A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.
A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.
An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.
Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.
The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).
Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.
An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.
A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.
Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.
Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.
A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)
The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.
The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

The actions of ether, alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations. (1/124)

The actions of 13 general anaesthetics (diethyl ether, enflurane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane, chloral hydrate, trifluoroethanol, tribromoethanol, tert-butanol, chloretone, brometone, trichloroethylene, and alpha-chloralose) were studied on agonist-activated Cl(-) currents at human GABA(A) alpha(2)beta(1), glycine alpha(1), and GABA(C) rho(1) receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. All 13 anaesthetics enhanced responses to submaximal (EC(20)) concentrations of agonist at GABA(A) and glycine receptors, except alpha-chloralose, which did not enhance responses at the glycine alpha(1) receptor. None of the anaesthetics studied potentiated GABA responses at the GABA(C) rho(1) receptor. Potentiation of submaximal agonist currents by the anaesthetics was studied at GABA(A) and glycine receptors harbouring mutations in putative transmembrane domains 2 and 3 within GABA(A) alpha(2), beta(1), or glycine alpha(1) receptor subunits: GABA(A) alpha(2)(S270I)beta(1), alpha(2)(A291W)beta(1), alpha(2)beta(1)(S265I), and alpha(2)beta(1)(M286W); glycine alpha(1)(S267I) and alpha(1)(A288W). For all anaesthetics studied except alpha-chloralose, at least one of the mutations above abolished drug potentiation of agonist responses at GABA(A) and glycine receptors. alpha-Chloralose produced efficacious direct activation of the GABA(A) alpha(2)beta(1) receptor (a 'GABA-mimetic' effect). The other 12 anaesthetics produced minimal or no direct activation of GABA(A) and glycine receptors. A non-anaesthetic isomer of alpha-chloralose, beta-chloralose, was inactive at GABA(A) and glycine receptors and did not antagonize the actions of alpha-chloralose at GABA(A) receptors. The implications of these findings for the molecular mechanisms of action of general anaesthetics at GABA(A) and glycine receptors are discussed.  (+info)

Effect of distension of the gallbladder on plasma renin activity in anesthetized pigs. (2/124)

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder pathology has been associated with cardiovascular disease. Recently, we showed that gallbladder distension in anesthetized pigs reflexly increased heart rate, arterial pressure, and coronary and renal vascular resistance through efferent sympathetic mechanisms. Renin release is affected by sympathetic output, and angiotensin liberation may result in vasoconstriction. This study was undertaken to determine whether gallbladder distension primarily causes a reflex change in plasma renin activity (PRA) and to assess its influence on observed pressor and coronary responses as well as on regional vascular resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 34 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized pigs, balloons positioned within the gallbladder were distended for 30 minutes with volumes of Ringer's solution equal to those of withdrawn bile. In 19 pigs, gallbladder distension at constant heart rate, arterial pressure, and renal flow increased PRA in the absence of changes in urinary sodium excretion. This increase was abolished by cervical vagotomy, section of renal nerves, or blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors. In another 15 pigs, blockade of angiotensin II receptors significantly attenuated the pressor and coronary, mesenteric, and iliac vasoconstriction responses to gallbladder distension. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that innocuous gallbladder distension primarily caused a reflex increase in PRA. This increase, which involved afferent vagal pathways and efferent sympathetic mechanisms related to beta-adrenergic receptors, contributed significantly to the pressor and coronary, mesenteric, and iliac vasoconstriction responses to gallbladder distension.  (+info)

Nerve-evoked secretion of immunoglobulin A in relation to other proteins by parotid glands in anaesthetized rat. (3/124)

Secretion of fluid and proteins by salivary cells is under the control of parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nerves. In a recent study we have shown that, in the rat submandibular gland, autonomic nerves can also increase the secretion of IgA, a product of plasma cells secreted into saliva as SIgA (IgA bound to Secretory Component, the cleaved poly-immunoglobulin receptor). The present study aimed to determine if parotid secretion of SIgA is increased by autonomic nerves and to compare SIgA secretion with other parotid proteins stored and secreted by acinar and ductal cells. Assay of IgA in saliva evoked by parasympathetic nerve stimulation immediately following an extended rest period under anaesthesia indicated that it had been secreted into intraductal saliva in the absence of stimulation during the rest period. The mean rate of unstimulated IgA secretion (2.77+/-0.28 microg min(-1) g(-1)) and the 2.5-fold increase in IgA secretion evoked by parasympathetic stimulation were similar to results found previously in the rat submandibular gland. Sympathetic nerve stimulation increased SIgA secretion 2.7-fold, much less than in the submandibular gland. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis with anti-IgA and anti-Secretory Component antibodies confirmed that SIgA was the predominant form of IgA in saliva. Acinar-derived amylase and ductal-derived tissue kallikrein were more profoundly increased by parasympathetic and particularly sympathetic stimulation than SIgA. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that SIgA forms a prominent component of unstimulated parotid salivary protein secretion and that its secretion is similarly increased by stimulation of either autonomic nerve supply. The secretion of other parotid salivary proteins that are synthesized and stored by acinar or ductal cells is upregulated to a much greater extent by parasympathetic and particularly sympathetic stimulation.  (+info)

Gadolinium attenuates exercise pressor reflex in cats. (4/124)

The exercise pressor reflex, which arises from the contraction-induced stimulation of group III and IV muscle afferents, is widely believed to be evoked by metabolic stimuli signaling a mismatch between blood/oxygen demand and supply in the working muscles. Nevertheless, mechanical stimuli may also play a role in evoking the exercise pressor reflex. To determine this role, we examined the effect of gadolinium, which blocks mechanosensitive channels, on the exercise pressor reflex in both decerebrate and alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. We found that gadolinium (10 mM; 1 ml) injected into the femoral artery significantly attenuated the reflex pressor responses to static contraction of the triceps surae muscles and to stretch of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. In contrast, gadolinium had no effect on the reflex pressor response to femoral arterial injection of capsaicin (5 microg). In addition, gadolinium significantly attenuated the responses of group III muscle afferents, many of which are mechanically sensitive, to both static contraction and to tendon stretch. Gadolinium, however, had no effect on the responses of group IV muscle afferents, many of which are metabolically sensitive, to either static contraction or to capsaicin injection. We conclude that mechanical stimuli arising in contracting skeletal muscles contribute to the elicitation of the exercise pressor reflex.  (+info)

Potencies of doxapram and hypoxia in stimulating carotid-body chemoreceptors and ventilation in anesthetized cats. (5/124)

The effects of doxapram on carotid chemoreceptor activity and on ventilation (phrenic-nerve activity) were tested before and after denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors in cats. Doxapram was found to be a potent stimulus to the carotid chemoreceptors; the stimulation produced by 1.0 mg/kg doxapram, iv, equalled that produced by a Pao2 of 38 torr. Doxapram also increased phrenic-nerve activity in doses as low as 0.2 mg/kg, iv. After denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors, doxapram in doses as large as 6 mg/kg failed to stimulate ventilation. It is concluded that (in anesthetized cats) doxapram in doses of less than 6 mg/kg increases ventilation by direct stimulation of the carotid, and, probably, the aortic, chemoreceptors, not by a direct effect on the medullary respiratory center.  (+info)

Hemodynamic consequences of the combination of isoflurane anesthesia (1 MAC) and beta-adrenergic blockade in the dog. (6/124)

The hemodynamic response to the combination of isoflurane (1 MAC) and propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) was studied in 12 intact ventilated dogs following basal anesthesia with chloralose-urethane. When propranolol was administered during isoflurane anesthesia, stroke volume was maintained with a higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (3.2 plus or minus 0.7 mm Hg to 6.3 plus or minus 1.4 mm Hg), while systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged. When isoflurane was administered to the previously beta-adrenergically blocked dog, there were declines in systemic pressure and cardiac output (P smaller than 0.01) and in pulmonary arterial pressure and stroke volume (P smaller then 0.05), without change in systemic vascular resistance. When isoflurane was subsequently discontinued, these changes were reversed, and in addition, systemic vascular resistance increased (P smaller than 0.05). These data indicate that isoflurane has pharmacologic properties compatible with a peripheral beta-adrenergic stimulating action.  (+info)

Effect of clonidine on the excitability of vasomotor loci in the cat. (7/124)

1. The effect of clonidine on the direct excitability of hypothalamic, medullary and spinal vasomotor loci has been investigated in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. 2. Clonidine inhibited the excitability of these loci when it was localized to the central sites by intracerebroventricular, intravertebral arterial or intrathecal injection in very low doses (1-2 mug). 3. Topical application of clonidine (0.01 percent and 1.0 percent) to the floor of the fourth ventricle inhibited pressor responses evoked either by stimulation of medullary or hypothalamic vasomotor areas. Inhibition of the pressor responses was accompanied by hypotension and bradycardia in many experiments. 4. It appears that effects of clonidine on the vasomotor loci of the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord contribute to its hypotensive action.  (+info)

Effects of anesthesia on functional activation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. (8/124)

Functional brain mapping based on changes in local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) or glucose utilization (lCMR(glc)) induced by functional activation is generally carried out in animals under anesthesia, usually alpha-chloralose because of its lesser effects on cardiovascular, respiratory, and reflex functions. Results of studies on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the mechanism of functional activation of lCBF have differed in unanesthetized and anesthetized animals. NO synthase inhibition markedly attenuates or eliminates the lCBF responses in anesthetized animals but not in unanesthetized animals. The present study examines in conscious rats and rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose the effects of vibrissal stimulation on lCMR(glc) and lCBF in the whisker-to-barrel cortex pathway and on the effects of NO synthase inhibition with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the magnitude of the responses. Anesthesia markedly reduced the lCBF and lCMR(glc) responses in the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus and barrel cortex but not in the spinal and principal trigeminal nuclei. L-NAME did not alter the lCBF responses in any of the structures of the pathway in the unanesthetized rats and also not in the trigeminal nuclei of the anesthetized rats. In the thalamus and sensory cortex of the anesthetized rats, where the lCBF responses to stimulation had already been drastically diminished by the anesthesia, L-NAME treatment resulted in loss of statistically significant activation of lCBF by vibrissal stimulation. These results indicate that NO does not mediate functional activation of lCBF under physiological conditions.  (+info)

α-Chloralose; CAS Number: 15879-93-3; EC Number: 240-016-7; Synonym: 1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-α-D-glucofuranose, Anhydro-D-glucochloral, Chloralose; Linear Formula: C8H11Cl3O6; find Sigma-Aldrich-C0128 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich.
Using this protocol, the release of Enk and X-Enk (total Enk-Enk) greater and less than 2 kDa from spinal cord and the mesencephalic aqueductal grey was assessed under resting conditions and during stimulation of the sciatic nerve in the chloralose-urethane anesthetized cat ...
Intravesical electrical stimulation (IVES) has been used in treatment of patients with urinary bladder dysfunctions for more than four decades. While some investigators have reported excellent results others have observed less convincing effects or outright failures. The discrepancies may reflect differences in patient selection or stimulation procedure. A better theoretical understanding of the IVES working mechanism might help to improve the success rate of the treatment. The aims of the present study were to provide such information.. Experiments were performed on adult female cats and rats under /alpha/-chloralose anesthesia. IVES was delivered by a catheter electrode in the bladder. At proper intensity and frequency, IVES evoked reflex detrusor contractions that were abolished by bilateral rhizotomy of sacral dorsal roots. Stimulation parameters and response characteristics revealed that bladder mechanoreceptor A/delta/ afferents were activated by the IVES, the same afferents that drive the ...
The ability of the nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid U74006F, a potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, to antagonize progressive brain hypoperfusion after a 5-minute episode of global brain ischemia was examined in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Immediately after a 5-minute episode of near-total tourniquet-induced brain ischemia, cortical blood flow returned to normal or above normal. Thereafter, cortical blood flow fell progressively to a level 71.7% below normal by 3 hours after ischemia. In contrast, in cats that received 1 mg/kg i.v. U74006F 15 minutes after the ischemic episode, cortical blood flow remained significantly greater than that seen in vehicle-treated cats. At 3 hours, cortical blood flow had declined by only 45.7% (p less than 0.04 compared with vehicle). In addition, U74006F treatment significantly improved postischemic maintenance of blood pressure and recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials and reduced postischemic arterial blood acidosis. U74006F had ...
O:13:\PanistOpenUrl\:36:{s:10:\\u0000*\u0000openUrl\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000idc\;N;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000fmt\;s:7:\journal\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000doi\;s:0:\\;s:6:\\u0000*\u0000pii\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000pmid\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000atitle\;s:141:\COMPARISON OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS OF N, N-DI-N-PROPYL DOPAMINE AND SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE IN CONSCIOUS AND CHLORALOSE-ANAESTHETISED DOGS\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000jtitle\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000stitle\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000date\;s:4:\1982\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000volume\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000issue\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000spage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000epage\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000pages\;s:0:\\;s:7:\\u0000*\u0000issn\;s:0:\\;s:8:\\u0000*\u0000eissn\;s:0:\\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000aulast\;s:8:\OCONNOR\;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000aufirst\;s:2:\SE\;s:9:\\u0000*\u0000auinit\;N;s:10:\\u0000*\u0000auinitm\;N;s:5:\\u0000*\u0000au\;a:3:{i:0;s:11:\OCONNOR SE\;i:1;s:8:\SMITH ...
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Preparation. The electrophysiological experiments were performed on seven deeply anesthetized cats, weighing 2.1-2.4 kg. The anesthesia was induced with sodium pentobarbital (40-44 mg/kg, i.p.) and maintained with intermittent doses of α-chloralose (doses of 5 mg/kg administered every 1-2 h, up to 50 mg/kg, i.v.; Rhône-Poulenc Santé, Antony, France). During recording, neuromuscular transmission was blocked by pancuronium bromide (∼0.2 mg/kg/h i.v.; Pavulon, Organon, Askim, Sweden), and the animals were artificially ventilated. An additional dose of α-chloralose was given at the first sign of any increase in the continuously monitored blood pressure or heart rate or if the pupils dilated. The mean blood pressure was kept at 100-130 mmHg and the end-tidal concentration of CO2 at ∼4% by adjusting parameters of artificial ventilation and the rate of a continuous infusion of a bicarbonate buffer solution with 5% glucose (1-2 ml/h/kg). The core body temperature was kept at ∼38° by ...
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Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI has contributions from venous oxygenation and venous cerebral blood volume (CBV) changes. To examine the relative contribution of venous CBV change (ΔCBV(v)) to BOLD fMRI, BOLD and arterial CBV changes (ΔCBV(a)) to a 40-s forepaw stimulation in six α-chloralose anesthetized rats were measured using a magnetization transfer-varied ...
Moment-to-moment adjustment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to neuronal activity via the homeostatic mechanism known as neurovascular coupling (NVC) has an essential role in maintenance of normal brain...
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Functional brain imaging techniques such as fMRI or PET measure regional changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation related to neuronal activity rather than neuronal activity itself. These changes are believed to spread over a larger area than the neuronal activity thus limiting spatial resolution of imaging techniques. It has been suggested that oxygen consumption increases before blood flow in the region of increased activity. An increased oxygen consumption would lead to an initial deoxygenation limited exactly to the aera of neuronal activity thus providing a signal detectable with techniques measuring blood oxygenation (e.g. BOLD-fMRI). To test the hypothesis of an initial deoxygenation we performed measurements of intravascular oxygen concentration in the somatosensory cortex of rats in response to a physiological stimulus (whisker deflection) using oxygen dependent phosphorescence quenching. Animals were anesthetized with chloralose/urethane and a closed cranial window was implanted ...
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The work of Walker, et al. (Brit. J. Pharmacol. 36: 19SP-199P, 1969: 38: 106-116, 1970) who showed that i.v. injections of para-methoxyphenylethylamine (PMPEA) into spinal cats anestlmetized with α-chloralose and Paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide cause increases in monosynaptic reflexes of both flexor and extensor motoneurons, has been confirmed in the present investigation. The action of PMPEA on the flexion reflex has been studied with the same preparation. The drug may cause an increase, a simple decrease or a decrease after a transient increase in the size of the flexion reflex. The actions of PMPEA on monosynaptic and flexion reflexes in unanesthetized preparations were similar to those in chloralose-anesthetized animals. PMPEA consistently depolarized the membrane potentials of motoneurons in the lumbar enlargement. The mean depolarization was 8.1 mV, and the time course of the depolarization was similar to the time courses of the reflex changes caused by PMPEA. Polysynaptic ...
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Oculomotor nerve stimulation causes vasoconstriction in the anterior uvea, which is due partly to a muscarinic mechanism and partly to a non-sympathetic aminergic mechanism. The labelled microsphere method was used to analyze the effect of pentobarbital anesthesia on the resting cholinergic vasomotor tone in the anterior uvea and to determine the relationship between stimulation frequency and vasomotor response. An attempt was made also to ascertain whether the aminergic part of the vasoconstriction is caused by release of 5-hydroxytryptamine or norepinephrine. Induction of pentobarbital anesthesia caused a marked vasodilation in the iris and the ciliary processes and a subsequent muscarinic blockade had no effect on the blood flow. A similar result was obtained in the optic nerve. In the choroid plexus, heart muscle, pineal body and coecum, pentobarbital anesthesia caused vasodilation and a subsequent muscarinic blockade caused vasoconstriction. In the brain pentobarbital anesthesia caused a marked
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Sodium Pentobarbital comes in four main forms, Nembutal Oral liquid, powder Nembutal, Pentobarbital injectable and Nembutal Pentobarbital tablets
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The antiarrhythmic, electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of a new antiarrhythmic agent, ACC-9358, were evaluated. In anesthetized dogs, ACC-9358 converted ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm at a cumulative dose equal to encainide or flecainide and less than disopyramide. In 24-hr coronary artery ligated dogs, ACC-9358 suppressed spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias for up to 6 hr after oral or i.v. administration. The antiarrhythmic effect and plasma concentrations of ACC-9358 correlated well for both oral (r = 0.88) and i.v. (r = 0.87) administration. ACC-9358, flecainide and disopyramide were equieffective in converting crush-stimulation-induced atrial flutter in anesthetized dogs to normal sinus rhythm. In alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, closed-chest dogs, ACC-9358 slowed impulse conduction through the atria, atrioventricular node, His-Purkinje system and ventricles and prolonged atrial functional refractory period. In conscious dogs, ACC-9358 increased heart ...
Goldade, D.A., R.S. Stahl, and J.J. Johnston. 2014. Determination of residue levels of alpha-chloralose in duck tissues. Human-Wildlife Interactions 8(1):123-129.. Ellis, C.K., R.S. Stahl, P. Nol, W.R. Waters, M.V. Palmer, J.C. Rhyan, K.C. VerCauteren, M.McCollum, M.D. Salman. 2014. A pilot study exploring the use of breath analysis to differentiate healthy cattle from cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. PloS One 9(2): e89280. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089280.. 2013. Homan H.J., Stahl R.S., Linz G.M. 2013. Comparison of two models for estimating mortality from baitings with Compound DRC-1339 Concentrate avicide. Crop Protection 45:71-75. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2012.11.011.. Other selected publications. Homan H.J., Stahl R.S., Linz G.M. 2011. Comparing a bioenergetics model with feeding rates of caged European starlings. Journal of Wildlife Management 75:126-131.. Peled N., Ionescu R., Nol P., Barash O., McCollum M., Vercauteren K., Koslow M., Stahl R., Rhyan J., Haick H. ...
Pentobarbital Sodium For Sale Nembutal Sodium, Pentobarbital (US English) or pentobarbitone (UK English), brand name Nembutal, is a short-acting barbiturate. Pentobarbital can occur as both a free acid and as salts of elements such as sodium and calcium. The free acid is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol. To place your order or get more…. ...
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... (also known as α-chloralose) is an avicide, and a rodenticide used to kill mice in temperatures below 15 °C. It is ... A structural isomer of chloralose, β-chloralose (also called parachloralose in older literature), is inactive as a GABAAR ... Chloralose is often abused for its avicide properties. In the United Kingdom, protected birds of prey have been killed using ... It is listed in Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC with the classification Harmful (Xn) Chloralose exerts barbiturate-like actions ...
1 Sep 1929 Therapeutics of Chloralose. 1893 Case of Metatarsalgia. 28 Mar 1903 Varicella Gangrenosa. 4 Nov 1905 Goat's Milk for ...
... thiobutabarbital versus alpha-chloralose anesthesia". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 370 (4): 320-3. doi: ...
Richet discovered the analgesic drug chloralose with Maurice Hanriot. Richet had many interests, and he wrote books about ...
His work on chloralose passed into world literature while he was Prof. Dr. Mayor's assistant. It is in French and has 14 pages ... The news headline was as follows: "As Long as I'm Dean, Girls Can't Enter Here." Chloralose is a substance obtained by ... Meanwhile, he published his studies on chloralose and opium alkaloids. When Sultan Abdülhamit was deposed in 1909, he returned ... Akil Muhtar, with the studies of chloralose, has shown that anesthetized animals are less sensitive to pain, whereas ...
"Slowing of cortical somatosensory evoked activity by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and dimethylheptylpyran in alpha-chloralose- ...
The new alkaloid was without effect, when given in small doses, on the blood pressure of cats anaethetized with chloralose. ...
"The influence of filling rates and sympathectomy on bladder compliance in the chloralose-anaesthetised cat" Neurourology and ...
... the analysis of the circuits involved in the startle reaction of the anaesthetized cat to chloralose). He became a Doctor of ...
... chloralose (INN) chlorambucil (INN) chloramphenicol (INN) Chloraprep One-Step Frepp Chlorate Oral chlorazanil (INN) chlorazodin ...
... chloralose, petrichloral, and other 2,2,2-trichloroethanol prodrugs Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Dihydroergolines (e.g., ...
... chloralose MeSH D09.408.348.250 - esculin MeSH D09.408.348.275 - etoposide MeSH D09.408.348.500 - methylglucosides MeSH D09.408 ...
... chloralose MeSH D02.033.455.250.268 - ethylene glycol MeSH D02.033.455.250.610 - methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol MeSH D02.033. ...
C19H42BrN Chelerythrine Chromomycin A3 Chaparonin Chitin α-Chloralose Chlorophyll Cholecystokinin (CCK) Cholesterol Choline ...
Chloralose (a narcotic prodrug) Crimidine (inhibits metabolism of vitamin B6) 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol ("Gliftor") Endrin ( ...
... and chloralose (also used as rodenticide). In the past, highly concentrated formulations of parathion in diesel oil were ...
Bromoxynil Burgundy mixture Cacodylic acid Calcium phosphide Carbendazim Captan Carbaryl Carbofuran Chitosan Chloralose ...
Alpha-chloralose, a chloral derivative of glucose which depresses the cortical centers of the brain1, is regularly used orally ... The pharmacology of chloralose. Psychopharmacologia. 6: 1-30.. 2. Carpenter J, N Thomas, S Reeves. 1991. Capture myopathy in an ... The goals of this study are (1) to document the physiologic effects of alpha-chloralose capture of wild cranes, and (2) to ... Individual families were habituated to regularly come to whole corn bait stations, and then alpha-chloralose was mixed into the ...
Richet discovered the analgesic drug chloralose with Maurice Hanriot.[6] Richet had many interests, and he wrote books about ...
CHLORALOSE. CHLORAMBUCIL, ITS SALTS AND. DERIVATIVES. CHLORAMPHENICOL, ITS SALTS AND. DERIVATIVES. CHLORCYCLIZINE AND ITS SALTS ...
Silverman, J. & Muir, W. W. 3rd A review of laboratory animal anesthesia with chloral hydrate and chloralose. Lab Anim. Sci. 43 ... Comparison of isoflurane and alpha-chloralose in an anesthetized swine model of acute pulmonary embolism producing right ...
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The effects of cetamolol (AI-27,303, Betacor), atenolol, propranolol, and dexpropranolol were evaluated in 36 chloralose- ...
beta chloralose. *4-aminopyridine hydrochloride. *mevinphos (for brassica crops only). *fenthion, when used or to be used for ...
Quelques spécialités de chez nous: intoxications par les plantes, le chloralose et le methanol [Some specialties from us: ... poisoning by plants, chloralose and methanol]. Memoire Online [online journal] (http://www.samu.org/JAMU2003/jamu2001/chez% ...
USE OF ALPHA-CHLORALOSE TO REMOVE WATERFOWL FROM NUISANCE AND DAMAGE SITUATIONS, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, and ...
... heart period and left external iliac blood flow from chloralose-anaesthetised dogs were examined by standard statistics as well ... heart period and left external iliac blood flow from chloralose-anaesthetised dogs were examined by standard statistics as well ... heart period and left external iliac blood flow from chloralose-anaesthetised dogs were examined by standard statistics as well ... heart period and left external iliac blood flow from chloralose-anaesthetised dogs were examined by standard statistics as well ...
There are also differences in anesthesia (ketamine-xylazine vs. α-chloralose), body temperature (39.0°-40.5°vs. 38.3°-38.7°C), ... 16Briefly, 64 α-chloralose-anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits (mean weight, 2.5 ± 0.5 kg) were instrumented for measurement ...
Initially, animals were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose (50 mg·kg−1) and urethane (1 g·kg−1) and the liver was perfused with ...
on 28th December and euthanased by a vet was found to have been a victim of an illegal bait dosed with alpha-chloralose. ... kites showing symptoms of alpha-chloralose poisoning were successfully treated and released.. ...
alpha Chloralose. alpha-Chloralose. beta Chloralose. beta-Chloralose. Tree number(s):. D02.033.455.250.130.150. D09.408.348.150 ... Chloralose - Preferred Concept UI. M0004117. Scope note. A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has ... Chloralose Entry term(s):. Anhydroglucochloral. Glucochloral. Glucochloralose. ... Chloralose Entry term(s). Anhydroglucochloral Glucochloral Glucochloralose alpha Chloralose alpha-Chloralose beta-Chloralose - ...
Chloralose-anesthetized cats were catheterized through the bladder dome for saline-filling cystometry. Dose-response curves for ... Chloralose-anesthetized cats were catheterized through the bladder dome for saline-filling cystometry. Dose-response curves for ... Chloralose-anesthetized cats were catheterized through the bladder dome for saline-filling cystometry. Dose-response curves for ... Chloralose-anesthetized cats were catheterized through the bladder dome for saline-filling cystometry. Dose-response curves for ...
After 5 weeks, animals were anaesthetised (chloralose and urethane, 100 and 1000 mg/kg respectively IP). Sternohyoid (SH) ...
In the early 1920s, there was an outbreak of a previously unrecognized cattle disease in the northern United States and Canada. Cattle were haemorrhaging after minor procedures and on some occasions, spontaneously.[82] For example, 21 out of 22 cows died after dehorning and 12 out of 25 bulls died after castration. All of these animals had bled to death.[83]. In 1921, Frank Schofield, a Canadian veterinary pathologist, determined that the cattle were ingesting moldy silage made from sweet clover, and that this was functioning as a potent anticoagulant.[82] Only spoiled hay made from sweet clover (grown in northern states of the USA and in Canada since the turn of the century) produced the disease.[84] Schofield separated good clover stalks and damaged clover stalks from the same hay mow, and fed each to a different rabbit. The rabbit that had ingested the good stalks remained well, but the rabbit that had ingested the damaged stalks died from a haemorrhagic illness. A duplicate experiment with a ...
Sixty-six bladder afferents recorded from sacral dorsal root ganglia in five alpha-chloralose anesthetized felines were ... Alpha-chloralose anesthesia was augmented with buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg; given every 8-12 h IV). ... Sixty-six bladder afferents recorded from sacral dorsal root ganglia in five alpha-chloralose anesthetized felines were ...
7-amino-clonazepam. 7-amino-flunitrazepam. Acepromethazine. Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin). Mefenamic acid. Vvalproic acid. Alimemazine. Alprazolam. Amisulpride. Amitriptyline. Atropine Bromazepam. Butabarbital. Carbamazepine. Chlorpheniramine. Citalopram. Clobazam. Clonazepam. Clonidine. Cyamemazine. Diazepam. Diclofenac. Digitoxin. Digoxin. Diphenhydramine. Domperidone. Dosulepin. Dothiepin. Doxylamine. Flunitrazepam. Fluoxetine ...
Dive into the research topics of Projection of nucleus tractus solitarius units influenced by hepatoportal afferent signal to parabrachial nucleus. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
... the hindlimbs of 13 chloralose-urethan-anesthetized dogs were vascularly isolated below the renal vessels and perfused at a ... the hindlimbs of 13 chloralose-urethan-anesthetized dogs were vascularly isolated below the renal vessels and perfused at a ... the hindlimbs of 13 chloralose-urethan-anesthetized dogs were vascularly isolated below the renal vessels and perfused at a ... the hindlimbs of 13 chloralose-urethan-anesthetized dogs were vascularly isolated below the renal vessels and perfused at a ...
Der attraktive K der enth lt den Wirkstoff Chloralose, ein schnell wirksames Narkotikum. Der Tod tritt innerhalb weniger ...
a) Extracellular recordings were made from single dorsal horn neurons (laminae III-V) in the spinal cords of chloralose/ ...
"Slowing of cortical somatosensory evoked activity by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and dimethylheptylpyran in alpha-chloralose- ...
METHODS: Twenty-eight pigs were studied under isoflurane or alpha-chloralose to examine hemodynamic responses and catecholamine ... We performed continuous extracellular recordings from SG neurons using multielectrode arrays in chloralose-anesthetized pigs (n ... Compared to RA stimulation, ARG stimulation yielded greater hemodynamic responses during alpha-chloralose anesthesia. However, ...
Mongrel dogs, anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, were injected with two doses of cocaine (5 mg/kg iv) 27 min apart. Cocaine… ...
Experiments were conducted in chloralose anaesthetised animals, either on spontaneous respiration or on intermittent positive ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Bromethalin Poisoning in Animals. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the Merck Vet Manual.
  • After 5 weeks, animals were anaesthetised (chloralose and urethane, 100 and 1000 mg/kg respectively IP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • a) Extracellular recordings were made from single dorsal horn neurons (laminae III-V) in the spinal cords of chloralose/urethane anaesthetised rats. (ed.ac.uk)
  • We used artificially ventilated, cervically vago-sympathectomized cats deeply anesthetized with α-chloralose and urethane. (elsevier.com)
  • We then used a urethane/chloralose anesthetised preparation to measure cardiorespiratory inhibition induced by laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation. (ulaval.ca)
  • Therefore, the aim of the present study was to address this methodologic question by performing phMRI experiments with five anesthetics (a-chloralose, isoflurane, medetomidine, thiobutabarbital, and urethane) and seven anesthesia protocols. (vtt.fi)
  • The highest responses were measured in urethane-anesthetized rats whereas the responses were hardly noticeable in a-chloralose group. (vtt.fi)
  • 1. The effects of stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) on the activity of neurosecretory neurones in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats, anaesthetized with urethane and alpha‐chloralose, were investigated by extracellular and intracellular recordings. (elsevier.com)
  • However a bird found in a distressed state in North Yorkshire on 28 th December and euthanased by a vet was found to have been a victim of an illegal bait dosed with alpha-chloralose. (yorkshireredkites.net)
  • We studied conscious and α-chloralose-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet, which causes obesity prone (OP) rats to accrue excess fat and obesity-resistant (OR) rats to maintain fat content, similar to rats fed a standard control (CON) diet. (elsevier.com)
  • Mongrel dogs, anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, were injected with two doses of cocaine (5 mg/kg iv) 27 min apart. (omeka.net)
  • The new alkaloid was without effect, when given in small doses, on the blood pressure of cats anaethetized with chloralose. (cloudfront.net)
  • Alpha-chloralose, a chloral derivative of glucose which depresses the cortical centers of the brain 1 , is regularly used orally in bait to capture wild cranes 2,4 . (vin.com)
  • Individual families were habituated to regularly come to whole corn bait stations, and then alpha-chloralose was mixed into the bait at 0.37-0.43g/cup of corn (approximately 0.16-0.21 g/crane), depending on the ambient temperature. (vin.com)
  • Sixty-six bladder afferents recorded from sacral dorsal root ganglia in five alpha-chloralose anesthetized felines were identified based on their characteristic responses to pressure (correlation coefficient ≥ 0.2) during saline infusion (2 ml/min). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Experiments were conducted in chloralose anaesthetised animals, either on spontaneous respiration or on intermittent positive pressure ventilation. (who.int)
  • Chloralose-anesthetized cats were catheterized through the bladder dome for saline-filling cystometry. (utmb.edu)
  • Slowing of cortical somatosensory evoked activity by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and dimethylheptylpyran in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. (chemeurope.com)
  • The physiologic effects of alpha-chloralose and this method of capture are not well described. (vin.com)
  • Capture myopathy is not uncommonly seen in cranes, 3,5 and has been diagnosed in cranes dying after capture with alpha-chloralose. (vin.com)
  • The goals of this study are (1) to document the physiologic effects of alpha-chloralose capture of wild cranes, and (2) to investigate whether there are clinico-pathologic parameters measurable at the time of capture which can predict which birds are at highest risk to develop capture myopathy. (vin.com)
  • From 1996-1997, 44 greater sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis tabida ) were captured in central Wisconsin using alpha-chloralose for ecologic and disease research. (vin.com)
  • Two more North Yorkshire kites showing symptoms of alpha-chloralose poisoning were successfully treated and released. (yorkshireredkites.net)
  • To answer this question, time series of arterial blood pressure, heart period and left external iliac blood flow from chloralose-anaesthetised dogs were examined by standard statistics as well as by autoregressive spectral and cross-spectral analysis. (elsevier.com)
  • To evaluate the possibility that regional skeletal muscle hypoxemia or hypercapnia-acidosis might play a role in this response, the hindlimbs of 13 chloralose-urethan-anesthetized dogs were vascularly isolated below the renal vessels and perfused at a constant flow via an extracorporeal disk oxygenator pump while the systemic cardiovascular system was monitored separately. (elsevier.com)