). "Histone acetyltransferase complexes ... Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase *Serotonin N-acetyl transferase. *HGSNAT. *ARD1A. *Histone ... Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring ... Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs)[edit]. HATs can be grouped into several different families based on sequence homology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetyltransferase

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase *Serotonin N-acetyl transferase. *HGSNAT. *ARD1A. *Histone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHB

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase *Serotonin N-acetyl transferase. *HGSNAT. *ARD1A. *Histone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_synthase

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase *Serotonin N-acetyl transferase. *HGSNAT. *ARD1A. *Histone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride_acyltransferase

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase *Serotonin N-acetyl transferase. *HGSNAT. *ARD1A. *Histone ... acyl-carrier-protein S-acetyltransferase activity]. • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds. • [acyl-carrier-protein S- ... malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT), and dehydrase (DH)), are separated by a core region of 600 residues from four C-terminal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase

chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity. • type I interferon receptor binding. المكونات الخلوية. • خارج خلوي. • منطقة خارج ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNB1

... chloramphenicol o-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.180 - choline o-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.310 - ... acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.105 - amino-acid n-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.150 - ... phosphate acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.850 - serine O-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.170 - acyl-carrier ... acetyltransferases MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.029 - acyl-carrier protein s-acetyltransferase MeSH D08.811.913.050.134.060 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

The antibiotics chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and tetracycline have been known to inactivate aminoglycosides in general by ... Variations of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) and aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (AAD) also confer resistance: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikacin

Mittal R, Peak-Chew SY, Sade RS, Vallis Y, McMahon HT (June 2010). "The acetyltransferase activity of the bacterial toxin YopJ ... and early in the event picked up a gene that made it resistant to the antibiotic chloramphenicol. This created the need to use ... Typhimurium works to inhibit the innate immune system by virtue of its serine/threonine acetyltransferase activity, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

Resistance to puromycin is conferred by the pac gene encoding a puromycin N-acetyl-transferase (PAC) that was found in a ... Puromycin resistance in yeast can also be conferred through expression of the puromycin N-acetyl-transferase (pac) gene.[8] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (or CAT) is a bacterial enzyme (EC 2.3.1.28) that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol ... Leslie AG (1990). "Refined crystal structure of type III chloramphenicol acetyltransferase at 1.75 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol ... Gorman, CM; Moffat LF; Howard BH (1982). "Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian ... This enzyme covalently attaches an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol, which prevents chloramphenicol from binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/P62577

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Science: enzyme) a bacterial enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic chloramphenicol by ... Retrieved from "https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/index.php?title=Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase&oldid=16205" ...

https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase

Gene replacement in Toxoplasma gondii with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as selectable marker. By K Kim, D Soldati, JC ... Gene replacement in Toxoplasma gondii with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as selectable marker. By K Kim, D Soldati, JC ... Introduction of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fused to Toxoplasma flanking sequences followed by ... Gene replacement in Toxoplasma gondii with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as selectable marker Message Subject. (Your Name) ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/262/5135/911?ijkey=d2fea9df2396a93d23885b7519afa17bc200aff3&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... chloramphenicol acetyl transferase explanation free. What is chloramphenicol acetyl transferase? Meaning of chloramphenicol ... Looking for online definition of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase in the Medical Dictionary? ... Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase , definition of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase by Medical dictionary https://medical- ... a href=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chloramphenicol+acetyl+transferase,chloramphenicol acetyl transferase ...

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chloramphenicol+acetyl+transferase

Replacement of catalytic histidine-195 of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase: evidence for a general base role for glutamate. ... Description: CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE protein , Length: 213 No structure alignment results are available for 1CIA.A ... REPLACEMENT OF CATALYTIC HISTIDINE-195 OF CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE: EVIDENCE FOR A GENERAL BASE ROLE FOR GLUTAMATE. ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/structureCluster.do?structureId=1CIA

A HPLC-Based Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay for Assessing Hair Growth: Comparison of the Sensitivity of UV and ...

https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/13340

Resistance to fusidic acid in Escherichia coli mediated by the type I variant of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. ... The other naturally-occurring enterobacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants (types II and III) do not cause ... Determinations of antibiotic resistance levels and estimates of intracellular chloramphenicol acetyltransferase concentrations ... an enzyme which is an effector of chloramphenicol resistance. Resistance to chloramphenicol is a consequence of acetylation of ...

https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/35120

... that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol and is responsible for chloramphenicol resis ... Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (or CAT) is a bacterial enzyme (EC 2.3.1.28) ... Acetyl-CoA:chloramphenicol 3-O-acetyltransferase; CAT; 9040-07-7; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; chloramphenicol acetylase ... Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (or CAT) is a bacterial enzyme (EC 2.3.1.28) that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol ...

https://www.creative-enzymes.com/product/Native-Escherichia-Coli-Chloramphenicol-Acetyltransferase_1097.html

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase may also serve as a useful secondary selection marker for genetic analyses in β-lactamase- ... which carries a β-lactamase and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene fused to a green fluorescence protein gene, ... transformants were obtained by selection with either ampicillin or chloramphenicol. Stable chloramphenicol-resistant, but ... Chloramphenicol resistance may be used as a selection marker for genetic experiments in Chlamydia. This eliminates the ...

https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-6-377

... which lack chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, gave rise to chloramphenicol-sensitive (Cmls) variants spontaneously at ... In crosses between marked Cml r and Cml s S. coelicolor strains, transfer of chloramphenicol resistance into the sensitive ... It is suggested that chloramphenicol resistance in S. coelicolor a3(2) is affected by some kind of transposable genetic element ... had no effect on chloramphenicol sensitivity or on the frequency at which Cmls variants arose. Cmls isolates spontaneously ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-98-2-453

Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase. Cells were harvested 48 to 72 hours post-transfection and resuspended in 0.25 mol/L Tris, pH ... Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982;2:1044-1051. ... Ac Chl indicates acetylated chloramphenicol products; Chl, chloramphenicol substrate. Panel B summarizes results from four ... chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) was markedly inhibited by interleukin-1. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/30/2/230

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as selectable marker for plastid transformation ... chloramphenicol,br/,cat,br/,reading frame reveals,br/,high-level expression,br/,chloroplast transformation,br/,targeted ... Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as selectable marker for plastid transformation Li, W., Ruf, S., & Bock, R. (2011). ... Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as selectable marker for plastid transformation. Plant Molecular Biology, 76(3-5), 443-451. ...

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_1814827

Transcriptional Activation and Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (CAT) Reporter Gene Assays.. To perform transactivation assays ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/97/20/10769?ijkey=7edb34cec6af83d061ceec02df866fdd30af7f7f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Cell Culture, Transient Transfections, and Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (CAT) Assays.. The C33a cervical carcinoma cell ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/96/12/6683?ijkey=e4bbac2ca0c30520cd3f6bb0bb35d8c53a4da003&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Luciferase and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays. All plasmids were purified by double banding over cesium ... chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; NF-AT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; TdT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. ...

https://www.jimmunol.org/content/160/6/2794?ijkey=509dbc88315289f1256ab4b7b6ec26b2db888baa&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Transfection of macrophages and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays. Recently isolated and adherent macrophages were ... chloramphenicol were obtained from Amersham (Bucks, U.K.). IFN-α/β and IFN-γ were also from Boehringer. Serum and media were ... chloramphenicol according to the TLC method (22). As an internal standard to assess the purity of the plasmid preparations, ...

https://www.jimmunol.org/content/160/6/2889

Targeting of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase to mitochondria in transgenic plants. In: Nature. 1987 ; Vol. 328, No ... Targeting of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase to mitochondria in transgenic plants. Nature. 1987 Jul 23;328(6128): ... Targeting of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase to mitochondria in transgenic plants. / Boutry, Marc; Nagy, Ferenc; ... Targeting of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase to mitochondria in transgenic plants. Marc Boutry, Ferenc Nagy, ...

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/targeting-of-bacterial-chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase-to-mitoc

BODIPY Substrates for Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), an enzyme that is encoded by ... Our original FAST CAT Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay Kit (F2900) and improved FAST CAT (deoxy) Chloramphenicol ... Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay Kit (F6616). CAT-mediated acetylation of this substrate and of the BODIPY TMR 1- ... Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay Kit (F6617) results in single fluorescent products because these substrates contain ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/za/en/home/references/molecular-probes-the-handbook/fluorophores-and-their-amine-reactive-derivatives/bodipy-dye-series.html

Engineering promiscuity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase for microbial designer ester biosynthesis. Hyeongmin Seo, Jong-Won ...

https://www.journals.elsevier.com/metabolic-engineering/open-access-articles

... chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; aminoglycoside 6-adenyltransferase; and tetracycline resistant gene. Moreover, a putative ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/2/14-0623_article

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Enzymology and molecular biology. CRC Crit Rev Biochem. 1983; 14: 1-46.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... In vivo antagonism between gentamicin and chloramphenicol in neutropenic mice. J Infect Dis. 1973; 128: 247-250.PubMedGoogle ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4852-1_5

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)-ELISA assay. 293T and HeLa cells were transfected with 0.1 μg of CAT reporter gene ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/1742-4690-8-17

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (IPR001707) Pfam signature: PF00302 Thymidylate synthase/dCMP hydroxymethylase domain ( ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/member-database/Pfam

Plasmid construction. Generation of a -772COL1A2/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (-772COL1A2/CAT) construct consisting of a ... Butylated chloramphenicol was extracted using an organic solvent (a 2:1 mixture of tetramethylpentadecane and xylene) and ... each extract normalized for protein content was incubated with butyl-CoA and 14C-chloramphenicol for 90 minutes at 37°C. ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/16269

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / genetics * Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / metabolism * Cloning, Molecular * Gene ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1314586/?dopt=Abstract

Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase. DMEM:. Dulbeccos modified essential medium. BPE:. Bovine pituitary extract. TRP-1:. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcb/2009/750482/

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay. CV1 cells were transfected with 5 μg of each MBP promoter-CAT plasmid and 5 μg of ... These deletions were subcloned into pUC00 chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) (Uchiumi et al., 1992). Deletions used in ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/4/1393?ijkey=bf6c60f627f82ec9bb861ad299f9b0083add07d1&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; dhfr1, dihydrofolate reductase type 1; folA, dihydrofolate reductase; fosA, fosfomycin ... aac3, aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase; aac3-IIa, aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase AAC(3)-IIa; aac6′-lb-cr, AAC(6′)-Ib-cr ... family aminoglycoside N(6′)-acetyltransferase; aac6′-Ib, AAC(6′)-Ib family aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase; act-7, ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1182-t1

... chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)] to establish the parameters which define the limits of adenovirus gene expression in a ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7584105?dopt=Abstract

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (or CAT) is a bacterial enzyme (EC 2.3.1.28) that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol and is responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Plasmid-encoded fusidic acid resistance in Escherichia coli is mediated by a common variant of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.28), an enzyme which is an effector of chloramphenicol resistance. (le.ac.uk)

Using such a method, transient expression (β-glucuronidase and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) and stable expression (phosphinotricin acetyltransferase) of exogenous genes are obtained in intact black Mexican sweet maize cells. (springer.com)

The enzyme has been used in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay to optimize the transfection of plasmid DNA into primary cultures of adult mouse keratinocytes. (creative-enzymes.com)

This enzyme is an effector of chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. (rcsb.org)

This enzyme covalently attaches an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol, which prevents chloramphenicol from binding to ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
One unit will convert 1.0 nanomole of chloramphenicol and acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol 3-acetate and CoA per min at pH 7.8 at 25°C. (creative-enzymes.com)

The crystal structure of the type III enzyme from Escherichia coli with chloramphenicol bound has been determined. (wikipedia.org)
enzyme ) a bacterial enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic chloramphenicol by acetylation . (biology-online.org)
The researchers, led by Corrado Spadafora of the Institute of Biomedical Technology in Rome, incubated mouse sperm with DNA carrying a gene for a bacterial enzyme called chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). (thefreedictionary.com)
Resistance to chloramphenicol is a consequence of acetylation of the antibiotic catalysed by the enzyme and the failure of the 3-acetoxy product to bind to bacterial ribosomes. (le.ac.uk)
Steady-state kinetic studies with the type I enzyme have shown that the binding of fusidic acid is competitive with respect to chloramphenicol. (le.ac.uk)
The inhibition of in vitro polypeptide chain elongation which is observed in the presence of fusidic acid is relieved by addition of purified chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and equilibrium dialysis experiments with tritiated fusidate have defined the stoichiometry and apparent affinity of fusidate for the type I enzyme. (le.ac.uk)
Determinations of antibiotic resistance levels and estimates of intracellular chloramphenicol acetyltransferase concentrations support the data from in vitro experiments to give a coherent mechanism for fusidic acid resistance based on reversible binding of the antibiotic to the enzyme. (le.ac.uk)

Leicester Research Archive: Resistance to fusidic acid in Escherichia coli mediated by the type I variant of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. (le.ac.uk)
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli has been used in a study to assess the construction of a novel expression system in Klebsiella pneumoniae and its application for 1,3-propanediol production. (creative-enzymes.com)
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli has also been used in a study to investigate site-directed mutagenesis and promoter functional analysis of the RM07 DNA fragment from Halobacterium halobium. (creative-enzymes.com)
Hydrolysis of chloramphenicol has been recognized in cell extracts of Escherichia coli expressing a chloramphenicol acetate esterase gene, estDL136 . (asm.org)

Introduction of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fused to Toxoplasma flanking sequences followed by chloramphenicol selection resulted in parasites stably expressing CAT. (sciencemag.org)
After transformation of plasmid-free Chlamydia trachomatis with pGFP:SW2, which carries a β-lactamase and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene fused to a green fluorescence protein gene, transformants were obtained by selection with either ampicillin or chloramphenicol. (biomedcentral.com)

In contrast, transcription initiated from a construct that consisted of 4.1 kilobases of renin 5′ flanking sequence fused to a reporter gene (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) was markedly inhibited by interleukin-1. (ahajournals.org)
Our objective in this study was to use a single recombinant adenovirus bearing a quantifiable reporter gene [chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)] to establish the parameters which define the limits of adenovirus gene expression in a rat model. (nih.gov)

An example of a selectable-marker which is also a reporter in bacteria is the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, which confers resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of selectable-marker reporters such as CAT, the transfected population of bacteria can be grown on a substrate that contains chloramphenicol. (wikipedia.org)

Resistance is acheived using the protein chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The fertility type of S. coelicolor in respect of the scP1 plasmid (SCP1 + , SCP1 − or NF) had no effect on chloramphenicol sensitivity or on the frequency at which Cml s variants arose. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Hepa-1 cells stably transformed with hARE-tk-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) recombinant plasmid were used to demonstrate that, in addition to beta-naphthoflavone, a variety of antioxidants, tumor promoters and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also increased expression of hARE-mediated CAT gene. (nih.gov)

Cell extracts were subsequently assayed for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity ( 5 ). (sciencemag.org)

The loxP-cm-loxP cassette is designed to allow chloramphenicol selection in prokaryotic cells. (bio-medicine.org)

We have constructed a chimaeric gene comprising a putative atp2-1 presequence fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence and introduced it into the tobacco genome. (ed.ac.uk)

Stable chloramphenicol-resistant, but ampicillin-sensitive, transformants were obtained using a pGFP:SW2 derivative without the β-lactamase. (biomedcentral.com)

To establish a sandwich ELISA method for detection of reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ( CAT ) gene . (bvsalud.org)

The other naturally-occurring enterobacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants (types II and III) do not cause fusidic acid resistance. (le.ac.uk)

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase may also serve as a useful secondary selection marker for genetic analyses in β-lactamase-transformed chlamydial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
In crosses between marked Cml r and Cml s S. coelicolor strains, transfer of chloramphenicol resistance into the sensitive strain apparently occurred independently of chromosomal recombination. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by plate dilution and for the presence of an internal fragment of the cat gene encoding for chloramphenicol o-acetyl-transferase, by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis. (scielo.cl)

A system for stable transformation of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites was developed that exploited the susceptibility of Toxoplasma to chloramphenicol. (sciencemag.org)

Transient expression experiments using a construct containing the proximal 348 basepairs of the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase promoter fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene (-348Rcat) showed a significant reduction of transcriptional activity (-64%) with insulin, indicating that a sequence important for an insulin-induced transcriptional response is located within the first 348 basepairs, preceding the transcription start of the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase promoter. (tudelft.nl)
The prokaryotic promoter gb2 driving the gene for chloramphenicol resistance is a slightly modified version of the Em7 promoter. (bio-medicine.org)

When estDL136 was expressed in E. coli , EstDL136 conferred resistance to both chloramphenicol and florfenicol on E. coli , due to their inactivation. (asm.org)
In addition, E. coli carrying estDL136 deactivated florfenicol faster than it deactivated chloramphenicol, suggesting that EstDL136 hydrolyzes florfenicol more efficiently than it hydrolyzes chloramphenicol. (asm.org)
Whether the gene cluster with estDL136 in E. coli is involved in further chloramphenicol degradation was not clear in this study. (asm.org)

For this part of the project we will have one main BioBrick, which will be the construct required for the two-step markerless insertion, encompassing cat (chloramphenicol resistance) and sacB (prevents growth on sucrose). (igem.org)

Cell-free coupled transcription and translation studies are in agreement with genetic studies which indicated that the entire structural gene for the type I chloramphenicol acetyltransferase is necessary for the fusidic acid resistance phenotype. (le.ac.uk)

CAT activity is determined by looking for the acetylated forms of chloramphenicol, which have a significantly increased migration rate as compared to the unacetylated form. (wikipedia.org)
Alkaline phosphatase activity and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity were assayed as previously described ( 13 , 23 ). (asm.org)

A synthetic polyadenylation signal terminates the chloramphenicol expression. (bio-medicine.org)
Cloning and expression of a fused gene encoding TNFRI death domain and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. (ugent.be)

While acetyltransferases for chloramphenicol resistance and drug exporters for chloramphenicol or florfenicol resistance are often detected in numerous microbes, this is the first report of enzymatic hydrolysis of florfenicol resulting in inactivation of the antibiotic. (asm.org)

Chloramphenicol resistance may be used as a selection marker for genetic experiments in Chlamydia . (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we report the identification of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene as a useful selection marker. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms4

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes11

Information Science5

Geographicals2

Downregulation of metallothionein-IIA expression occurs at immortalization. (1/3486)

Estrogen-dependent and independent activation of the P1 promoter of the p53 gene in transiently transfected breast cancer cells. (2/3486)

JunB forms the majority of the AP-1 complex and is a target for redox regulation by receptor tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptor agonists in smooth muscle cells. (3/3486)

Esterases in serum-containing growth media counteract chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in vitro. (4/3486)

The nucleoprotein of Marburg virus is target for multiple cellular kinases. (5/3486)

Identification of an enhancer element of class Pi glutathione S-transferase gene required for expression by a co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl. (6/3486)

Transcriptional regulation of the mouse ferritin H gene. Involvement of p300/CBP adaptor proteins in FER-1 enhancer activity. (7/3486)

Anti-rheumatic compound aurothioglucose inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced HIV-1 replication in latently infected OM10.1 and Ach2 cells. (8/3486)

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

Acetyltransferases

Chloramphenicol Resistance

Histone Acetyltransferases

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Molecular Sequence Data

Acetylation

Base Sequence

Promoter Regions, Genetic

p300-CBP Transcription Factors

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

Transcription, Genetic

Plasmids

Serine O-Acetyltransferase

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E

Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Escherichia coli

Thiamphenicol

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Transfection

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Escherichia coli O157

Gene Expression Regulation

Cloning, Molecular

Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

R Factors

Histones

Restriction Mapping

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Cell Line

Mutation

RNA, Messenger

Transcription Factors

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Ampicillin

Tetracycline

Genes

DNA-Binding Proteins

CREB-Binding Protein

Nuclear Proteins

Genes, Bacterial

Bacterial Proteins

Binding Sites

Genes, Regulator

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Transcriptional Activation

DNA, Bacterial

Genes, Reporter

O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase

Extrachromosomal Inheritance

E1A-Associated p300 Protein

Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic

Kinetics

Spermine

N-Terminal Acetyltransferases

DNA

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase B

HeLa Cells

Streptomycin

Typhoid Fever

Coenzyme A

Enzyme Induction

Polyamines

Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins

Puromycin

Trans-Activators

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Protein Binding

Protein Biosynthesis

Lysine

Cholinergic Fibers

Conjugation, Genetic

Recombinant Proteins

Spermidine